IGCSE chemistry SET X (Reversible reactions, bonding)

5 Carbonyl chloride, COCl2, is a colourless gas. It is made by the following reaction.

 cool
CO(g) + Cl2(g) COCl2(g)
heat

(a) When the pressure on the equilibrium mixture is decreased, the position of
equilibrium moves to left.

(i) How does the

reaction.

CO (g) + 2H2 (g) CH3OH (g)

o
300 C
30atm

(i) Reversible reactions can come to equilibrium. Explain the term equilibrium.

[1]

o
(ii) At 400 C, the percentage of methanol in the equilibrium mixture is lower than at
o
300 C. Suggest an explanation.

[2]

(iii) Suggest two advantages of using high pressure for this reaction.
Give a reason for each advantage.

advantage

reason
[5]

advantage

reason

(b) (i) Complete the equation for the combustion of methanol in an excess of oxygen.

CH3OH + O2 + [2]

(ii) Complete the word equation.

methanol + ethanoic acid +

[2]
(iii) Methanol can be oxidised to an acid. Name this acid.

[1]
 concentration of each of the three chemicals change?

[2]

(ii) Explain why the position of equilibrium moves to left.

[2]

(b) Using the information given with the equation, is the forward reaction exothermic or
endothermic? Give a reason for your choice.

[2]

(c) Carbonyl chloride reacts with water to form two acidic compounds.
Suggest which acidic compounds are formed.

1.

2. [2]

(d) The structural formula of carbonyl chloride is given below.

Draw a diagram that shows the arrangement of the valency electrons in

one molecule of this covalent compound.
Use x for an electron from a
chlorine atom. Use o for an
electron from a carbon atom.
Use for an electron from an
oxygen atom.

[4]
[Total: 12]
IGCSE chemistry SET X (Reversible reactions)

3 The simplest alcohol is methanol.

the
(a) It is following
manufactured by reversible
IGCSE CHEMISTRY SET X (Reversible reactions, Energy changes & calculations)

8 Nitrogen dioxide is a brown gas. It can be made by heating certain metal nitrates.

2Pb(NO3)2 2PbO + 4NO + O

(a) (i) Name another metal whose nitrate decomposes to give the metal oxide, nitrogen
dioxide and oxygen.

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(ii) Complete the word equation for a metal whose nitrate does not give nitrogen
dioxide on decomposition.

metal nitrate ..................................................... + oxygen

[1]

(b) At most temperatures, samples of nitrogen dioxide are equilibrium mixtures.

2NO2(g) N2 O4(g)
dark brown pale yellow

(i) At 25 C, the mixture contains 20 % of nitrogen dioxide. At 100 C this has risen to
90 %. Is the forward reaction exothermic or endothermic?
Give a reason for your choice.

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [2]

(ii) Explain why the colour of the equilibrium mixture becomes lighter when the pressure on the

mixture is increased.

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [2]

(c) A 5.00 g sample of impure lead(II) nitrate was heated. The volume of oxygen formed was
0.16 dm3 measured at r.t.p. The impurities did not decompose. Calculate
the percentage of lead(II) nitrate in the sample.

2
2Pb(NO3)2 2PbO + 4NO + O 2

Number of moles of O2 formed = .......................................

Number of moles of Pb(NO3)2 in the sample = .......................................

Mass of one mole of Pb(NO3)2 = 331 g

 Mass of lead(II) nitrate in the sample = ....................................... g

Percentage of lead(II) nitrate in sample = ..................................... [4]

[Total: 10]
IGCSE chemistry SET X (Reversible reactions)
7. (a) One of these reactions can form an equilibrium

Tick (9) the correct box.

2H2 + 02 2H20

2H20 2H2 + 02

2N02 N204

H2 + CI2 2HCI

[1]

(b) The equation for the forward reaction in an equilibrium is

N2 + 3H2 2NH3

Write the equation for the reverse reaction

. ........................................................................................................................................[1]

(c) Ali
says that Why is Jill right?
when
equilibriu ............................................................................................................................................
m is
............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

[3]

(b) The following reaction reaches equilibrium

A+B C+D

The forward reaction is exothermic.

 Predict what will happen to the equilibrium if the temperature is increased.

............................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................[2]

[Total: 5]
IGCSE chemistry SET X (Reversible reactions)

8 This question is about equilibrium and reversible reactions.

Ethene reacts with steam in a reversible reaction to make ethanol.

ethene + water ethanol

This reversible reaction can reach equilibrium if it is in a sealed container.

(a) At equilibrium there is a connection between the rate of the forward reaction and the rate of the
backward reaction.

What is this connection?

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) What happens to the concentration of ethene and of water at equilibrium?

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(c) Look at the table.

It shows how the percentage of ethene at equilibrium changes as the temperature changes and
as the pressure changes.

temperature

pressure 200 C 260 C 320 C

30 atmospheres 37% 26% 21%

40 atmospheres 40% 30% 25%

50 atmospheres 44% 35% 30%

60 atmospheres 48% 40% 34%

(i) Look at the row at 30 atmospheres.

What happens to the percentage of ethene as the temperature increases?

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) What happens to the percentage of ethene as the pressure increases but the temperature
stays the same?

..................................................................................................................................... [1] [Total:

4]
 reached the amounts of reactants and products dont change. He says that this means the reaction

has stopped.

Jill says Ali is wrong. Why is

Jill right?

. ............................................................................................................................................

. ............................................................................................................................................

. ............................................................................................................................................

. ........................................................................................................................................[3] [Total: 5]

IGCSE chemistry SET X (Reversible reactions)

6. (a) Ali says that when equilibrium is reached the amounts of reactants and products dont change.

He says that this means the reaction has stopped.

Jill says Ali is wrong.

5 Sulphuric acid is made by the Contact process in the following sequence of reactions.

sulphur sulphur dioxide sulphur trioxide sulphuric acid

(a) (i) How is sulphur dioxide made from sulphur?

[2]

(iii) Explain, mentioning both rate and percentage yield, why the temperature used in the Contact
process is 450C.

[2]

(iv) Describe how the sulphur trioxide is changed into concentrated sulphuric acid.
[1]

[2]

(ii) Sulphur dioxide has other uses.

Why is it used in the manufacture of paper?

[1]

(iii) How does it preserve food?

[1

(b) The equation for a stage of the Contact process is

2SO2 + O2 2SO3

The percentage of sulphur trioxide in the equilibrium mixture varies with temperature.

percentage of
sulphur trioxide

Temperature

(i) How does the percentage of sulphur trioxide in the equilibrium mixture vary as the
temperature increases? Circle the correct answer.

increases stays the same decreases

[1]

(ii) Is the forward reaction in the equilibrium 2SO2 + O2 2SO3 exothermic or

endothermic? Give a reason for your choice.