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DEP 37.14.10.10-Gen.
February 2011
DEM1
PREFACE
DEP (Design and Engineering Practice) publications reflect the views, at the time of publication, of Shell Global
Solutions International B.V. (Shell GSI) and, in some cases, of other Shell Companies.
These views are based on the experience acquired during involvement with the design, construction, operation and
maintenance of processing units and facilities. Where deemed appropriate DEPs are based on, or reference
international, regional, national and industry standards.
The objective is to set the recommended standard for good design and engineering practice to be applied by Shell
companies in oil and gas production, oil refining, gas handling, gasification, chemical processing, or any other such
facility, and thereby to help achieve maximum technical and economic benefit from standardization.
The information set forth in these publications is provided to Shell companies for their consideration and decision to
implement. This is of particular importance where DEPs may not cover every requirement or diversity of condition at
each locality. The system of DEPs is expected to be sufficiently flexible to allow individual Operating Units to adapt the
information set forth in DEPs to their own environment and requirements.
When Contractors or Manufacturers/Suppliers use DEPs, they shall be solely responsible for such use, including the
quality of their work and the attainment of the required design and engineering standards. In particular, for those
requirements not specifically covered, the Principal will typically expect them to follow those design and engineering
practices that will achieve at least the same level of integrity as reflected in the DEPs. If in doubt, the Contractor or
Manufacturer/Supplier shall, without detracting from his own responsibility, consult the Principal.
The right to obtain and to use DEPs is restricted, and is typically granted by Shell GSI (and in some cases by other Shell
Companies) under a Service Agreement or a License Agreement. This right is granted primarily to Shell companies and
other companies receiving technical advice and services from Shell GSI or another Shell Company. Consequently, three
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1) Operating Units having a Service Agreement with Shell GSI or another Shell Company. The use of DEPs by
these Operating Units is subject in all respects to the terms and conditions of the relevant Service Agreement.
2) Other parties who are authorised to use DEPs subject to appropriate contractual arrangements (whether as part
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3) Contractors/subcontractors and Manufacturers/Suppliers under a contract with users referred to under 1) or 2)
which requires that tenders for projects, materials supplied or - generally - work performed on behalf of the said
users comply with the relevant standards.
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disclaims any liability of whatsoever nature for any damage (including injury or death) suffered by any company or
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implement this requirement.
All administrative queries should be directed to the DEP Administrator in Shell GSI.
DEP 37.14.10.10-Gen.
February 2011
Page 3
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................4
1.1 SCOPE........................................................................................................................4
1.2 DISTRIBUTION, INTENDED USE AND REGULATORY CONSIDERATIONS .........4
1.3 DEFINITIONS .............................................................................................................5
1.4 CROSS-REFERENCES .............................................................................................6
1.5 SUMMARY OF MAIN CHANGES...............................................................................6
1.6 COMMENTS ON THIS DEP .......................................................................................6
2. DRAIN SYSTEMS PHILOSOPHY..............................................................................7
2.1 PURPOSE AND FUNCTION OF FACILITY DRAIN SYSTEMS.................................7
2.2 REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS .............................................................................7
2.3 DRAIN SYSTEM CLASSIFICATIONS........................................................................8
3. DRAIN SYSTEMS DESIGN REQUIREMENTS .......................................................10
3.1 SOURCES AND DESTINATIONS OF DRAIN SYSTEM LIQUIDS ..........................10
3.2 OPEN NON-HAZARDOUS AREA DRAIN SYSTEM ................................................12
3.3 OPEN HAZARDOUS AREA DRAIN SYSTEM .........................................................12
3.4 INSTRUMENT DRAINS............................................................................................12
3.5 HELIDECK DRAINS .................................................................................................13
3.6 FIREWATER DRAINS ..............................................................................................13
4. GENERAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS ...................................................................15
4.1 SIZING DRAIN SYSTEMS........................................................................................15
4.2 SELECTION AND SIZING OF COLLECTION AND SKIMMING VESSELS ............15
4.3 PIPING SYSTEMS....................................................................................................17
4.4 PROCESS SAND AND SOLIDS ..............................................................................19
4.5 TOXIC FLUIDS .........................................................................................................19
4.6 FACILITY SOLID WASTES ......................................................................................19
4.7 BACKFLOW PROTECTION .....................................................................................19
4.8 FLOOR DRAINS .......................................................................................................19
4.9 DRIP PANS...............................................................................................................20
4.10 TUNDISHES .............................................................................................................20
4.11 VENTS ......................................................................................................................20
4.12 CHEMICAL TREATMENTS ......................................................................................21
4.13 SAMPLING OF EFFLUENT......................................................................................21
4.14 DISPOSAL TO SEA..................................................................................................21
5. REFERENCES .........................................................................................................22
APPENDICES
APPENDIX 1 FIGURES.........................................................................................................23
APPENDIX 2 LIST OF CHANGES ........................................................................................25
DEP 37.14.10.10-Gen.
