5/18/2017 DeepfoundationWikipedia

Deepfoundation
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Adeepfoundationisatypeoffoundationwhichtransfersbuilding
loadstotheearthfartherdownfromthesurfacethanashallow
foundationdoes,toasubsurfacelayerorarangeofdepths.

Apileisaverticalstructuralelementofadeepfoundation,drivenor
drilleddeepintothegroundatthebuildingsite.

Contents
Drillingofdeeppilesofdiameter
1 Deepfoundations 150cminbridge423nearNesZiona,
2 Drivenfoundations Israel
2.1 Pilefoundationsystems
2.2 Monopilefoundation
3 Drilledpiles
3.1 Underreamedpiles
3.2 Augercastpile
3.3 Pierandgradebeamfoundation
4 Specialtypiles
4.1 Micropiles
4.2 Tripodpiles
4.3 Sheetpiles
4.4 Soldierpiles
4.5 Screwpiles
4.6 SuctionPiles
4.7 AdfreezePiles
4.8 Vibratedstonecolumns
5 Piledwalls
5.1 Secantpiledwalls
5.2 Slurrywalls
6 Deepmixing/massstabilizationtechniques
Adeepfoundationinstallationfora
7 Classificationofpilewithrespecttotypeofmaterial
bridgeinNapa,California,United
7.1 Timber
States.
7.2 Iron
7.3 Steel
7.4 Prestressedconcretepiles
7.5 Compositepiles
8 Aquaticpilings/Marinepilings
9 Seealso
10 Notes
11 References
12 Externallinks

Deepfoundations PiledrivingoperationsinthePortof
Tampa,Florida,UnitedStates.
Therearemanyreasonsageotechnicalengineerwouldrecommenda
deepfoundationoverashallowfoundation,butsomeofthecommonreasonsareverylargedesignloads,apoor
soilatshallowdepth,orsiteconstraints(likepropertylines).Therearedifferenttermsusedtodescribedifferent
typesofdeepfoundationsincludingthepile(whichisanalogoustoapole),thepier(whichisanalogoustoa
column),drilledshafts,andcaissons.Pilesaregenerallydrivenintothegroundinsituotherdeepfoundations
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aretypicallyputinplaceusingexcavationanddrilling.Thenamingconventionsmayvarybetweenengineering
disciplinesandfirms.Deepfoundationscanbemadeoutoftimber,steel,reinforcedconcreteorprestressed
concrete.

Drivenfoundations
Prefabricatedpilesaredrivenintothegroundusingapiledriver.Driven
pilesareeitherwood,reinforcedconcrete,orsteel.Woodenpilesare
madefromthetrunksoftalltrees.Concretepilesareavailablein
square,octagonal,androundcrosssections(likeFrankipiles).Theyare
reinforcedwithrebarandareoftenprestressed.Steelpilesareeither
pipepilesorsomesortofbeamsection(likeanHpile).Historically,
woodpilesusedsplicestojoinmultiplesegmentsendtoendwhenthe
drivendepthrequiredwastoolongforasinglepiletoday,splicingis
commonwithsteelpiles,thoughconcretepilescanbesplicedwith
mechanicalandothermeans.Drivingpiles,asopposedtodrilling
Pipepilesbeingdrivenintothe
shafts,isadvantageousbecausethesoildisplacedbydrivingthepiles
ground
compressesthesurroundingsoil,causinggreaterfrictionagainstthe
sidesofthepiles,thusincreasingtheirloadbearingcapacity.Driven
pilesarealsoconsideredtobe"tested"forweightbearingability
becauseoftheirmethodofinstallationthusthemottoofthePile
DrivingContractors'Associationis"ADrivenPile...IsaTestedPile!".[1]

Pilefoundationsystems

Foundationsrelyingondrivenpilesoftenhavegroupsofpiles
connectedbyapilecap(alargeconcreteblockintowhichtheheadsof
thepilesareembedded)todistributeloadswhicharelargerthanone
pilecanbear.Pilecapsandisolatedpilesaretypicallyconnectedwith
gradebeamstotiethefoundationelementstogetherlighterstructural
elementsbearonthegradebeams,whileheavierelementsbeardirectly
onthepilecap.[2]

