B7 Nitrogenous fertilisers are used to increase crop yield.

Potassium nitrate, KNO3, and ammonium

sulphate, (NH4)2SO4, are two nitrogenous fertilisers.

(a) Which fertiliser, potassium nitrate or ammonium sulphate contains the greater percentage
mass of nitrogen? Explain your answer.

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................[3]

(b)

B9 Ammonia is manufactured by the Haber process. Ammonia is used to manufacture

nitrogenous fertilisers such as ammonium nitrate.

(a) The graphs below give information about the percentage of ammonia present in the
equilibrium mixture at different temperatures and pressures.

100

80

60
percentage of
ammonia at
equilibrium
40
 400 atm

20 200 atm
100 atm
50 atm
25 atm
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
temperature in C

The reaction requires the use of a catalyst, which operates most efficiently within the
temperature range 280 450 C.

......................................................................................................................................

(i) Name the catalyst used in the Haber process.

......................................................................................................................................

(ii) Write a balanced equation for the formation of ammonia in the Haber process.

......................................................................................................................................
(iii) Which conditions of temperature and pressure give the highest percentage of
ammonia at equilibrium within the catalyst operating temperature range?
......................................................................................................................................

(iv) Suggest why the normal working temperature used in the Haber process is often
over 400 C.

......................................................................................................................................
[5]

Explain some of the pollution problems that can be caused by the over-use of nitrogenous
fertilisers.

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................[3]

(c) Explain why adding calcium hydroxide to a soil can cause a loss of nitrogen.

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................[2]

(d) A water supply is contaminated with ammonium sulphate.

Describe a chemical test for the sulphate ion in the water.

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................[2]
(b) Describe and explain the effect of a catalyst on the rate of a reaction.
Explain how the use of a catalyst can reduce the overall energy requirement for the
Haber process.

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................[3]

(c) A farmer spreads a fertiliser containing ammonium nitrate onto his land. The farmer
then spreads calcium hydroxide on his land to reduce its acidity.

Write an equation for the reaction between ammonium nitrate and calcium hydroxide.
Use this equation to explain why the nitrogen content of the fertiliser will be lowered.

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................[2]
B9 Fertilisers are soluble salts containing one or more of the essential elements required pot
for plant growth. as
siu
(a) Ammonium chloride can be prepared by the reaction between aqueous m
ammonia and hydrochloric acid. car
bo
Write an ionic equation for this reaction. nat
e.
[1] [3]

......................................................................................................................................

(b) State suitable reagents and outline the experimental procedure by which a pure
sample of the fertiliser potassium chloride could be prepared in the laboratory.

[4]

......................................................................................................................................

(c) Potassium sulphate can be prepared by the reaction between dilute sulphuric
acid and potassium carbonate.

H2SO4 + K2CO3 K2SO4 + CO2

+ H2O

Calculate the mass of potassium sulphate that can be prepared from 3.45 g of

(d) Give electronic structures, including the charges, of the ions present in potassium
Chloride

......................................................................................................................................

A2 A fertiliser contains three compounds:

ammonium sulphate, (NH4)2SO4,

iron(II) sulphate, FeSO4,
sand, SiO2.
(a) Calculate the percentage by mass of nitrogen in ammonium sulphate.

with
a
q
u
.................................. % e
[2] o
u
(b) Aqueous iron(II) ions and aqueous iron(III) ions can be distinguished by reaction s
s
o
d
i
u
m

h
y
 droxide. Describe what you would observe as a result of each reaction.

observation with aqueous iron(II) ions ............................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

. observation with aqueous iron(III) ions

...........................................................................

......................................................................................................................................[2]

(c) Aqueous iron(II) ions can be oxidised by reaction with acidified

potassium manganate(VII), KMnO4. The colour change during the reaction
shows that iron(II) ions act as a reducing agent.

(i) Describe the colour change during the reaction.

..............................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) In terms of oxidation numbers, explain the meaning of the term reducing agent.

..................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................[1]

(d) The mass of iron(II) ions in a sample of fertiliser can be determined by the reaction
between iron(II) ions and acidified potassium manganate(VII), KMnO4.
A student analysed a sample of the fertiliser. He dissolved the sample in 25.0 cm3 of dilute
sulphuric acid and titrated the solution formed with 0.0200 mol / dm3 potassium
manganate(VII).

The student used 22.5 cm3 of potassium manganate(VII) to reach the end-
point.

(i) Calculate the number of moles of potassium manganate(VII) used in the titration.

................................ moles [1]

(ii) One mole of potassium manganate(VII) reacts with five moles of iron(II) ions.
Calculate the mass, in grams, of iron(II) ions in the sample analysed.

[Total: 9]

B10
F
er
tili
s
er
s
s
u
p
pl
y the essential elements, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium for plant growth.
A bag of fertiliser contains 500 g of ammonium sulfate, (NH4)2SO4, and 500 g of
potassium nitrate, KNO3.

(a) Calculate the percentage by mass of nitrogen in the bag of fertiliser.

[4]

(b) Eutrophication occurs in river water polluted by fertilisers.

Describe the principal processes involved in eutrophication.

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................
B8 The diagram shows the stages in the manufacture of sulphuric acid.

catalyst beds

source of sulphur

air furnace

absorber
converter
 (a) In the furnace, an ore containing zinc sulphide, ZnS, is heated in oxygen to make zinc
oxide, ZnO, and sulphur dioxide.

Write an equation for this reaction.

[1]

(b) In the converter, sulphur dioxide and oxygen are passed over a series of
catalyst beds at a temperature of about 420 C.

