f BOGOSANOVtC. M.: New Zealand Patent Application No.

52 1823, October

B
OI
-5

-10
.. ....
2002
GOODMAN. J.w:
19821
'Introduction to Fourier optics' (Academic, New York,

;
a
-15
Exact representation of antenna
-20
system diversity performance from
input parameter description
-25 S. Blanch, J. Romeu and I. C o r b e l l a
-150 -75 0 75 150
mm
A simplc formulation Io compute thc envelope correlation of an
Fig. 3 Predicted ond mensrrredpower distribution/or. 126 nmfhcol length antenna divemiry system is dcrired. 11 is shown how to compute the
o r r q ui 10 GHz envelope correlation hom the S-parameter descnplian o f the antenna
-predicted system. T h i s approach has the advantage that i t does not require the
- -0- -measured computation nor the measurement of the radiation panem o f the
antenna system. It also offers the advantage o f providing a clca
t understanding ofthe effects ofmutual coupling and input match on the
diversity performance of the antcnnii system.

Introduction: Antenna diversity is acknowledgcd as onc of the

techniques to increase spectrum efficiency in mobile communication
systems. It is also recognised that mutual coupling of tho antenna
degrades the performance of a diversity antenna system. Therefore
antenna designers try to design antenna systems that minimise
coupling between pons while mceting the input matching require-
ments. Following [I] the envelope correlation for a two-antenna
system is computed as:

ISS[FI(B.d)*~*(8.dj]dR12
4n
Pr = (1)
JJIPl(0.
In d ) / * d fI"l J J l ~ ~ V
4 jL
I2dn
I I I I *
-75 0 75 150
mm where E.(U, 4) is the field radiation panern of the antenna system when
Fig. 4 Predicied and meosur.edpo,~,erdi.~iriburionfi,r
300 rnnr,focal Ien,qi/t p a n i is excited, and denotes the Hermitian product. To compute ( I ) it
urroy ai I O GHz is necessary to know the mdiatian pattern of the antenna system and
-predicted perform the numerical integrations. This is a cumbersomc process,
~ -0- -measured whether it is done numerically OT experimentally Nevertheless this is
the approach that is followed by most antenna designcrs [Z, 31. In [4] it
is experimentally shown that the diversity antenna system performance
The ncw antenna has a significant size advantage over the previous can be determined from (I), mutual coupling measurements or direct
focused beam solutions. For example. the same beam waist size was envelope correlation measurement. In the following Section an exact
obtained with the 150 x 150 mm antenna array described here as that expression to compute ( I ) from the S-parameter characterisation of the
obtained with a spherical lens with 200 mm diameter illuminated by a antenna system will bc derived. This approach has the advantage that it
standard X band hom antenna. In addition, the antenna array with a is not necessary to know the radiation panem of the antenna system,
focused beam has a patentidl to provide advanced sensing options for and that the explicit influencc of muhlal coupling and input match is
microwave inspection applications. revealed.

Acknodedgmenrs: This work was funded by the New Zealand

Foundation for Research, Science and Technology. The authors
=1 w
thank K. J. Crcsswell and W. S . Holmes for their help and support. bl f--

0 IEE 2003 14 Fehrubv 2003

Electronic.< Letters Online No: 20030479
DO/: 10.1049/e1:20U30479
M. Bagosanovich (Indrrsirid Reseurch Lid, PO B m 2225 Paraell,
Auckland, New Zealrind)
E-mail: m.bagosanovich@irl.cri.nz
4 . G . Williamson (Departmenr of Electrical and Electronic
Engineering. The Universit). of Auckland, Privote Bag 92019,
Auckland. New Zealand)

References
1 BOGOSANOVIC, M., WILLIAMSON, A.C., .rHAKUR. K.P, HOLMES. WS., and
CRESSWELL. K.J.: 'A comparison ofthe systems for non-contact and non-
destmctive namral product inspection'. 5th B E M A Conf., Rotorua,
New ZealanJ March 2003 (accepted for publication) Fig. 1 General gevmetrpfor fwo-onfenno diverrity sy.~ienz