Monopilefoundation

Amonopilefoundationutilizesasingle,generallylargediameter,
foundationstructuralelementtosupportalltheloads(weight,wind,
etc.)ofalargeabovesurfacestructure. Illustrationofahandoperatedpile
driverinGermanyafter1480
Alargenumberofmonopilefoundations[3]havebeenutilizedinrecent
yearsforeconomicallyconstructingfixedbottomoffshorewindfarms
inshallowwatersubsealocations.[4]Forexample,theHornsRevwindfarmfrom2002intheNorthSeawest
ofDenmarkutilizes80largemonopilesof4metresdiametersunk25metersdeepintotheseabed,[5]whilethe
LynnandInnerDowsingWindFarmoffthecoastofEnglandwentonlinein2008withover100turbines,each
mountedona4.7metrediametermonopilefoundationinoceandepthsupto18metresofwater.[6]

Thetypicalconstructionprocessforawindturbinesubseamonopilefoundationinsandincludesdrivingalarge
hollowsteelpile,ofsome4mindiameterwithapproximately50mmthickwalls,some25mdeepintothe
seabed,througha0.5mlayeroflargerstoneandgraveltominimizeerosionaroundthepile.A"transitionpiece
(completewithpreinstalledfeaturessuchasboatlandingarrangement,cathodicprotection,cableductsfor
submarinecables,turbinetowerflange,etc.)"isattachedtothenowdeeplydrivenpile,thesandandwaterare
removedfromthecentreofthepileandreplacedwithconcrete.Anadditionallayerofevenlargerstone,upto
0.5mdiameter,isappliedtothesurfaceoftheseabedforlongertermerosionprotection.[4]
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Drilledpiles
Alsocalledcaissons,drilledshafts,drilledpiers,Castindrilledhole
piles(CIDHpiles)orCastinSitupiles,aboreholeisdrilledintothe
ground,thenconcrete(andoftensomesortofreinforcing)isplacedinto
theboreholetoformthepile.Rotaryboringtechniquesallowlarger
diameterpilesthananyotherpilingmethodandpermitpileconstruction
throughparticularlydenseorhardstrata.Constructionmethodsdepend
onthegeologyofthesiteinparticular,whetherboringistobe
undertakenin'dry'groundconditionsorthroughwatersaturatedstrata.
Casingisoftenusedwhenthesidesoftheboreholearelikelytoslough
offbeforeconcreteispoured.

Forendbearingpiles,drillingcontinuesuntiltheboreholehasextended
asufficientdepth(socketing)intoasufficientlystronglayer.Depending
onsitegeology,thiscanbearocklayer,orhardpan,orotherdense,
stronglayers.Boththediameterofthepileandthedepthofthepileare
highlyspecifictothegroundconditions,loadingconditions,andnature
oftheproject.Piledepthsmayvarysubstantiallyacrossaprojectifthe
ApilemachineinAmsterdam,the
bearinglayerisnotlevel.
Netherlands.
Drilledpilescanbetestedusingavarietyofmethodstoverifythepile
integrityduringinstallation.

Underreamedpiles

Underreamedpileshavemechanicallyformedenlargedbasesthatareasmuchas6mindiameter.Theformis
thatofaninvertedconeandcanonlybeformedinstablesoils.Thelargerbasediameterallowsgreaterbearing
capacitythanastraightshaftpile.

