Structures Data Book 1999 Edition Cambridge University Engineering Department1. 2. 21 2.2. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 2.8, 2.9, 2.10. 3. 31 3.2, 33 34, 35 3.6. 37, Table of Contents Physical properties of structural materials Stress and strain ‘Notation for stress... Strain definition... Stress-strain relations for isotropic elastic solids Complementary shear. Planar transformation equations for stress... Mohr's circle of stress... Planar transformation equations for strain. Mohr's circle of strain... Principal stresses in 3 dimensions Yield criteria for isotropic solid RRbb Ri ROLE Beam behaviour CUED sign convention Compatibility Equilibrium Elastic bending formulae. Formulae for elastic analysis Plastic bending Torsion formulae. Lohabus he Euler buckling Pin-jointed trusses — statical determinacy Soil mechanics Definitions Classification of particle sizes. Groundwater seepage Stresses in soils eersewhscreneeenieeners Strength of soil: Cohesion hypothesis (Tresca) . un Friction hypothesis (Coulomb) 8 8 Equation of virtual work 8 9 9 9 Typical properties and forms of structural materi Mechanical properties of steel and aluminium..... evnnnnnne Mechanical properties of glass fibre reinforced plastic (GFRP) Wl Structural steel sections (hot-rolled) 12 Aluminium sections (extrusions)... 20 Glass fibre reinforced plastic (GFRP) sections (pultrusions) 221. Physical properties of structural materials Values to be used in calculations (further details in Materials Data Book and Section 8) | | Steel [Aluminium | Concrete” | Softwood’ | Water | units | Alloy | along | { 4 rain Young's modulus | E| 210 70 30 9 -__| GPa Shear modulus | G[__ 81 26 13 - =| GPa Bulk modulus Ki 175 | 69 14 =| 22 | GPa Poisson’s ratio v|_ 030 0.33 ois [= Te _ Thermal expansion | @ [| __11 23 12 2 60 | xl0*K™ [Density = 7840 2700 2400 [= | (1000 [kgm * Typical values For isotropic solids, E E Men) “" M2) 2. Stress and strain 2.1.Notation for stress oi: is the normal stress on the x face acting in the x direction. ‘hy_ is the shear stress on the x face acting in the y direction In this data book, with the exception of Section 7, tensile stresses are defined as positive. 2.2. Strain definition is the normal strain in the x direction. Yoy is the shear strain between the x and y faces. at, yO 6x? “By” ax where: 1, v are small displacement components with respect to rectangular co-ordinates x, y: fx ete. 2.3. Stress-strain relations for isotropic elastic solids where: ATs temperature change. For plane stress with the z face unstressed and A7'= 0, the inverse relationship is2.4, Complementary shear From equilibrium of a small element, etc. From its definition, etc, Vay =Vyx 2.5. Planar transformation equations for stress Sy From equilibrium of an elementary triangle, _ 2 2, aa = FxxC087O + 0 yySin°O +2 yysinOcosO Tap =~Ox:5in 058 +0 yysin9 6050 + xy (c0s70—sin6) 2.6.Mohr's circle of stress A plot of normal stress against shear stress on a face for varying 8 gives a circle, provided a special sign convention is used: For Mohr's circle, shear stress is plotted positive when it is clockwise 7 (,,5 Ty) The stresses on perpendicular faces, (ox, ~ty) and (Gy, tx), plot at the opposite ends of a diameter. If new faces are considered at angle 6 (see Section 2.5), the stresses on the new faces can be obtained by rotating the diameter of Mohr’s circle by 26in the same direction.2.7. Planar transformation equations for strain By geometry, qq = ExxC087O + & yySiN7O + 7 xysinO cosO Tab = ~26 xxSin0 080 + 26y,SinO cosO +7 e0s2@ sina) 2.8. Mohr's circle of strain ‘A plot of normal strain against half shear strain for varying 0 gives a circle, if the sign convention for shear strains is the same as for corresponding shear stresses: 2 — Cyr Yye!2) 5 You! (gq “Yap!2) (x1 My!) The strains in perpendicular directions, (és, ~7sy/2) and (6)y. 7x/2), plot at the opposite ends of a diameter. If new faces are considered at angle 0 (see Section 2.7), the strains in the new directions can be obtained by rotating the diameter of Mohr’ circle by 2@in the same direction.2.9.Principal stresses in 3 dimensions The principal stresses can be calculated as the eigenvalues of the stress matrix g, and the principal directions are the corresponding eigenvectors. 