ELECTRONICS LE77ERS Ist M a y 2003 Vol. 39 No. 9 705

Mathematical derivation: Consider the situation shown in Fig. 1 in
which two antennas are driven by two generators at the same
frequency. The antennas are not necessarily well matched and have
nonzero mutual coupling. For a given point at co-ordinates ( I , 0, 4) in
the far-field region, the total radiated electric field is the sum of the
contributions from each antenna:
where '1 is the free-space wave impedance, k the wave number, D,the
maximum directivity of antenna i and 610, 4) its normalised complex
voltage pattern, which includes the effect of the other antenna term-
nated by the reference impedance Z,. Note that both pattems are
referred to a common co-ordinate system and are defined in terms of
the incident wave (ai and oz,respectively).
The total p o w r radiated by both antennas is the integral of the power
density over the whole space
antenna system input parameters and radiation pattems have been
computed using MOM. It is clearly seen that both inethods provide
exactly the same result. It is also interesting to note that mutual
coupling alone does not provide a good estimate for the envelope
correlation. Another simple application of (II)is to evaluate the
envelope correlation against operating frequency. In Fig. 3 the
envelope correlation and the S-parameters for an orthogonal-fed
square microstrip patch antenna is shown against frequency. Note
that by using (11) the envelope correlation computation is straightfor-
ward from numerical simulation or laboratory measurement. On the
contrary, the evaluation using ( I ) implies the computation or the
measurement of the radiation patterns at each frequency.
0
-1 0

-20
*
m

-30

-40

-50
0 0.5 1.o 1.5 2.0 2.5
separation between antennas. dlh
Fig. 2 Envelope correlation and S-parumetrrsjor two collinear holf-wwr
dipoles againsi their separation

0 -
far i, j = l or 2. In these equations, the differential solid angle
dn = d S / s is uscd. From the definition of the scalar product, it follows
O1
--- - - St1 parameter
that C,= q. Equation (4) can be written in a more compact form as:

P=a+Ca (7)
-IO0 -
-1
....
where a is the column vector of a, and u2 and C is a 2 x 2 correlation -20
matrix having ( 5 ) and (6) as elements. m _ . C '
However, the radiated power should be equal lo the total power
entering the two antennas. From S-parameter theory, this is:
2 2
P =Ea,- b, = 8 + 8 - b+b = a+iI - S+S)a (8)
i=l ,=I

being I the identity matrix and S the S-parameters defined in the input
+
ports of the antennas. The symbol ' ' indicates Hermitian transpose
operation. Identifying this with (7), it follows that C = I S+S which is
equivalent to the two following conditions:
~

-50
2.80
' 2.85 2.90 2.95 3.00 3.05 3.10 3.15 3.20
frequency. GHz

Fig. 3 Envelope correlation and S-parameirrsfor ortltob.onol-fed square

microsnip patch ontenna ugainrt Jkquency

Conclusion: The expression that has been derived can be applied to

Therefore by considering (9) and (IO) the envelope correlation given
by ( I ) can be exDressed in terms of the S-~arametersof the antenna
system as:
Applicution: As an example application, the envelope correlation for
a two-antenna system formed by two collinear half-have dipoles has
been computed following ( I ) and ( I I). In Fig. 2 the results obtained
by both methods are shown against the spacing between antennas. The
compute the envelope correlation of any two-port antenna diversity
system. It provides a simple functional to he minimised in an
optimisation procedure dcsign. It also shows that a certain set of
simultaneous specifications such as muhlal coupling, input match and
cross-polar radiation may be redundant and in certain cases incompa-
tible. Finally, this expression providcs clear criteria in antenna design
for minimising the envelope correlation. The expression can be easily
cxtended to a multiple port antenna system, and can be applied in
designing and assessing the diversity performancc of antennas in
mobile communications and remote sensing.
Acknowledgmenfs: This work has been partially supported by the
Spanish Govemment through grant TIC 2001-26364-CO3-01, the EC

706 ELECTRONICS LETTERS 1st May 2003 Vol. 39 No. 9

through the project IST 2001-33055 and the Department d'Universi- radiation of the given antenna current is maximal, but lateral radiation
tats, Recerca i Societat de la lnformacidn (DURSI) de la Generalitat is significant and the pattern in the H-plane is close to the semi-circle.
de Catalunva. When X\->r, the total radiation is smaller but the latcral one is
suppressed and both near-field and far-field panems are diverted
from the plane 121. In this Letter we show that the suppression of the
0 IEE 2003 19 Fehruav 2003 lateral radiation holds also for a complex surface impedance (the real
Elecrronics Letlers Online No: 20030495
pan of Z, describer the transmission of the electromagnetic waves
D o l : I O . 1049/e1:200304Y5
through the impedance surface). The main difference with the case of
S. Blanch, J. Romeu and I. Corbella (Electromugnetics & Photonics -the purely inductive Z, (the case of HIS) is that the panem is 8-shaped.
Engineering Group, Deportment qf Signol Themy and To obtain this kind of panem it is possible to use the known UPPBGS
Comniuwicution.s. Universitot Politecnico de Catnlcmnya. c/Jordi [3] as the impedance surface with complex surface impedance. In
Gimna, 1-3, MAdrrl D3, Campus Nord UPC, 08034 Barcelona, Spain) practice, suppressing the lateral waves is not sufficient for proper
E-mail: romeu@tsc.upc.es.es operatian of the radiating system. It must be efficient, of COUTSC.
Therefore, we need to obtain constwctive interaction between the
S. Blanch, J. Romeu and I. Corbella: Also with the Centre de
horizontal SOUKC and the UPPBGS. It is possible if X, is positive and
Tecnalogia de Telecamunicacions de Catalunya (CTTC)
high enough with rcspect to the surface resistance R,. Thus, there is a
certain frequency band in which the UPPBGS 131 operates as required.
References Note, that the same consideration can be made for the source o f TM-
waves (vertical or horizontal magnetic antenna) when the required X,is,
VAUGHAN. R.G., and ANDERSEX. J.B.: 'Antenna diversity in mobile in this case, negative (the case of a capacitive UPPBGS).
communications', IEEE Trons. Eh. Techno/., 1987. 36. pp. 149-172
DIETRICH, c.B.. DIETZC. K., NEALS, R.J.. and STLIIZMAN. w . ~ :'Spatial,
polanration and panem diversity for widess handheld terminals', IEEE
%om Antennas Pmpug, 2001.49, pp. 1?71-12UI
JENSEN, M.A., and RAHMAT~SAMII.Y: 'Performance analysis Of antennils
for hand-held IranscciveB using FDTD', IEEE Tmuns. Antennns Pmpag.,
1YY4,42, pp. I 106-1 1I3
KO.S.C.K., and MURCII. RD.: 'Compact integrated divenity antenna for
wireless communications', IEEE Trons. Anfennos Pmpog., 2001, 49,
pp. 954-960