2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g)

H = 196 kJ
(i) An increase

(a) (i) What name is given to this type of chemical reaction?

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(ii) Suggest why calcium oxide is used to neutralise acidic soils.

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) Concrete is made from cement, sand and water. When set, concrete is slightly porous.
When rain water soaks through concrete, some of the uncombined calcium
oxide dissolves to form calcium hydroxide.

(i) Write an equation for this reaction.

[1]

(ii)

Th
e
aq
ue
ou
s
ca
lci
u
m
hy
dr
ox
id
e
in
w
et
co
nc
ret
e reacts with carbon dioxide in the air.

Ca(OH
CaCO

The
diagra
m
shows
the pH
at
variou
points
inside
cracke
concre
e
beam.

Inside of
beam

pH 13

pH9

Surface
beam
air
pH7
Descri
e and
explain
the
chang
in pH
from
the
surfac
to the
centre
of the
beam.

............
............
............
............
............
............
............
............
............
............
..........

............
............
 ..........................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [3]

(iii) 25.0 cm3 of an aqueous solution of calcium hydroxide is exactly neutralised by

18.0 cm3 of 0.040 mol/dm3 hydrochloric acid.

Ca(OH)2 + 2HCl CaCl 2 + 2H2O

Calculate the concentration, in mol/dm3, of the aqueous calcium hydroxide.

concentration = .....................................mol/dm3

[3]

[Total: 9]

B7 Ammonia is made by the Haber process using an iron catalyst.

N2 + 3H2 2NH3 H
= 92 kJ/mol

(a) On the same axes draw energy profile diagrams to show both the
catalysed and the uncatalysed reaction. Label the diagram to show t
h
the catalysed and uncatalysed reactions, e
r
e
a
c
t
a
n
t
s
a
n
d
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
 ,
the enthalpy change for the reaction.
[3] ,

pho
(b) The raw materials for the Haber process can be obtained from the air and from
hydrocarbons produced by the distillation of petroleum.
pho
(i) Describe how pure nitrogen can be separated from other gases in the air.
us
[1]
and
(ii) Describe how hydrogen can be made from hydrocarbons.
[2] othe
(c) Explain how the position of equilibrium in the Haber process is altered by elem
(i) an increase in pressure, ents

[2] (ii) whi

an increase in temperature. h ar

[2] [Total: 10] rem

(d) Many fertilisers contain ammonium ved

sulphate. from

(i) Which acid must be added to ammonia solution to make ammonium the
sulphate?
Put a ring around the correct answer. whe
crop
HCl HNO3 H3PO4 H2SO4 are
[1] grow
n.
(ii) Fill in the missing words in the following sentence using two of the words [2]
from the list.

air hydrogen nitrogen soil sodium

water

Fertilisers are needed in agriculture to replace the

(f) The diagram shows the apparatus used for oxidising ammonia in the laboratory.

tongs

air

platinum wire

in pressure increases the yield of sulphur trioxide. Explain the reason for this effect. [1]

(ii) Even though an increase in pressure increases the yield of sulphur trioxide, the reaction in the
converter is carried out at atmospheric pressure.
Suggest a reason for this. [1]

(iii) In some sulphuric acid plants, the gases are cooled when they pass from one catalyst bed
 to the next. Use the equation to explain why the gases need to be cooled. [2]

(c) When sulphuric acid is reacted with excess iron powder, iron(II) sulphate and hydrogen are
produced.

Suggest how crystals of iron(II) sulphate could be prepared from this reaction mixture. [2]

(d) 12.0 cm3 of an aqueous solution of sulphuric acid exactly neutralised 20.0 cm3 of a solution of
sodium hydroxide of concentration 0.150 mol/dm3.

H2SO4 + 2NaOH Na2SO4 + 2H2O

Calculate the concentration, in mol/dm3 of the aqueous sulphuric acid. [3]

A5 Cement is made by heating clay with crushed calcium carbonate. During this process, the calcium
carbonate is first converted to calcium oxide.

CaCO3 CaO + CO2

ammonia solution

First, nitrogen(II) oxide, NO, is produced. This then reacts with oxygen to form
nitrogen(IV) oxide, NO2.

(i) Where does the oxygen come from in this reaction?

[1]

(ii) Balance the equation for the reaction of nitrogen(II) oxide with oxygen.

2NO + O2 .....NO2
[1]

(iii) What is the meaning of the symbol ?

[1]

(iv) The platinum wire acts as a catalyst in the reaction. As the reaction takes place, the
wire begins to glow red hot.
What does this show about the reaction?

[1]

5 Fertilizers often contain ammonium nitrate.

(a) (i) What effect do fertilizers have on crops?

 (ii) Name one metal ion which is commonly present in fertilizers.
[1]

[1]

(iii) Which one of the following ions is commonly present in fertilizers?

Put a ring around the correct answer.

bromide chloride hydroxide phosphate [1]

(b) Describe a test for nitrate ions.

test

result [4]

(c) Ammonium nitrate can be made by adding nitric acid to a solution of ammonia.

(i) What type of reaction is this?

[1]

(ii) Complete the symbol equation for this reaction.

+ HNO3(aq) NH4NO3(aq)
[1]
(d) Which two of the following statements about ammonia are true?

Tick two boxes.

ammonia is insoluble in water

ammonia turns red litmus blue

a solution of ammonia in water has a pH of 7

ammonia has a molecular structure

[2]
5 Sulphuric acid is made by the Contact process in the following sequence of reactions.

sulphur sulphur dioxide sulphur trioxide sulphuric acid

(a) (i)
N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g) the forward reaction is exothermic

(a) (i) Name the raw materials from which nitrogen and hydrogen are obtained.

nitrogen from [1]

hydrogen from [1]

(ii) Name the catalyst used in this process.

