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Ron Notes: Biology Long Test 2 (Term 1)

Chemical Bases of Life


Organic compounds – compounds derived from living organisms. Mostly contains
carbon.
• Carbohydrates – provides quick energy
• Building blocks – simple sugars
• CHO – carbon to hydrogen ratio is 2:1 (eg: C6H12O6)
• Monosaccharides – simple sugars (isomers), galactose, glucose,
fructose, and glucose are examples of this.
• Sucrose (white sugar) = glucose + fructose
• Lactose (milk) = glucose + galactose
• Maltose (found in chocolate milk/milk with malt) = glucose +
glucose
• Polysaccharides - numerous units of monosaccharides. Starch,
glycogen, and cellulose are examples of this.
• Lipids or fats – can insulate from cold weather, source of energy but takes
time to metabolize, and biological fuel (reserve energy). Fats, oils, waxes,
and steroids are examples of this.
• Building blocks – fatty acids (attached to glucose)
• CHO – carbon to hydrogen ratio is more than 2:1 (eg: C6H24O12)
• Unsaturated fats – good fats that are liquid at room temperature and
solid at cold temperature. It lowers bad cholesterol and maintains good
cholesterol.
• Saturated fats – bad fats found in animal products. It is solid at room
temperature. It clogs arteries and raises bad cholesterol.
• Trans-fats – a form of unsaturated fats that may raise bad cholesterol
and lowers good cholesterol. It extends the shelf life of preservatives
and other canned goods.
• Proteins – examples are collagen, keratin, insulin, fibrinogen, hemoglobin,
and digestive enzymes.
• Building blocks – amino acids
• CHON – contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.
• Nucleic acids – DNA and RNA
• Building blocks – nucleotides
• CHONP – contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and
phosphorus.
• Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) – found in cell nucleus. It records the
instructions of the ribonucleic acid.
• Ribonucleic acid (RNA) – reads and carries out instructions.

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• Vitamins and minerals –have no building blocks (coenzymes.)
• Water soluble – dissolves in the body’s water content. Not stored in the
body and the excess is excreted. Examples are vitamins B and C.
• Fat soluble – stored in the body’s fats. Examples are vitamins A, D, E,
and K.

Inorganic compounds – not found in living things but are also essential to life.
• Water – most important inorganic compound. It is an excellent solvent
because it has a high heat capacity.
• Acids and bases
• Acids – release hydrogen ions.
• Bases – releases different hydroxide ions.
• Each organism has a PH organism that must be always maintained.

Cell Theory
Scientists that contributed in the discovery of cells:
• Robert Hooke – discovered cells.
• Antony Leuwenhoek – discovered animal cells.
• Rene Dutrochet – examined animal and plant cells.
• Robert Brown – discovered the nucleus of a cell.
• Felix Dijardin – discovered the cytoplasm of a cell.
• Matthias Schleiden – discovered the protons of plant cells.
• Theodore Schwann – discovered the protons of animal cells.
• Rudolf Virchow – “Cells give rise to new cells.”

Parts of a cell:
• Cell membrane – controls materials in and out of the cell.*
• Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) – transport system of the cell.
• Rough ER – contains ribosomes and proteins.
• Smooth ER – does not contain ribosomes and proteins.
• Mitochondria – powerhouse of the cell.
• Cytoplasm – semi-liquid which suspends organelles.*
• Nuclear membrane – separates the nucleus from the other cell parts.
• Golgi bodies – packaged materials along the ER.
• Nucleus – the life of the cell.*
• Lysosomes – contains digestive enzymes.
• Chromosomes – responsible for traits and genetics.
• Vacuole – food storage.
• Ribosome – proteins.
• Nucleoli – ribosome factories.
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• Centrosome – contains the centriole.
• Microfilaments – responsible for the shaping and delevopment of the cell.
• Centriole – cell divider/spindle fibers.
* -3 basic parts of the cell.

Specialized structures:
• Celia – hair like structures. (eg: paramecium)
• Flagellum – tail like structures (eg: euglena)
• Pseudopods – finger like structures (eg: amoeba)

Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
Nuclear membrane No Yes
Chromosomes Single circular Multiple
Membrane-bound No Yes
organelles
Membrane Yes Yes
Cell wall Muramic Non-muramic
Ribosomes Small Large

Plant cells Animal cells


Cell wall Yes No
Lysosomes Not evident Yes (contained in
cytoplasm)
Vacuoles Large (for photosynthesis) Small
Chloroplast Yes No
Plastids Yes No

Plastids – contains food and pigments. Reproduce themselves.


• Chloroplast – contains chlorophyll.
• Chromoplast – contains yellow and orange fruit-colored pigments.
• Luecoplast – plastids which store food.
Brownian Movement – random movement of molecules by Robert Brown.

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