Applications of Batteries

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 A battery is an electrochemical cell that is used as an
energy sources.
Battery is a group of cells connected together.

TYPES OF CELLS

Primary Cell: In this type of cell the reaction occurs only

once and the battery is then dead and cannot be used
again.
i.e. in primary cells reaction occurs only in a single
direction.
Can not be recharged

Chemical process not reversible

Chemical reaction totally destroy one of the metal after a
period of time
Examples- zinc carbon (1.5v), alkaline (1.5v)

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 SECONDARY CELL:
Can be recharged
Chemical reaction reversible
The electrode & acid mixture change as the battery
supplies .This is called discharging.
By applying current to cell in opposite direction, the
battery material restored. This is called charging.
Examples lead acid, nickel- cadmium, nickel-metal
hydride, lithium ion
Also known as storage cell or Accumulator

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Examples of Primary Battery
LECLANCHE CELL:

The cell consists of Zinc container that acts as an anode.

The zinc container is lined from inside with a porous

insulating paper.
The cathode is a carbon rod having a brass cap

The space between cathode and anode is filled with a

powdered mixture of MnO2
a thick paste of ammonium chloride, zinc chloride
and charcoal powder.
The porous paper lining prevents a direct contact between
Zinc container and paste, thus acts as a salt bridge

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 ZincCarbon Dry Cell:
Leclanch
Anode: Zn(s) Zn2+ (aq) +
2e
Cathode: 2NH4+ (aq) +
2MnO2(s) + 2e
Mn2O3(s) + H2O(l) +2NH3(aq)

The initial voltage is about 1.5

V, but decreases and
deteriorates rapidly in cold
weather.
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 Cross-section of a
zinc-carbon battery

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ZincCarbon Dry Cell: Alkaline Battery
Anode: Zn(s) + 2OH(aq) ZnO(s) + H2O(l) + 2e
Cathode: 2MnO2(s) + H2O(l) + 2e
Mn2O3(s) + 2OH (aq)
Cell reaction: Zn(s) + 2MnO2(s) ZnO(s) + Mn2O3(s)
Uses the same electrode materials as the dry cell, but the electrolyte is
basic paste of KOH (aq).
This cell performs better under current drain and in cold weather. It
isnt truly dry but rather uses an aqueous paste.

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 MERCURY CELL
This cell provides a more stable voltage of emf 1.35 V.
They are costlier and hence used in sophisticated devices (
low current devices ) like camera, hearing aids, watches
etc.
A mercury cell consists of Zn and Hg amalgam as anode
which is covered by a steel top while a paste of HgO and
carbon powder as cathode.
Electrolyte: A paste of KOH and Zn(OH)2. This paste is
carried in inter porous material.

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 It is type of cell which can be recharged by passing a current
through them by a generator system and
they can be used again and again for charging and
discharging.
SECONDARY BATTERY: The secondary cells are repeated
action cells.
They can be recharged by passing electricity through them.
In these cells electrical energy is stored in form of chemical
energy.
Therefore they are also called storage cells or accumulators.

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 Examples of Secondary Battery
LEAD STORAGE BATTERY
The batteries used in automobiles are lead storage
batteries.
Commercially in lead storage battery there are six or 12
lead storage cell connected together.

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 Each cell has anode and cathode plates separated from
each other by separator.
Separators are sheets of insulating material placed in
between plates.
The plates in each electrode are called grids which are
made up of lead or alloy of lead and antimony.
It consists of a lead anode and a grid of lead packed
with lead dioxide as cathode.

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 A 38% solution of
H2SO4is used as an
electrolyte.
All cathode plates
(grids) marked as
positive are coated with
red-brown lead dioxide.
All anode plates (grids)
marked as negative are
coated with spongy
lead.

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 The lead storage cell gives emf of 2 volts.
So lead acid battery consisting of 6 cells will give 12 volt.
During use both the electrodes of lead storage cell get
coated with white precipitate of PbSO4 and the H2SO4 gets
diluted by the water produced in the reaction.
When both the electrodes het covered with lead sulphate,
reaction stops, and cell is said to be discharged or dead.

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 A discharged storage cell is recharged by passing a
direct current source through storage cell.
This direct current reverses the overall reaction.
During charging, the negative electrode of the storage
cell is connected to the negative side of dc source, and
the positive electrode is connected to positive side of dc
source.
When we charge our battery the cell reaction gets
reversed and our overall reaction becomes:

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 Anode: Pb(s) + HSO4(aq)
PbSO4(s) + H+(aq) + 2e
Cathode:PbO2(s) + 3H+(aq) + HSO4(aq) + 2e
PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(l)
Cell reaction:

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CROSS-SECTION LEAD BATTERY
STORAGE BATTERY CONSTRUCTION

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 The nickel cadmium cell is also called nickel-cadmium
accumulator/ the cell is represented as:
Cd(s) /Cd(OH)2//Ni(OH)2(s) /NiO(OH)(s)
Electrolyte: aqueous solution of KOH.

The cell gives an emf of 1.35 V.