[1]

(iii) What is the most important use of ammonia?

[1]

(b) The following graph shows how the percentage of ammonia in the equilibrium mixture
changes with temperature.

% ammonia
at equilibrium

0
0
temperature

(i) Explain the term equilibrium.

[2]

(ii) How does the percentage of ammonia vary with temperature?

[1]
 (c) (i) Sketch a graph which shows how the percentage of ammonia in the equilibrium mixture varies
with pressure.

% ammonia
at equilibrium

0
0
pressure

[1]

(ii) Explain why the graph has the shape shown.

[2]

[Total: 10]
5 (a) In the USA, sulphur is obtained from underground deposits. It burns to form sulphur dioxide.
This is used in paper making, to preserve food and in the manufacture of sulphuric acid.

(i) Why is sulphur dioxide needed in paper making?

...............................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) How does sulphur dioxide preserve food?

...............................................................................................................................[1]

(b) The diagram shows a possible arrangement of the valency electrons in a molecule of
sulphur dioxide.
O represents an electron from an oxygen atom
X represents an electron from a sulphur atom

OO XX

O S O
O
O
X
X
OO
X
O
X
O

OO
O
O

bond 2
bond 1
 (i) What type of covalent bond is labelled bond 1?

...............................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) What is unusual about the covalent bond labelled bond 2?

...............................................................................................................................[1]

(c) Sulphur reacts violently with magnesium to form the ionic compound
magnesium sulphide. Draw a diagram that shows the arrangement of the valency
electrons in this compound.

Use O to represent an electron from a magnesium atom.

Use X to represent an electron from a sulphur atom. [3]

(d) Sulphuric acid is a typical strong acid.

(i) Explain the term strong acid.

...............................................................................................................................[2]

(ii) Write a word equation for the reaction between zinc carbonate and sulphuric acid.

...............................................................................................................................[2]

(iii) Write an equation for the reaction between sodium hydroxide and sulphuric acid.

...............................................................................................................................[2]

(iv) Write an ionic equation for the reaction between magnesium and sulphuric acid.

...............................................................................................................................[2]

1 (a) Sulphuric acid is made by the Contact Process.

2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g) forward reaction is ......

exothermic ......
......
(i) What are the reaction conditions for the Contact Process? ......
......
......................................................................................................................... ......
.......... ......
......
......................................................................................................................... ......
......[3] ......
......
(ii) Would the yield of sulphur trioxide increase, decrease or stay the same ......
when the temperature is increased? Explain your answer. ......
[2]
.........................................................................................................................
.......... (
i
......................................................................................................................... i
.......... i
 ) Describe how sulphur trioxide is changed into concentrated
sulphuric acid.

.........................................................................................................................
..........

.........................................................................................................................
......[2]

(b) There are three ways of making salts from

sulphuric acid. titration using a burette and
indicator
precipitation by mixing the solutions and filtering
neutralisation of sulphuric acid using an excess of an insoluble base How is sulphur
dioxide made from sulphur?

[1]

(ii) Sulphur dioxide has other uses.

Why is it used in the manufacture of paper?

[1]

(iii) How does it preserve food?

Percentage of
sulphur

(b) The equation for a stage of the Contact process is Trioxide

2SO2 + O2 2SO3

The percentage of sulphur trioxide in the equilibrium mixture varies with temperature.

Tempe

Temperature
(i) How does the percentage of sulphur trioxide in the equilibrium mixture vary as the
temperature increases? Circle the correct answer.

increases stays the same decreases

[1]

(ii) Is the forward reaction in the equilibrium 2SO2 + O2 2SO3 exothermic or

endothermic? Give a reason for your choice.

[2]

(iii) Explain, mentioning both rate and percentage yield, why the temperature used in the Contact
process is 450C.

(
i
v
[2] )
 Describe how the sulphur trioxide is changed into concentrated sulphuric acid.
[2]

6 Ammonia is manufactured by the Haber process.

Complete the following table of salt preparations.

method reactant 1 reactant 2 salt

titration sulphuric sodium
acid sulphate
neutralisation sulphuric zinc
acid sulphate
precipitation sulphuric barium
acid sulphate
sulphuric copper(II) copper(II)
acid oxide sulphate [4]

(c) The results of an investigation into the action of heat on copper(II) sulphate-5-water, a blue
crystalline solid, are given below.
.........
The formula is CuSO4.5H2O and the mass of one mole is 250 g .........
.........
A 5.0 g sample of the blue crystals is heated to form 3.2 g of a white powder. With .........
further heating this decomposes into a black powder and sulphur trioxide. .........
.........
(i) Name the white powder. .........
.........
...............................................................................................................................[1] .........
.........
(ii) What is observed when water is added to the white powder? .........

...............................................................................................................................[1] .........
.........
(iii) Name the black powder. .........
.........
...............................................................................................................................[1] .........
.........
.........
(iv) Calculate the mass of the black powder. Show your working.
.........
.........
...................................................................................................................................
.........
.......[3
1 Ammonia contains the elements nitrogen and hydrogen. It is manufactured from these elements in the
Haber process.

N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)

The forward reaction is exothermic.

(a) (i) Nitrogen is obtained from liquid air by fractional distillation. Why does this technique
separate liquid oxygen and nitrogen?

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

(ii) Name two raw materials from which hydrogen is manufactured.

...............................................................................................................................[3]

(b) The table shows how the percentage of ammonia in the equilibrium mixture varies with
pressure at 600 C.

percentage ammonia 8 12 15 20

pressure/atm 200 300 400 500

(i) Explain why the percentage of ammonia increases as the pressure increases.