Thesepilearesuitedforexpansivesoilswhichareoftensubjectedtoseasonalmoisturevariations,asalsofilled
upgroundandlooseorsoftstrata.Theyareusedinnormalgroundconditionalsowhereeconomicsare
favorable.[7]

Augercastpile

Anaugercastpile,oftenknownasacontinuousflightaugering(CFA)pile,isformedbydrillingintotheground
withahollowstemmedcontinuousflightaugertotherequireddepthordegreeofresistance.Nocasingis
required.Acementgroutmixisthenpumpeddownthestemoftheauger.Whilethecementgroutispumped,
theaugerisslowlywithdrawn,conveyingthesoilupwardalongtheflights.Ashaftoffluidcementgroutis
formedtogroundlevel.Reinforcementcanbeinstalled.Recentinnovationsinadditiontostringentquality
controlallowsreinforcingcagestobeplaceduptothefulllengthofapilewhenrequired.Atypicalreinforcing
cagewillconsistof4to8barsfrom#5to#8barstypically1/3thelengthofthepilewithlongitudinalcircular
tiesspacedalongthelengthofthecage.Wheretensionloadsarepresentitistypicaltoseeasinglefulllength
barplacedatthecenterofeachpile.

Augercastpilescauseminimaldisturbance,andareoftenusedfornoiseandenvironmentallysensitivesites.
Augercastpilesarenotgenerallysuitedforuseincontaminatedsoils,duetoexpensivewastedisposalcosts.In
casessuchasthesehoweveradisplacementpilemayprovidethecostefficiencyofanaugercastpileand
minimalenvironmentalimpact.Ingroundcontainingobstructionsorcobblesandboulders,augercastpilesare
lesssuitableasrefusalabovethedesignpiletipelevationmaybeencountered.Incertaincasesdrillmotorsthat
producemoretorqueandhorsepowermaybeabletomitigatetheseevents.

Pierandgradebeamfoundation
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Indrilledpierfoundations,thepierscanbeconnectedwithgradebeamsonwhichthestructuresits,sometimes
withheavycolumnloadsbearingdirectlyonthepiers.Insomeresidentialconstruction,thepiersareextended
abovethegroundlevelandwoodbeamsbearingonthepiersareusedtosupportthestructure.Thistypeof
foundationresultsinacrawlspaceunderneaththebuildinginwhichwiringandductworkcanbelaidduring
constructionorremodelling.[8]

Specialtypiles
Micropiles

Micropiles,alsocalledminipiles,areoftenusedforunderpinning.Theyarealsousedtocreatefoundationsfor
avarietyofprojecttypes,includinghighway,bridgeandtransmissiontowerprojects.Theyareespecially
usefulatsiteswithdifficultorrestrictedaccess,orwithenvironmentalsensitivity.[9][10]Micropilesaremadeof
steelwithdiametersof60to200mm.Installationofmicropilesthroughtopsoil,sandandcobblestones
overburdenandintosoilrockcanbeachievedusingAirRotaryorMudRotarydrilling,impactdriving,
jacking,vibratingorscrewingmachinery.[11]Micropilescanalsobeusedtoconstructagroutcolumnaround
theshaftofastandardHelicalPilesystem,allowingforuseinhigherloadapplications.[12]

Tripodpiles

Theuseofatripodrigtoinstallpilesisoneofthemoretraditionalwaysofformingpiles.Althoughunitcosts
aregenerallyhigherthanwithmostotherformsofpiling,ithasseveraladvantageswhichhaveensuredits
continuedusethroughtothepresentday.Thetripodsystemiseasyandinexpensivetobringtosite,makingit
idealforjobswithasmallnumberofpiles.

Sheetpiles

Sheetpilingisaformofdrivenpilingusingthininterlockingsheetsof
steeltoobtainacontinuousbarrierintheground.Themainapplication
ofsheetpilesisinretainingwallsandcofferdamserectedtoenable
permanentworkstoproceed.Normally,vibratinghammer,tcraneand
crawledrillingareusedtoestablishsheetpiles.

