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Ron Notes|Page 1
• Vitamins and minerals –have no building blocks (coenzymes.)
• Water soluble – dissolves in the body’s water content. Not stored in the
body and the excess is excreted. Examples are vitamins B and C.
• Fat soluble – stored in the body’s fats. Examples are vitamins A, D, E,
and K.
Inorganic compounds – not found in living things but are also essential to life.
• Water – most important inorganic compound. It is an excellent solvent
because it has a high heat capacity.
• Acids and bases
• Acids – release hydrogen ions.
• Bases – releases different hydroxide ions.
• Each organism has a PH organism that must be always maintained.
Cell Theory
Scientists that contributed in the discovery of cells:
• Robert Hooke – discovered cells.
• Antony Leuwenhoek – discovered animal cells.
• Rene Dutrochet – examined animal and plant cells.
• Robert Brown – discovered the nucleus of a cell.
• Felix Dijardin – discovered the cytoplasm of a cell.
• Matthias Schleiden – discovered the protons of plant cells.
• Theodore Schwann – discovered the protons of animal cells.
• Rudolf Virchow – “Cells give rise to new cells.”
Parts of a cell:
• Cell membrane – controls materials in and out of the cell.*
• Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) – transport system of the cell.
• Rough ER – contains ribosomes and proteins.
• Smooth ER – does not contain ribosomes and proteins.
• Mitochondria – powerhouse of the cell.
• Cytoplasm – semi-liquid which suspends organelles.*
• Nuclear membrane – separates the nucleus from the other cell parts.
• Golgi bodies – packaged materials along the ER.
• Nucleus – the life of the cell.*
• Lysosomes – contains digestive enzymes.
• Chromosomes – responsible for traits and genetics.
• Vacuole – food storage.
• Ribosome – proteins.
• Nucleoli – ribosome factories.
Ron Notes|Page 2
• Centrosome – contains the centriole.
• Microfilaments – responsible for the shaping and delevopment of the cell.
• Centriole – cell divider/spindle fibers.
* -3 basic parts of the cell.
Specialized structures:
• Celia – hair like structures. (eg: paramecium)
• Flagellum – tail like structures (eg: euglena)
• Pseudopods – finger like structures (eg: amoeba)
Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
Nuclear membrane No Yes
Chromosomes Single circular Multiple
Membrane-bound No Yes
organelles
Membrane Yes Yes
Cell wall Muramic Non-muramic
Ribosomes Small Large
Ron Notes|Page 3