Ni-Cd cells are expensive so are used high cost

equipment's.
Reaction
Anode: Cd(s) + 2OH(aq) Cd(OH)2(s) + 2e

Cathode: 2NiOOH(s) + 2H2O(l) + 2e

2Ni(OH)2(s) + 2OH(aq)
Cell reaction:

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 These cells are used in
calculators, portable
power tools, shavers,
and toothbrushes.
During recharge, the
reactions are reversed,
which can be done
many times.

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 Lithium-ion battery:
This battery has a large ratio of power to weight
and
is used in high-end laptop computers and cell
phones.

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 The anode is made from carbon.
The cathode is a metal oxide such as CoO2.
The electrolyte is a lithium salt in an organic solvent, such
as ether.
Since the lithium metal is very reactive and explosive, Li-
ion cells usually have built-in protective electronics
and/or fuses to prevent polarity reversal, over-voltage
and over-heating.

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 FUEL cells

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 The first fuel cell was constructed in 1839 by British
physicist and lawyer Sir William Robert Groove.

For many years little was done to develop fuel cells for
commercial purposes.

Recent advances in technology and electrochemistry

have made the scientists successful to introduce the
fuel cell which are more efficient, than thermal source
of electrical energy.

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What is a fuel cell?
is an electrochemical energy conversion device.
converts the chemicals hydrogen and oxygen into water,
and in the process it produces electricity.
is a device that generates electricity by a chemical
reaction.
Every fuel cell has two electrodes, one positive and one
negative, called cathode and anode respectively.
The reactions that produce electricity take place at the
electrodes.
provides a clean source of power in comparison to other
sources like hydro, thermal, nuclear etc

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 Unlimited fuel supply: reactants continuously supplied
from an external source (open system).
Also known as flow battery
overall reaction: oxidation of a fuel by oxygen
2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O(l)
(Hydrogen) Fuel + oxygen water

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 Pressurized hydrogen gas (H2) enters cell on anode side.

Gas is forced through catalyst by pressure.

When H2 molecule comes contacts platinum catalyst, it splits into two

H+ ions and two electrons (e-).

Electrons are conducted through the anode

On the cathode side, oxygen gas (O2) is forced through the catalyst

Forms two oxygen atoms, each with a strong negative charge.

Negative charge attracts the two H+ ions through the membrane,

Combine with an oxygen atom and two electrons from the

external circuit to form a water molecule (H2O).

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 Chemistry of fuel cell
At anode:- 2H2 4H +
4e-
At Cathode:-
O2 + 4H+ + 4e- 2H2O
NET REACTION
2H2 + O2 2H2O

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 Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell
(PEMFC)
Phosphoric acid Fuel Cell (PAFC)
Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC)
Alkaline Fuel Cell (AFC)
Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell (MCFC)

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 It is the oldest fuel cell

It uses 40% aqueous KOH as electrolyte

The operating temperature is about 90C

The fuel must be free from carbon dioxide

The presence of carbon dioxide in fuel results in the

formation of potassium carbonate which increases
resistance of cell

They were used in Apollo spacecraft to provide both

electricity and drinking water

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At anode:
At Cathode:

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 It uses carbonate of alkali metals in molten state as
electrolyte
This requires the cell operation above the melting
point(about 600-700C) of the respective carbonates
Because of high temperature it does not need any
catalyst
carbonate ions are consumed in the reaction inject
CO2 to compensate
Developed for natural gas and coal-based power
plants to generate power for industry and military use
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 At anode:

At cathode:
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 It was developed in 1980s.
Typically used for stationary power generation
It consists of two electrodes of porous conducting material
(commonly nickel) to collect charge ,with concentrated
phosphoric acid filled between them , to work as
electrolyte.
Platinum catalyst is added to both electrode to enhance the
rate of the reaction.

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 At Anode: H2H+ +2e-

At cathode:
1/2O2 + 2H+ + 2e- H2O

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 A solid membrane of organic material like polystyrene
sulphonic acid is used as electrolyte
A finely divided platinum is deposited on each surface
of the membrane
It serves as an electrochemical catalyst and current
collector
This fuel cell operates at 40-60C

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 It uses a hard, ceramic compound of metal (like Ca ,Zr)
oxides as electrolyte.

Operating temperature is about 600-1000C

The anode is made of porous nickel and cathode employs

metal oxide like indium oxide

The high temperature limits applications of SOFC units

and they tend to be rather large.

Solid electrolytes cannot leak, but they can crack.

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 At anode:

At cathode:

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 The ability of a cell to convert chemical energy of a
fuel-oxidation reaction into electrical energy is
expressed in terms of efficiency of the cell (). It is
defined as:
=G\H 100

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 ADVANTAGES: DISADVANTAGES:
Clean Energy Source Expensive
High Efficiency Catalyst cost (usually
Noise Reduction platinum)
More reliable Durability
Flexible technology Safety Hazards
associated with
Hydrogen
Hydrogen is not
readily available

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 Stationary

Transportation

Consumer Electronics

Providing power for base stations or cell sites

Food preservation

Small heating appliances/uses

Notebook computers

Hybrid vehicles

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