Soldierpiles

Soldierpiles,alsoknownaskingpilesorBerlinwalls,areconstructed
ofwideflangesteelHsectionsspacedabout2to3mapartandare Sheetpilesareusedtorestrainsoft
drivenpriortoexcavation.Astheexcavationproceeds,horizontal soilabovethebedrockinthis
timbersheeting(lagging)isinsertedbehindtheHpileflanges. excavation

Thehorizontalearthpressuresareconcentratedonthesoldierpiles
becauseoftheirrelativerigiditycomparedtothelagging.Soil
movementandsubsidenceisminimizedbymaintainingthelaggingin
firmcontactwiththesoil.

Soldierpilesaremostsuitableinconditionswherewellconstructed
wallswillnotresultinsubsidencesuchasoverconsolidatedclays,soils
abovethewatertableiftheyhavesomecohesion,andfreedraining
soilswhichcanbeeffectivelydewatered,likesands.

Unsuitablesoilsincludesoftclaysandweakrunningsoilsthatallow Asoldierpilewallusingreclaimed
largemovementssuchasloosesands.Itisalsonotpossibletoextend railwaysleepersaslagging.
thewallbeyondthebottomoftheexcavationanddewateringisoften
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required.

Screwpiles

Screwpiles,alsocalledhelicalpiersandscrewfoundations,havebeenusedasfoundationssincethemid19th
centuryinscrewpilelighthouses.[13]Screwpilesaregalvanizedironpipewithhelicalfinsthatareturnedinto
thegroundbymachinestotherequireddepth.Thescrewdistributestheloadtothesoilandissized
accordingly.

SuctionPiles

Suctionpilesareusedunderwatertosecurefloatingplatforms.Tubularpilesaredrivenintotheseabed(ormore
commonlydroppedafewmetresintoasoftseabed)andthenapumpsuckswateroutatthetopofthetubular,
pullingthepilefurtherdown.

Theproportionsofthepile(diametertoheight)aredependentuponthesoiltype:Sandisdifficulttopenetrate
butprovidesgoodholdingcapacity,sotheheightmaybeasshortashalfthediameterClaysandmudsareeasy
topenetratebutprovidepoorholdingcapacity,sotheheightmaybeasmuchaseighttimesthediameter.The
opennatureofgravelmeansthatwaterwouldflowthroughthegroundduringinstallation,causing'piping'flow
(wherewaterboilsupthroughweakerpathsthroughthesoil).Therefore,suctionpilescannotbeusedingravel
seabeds.

AdfreezePiles

Inhighlatitudeswherethegroundiscontinuouslyfrozen,adfreezepiles
areusedastheprimarystructuralfoundationmethod.

Adfreezepilesderivetheirstrengthfromthebondofthefrozenground
aroundthemtothesurfaceofthepile.

Adfreezepilefoundationsareparticularlysensitiveinconditionswhich
causethepermafrosttomelt.Ifabuildingisconstructedimproperly,it
willheatthegroundbelowresultinginafailureofthefoundation
system.
AdfreezePilessupportingabuilding
Vibratedstonecolumns inBarrow,Alaska,UnitedStates

Vibratedstonecolumnsareagroundimprovementtechniquewhere
columnsofcoarseaggregate("stone")areplacedinsoilswithpoordrainageorbearingcapacitytoimprovethe
soils.[14]

Piledwalls
Thesemethodsofretainingwallconstructionemployboredpilingtechniques,normallyCFAorrotary.They
providespecialadvantageswhereavailableworkingspacedictatesthatbasementexcavationfacesbevertical.
Bothmethodsoffertechnicallyeffectiveandcostefficienttemporaryorpermanentmeansofretainingthesides
ofbulkexcavationseveninwaterbearingstrata.Whenusedinpermanentworks,thesewallscanbedesigned
toaccommodateverticalloadsinadditiontomomentsandhorizontalforces.Constructionofbothmethodsis
thesameasforfoundationbearingpiles.Contiguouswallsareconstructedwithsmallgapsbetweenadjacent
piles.Thesizeofthisspaceisdeterminedbythenatureofthesoils.