...................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................[2]

(ii) How would the percentage of ammonia change if the measurements had been made at a
lower temperature?
Explain your answer.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................[2]

(iii) State two of the reaction conditions used in the Haber Process.

...................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................[2]

(c) Ammonia is a base.

(i) Name a particle that an ammonia molecule can accept from an acid.

...................................................................................................................................

(ii) Write an equation for ammonia acting as a base.

...............................................................................................................................[3]
(d) Given aqueous solutions, 0.1mol/dm3, of sodium hydroxide and ammonia,
describe how you could show that ammonia is the weaker base.

..........................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................[2]

(e) Another compound that contains nitrogen and hydrogen is hydrazine, N2H4.

(i) Draw the structural formula of hydrazine. Hydrogen can form only one
bond per atom but nitrogen can form three.

(ii) Draw a diagram that shows the arrangement of the valency electrons in
one molecule of hydrazine. Hydrazine is a covalent compound.
Use x to represent an electron from a nitrogen
atom. Use o to represent an electron from a
hydrogen atom.

[3]

5 Sulphur dioxide, SO2, and sulphur trioxide, SO3, are the two oxides of sulphur.
(ii)
(a) Sulphur dioxide can kill bacteria and has bleaching properties. Give a use of sulphur
dioxide that depends on each of these properties. bl
ea
(i) ability to kill bacteria .............................................................................................[1]
chi
 ng properties .............................................................................................[1]

(b) Sulphur trioxide can be made from sulphur dioxide.

(i) Why is this reaction important industrially?

...............................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) Complete the word equation.

sulphur dioxide + . sulphur trioxide [1]

(iii) What are the conditions for this reaction?

...................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................[2]

(c) Sulphur dioxide is easily oxidised in the presence of water.

SO2 + 2H2O 2e SO42 + 4H+

(i) What colour change would be observed when an excess of aqueous sulphur
dioxide is added to an acidic solution of potassium manganate(VII)?

...............................................................................................................................[2]

(ii) To aqueous sulphur dioxide, acidified barium chloride solution is added. The
mixture remains clear. When bromine is added, a thick white precipitate forms.
What is the white precipitate? Explain why it forms.

...................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................[3]

(d) Sulphur dioxide reacts with chlorine in an addition reaction to form sulphuryl chloride.

SO2 + Cl2 SO2Cl2

8.0 g of sulphur dioxide was mixed with 14.2 g of chlorine. The mass of one mole
of
SO2Cl2 is 135 g.

Calculate the mass of sulphuryl chloride formed by this mixture.

Calculate the number of moles of SO2 in the mixture =

Calculate the number of moles of Cl2 in the mixture =

Which reagent was not in excess? .

How many moles of SO2Cl2 were formed = .
 Calculate the mass of sulphuryl chloride formed = . g [5]

5 Ammonia is manufactured by the Haber Process.

N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)

200 atmospheres
450C

The forward reaction is exothermic.

(a) (i) What is the catalyst for this reaction?

[1]

(ii) Newer catalysts have been discovered for this process. Using these catalysts,
the operating temperature is lowered from 450C to 400C. What is the
advantage of using a lower temperature?
Explain your answer.

advant

age

explana

tion

[2]

(b) After passing over the catalyst, the mixture contains 15% of ammonia. It is cooled
and the ammonia liquefies and is separated from the unreacted nitrogen and
hydrogen. They are recycled.

(i) How are the gases recycled?

[1]

(ii) Only ammonia gas liquefies. Suggest an explanation for this.

[1]

(c) Urea, CO(NH2)2, is one of the fertilisers manufactured from

ammonia.
Ammonia is heated with carbon dioxide.

(i) Write an equation for the manufacture of urea.

[2]

(ii) Explain why urea on its own might not be very effective in promoting crop growth.

[1]
 (d) Give a diagram showing the arrangement of the valency electrons in one molecule of the covalent
compound urea. Its structural formula is given below.

Use to represent an electron from a carbon atom. Use x

to represent an electron from a hydrogen atom. Use to
represent an electron from a nitrogen atom.

[3]
6 (a) Sulfuric acid is made by the Contact process.

2SO2 + O2 2SO3
(v)
This is carried out in the presence of a catalyst at 450 C and 2 atmospheres S
pressure. u
l
(i) How is the sulfur dioxide made? f
u
r
[1]
t
r
i
(ii) Give another use of sulfur dioxide. o
x
[1] i
d
e
(iii) Name the catalyst used.
i
[1] s

(iv) If the temperature is decreased to 300 C, the yield of sulfur trioxide increases. d
Explain why this lower temperature is not used. i
s
s
o
l
[1] v
e
d
 in concentrated sulfuric acid. This is added to water to make more sulfuric
acid. Why is sulfur trioxide not added directly to water?

.. [1]

(b) Sulfuric acid was first made in the Middle East by heating the mineral, green vitriol, FeSO4.7H2O. The
gases formed were cooled.

FeSO4.7H2O(s) FeSO4(s) + 7H2O(g)

green crystals yellow powder
2FeSO4(s) Fe2O3(s) + SO2(g) + SO3(g)
On cooling
SO3 + H2O H2SO4 sulfuric acid
SO2 + H2O H2SO3 sulfurous acid

(i) How could you show that the first reaction is reversible?

[2]

(ii) Sulfurous acid is a reductant. What would you see when acidified potassium
manganate(VII) is added to a solution containing this acid?

[2]

(iii) Suggest an explanation why sulfurous acid in contact with air changes into sulfuric
acid.