February 2011
Page 4
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 SCOPE
This DEP specifies requirements and gives recommendations for the design of drain
systems for offshore oil and gas production facilities.
This DEP covers the following:
a) Rainwater and wash-down water from deck drains in non-hazardous / utility areas
(2.3.1);
b) Rainwater and wash-down water from deck drains in hazardous / process areas
(2.3.2);
c) Process drains (2.3.4);
d) Specialty fluid recovery and disposal systems (2.3.5);
e) Instrument drains (2.3.6);
f) Helideck drains (2.3.7);
g) Firewater drains (2.3.8);
h) Laboratory drains (2.3.9).
This DEP does not cover the drainage of domestic waste water and sewage streams, or
drainage from drilling units.
Generic closed maintenance drains of the type described in previous DEPs are no longer
supported, however hard piped drain systems to support specific process or utility systems
are included under Process drains (2.3.4).
Specifics for deck drainage in environments with long periods of freezing temperatures or
requirements for winterizing of facilities in colder climates are not included.
This DEP contains mandatory requirements to mitigate process safety risks in accordance
with Design Engineering Manual DEM 1 Application of Technical Standards.
This is a revision of the DEP with the same number dated January 2010; see (1.5)
regarding the changes.
1.3 DEFINITIONS
1.3.1 General definitions
The Contractor is the party that carries out all or part of the design, engineering,
procurement, construction, commissioning or management of a project or operation of a
facility. The Principal may undertake all or part of the duties of the Contractor.
The Manufacturer/Supplier is the party that manufactures or supplies equipment and
services to perform the duties specified by the Contractor.
The Principal is the party that initiates the project and ultimately pays for it. The Principal
may also include an agent or consultant authorised to act for, and on behalf of, the
Principal.
The word shall indicates a requirement.
The capitalised term SHALL [PS] indicates a process safety requirement.
The word should indicates a recommendation.
1.3.2 Specific definitions
Term Definition
Hazardous An area in which flammable gases or vapours can be present in quantities
Area sufficient to produce explosive or ignitable mixtures in the atmosphere. In
European and most other world countries it is identified as Zone 0 - An area
in which an explosive gas atmosphere is present continuously, or is present
for long periods; or Zone 1 - An area in which an explosive gas atmosphere
is likely to occur in normal operation.
Non- An area in which flammable gases or vapours are not likely to occur in
Hazardous quantities sufficient to produce explosive or ignitable mixtures in the
Area atmosphere. In European and most other world countries it is identified as
Zone 2 - An area in which an explosive gas atmosphere is not likely to
occur in normal operation and if it does occur it will exist for a short period
only.
Note: Area classification is a technical HSSE concept and shown on the
hazardous area classification drawings. Refer to DEP 80.00.10.10-Gen. for
details.
Very toxic substances that are very hazardous for the environment or human health
(substances) Note: The classification of the toxicity of substances is a very complex matter and one
should refer to DEP 01.00.01.30-Gen. (which also identifies "toxic" substances by
reference to chemical substances databases) for more details. In general the process
fluids on oil and gas production facilities will not be classified as very toxic unless that
there are substantial levels of hydrogen sulphide. With regard to the chemicals used
for treatment of the process fluids, their material safety data sheets shall be consulted
for their toxicity classification.
1.3.3 Abbreviations
FPSO Floating Production System Offshore (most commonly used when referring
to a tanker shaped vessel)
HVAC Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning
OHD Open Hazardous area Drains
ONHD Open Non-Hazardous area Drains
TLP Tension Leg Platform
1.4 CROSS-REFERENCES
Where cross-references to other parts of this DEP are made, the referenced section
number is shown in brackets. Other documents referenced by this DEP are listed in (5).
Liquids whose vapours are heavier than air may be collected in low spaces and thus pose a
fire hazard. In closed modules, these services SHALL [PS] be identified on the PEFS and
their drains hard piped into a process or flare system operating at lower pressure.
Open deck facilities shall be reviewed on a case-by-case basis.