Secantpiledwalls

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Secantpilewallsareconstructedsuchthatspaceisleftbetween
alternate'female'pilesforthesubsequentconstructionof'male'piles.
Constructionof'male'pilesinvolvesboringthroughtheconcreteinthe
'female'pilesholeinordertokey'male'pilesbetween.Themalepileis
theonewheresteelreinforcementcagesareinstalled,thoughinsome
casesthefemalepilesarealsoreinforced.

Secantpiledwallscaneitherbetruehard/hard,hard/intermediate(firm),
orhard/soft,dependingondesignrequirements.Hardreferstostructural
concreteandfirmorsoftisusuallyaweakergroutmixcontaining Sheetpiling,byabridge,wasusedto
bentonite. blockacanalinNewOrleans,United
StatesafterHurricaneKatrina
Alltypesofwallcanbeconstructedasfreestandingcantilevers,ormay damagedit.
beproppedifspaceandsubstructuredesignpermit.Wherepartywall
agreementsallow,groundanchorscanbeusedastiebacks.

Slurrywalls

Aslurrywallisabarrierbuiltundergroundusingamixofbentoniteandwatertopreventtheflowof
groundwater.Atrenchthatwouldcollapseduetothehydraulicpressureinthesurroundingsoildoesnot
collapseastheslurrybalancesthehydraulicpressure.

Deepmixing/massstabilizationtechniques
Theseareessentiallyvariationsofinsitureinforcementsintheformofpiles(asmentionedabove),blocksor
largervolumes.

Cement,lime/quicklime,flyash,sludgeand/orotherbinders(sometimescalledstabilizer)aremixedintothe
soiltoincreasebearingcapacity.Theresultisnotassolidasconcrete,butshouldbeseenasanimprovementof
thebearingcapacityoftheoriginalsoil.

Thetechniqueismostoftenappliedonclaysororganicsoilslikepeat.Themixingcanbecarriedoutby
pumpingthebinderintothesoilwhilstmixingitwithadevicenormallymountedonanexcavatororby
excavatingthemasses,mixingthemseparatelywiththebindersandrefillingtheminthedesiredarea.The
techniquecanalsobeusedonlightlycontaminatedmassesasameansofbindingcontaminants,asopposedto
excavatingthemandtransportingtolandfillorprocessing.

Classificationofpilewithrespecttotypeofmaterial
Timber

Asthenameimplies,timberpilesaremadeofwood.

Historically,timberhasbeenaplentiful,locallyavailableresourceinmanyareas.Today,timberpilesarestill
moreaffordablethanconcreteorsteel.Comparedtoothertypesofpiles(steelorconcrete),anddependingon
thesource/typeoftimber,timberpilesmaynotbesuitableforheavierloads.

Amainconsiderationregardingtimberpilesisthattheyshouldbeprotectedfromrottingabovegroundwater
level.Timberwilllastforalongtimebelowthegroundwaterlevel.Fortimbertorot,twoelementsareneeded:
waterandoxygen.Belowthegroundwaterlevel,dissolvedoxygenislackingeventhoughthereisamplewater.
Hence,timbertendstolastforalongtimebelowgroundwaterlevel.In1648theRoyalPalaceofAmsterdam
wasconstructedon13659timberpilesthatstillsurvivetodaysincetheywerebelowgroundwaterlevel.Timber

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thatistobeusedabovethewatertablecanbeprotectedfromdecayandinsectsbynumerousformsofwood
preservationusingpressuretreatment(alkalinecopperquaternary(ACQ),chromatedcopperarsenate(CCA),
creosote,etc.).

Splicingtimberpilesisstillquitecommonandistheeasiestofallthepilingmaterialstosplice.Thenormal
methodforsplicingisbydrivingtheleaderpilefirst,drivingasteeltube(normally60100cmlong,withan
internaldiameternosmallerthantheminimumtoediameter)halfitslengthontotheendoftheleaderpile.The
followerpileisthensimplyslottedintotheotherendofthetubeanddrivingcontinues.Thesteeltubeissimply
theretoensurethatthetwopiecesfolloweachotherduringdriving.Ifupliftcapacityisrequired,thesplicecan
incorporatebolts,coachscrews,spikesortheliketogiveitthenecessarycapacity.