[1]

(c) 9.12 g of anhydrous iron(II) sulfate was heated. Calculate the mass of iron(III) oxide
formed and the volume of sulfur trioxide, at r.t.p., formed.

2FeSO4(s) Fe2O3(s) + SO2(g) + SO3(g)

mass of one mole of FeSO4 = 152 g

number of moles of FeSO4 used =

number of moles of Fe2O3

formed =

mass of one mole of Fe2O3 = g

mass of iron(III) oxide formed = g

number of moles of SO3 formed =

3
volume of sulfur trioxide formed = dm
[6]

[Total: 16]
IGCSE CHEMISTRY SET X (Manufacturing Chemicals)

2 Sulphur is used to make sulphuric acid. In the UK, the annual production of the acid is about 2.5
million tonnes.

(a) The reactions in the manufacture of sulphuric acid by the Contact Process are shown
below.

Sulphur Sulphur dioxide

S reaction 1 SO2

Sulphur dioxide + oxygen Sulphur trioxide

2SO2 + O2 reaction 2 2SO3

Sulphur trioxide Oleum

SO3 reaction 3 H2S2O7

Oleum + water Sulphuric acid

H2S2O7 reaction 4 H2SO4

(i) Give a large scale source of the element sulphur.

[1]

(ii) State another use of sulphur dioxide.

[1]

(iii) How is sulphur changed into sulphur dioxide?

[1]

(iv) Name the catalyst used in reaction 2.

[1]

(v) Reaction 2 is exothermic. Why is a catalyst, rather than a higher temperature, used
to increase the rate of this reversible reaction?

[2]

(vi) Write a word equation for reaction 3.

[1]
 (vii) Write a symbol equation for reaction 4.

[1]

(b) About one third of this production of acid is used to make nitrogen and phosphorus- containing
fertilisers.

(i) Name the third element that is essential for plant growth and is present in most
fertilisers.

[1]

(ii) Name a nitrogen-containing fertiliser that is manufactured from sulphuric acid.

[1]

(iii) Rock phosphate (calcium phosphate) is obtained by mining. It reacts with

concentrated sulphuric acid to form the fertiliser, superphosphate. Predict the
formula of each of these phosphates.

fertiliser ions formula

calcium phosphate Ca2+ and PO4 3

calcium superphosphate Ca2+ and H PO [2]
2 4

(iv) The ionic equation for the reaction between the phosphate ion and sulphuric acid
is shown below.

PO43 + 2H SO H2PO4

+ 2HSO4
2 4

Explain why the phosphate ion is described as acting as a base in this reaction.

[2]
7. Cement is made from a rock called limestone.

(a) Limestone is removed from the ground in a quarry.

Limestone quarries cause some environmental problems.

One problem is that the quarry produces lots of dust. Write

about two other environmental problems.

1 ..........................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................

2 ..........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................[2]
 (b) Cement, sand and water are used to make concrete.

Describe how concrete is reinforced.

............................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................[1]

[Total: 3]
2 Asif is adding fertiliser to the soil.

(a) Fertilisers contain the essential elements N, P and K.

N is nitrogen.

Write down the names of the other two essential elements in fertiliser.

P is ........................................................................................................................................

K is ....................................................................................................................................[2]

(b) Asif uses a fertiliser that contains potassium phosphate, K3PO4.

Look at the table.

It shows the number of atoms of each element present in the formula of potassium

phosphate, K3PO4.

Complete the table.

element number of atoms present in

potassium phosphate
potassium

phosphorus

oxygen
[3]

[Total: 5]
5 Cement is made by heating clay and limestone together.

Concrete is made from cement.

(a) Two substances are mixed with cement to make concrete.

Write down the names of these two substances.

1 ................................................................................................................................................

2 ............................................................................................................................................[2]

(b) Limestone has the chemical name calcium carbonate, CaCO3.

Limestone is heated. Calcium oxide, CaO, and carbon dioxide, CO2, are made.

(i) Write down the balanced symbol equation for this reaction.

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) Write down the name of this type of reaction.

Choose from this list.

combustion
cracking
exothermic
thermal decomposition

answer ............................................................................................................................[1]

[Total: 4]
4. Ammonia is made from nitrogen and hydrogen.

Look at the flow chart. It shows how ammonia is made using the Haber process.

air nitrogen

reaction container
250 atmospheres
ammonia
450 o C
iron catalyst
water or hydrogen
natural gas

unreacted hydrogen
and nitrogen

(a) One of the costs of making ammonia is the cost of the catalyst.

Write about the other costs of making ammonia.

. ............................................................................................................................................

. ............................................................................................................................................

. ............................................................................................................................................

. ............................................................................................................................................

. ........................................................................................................................................[3]
(b) Look at the graphs.

They show the percentage of ammonia made in the converter at different temperatures

and pressures.

80

60

40
percentage
of ammonia
made
20

0
0 100 200 300 400
pressure in atmospheres

o
(i) Look at the graph for 350 C.

The percentage of ammonia changes as the pressure increases.

Describe how.

...............................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) Look at the graphs.

The percentage of ammonia changes as the temperature increases.

Describe how.

...............................................................................................................................[1]
(iii) Look at the graphs.

Write down a temperature and a pressure which make 20% of ammonia.

o
Temperature ................................................................................................................... C

Pressure ........................................................................................................ atmospheres

[1]
[Total: 6]
1. Ammonia is made from nitrogen and hydrogen.

Look at the flow chart. It shows how ammonia is made using the Haber process.

air nitrogen

reaction container
250 atmospheres
ammonia
450 o C
iron catalyst
water or hydrogen
natural gas

unreacted hydrogen
and nitrogen

(a) Nitrogen and hydrogen react together to make ammonia in the converter.