3.4.3 Utility services
Instruments in non-hydrocarbon services, e.g. potable water, compressed air, nitrogen,
etc., shall be drained into a container or to the ONHD via tundish or open drain gully.
water in the modules, the deluge drain lines SHALL [PS] be sized for the full deluge system
discharge capacity in each area plus an additional 50% to allow for extra fire-fighting
equipment. Some of the deluge water in hazardous areas will travel via the normal OHD
system and if a drains collection tank is employed, this shall be considered when sizing the
overflow line.
3.6.3 Open decks
Open decks typically have grated and open areas which drain directly to the sea and may
not have the drainage problems associated with an enclosed module.
The drain systems on open deck facilities SHALL [PS] be designed to prevent the spread of
fire via the drain systems and the overload of structural members.
DEP 37.14.10.10-Gen.
February 2011
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In the event that a droplet size distribution can be approximated, Stokes Law may be used
for vessel sizing.
4.2.3 Design pressure
The design pressure for these vessels shall be adequate for the back pressure created in
the vessel from the vent system.
Protection for the vessel from failure due to a vacuum shall be provided.
4.2.4 Materials selection
Carbons steels are most commonly used because of their strength, though fibreglass may
be considered because of its corrosion resistance and light weight.
Whether a fire-resistant material is required or not may be subjected to the local operating
units requirements.
The inventory of hydrocarbons in these vessels is typically low and firewater deluge is not
typically required.
4.2.5 Vessel internals
The inlet piping from the drain headers SHALL [PS] enter the collection vessels via a liquid
seal to prevent possible backflow of vapour and to avoid static hazards. The liquid seal can
be:
in the form of the entrance below the minimum water level; or
an external piping seal loop; or
a dip pipe inside the vessel.
The external piping liquid seal requires regular checking to ensure its integrity and
accessibility aspects shall therefore be considered during detailed piping design.
Dip pipes SHALL [PS] be provided if a caisson is used for the OHD systems even though it
might appear that they are not strictly required where non-hazardous and hazardous area
drainage systems, including collection caissons, are totally segregated from one another.
However, they are useful in minimising vapour release into the modules in the event of
backflow or other system upset conditions by creating an extra water seal between the
process and the drainage systems.
4.2.6 Vessel appurtenances
An adequate number of manways shall be provided to allow for the periodic inspection and
cleaning of the vessel. These shall also be provided with the consideration of ventilation to
comply with the requirements for confined space entry.
An adequate number of drain connections shall be provided to facilitate cleaning and entry
into the vessel.
An adequate number of sample connections shall be provided on the vessel for sampling
the water section and the skimmed oil section.
4.2.7 Corrosion protection
Carbon steel vessels shall be internally coated and provided with sacrificial anodes and an
anode test port due to corrosive nature of the water in the drain systems.
Inert gas blanketing may also be considered to reduce the internal corrosion.
Blanketing with hydrocarbon vapour SHALL [PS] not be provided due to the hazard of
vapour entering the drain headers.
4.2.8 Disposal caissons
Drainage from an open non-hazardous drain system SHALL [PS] be discharged into a
dedicated non-hazardous caisson, separate from the one installed on the OHD system.
DEP 37.14.10.10-Gen.
February 2011
Page 17
Alternatively, separate ONHD and OHD collection vessels may be considered. The
advantages and disadvantages of caissons and vessels are described in (Table 3).
Caissons shall be provided with a means to determine the elevation of the oil-water
interface within the caisson to ensure that hydrocarbons do not underflow into the sea.
When a large amount of hydrocarbons has entered the caisson, operational procedures
should ensure that it will be pumped out immediately.
Drain piping within caissons shall be made of Monel or glass-fibre reinforced plastic
(GRE/GRP) to avoid corrosion.
Sea wave motion will cause fluctuations of the levels in a caisson and this shall be
accounted for in the design.
Table 3 Caissons versus collection vessels
4.3.1 Sizing
Drain piping shall be sized for the maximum expected flow, including 70% of the firewater
deluge system rate where applicable or the maximum expected flow during heavy rain,
whichever is the higher.
A minimum DN 100 pipe size shall be used in drain headers when and where sand or other
solids might collect.
Once the largest size for the drain header is selected, that size shall be used to the
collection vessel because any reduction in line size provides a location where the drain
header could be plugged by debris.
4.3.2 Layouts
The piping shall be self-draining with horizontal sections sloped downwards towards
collection vessels with a slope of not less than 1:100. For floating production systems such
as FPSOs, specific attention should be paid to drain system gradients to ensure the drains
function correctly over the normal operating range of vessel trim and movements.
Liquid seal loops and air gaps shall be considered for use to segregate segments of the
piping systems to help prevent vapour migration in the piping system.
