AIR POLLUTION

7th April 2017 Lecture 4

 Forms of Samples

Grab : Sample at single site at one time

Composite : Mixing physically multiple grab samples (from different

locations and times)-physical averaging.

Multiple composite sample: Mixing physically various composite

samples.
Random
Advantages
Covers a large area
Statistical representativeness
Disadvantages
Miss some significant sites
Neglects prior knowledge of the site

Stratified Random Sampling

It divides the site in to areas
Advantages
Avoids the omission problem
Stratified sampling
Targets contaminants
Site is subdivided where in number of samples are
different in different areas
Used for complex sites like mining

Systematic Sampling (GRID)

Whole site is covered and the sample locations are easily
identifiable
 Number and Frequency
Minimum number of samples
3, (one upwind , two downwind)

Frequency
For particulates : 24 hours average
For gases : Depends up on standards
and limits statutes
Ambient Air Pollution Monitoring
CO/ CO2 PM10, PM2.5 , PM1 Handy Sampler
NOx Monitor
SOX Monitor
CO Monitor
 Meteorology &
Air Quality Modeling
Atmospheric Characteristics
Meteorology is the interdisciplinary scientific study of
the atmosphere that focuses on weather processes and
short term forecasting (in contrast with climatology).
Characteristic of atmosphere is its ability to resist
vertical motion: Stability
Affects atmospheric ability to disperse pollutants
When parcel of air is displaced upward
Encounters lower pressure
Expands to lower temperature
Assume no heat transfers to surrounding atmosphere
(adiabatic )
THANK YOU