(i) The use of the catalyst reduces the cost of making ammonia.

Explain how.

...................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) Not all the hydrogen and nitrogen react in the converter.

Unreacted nitrogen and hydrogen are recycled.

Suggest one advantage of this.

...................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................[1]
 2

(b) The reaction between nitrogen and hydrogen is reversible.

Explain what this means.

............................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................[1]

(c) Look at the graphs.

They show the percentage of ammonia made in the converter at different temperatures

and pressures.

80

60

percentage of
ammonia
made 40

20

0
0 100 200 300 400
pressure in atmospheres

o
(i) Look at the graph for 350 C.

The percentage of ammonia changes as the

pressure increases.

Describe how.

...............................................................................................................................[1]

Specimen paper: Chemistry B

3
 (ii) Look at the graphs.

The percentage of ammonia changes as the temperature increases. Describe

how.

...............................................................................................................................[1]

(iii) Look at the graphs.

Write down a temperature and a pressure which make 20% of ammonia. Temperature

o
.......................................................................................................... C

Pressure........................................................................................... atmospheres [1]

[Total: 6]

2. Ammonium sulphate is a fertiliser.

(a) Ammonium sulphate dissolves in water.

Explain why it is important for fertiliser to be soluble in water.

............................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................[1]

(b) Jas and Andy make some ammonium sulphate.

They mix ammonia solution with dilute sulphuric acid.

Ammonia, NH3, reacts with sulphuric acid, H2SO4, to make ammonium sulphate, (NH4)2SO4.

(i) Write down the balanced symbol equation for this reaction.

...............................................................................................................................[2]

(ii) They predict that they will make 8.0 g.

They actually make 6.0 g.

Calculate their percentage yield/ (show your working).

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................
 ...................................................................................................................................

Answer .............................................................................................................. % [2]

(iii) The formula for ammonium sulphate is (NH4)2SO4.

Calculate the percentage by mass of nitrogen in ammonium

sulphate. The relative atomic mass of H is 1, of N is 14, of O is 16

and S is 32.

...................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

. Answer .............................................................................................................. %

[3] [Total: 8]

2 This question is about the manufacture of chemicals.

(a) Lots of ammonia is manufactured each year in the United Kingdom.

Ammonia is made by the reaction of nitrogen and hydrogen in a continuous process.

The conditions used for this reaction are

450 C

high pressure

iron catalyst.

One of the costs of making ammonia is buying the raw materials.

Write about two other costs of making ammonia.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]
 (b) A new anti-cancer drug is made from a rare plant only found in South America.

Less than 100 kg of the drug is made each year.

It is made in a batch process.

(i) What is the difference between a continuous process and a batch process?

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) The cost of manufacturing and developing the drug is very high.

Write about some of the reasons why this cost is very high.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 5]
2 This question is about the manufacture of chemicals.

(a) Many millions of tonnes of ammonia are manufactured each year in the United Kingdom.

Ammonia is made by the reaction of nitrogen and hydrogen in a continuous process.

The conditions used for this reaction are

450 C

high pressure

iron catalyst.

Explain why these conditions are chosen.

Use ideas about rate of reaction and percentage yield in your answer.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

(b) A new anti-cancer drug is made from a rare plant only found in South America.

Less than 100 kg of the drug is made each year.

It is made in a batch process.

The cost of manufacturing and developing the drug is very high.

Write about some of the reasons why this cost is very high.
 ...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(c) The anti-cancer drug is made in a batch process rather than a continuous one.

Suggest one reason why.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 6]
7 Sulfuric acid is made in the Contact Process.

Look at the word equation.

It describes one reaction that happens in the Contact Process.

sulfur dioxide + oxygen sulfur trioxide

(a) What is the meaning of the symbol ?

...............................................................................................................................................[1]

(b) The oxygen used in the Contact Process comes from a very cheap raw material.

What is the name of this raw material?

...............................................................................................................................................[1]

[Total: 2]
6 Sulfur, air and water are raw materials used to make sulfuric acid.

Sulfuric acid is made by the Contact Process.

(a) Complete the word equation for stage 1 of the Contact Process.

Stage 1 + sulfur dioxide

Stage 2 sulfur dioxide + oxygen sulfur trioxide

Stage 3 sulfur trioxide + water sulfuric acid [1]

(b) Look at stage 2.

(i) What is the meaning of the symbol ?

.................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) The conditions used for stage 2 are

450 C

atmospheric pressure

a catalyst.

What is the name or formula of the catalyst used?

.................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 3]

7 Sulfur, air and water are raw materials used to make sulfuric acid.

Sulfuric acid is made by the Contact Process.

(a) Complete the word equation for stage 1 of the Contact Process.

Stage 1 + sulfur dioxide

Stage 2 sulfur dioxide + oxygen sulfur trioxide

Stage 3 sulfur trioxide + water sulfuric acid [1]

(b) Look at stage 2.

The conditions used for stage 2 are

450 C

atmospheric pressure

a catalyst.

(i) What is the name or formula of the catalyst used?

.................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Explain the conditions used in the Contact Process.

Use ideas about

 rate of reaction

position of equilibrium.

catalyst

rate of reaction ..................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

position of equilibrium .......................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

450 C

rate of reaction ..................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

position of equilibrium .......................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................... [4]

[Total: 6]

10 This question is about chemicals made from sodium chloride.

(a) A solution of concentrated sodium chloride is electrolysed.