2.10. Yield criteria for isotropic solids Tresca's hypothesis: max[|o, -09 02 -3|,!03 -o1]]=¥ Von Mises’ hypothesis: (6) -o2) +(62 -03) + (3-01)? = 2¥7 where: is the current yield stress in simple tension 1, ©, 3 are the principal stresses. 3. Beam behaviour 3.1.CUED sign convention M Ss GIT Dae pw em Ss M rotation displacement 5.x 3.2. Compatibility _dy 1 ds R K where: x is the curvature R is the local radius of curvature isa distance along a beam y is the angle tured by tangent to the curve. For a beam that has small transverse deflections v(x) from the x axis3.3. Equilibrium s+ Box “Cd — 4* DMG oe _., where: IM is the bending moment S is the transverse shear force w is the transverse external load per unit length of beam. 3.4, Elastic bending formulae 3.4.1. Longitudinal stresses where: J is the second moment of area about a principal axis through the centroid (see also Mechanics Data Book) y is the distance from the centroidal axis, ‘Ax is change of curvature from an initially unstressed configuration Ze is the elastic section modulus Onnax is the stress at the outermost fibre. 3.4.2. Transverse shear Ifa free body is formed by cutting out part of the cross-section of a beam, Ss SACI q=7 fraa= Vg i where: q — is the total longitudinal shear force per unit longitudinal length of the beam (shear flow) A, _ is the area of the cut off portion of the cross-section Ac} is the first moment of area of the cut off portion about the centroidal axis. At the cut, the shear stress is on average: 4 a where: a is the length of the cut in the plane of the cross-section.3.5. Formulae for elastic analysis 3.5.1. Deflections for statically determinate structures es tw ; w= yl wt 6EL -—_ Ml ML du EI 2ET end rotation central deflection re“, we we Ln 16EI 48EI 3 end rotation end deflection dooce we swt 248 38467 -M O° SEI3.6. Plastic bending For a beam fully yielded in bending, carrying no axial load, the neutral axis is at the equal-area axis, and Mp=Zpoys Zp= |ly|da Where: Mp is the plastic moment Zp_ is the plastic section modulus. For cross-sections that can be easily split into regions that are fully yielded in either tension or compression, 2p = LAilyil where: A; is the area of a region y; is the distance from the beam's equal-area axis to the centroid of the region. 3.7. Torsion formulae 3.7.1. Circular shafts For an elastic shaft, ELT, ye fad rod T=GJp where: 7" is the applied torque @ isthe angle of twist per unit length ris the radius J is the polar second moment of area. 3.7.2. Thin walled tubes (i.e. closed sections) of arbitrary cross-section By equilibrium, ee cama By kinematics, fras 2Ae For an elastic tube, 442 =G2% 7-6" ¢ t where: ¢ _ is the shear flow =77 Ae is the area enclosed by the cross-section, 3.7.3. Thin-walled open sections r=Gd hong where: 6 is the length, and 1 isthe thickness of a region of the cross-section; (<<.4. Euler buckling For a perfect elastic pin-ended compression member (strut), p, =e ar) where: Pz is the Euler buckling load EI is the bending stiffness of the strut about the appropriate axis, Lis the length of the strut Peta 4 (Lik? op= where: of is the Euler buckling stress A isthe cross-sectional area of the strut kis the radius of gyration = 5. Pin-jointed trusses — statical determinacy For a pin-jointed assembly (Maxwell’s rule, modified): m=b+r—Dj where: the pin jointed assembly is in D dimensions (2 or 3) with b bars and j joints ris the number of restraints on joint displacement 5 is the number of redundancies (states of self-stress) ‘m__ is the number of independent mechanisms (degrees of freedom) 6. Equation of virtual work For a pin-jointed framework, for any system of external forces I at the joints in equilibrium with bar tensions P, and any system of joint displacements 5 compatible with member extensions e, 7 _ eauilibrium set yw b= Yee teria forces» moors Lt compatible set For other kinds of structure the equation is similar: external virtual work equals internal virtual ‘work, provided that all the relevant contributing terms are included On L.H.S.: force-displacement, and/or couple-rotation, or pressure-swept volume, ete. On R.HS.: tension-extension, and/or bending moment-curvature ds, and/or ove dV, or r-y dV, ete.7. Soil mechanics 7.1. Definitions ¥, 4 (Gas a0 considered |%. | ate Linu 3 a y Solid = Wat Whe ¥,| § (specific WGK, gravity G, Soil structure Volumes Weights . Vy . 