Iron

Ironmaybeusedforpiling.Thesemaybeductile.[15]

Steel

Pipepilesareatypeofsteeldrivenpilefoundationandareagoodcandidate
forinclined(battered)piles.

Pipepilescanbedriveneitheropenendorclosedend.Whendrivenopen
end,soilisallowedtoenterthebottomofthepipeortube.Ifanemptypipe
isrequired,ajetofwateroranaugercanbeusedtoremovethesoilinside
followingdriving.Closedendpipepilesareconstructedbycoveringthe
Cutawayillustration.Deep
bottomofthepilewithasteelplateorcaststeelshoe.
inclined(battered)pipepiles
Insomecases,pipepilesarefilledwithconcretetoprovideadditional supportaprecastsegmented
momentcapacityorcorrosionresistance.IntheUnitedKingdom,thisis skywaywhereuppersoillayers
generallynotdoneinordertoreducethecost.Inthesecasescorrosion areweakmuds.
protectionisprovidedbyallowingforasacrificialthicknessofsteelorby
adoptingahighergradeofsteel.Ifaconcretefilledpipepileiscorroded,mostoftheloadcarryingcapacityof
thepilewillremainintactduetotheconcrete,whileitwillbelostinanemptypipepile.

Thestructuralcapacityofpipepilesisprimarilycalculatedbasedonsteelstrengthandconcretestrength(if
filled).Anallowanceismadeforcorrosiondependingonthesiteconditionsandlocalbuildingcodes.

Steelpipepilescaneitherbenewsteelmanufacturedspecificallyforthepilingindustryorreclaimedsteel
tubularcasingpreviouslyusedforotherpurposessuchasoilandgasexploration.

HPilesarestructuralbeamsthataredriveninthegroundfordeepfoundationapplication.Theycanbeeasily
cutofforjoinedbyweldingormechanicaldrivefitsplicers.IfthepileisdrivenintoasoilwithlowpHvalue,
thenthereisariskofcorrosion,coaltarepoxyorcathodicprotectioncanbeappliedtosloworeliminatethe
corrosionprocess.Itiscommontoallowforanamountofcorrosionindesignbysimplyoverdimensioningthe
crosssectionalareaofthesteelpile.Inthiswaythecorrosionprocesscanbeprolongedupto50years.

Prestressedconcretepiles

Concretepilesaretypicallymadewithsteelreinforcingandprestressingtendonstoobtainthetensilestrength
required,tosurvivehandlinganddriving,andtoprovidesufficientbendingresistance.

Longpilescanbedifficulttohandleandtransport.Pilejointscanbeusedtojointwoormoreshortpilesto
formonelongpile.Pilejointscanbeusedwithbothprecastandprestressedconcretepiles.

Compositepiles

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A"compositepile"isapilemadeofsteelandconcretemembersthatarefastenedtogether,endtoend,toform
asinglepile.ItisacombinationofdifferentmaterialsordifferentshapedmaterialssuchaspipeandHbeams
orsteelandconcrete.

Aquaticpilings/Marinepilings
Wood(andother)pilingsareusedforsupportsinstructuresraisedabovewater,fordocks,piers,jettys,bridges,
oilplatforms,andlighthouses.Thesemustbetreatedspeciallytoavoidcorrosion.[16]

Seealso
EurocodeEN1997
InternationalSocietyforMicropiles
Postingroundconstructionalsocalledearthfastorpostholeconstructionahistoricmethodofbuilding
woodenstructures.
Stilthouse,alsoknownasalakehouseanancient,historichousetypebuiltonpilings.
Shallowfoundations
Pilebridge