Look at the diagram. It shows the apparatus used.

chlorine hydrogen

sodium chloride
solution

solution X

membrane

Hydrogen gas and chlorine gas are made.

(i) Write down a chemical test for hydrogen.

test ....................................................................................................................................

result .......................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) Write down a chemical test for chlorine.

test ....................................................................................................................................
 result .......................................................................................................................... [2]

(iii) Solution X is also made in the electrolysis cell.

What is the name of solution X?

.................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Write down a use for hydrogen gas.

............................................................................................................................................ [1]

[Total: 6]
4 A continuous process is used to make ammonia.

A batch process is used to make speciality chemicals such as medicines.

(a) (i) What is a continuous process?

...........................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) What is a batch process?

...........................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Ammonia is made in the Haber process.

Look at the diagram. It shows a flowchart of the Haber process.

nitrogen

reaction
ammonia
container
hydrogen
unreacted hydrogen
and nitrogen

Write about how ammonia is made in the Haber process.

Include in your answer

the word equation for the reaction taking place in the Haber process

the conditions used in the Haber process.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................ [3]
(c) Ammonia is used to make fertilisers such as ammonium phosphate.

(i) Write down the name of one other fertiliser made from ammonia.

.................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Ammonium phosphate is made by reacting ammonia with an acid.

Which acid?

.................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 7]
7 Sulfuric acid is made in the Contact Process.

Look at the flow chart.

It shows all the stages in the Contact Process.

raw materials X Y water

oxygen

sulfur
dioxide

gas Z

sulfuric acid

(a) Three raw materials are needed to make sulfuric acid. Water is one of them.

What are the names of the other two?

Raw material X is and raw material Y is . [2]

(b) Look at the flow chart.

Sulfur dioxide and oxygen react to give gas Z.

sulfur dioxide + oxygen gas Z

(i) What does the symbol mean?

.................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) What is the name of gas Z?

.................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 4]

4 A continuous process is used to make ammonia.

A batch process is used to make speciality chemicals such as medicines.

(a) Ammonia is made by a continuous process rather than a batch process. Suggest why.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................ [1]

(b) Ammonia is made in the Haber process.

Look at the diagram.

It shows a flowchart of the Haber process.

nitrogen

reaction
ammonia
container
hydrogen
unreacted hydrogen
and nitrogen

Write about how ammonia is made in the Haber process.

Include in your answer

the word equation for the reaction taking place in the Haber process

the conditions used in the Haber process.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................ [3]

(c) Ammonium phosphate is made by reacting ammonia with an acid.

Which acid?

............................................................................................................................................ [1]
(d) Ammonia is used to make fertilisers.

Fertilisers increase crop yield.

Explain why fertilisers increase crop yield. Use

ideas about

essential elements

plant protein.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................ [2]

[Total: 7]
Questions:
1. Describe, including equations and essential conditions, the production f sulfuric acid
starting form sulfur.
2. The reaction at the centre of the Haber process for the manufacture of ammonia is :
N2 + 3H2 2NH3; H = -92 KJmol-1
a) What would happen to the percentage of ammonia in the equilibrium mixture and to
the rate of the reaction if you:
i. Increased the temperature
ii. Increased the pressure
iii. Added a catalyst?
b) In the light of your answer to (ii), explain why ammonia plants usually operate with
pressures of about 200 atmospheres.
c) State the sources of the nitrogen and the hydrogen used in the Haber process.
3. Refer back to the description of the manufacture of sodium hydroxide and chlorine on
pages 136-137.
a) Explain why it is important that the liquid level in the let-hand compartment of a
diaphragm cell is higher than that in the right-hand one.
b) Which of the metal electrodes is the cathode, and which the anode?
c) Sodium chloride solution will contain the following ions:
Na+(aq), Cl-(aq), H+(aq), OH-(aq),
i. Write an equation to show the source of the hydrogen and hydroxide ions.
ii. Which of these four ions are attracted towards the cathode?
iii. Which ions is discharged at the cathode?
iv. Use your answer to parts (i) and (ii) to help to explain the formation f sodium
hydroxide solution in the cathode compartment.
d) Give a use for (i) sodium hydroxide solution; (ii) chlorine.
4 a) Given solution of ammonia and dilute sulfuric acid any indicator of your
. choice, describe how you would make a pure solution of ammonium sulfate.
b) Design a simple experiment to show that your ammonium sulfate solution
could function as a fertilizer.
5. This questions is about the manufacture of nitric acid from ammonia, and will probably the
new to you. Ammonia gas is mixed with air and passed over a platinum-rhodium catalyst at
about 850oC. The ammonia combines with oxygen in the air to make nitrogen monoxide
and steam.
4NH3 + 5O2 4NO + 6H2O; H = -906 KJmol-1
a) The catalyst has to be heated at the reaction, but hen no further heating is necessary.
Explain why.
b) Platinum and rhodium are very expensive metals. How can a manufacturer justify the
cost of using them as a catalyst?
c) On cooling, the nitrogen monoxide reacts with more oxygen in the air to give nitrogen
dioxide, NO2. Write a balanced equation for this reaction.
d) Nitrogen dioxide is converted into nitric acid by reacting it with water and even more
oxygen. Balance the equation:
H2O + NO2 + O2 HNO3
e) Most nitric acid is turned into ammonium nitrate to be used as a fertilizer. Find a non-
fertiliser use for nitric acid.
Structured Questions:
11.

Use the graph to answer the following questions on Haber process.

a) How does pressure affect the production of ammonia?

b) How does temperature affect the production of ammonia?

.
 c) What will be the yield of ammonia at 450oC and 200 atmospheres?

