1.

0 Slow filtration:

In slow filtration, waste is flowed at a rate of 3 to 6 metres a day through a filter

bed made of gravel and sand. This process removes turbidity, bacteria, soluble iron, trace
of ammonia, nitrogen, etc. when fresh sand is used, such substances are not removed.
However if the sand is used, over a longer term, it would be feasible to remove such
substances. The period is 2 to 3 weeks in summer and 4 to 6 weeks in winter. When
filtering effect is functional, the sand layer is coated by a greenish brown or reddish
brown mucous substance which is supposed to play the main role in filtration. Matured
sand filter is covered by a greenish brown or reddish brown mucous substance. This coat
consists of 30% of iron oxide(Fe2O3), 15% aluminium oxide (Al2O3), 1 to 8% of
Manganese di oxide (MnO2), 6% of Silicate anhydride (SiO2) etc,.

The coating substance also sticks on to the sand particles firmly, and will not be
washed out by back washing.
In addition to sand, anthracite or garnet may also be used as filter media.

2.0 Contact Stabilisation Process (or) Re-aeration Process:

In this process, returned sludge is introduced in to a reaeration tank where it is
aerated to oxidize and decompose both the remaining organic substance adsorbed on the
activated and part of the bacteria itself.

3.0 Trickling Filter Process:

In the trickling filter process, waste water is sprinkled on to a filter bed
comprising of gravel, furnace slag and broken ceramics pieces so that the waste water
comes in to contacts with the gelatinous bio-film which has developed on the filter
medium, thereby to purify the waste water.
4.0 Methane Fermentation Process (Anaerobic Digestion Proecess):
Methane fermentation is a process of anaerobic bacteria liquefying organic solids,
then evaporating them to decompose pollutants specifically, organic substances are
decomposed through hydrolysis by enzymes secreted by acid bacteria. While
hydrocarbons and proteins are decomposed in to monosaccharides and amino acids and
fats are decomposed in to glycerol(glycerin) and fatty acids. Substances generated during
the liquefaction of the suspended solids are mainly lower fatty acids, such as acetic acid
(CH3COOH), butyric acid ( CH3CH2CH2COOH), and propionic acid (CH3CH2COOH).
These acids are decomposed by methane bacteria in to methane gas and CO2, thereby
completing the conversion of organic acids to inorganic substances.
Because methane fermentation does not require oxygen, the power required to
remove unit BOD load is about one tenth of activated sludge process. Also the gas
generated in the treatment process can be used as fuel.
By agitating well the raw water, this process can be accelerated. Gas generated in
the process is about 500 to 700 litres per 1 kg of organic substance. With gas generation
of around 600 litres, a BOD removal ratio of 80 to 90 % can be obtained.
Composition of the gas is
Methane - 60 to 70 %
CO2 - 25 to 30 %
H2S, NH3, N2 - small amounts

Substane Sewage sludge Starch Fatty acid Protein

generated
Gas generated 600 790 1250 704
(litres/kg)

5.0 AHS-Guidelines

Solids loading ration (

ratio of mass flow rate of conveyed material to mass flow rate of air.

For dilute phase below 15

For dense phase min 30 to max 100 & beyond
ESP emission Suspended Particulate Matter

Sample point in stack - 8 times stack dia from bend

Ash silo cap. - one day storage

DG Stack height = H + 0.2 (KVA)

To calculate pipe dia (for ash conveying)

 V = CA/144 V = Vol. flow rate, ft3/min
V = D2C/576 C = Conveying air velocity, ft/min
D2 = 576V / C D = pipe bore, inch

The min conveying air velocity to be maintained for the material to flow is 1200
ft/min ( 6 m/s ) for dense phase pueumatic conveying system.