Notes
1.PDCA(https://secure.piledrivers.org/)
2."ReinforcedPierSystemsPileFoundationSystems"(http://www.houstonfoundationpros.com/reinforcedpiersyste
ms/).Retrieved26Jul2013.
3.OffshoreWindTurbineFoundations(http://offshorewind.net/Other_Pages/TurbineFoundations.html),20090909,
accessed20100412.
4.Constructingaturbinefoundation(http://www.hornsrev.dk/Engelsk/Opstillingen/ukfundament.htm)HornsRev
project,Elsammonopilefoundationconstructionprocess,accessed20100412]
5.HornsRevolution(http://www.modernpowersystems.com/story.asp?storyCode=2017033),ModernPowerSystems,
20021005,accessed20100414.
6.LynnandInnerDowsingdescription(http://www.greenenergytalkdirectory.org/library/LynnandInnerDowsing.php)
7.HandbookonUnderreamedandboredcompactionpilefoundation,CentralbuildingresearchinstituteRoorkee,
PreparedbyDevendraSharma,M.P.Jain,ChandraPrakash
8.Marshall,Brain."HowHouseConstructionWorks"(http://home.howstuffworks.com/homeimprovement/repair/hous
e6.htm).HowStuffWorks.HowStuffWorks,Inc.Retrieved4April2013.
9.pwri.go.jp(http://www.pwri.go.jp/eng/ujnr/tc/g/pdf/22/2281siel.pdf)
10.dfi.org(http://www.dfi.org/pubdetail.asp?id=1725)
11."InternationalSocietyforMicropiles"(http://www.ismicropiles.org).Retrieved20070202.
12."CHANCEHelicalPulldownMicropiles"(http://www.foundationtechnologies.com/products/chancehelicalpulldo
wnmicropiles/).FoundationTechnologies,Inc.Retrieved20170324.
13."HelicalPiersFAQ"(https://www.piertech.com/products/helicalpiers.html).
14.terrasystemsonline.com(http://www.terrasystemsonline.com/services/stonecolumns.html)
15."ductileironpiles"(https://helicaldrilling.com/companynews/ductileironpiles/).
16."FuzzyDockPosts"(http://stjohns.ifas.ufl.edu/Sea/documents/Docks310.pdf)(PDF).

References
ItaliantrivelleFoundationIndustry(http://www.italiantrivelle.com)TheDeepFoundationwebportal
ItaliantrivelleisthenumberonesourceofinformationregardingtheFoundationIndustry.
Fleming,W.G.K.etal.,1985,PilingEngineering,SurreyUniversityPressHunt,R.E.,Geotechnical
EngineeringAnalysisandEvaluation,1986,McGrawHill.
Coduto,DonaldP.FoundationDesign:PrinciplesandPractices2nded.,PrenticeHallInc.,2001.
NAVFACDM7.02FoundationsandEarthStructures(http://www.ce.washington.edu/~geotech/courses/c
ee523/manuals/NAVFAC72.pdf)U.S.NavalFacilitiesEngineeringCommand,1986.
Rajapakse,Ruwan.,PileDesignandConstructionGuide,2003
Tomlinson,P.J.,PileDesignandConstructionPractice,1984
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_foundation 8/9
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StabilizationofOrganicSoils(http://ns.swedgeo.se/sd/pdf/SDR3E.pdf)
Sheetpilinghandbook(http://www.thyssenkruppbautechnik.com/fileadmin/download/pdf/eng/Rammpro
file/SWHB_EBOOK_ENG.pdf),2010

Externallinks
DeepFoundationsInstitute(http://www.dfi.org)
WikimediaCommonshas
InternationalConstructionEquipment(http://www.iceusa.com)
mediarelatedtoDeep
PDCA:PileDrivingContractors'Association(http://www.piledri foundation.
vers.org/)
ADSC:TheInternationalAssociationofFoundationDrilling(http://www.adsciafd.com)
InternationalSocietyforMicropiles(http://www.ismicropiles.org)
FederationofPilingSpecialists(UK)(http://www.fps.org.uk)
ProcedureofInstallingDrilledShaft(BoredPile)(http://www.foundationengineering.info/photo_gallerie
s/12/drilled_shafts/)

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