13.The chemical equation for the manufacture of ammonia by the Haber process is
N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)
The reaction is slow so an activated iron catalyst is used. The reaction is also strongly
exothermic (gives out heat) form left to right.
a) (i) what would be the total colume of a mixture of a mole of nitrogen and 3 moles of
hydrogen gas at room temperature and pressre?(1mole of any gas occupies 24 dm3 at
r.t.p)
(ii) What would be the volume of ammonia if all this mixture was conveted into
ammonia gas?
b) 1 mole of nitrogen and 3 moles of hydrogen were reacted together to form ammonia.
When the equilibrium was established it was found to contain 0.2 moles of ammonia.
i. How many moles of nitrogen, N2 had been used to make 0.2 moles of ammonia?
ii. How many moles of hydrogen, H2 had been used to make 0.2 moles of ammonia?
iii. How many moles of hydrogen, H2 remained in the equilibrium mixture?
14.The flow chart show how ammonia is converted into various nitrogenous ferterlisers.

a) Complete these equations:

2NH3 + H2SO4
2NH3 + CO2
NH3 + HNO3
b) Complete this table to find out which nitrogenous fertilizer has the highest percentage
of nitrogen.
Nitrogen Chemical Relative Percentage by
fertilizer formula molecular mass of nitrogen
mass Ar(N)=14

(NH4)2SO3 132

Urea 60
. ..

NH3NO3 80
. ..

Questions:
1. Describe, including equations and essential conditions, the production f sulfuric acid
starting form sulfur.
2. The reaction at the centre of the Haber process for the manufacture of ammonia is :
N2 + 3H2 2NH3; H = -92 KJmol-1
d) What would happen to the percentage of ammonia in the equilibrium mixture and to
the rate of the reaction if you:
iv. Increased the temperature
v. Increased the pressure
vi. Added a catalyst?
e) In the light of your answer to (ii), explain why ammonia plants usually operate with
pressures of about 200 atmospheres.
f) State the sources of the nitrogen and the hydrogen used in the Haber process.
3. Refer back to the description of the manufacture of sodium hydroxide and chlorine on
pages 136-137.
e) Explain why it is important that the liquid level in the let-hand compartment of a
diaphragm cell is higher than that in the right-hand one.
f) Which of the metal electrodes is the cathode, and which the anode?
g) Sodium chloride solution will contain the following ions:
Na+(aq), Cl-(aq), H+(aq), OH-(aq),
v. Write an equation to show the source of the hydrogen and hydroxide ions.
vi. Which of these four ions are attracted towards the cathode?
vii. Which ions is discharged at the cathode?
viii. Use your answer to parts (i) and (ii) to help to explain the formation f sodium
hydroxide solution in the cathode compartment.
h) Give a use for (i) sodium hydroxide solution; (ii) chlorine.
4 c) Given solution of ammonia and dilute sulfuric acid any indicator of your
. choice, describe how you would make a pure solution of ammonium sulfate.
d) Design a simple experiment to show that your ammonium sulfate solution
could function as a fertilizer.
5. This questions is about the manufacture of nitric acid from ammonia, and will probably the
new to you. Ammonia gas is mixed with air and passed over a platinum-rhodium catalyst
at about 850oC. The ammonia combines with oxygen in the air to make nitrogen monoxide
and steam.
4NH3 + 5O2 4NO + 6H2O; H = -906 KJmol-1
f) The catalyst has to be heated at the reaction, but hen no further heating is necessary.
Explain why.
g) Platinum and rhodium are very expensive metals. How can a manufacturer justify the
cost of using them as a catalyst?
h) On cooling, the nitrogen monoxide reacts with more oxygen in the air to give nitrogen
dioxide, NO2. Write a balanced equation for this reaction.
i) Nitrogen dioxide is converted into nitric acid by reacting it with water and even more
oxygen. Balance the equation:
H2O + NO2 + O2 HNO3
j) Most nitric acid is turned into ammonium nitrate to be used as a fertilizer. Find a non-
fertiliser use for nitric acid.

Chapter 17: Metals

Structured Questions:
11.

Use the graph to answer the following questions on Haber process.

d) How does pressure affect the production of ammonia?

e) How does temperature affect the production of ammonia?

.

.

f) What will be the yield of ammonia at 450oC and 200 atmospheres?

13.The chemical equation for the manufacture of ammonia by the Haber process is
N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)
The reaction is slow so an activated iron catalyst is used. The reaction is also strongly
exothermic (gives out heat) form left to right.
c) (i) what would be the total colume of a mixture of a mole of nitrogen and 3 moles of
hydrogen gas at room temperature and pressre?(1mole of any gas occupies 24 dm3 at
r.t.p)
(ii) What would be the volume of ammonia if all this mixture was conveted into
ammonia gas?
d) 1 mole of nitrogen and 3 moles of hydrogen were reacted together to form ammonia.
When the equilibrium was established it was found to contain 0.2 moles of ammonia.
iv. How many moles of nitrogen, N2 had been used to make 0.2 moles of ammonia?
v. How many moles of hydrogen, H2 had been used to make 0.2 moles of ammonia?
vi. How many moles of hydrogen, H2 remained in the equilibrium mixture?
14.The flow chart show how ammonia is converted into various nitrogenous ferterlisers.

c) Complete these equations:

2NH3 + H2SO4
2NH3 + CO2
NH3 + HNO3
d) Complete this table to find out which nitrogenous fertilizer has the highest percentage
of nitrogen.
Nitrogen Chemical Relative Percentage by
fertilizer formula molecular mass of nitrogen
mass Ar(N)=14

(NH4)2SO3 132

Urea 60
. ..

NH3NO3 80
. ..