3 Voids ratio: en? Unit weight of water %, = 9.81 kNim W, Water content: Degree of saturation: Unit weight of soil For sands: where: Ip _ is the relative density of packing maxis the maximum voids ratio achievable in a quick tilt test and, minis the minimum voids ratio achievable by vibratory compaction. 7.2. Classification of particle sizes Clay smaller than 0.002 mm (two microns) Gravel between 2 and 60 mm Silt between 0.002 and 0.06 mm Cobbles between 60 and 200 mm Sand _ between 0.06 and 2 mm Boulders larger than 200 mm D equivalent diameter of soil particle Duo, Das, etc. particle size such that 10% (or 60 %) by weight of a soil sample is composed of finer grains.7.3. Groundwater seepage = porewater Head hawlye pressure w Potential =hey ae Hydraulic gradient i=-Vh jatum Darey’s law for laminar flow: where: vis superficial seepage velocity k is coefficient of permeability. ‘Typical values: clays k between 10"! and 10° m/s 1 micron < Djo< 10 mm k approximately 0.01(Dio in mm)? m/s 10mm tm | ae a ssreiat 109 ier | 8 2 isriener "3 tae | 138 ha ssreiszan2 19 tae | 136 a3 Ssraisaso? 188 1283 | 119 23 teretgase0 83 is | toe Bt Note: In the Section Tables in 8.3 and 8.4, the torsional constant J is defined by the equation J =TMG9) and will not be the polar second moment of area (unless the cross-section is circular). iro UNIVERSAL BEAMS i “3 A Trl - SS SS = See EE EE ESS == [Sele sears (tees | ef moe | Secon | Seevion | Wey [range] Ans [ Ans | Ans | Ame | ans | Ace | Ane | aw en eee tte we] ae [ee Sosnieses | 46.1 130 86 Beeail allie HB] 1/23] 7 Soscioaae see | tss | 122 | doe | Sas yao | 358 dena? | So. 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Glass fibre reinforced plastic (GFRP) sections (pultrusions)* ‘A wide variety of shapes is also possible with the pultrusion process and each GFRP manufacturer will produce a different standard product range. Typical examples: Square Hollow Sections Section Depth | Width | Web | Flange “Area Designation D B t T les ly, A (om) _| (mm) _|_(mm)_| _(mm) (em')_| (om _| om’) 33550 33 50 7 7 40.8 147 | 9.73, 10251 102 SI 635 | 635 186 142 | 121 150 «150 150 150 10 10 1660 | S64 43.0 200 +200 200 200 10 10 4100 | 1330] 58.0 ‘Channels Section Depth | Width | Web | Flange “Area Designation D B t ry I i A (mm) | (om) | mm) | om | em | om | em’ 508.254 | 50.8 | 25.4 32 32 1.6 | 1.82 | 3.05 73.25 3 25 5.0 5.0 304 | 2.76 | 5.65 100 < 40 100 40 50 5.0 121 119 | 8.50 200 » 50 200 50 10 10 1390 | 480 | 280 200 « 60 200 60 80 8.0 1300 | 68.9 [243 [500 60) 500 60, 70 70 | 11800 | 73.9 [424 ‘Squate Hollow Sections Designation Size Thickness | Area A | lamby Db t (em) | tem’) (mm) (mim) (Sr8.3r8 3.0 346 | 483 44.0440 60 9.12 | 225 510510 32 6.2 | 234 100 100 40 153 | 236 * The GERP section details are based on information provided by Fibreforce Composites Ltd, Runcorn, Cheshire.Lipped Channel Sections a . » ae non Lest a ee Taso | ment ant comroid Second moment far | Radi prention Meo mation tote [ters - ee Oe ee moe |S Equal Bulb Angle Sections wy me i 2 ae Se [ewan [meas Pama [ome [eed emer toe ‘Ret genie — ee ee ee = nef A deme [en ed een Ez fesel sce ssrvea| (asses ec eal =m sega | ome) =e |e [is [em Se i ie pe je |e is par i 1S jar (32 [1] Dwight, J.B. (1999), Aluminium Design and Construction, E&FN Spon, London and New York, [2] British Standards Institute, (1977), Specification for Aluminium Alloy Sections for Structural Purposes, BS116]:1977, British Standards Institute, UK.8.4, Aluminium sections (extrusions) When designing with aluminium there is limited use of standard sections since the extrusion process is very versatile and it is possible to achieve a wide variety of section shapes (1: Standard profiles are covered by British Standard BS1161 [2] I-Beams i ~ om Se [ee [ae tx tt - we [Ste Te | Fee hk 4 2 z s Channel Sections (~ 7 It, (| Se Tena venom | ar ot | Conowid ere een ae Ress ot preten Wows at meson | Tanion | Shaw coir a= == ole fee ele = 2 ee Ses as & |g |& Be eRECTANGULAR HOLLOW SECTIONS a DIMENSIONS AND PROPERTIES Designation — Wass | Aiea | Raton or] Secona womens] Rade | —Euste —| — Paste] —Torsonar [Src] See [imerness| per | of |Lecalaucking| oftrea | ot Moguus | Mocuus | constants | area Mate | Secon Tes | Acs [Res | haa] hos | Ace | Roa | Ae per oel t af 1 Te Pa foe vx foe Lae fe to | oo | | meee mm | mm | ig [em | ait | oi | emt | emt | em | cm | om? | em! 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