Seal loops shall be accessible for clean-out. A vacuum breaker is sometimes required to
prevent loss of the seal loop. The checking, cleaning and filling of the seal loop shall be a
part of the facilitys maintenance procedures.
Air gaps can consist of the drain pipe discharging into an open drain trough or into an
expander two pipe size larger than the drain pipe.
Attention should also be given to the piping layouts between different elevations in the
piping system to prevent backflow of liquids at lower levels.
Pump suction piping on collection vessels shall be above the vessel bottom to account for
the accumulation of solids on the vessel bottom.
Removable pipe spools or spectacle blinds shall be provided on the vessel piping tie-ins for
use when positive isolation is required for confined space entry.
4.3.3 Design pressure
If operated at atmospheric pressure, the design pressure of the piping shall be a minimum
of 1000 kPa based on the requirement to allow the connection and use of fire hoses for
flushing and cleaning.
4.3.4 Material selection
Drain piping should preferably be a corrosion resistant material, due to the presence of
seawater in the effluent. Fibreglass (GRP or GRE) is the most commonly used material and
provides the added advantage of weight savings on floating systems.
When fibreglass piping is selected, an electrically conductive version conforming to IMO
Resolution A.753(18), Section 2.2.5 electrical conductivity SHALL [PS] be used in
electrically classified hazardous areas.
The flange facing on fibreglass flanges are typically flat faced and steel flanges bolted to
fibreglass flanges shall be flat faced.
In the event a fire resistant material is required for the drain piping, hot dip galvanized steel
piping should be considered.
4.3.5 Basket strainers
Baskets strainers may be used in the inlet piping to the collection and skimming vessels to
collect solids before they enter the vessel. When basket strainers are installed, a means
shall be provided to prevent the drain system from backing up into the drain headers in the
event the basket strainers become clogged. This could be in the form of an overflow pipe
around the strainers and to the collection vessel.
DEP 37.14.10.10-Gen.
February 2011
Page 19
No block valves shall be included in drain system piping which could completely block the
drainage routeunless locked open. Valves used in the piping system shall be the full
opening type with full sized ports and lockable.
When structurally feasible, plate decks and floors shall be adequately sloped to promote
flow to drainage system gullies, thus minimising the formation of liquid pools and limiting
the spread of spills.
On facilities with segregated hazardous areas, the open drains from each area SHALL [PS]
be routed to separate drain headers, segregated from each other by liquid seals.
4.10 TUNDISHES
All tundishes shall be fitted with covers when not in use to prevent debris entering the
pipework. These covers will also help to restrict the backflow of vapours.
The use of valves in pipework below the tundishes to restrict backflow is not recommended
due to operability and cost disadvantages.
The height of all tundishes should be kept as low as possible and they should be installed
at an approximately equal elevation to minimise the possibility of liquid backflow.
The end of a drain line shall terminate inside a tundish, not above it, to avoid splashing and
spread of the drained fluid.
Tundishes beneath sampling points shall have a side-entry slot to allow insertion of sample
bottles.
The piping from the tundish should preferably be routed to a drip pans drain outlet to
minimize hydrocarbons from collecting in the drip pan. When piped to a drain header, the
connection should be via a liquid seal and be flanged. This allows the tundish connection to
be blinded off for pressure testing the drain piping and also provides a flushing connection
for clean-out.
4.11 VENTS
Vents act to both relieve positive pressure as well as potential negative pressure relative to
atmospheric pressure.
The atmospheric vents from the collection vessels and caissons SHALL [PS] not be
interconnected with vents containing hydrocarbons. The discharge piping from the vents
SHALL [PS] be designed and positioned so that ignition by static electricity (or other ignition
source) is precluded. The top of the vent pipe SHALL [PS] be sharp-edged to prevent brush
discharges. Consideration should be given to placing the vent within the protective
"umbrella" of the facilitys lightning conductor system or inside the Faraday cage formed by
part of a structure, such as the flare boom.
When sizing the vents backpressure or partial vacuum in the worst cases SHALL [PS] not
interfere with safety critical liquid seals required for segregation or as vapour barriers.
The vents SHALL [PS] be sited away from air compressor and HVAC inlets.
DEP 37.14.10.10-Gen.
February 2011
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5. REFERENCES
SHELL STANDARDS
APPENDIX 1 FIGURES
Figure 3, Schematic drainage system with closed drains Deleted this Figure
Appendix 1
because generic closed drain designs are no longer supported in this DEP
Appendix 2 List of changes - Added this appendix