Fig. I Unit cells

Uniplanar PBG screens for forming o Unit cell ofknown smichlre (conventional JC)
antenna patterns h Unit cell of suggertcd shLIcNre (modified JC)

C.R. Simovski and B. Sauviac conventional JC normal reflection

The possibility of farming the widehand U-shaped panem of an

antenna in thc Il-plane with rhe usc of a uniplanar phoionic bvndgap
screen (UPPBGS) is studied. TW vmants o f UPPBGS arc compared.
The first i s the known structure developed by the group ofT. Itoh, the a 0.2
second i s ifs suggested modification (presenred hy the authors). I t is %

shown that the modified s t m c ~ r eoperates at IOWT frequencies than

does the known S ~ N C I U ~ (for
C the same cell rizc).
-0.6
htrodrrcrion: In modem microwwc tcchniques, printed circuit anten- -0.8
nas are widely uscd. Generally thcsc antennas are positioned on the -1.0
interface of a diclcctric layer with a metal ground plane. Often, one
needs to make its thickness h very small compared fa the wavelength ~onvent~onal
JC 2.
I. in free space. To obtain canstmctive interaction of the antenna with
the substrate and not to spend the greater part ofenergy in exciting the
lateral waves in the dielectric, it is possible to use high-impedance 0.6
0.4 '..
surfaces (HIS). The HIS is usually thought a f a s a resonant magnetic
wall (MW) with h < < i / 4 [I].
A uniplanar photonic bandgap screen (UPPBGS) representing a
complementing screen with respect to the grid of metal Jerusalem
d 4.2
b -0.4

-o.a
LR
crosscs (JC), which was suggested and studied by T. Iroh's group, found -0.6
many applications. Of thcse, we consider the use of a UPPBG for
shaping the antenna panern. It is easy to prow that B planar perfectly -1.0
conducting structure cannot behave as a HIS on its own. To have the io 15 20 25 30 35 40
propenies of a HIS (MW) a UPPBGS must be associated with a metal frequency, G H r
ground plane. However. there are some cases when the s I N c ~ r should e b
not be impenetrable. Far example, the practical requirement can be to Fig. 2 Reflection coeflcient, and nonnalired surfice impedunce, for
suppress the Iatcral radiation of the antenna, whereas the radiation is known UPPBGS [;I
required in both upper and lower half-spaces (to form the %shaped
U Reflection coefficient 6 Nomali>cd surface impedance
pattem in the H-plane). In this case the UPPBGS can be applied alone
since it suppresser the surface waves within rather wide frequency
-Re(R) -I m ( b )
- ~ ~ Im(R) - Re(&)
~ ~

bands. Band in which laferal radiation is efficiently suppressed is shown

It was shown in [2] that the moderate inductive surface impedance
Z.? = j X , (where X , > 0 is the surface reactance) i s preferable to divert the
radiation of the horizontal antenna from the impedance planc over
which the antenna is positioned. It concerns both the far-zone and near-
zone of the antenna. When the surface reactancc is high compared to
the free-space impedance X,>>il (the regime of MW). the total
When the working frequencies are low, and the horizontal dimen-
sions o f t h e whole SINCture are restricted by a few centimetres, thc use
of UPPBGSs becomes difficult. In this situation, the required grid
period turns out to be rathcr high and can be comparable with the

ELECTRONlCS LEmERS 1st May 2003 Vol. 39 No. 9 707