SYMETRY ELEMENTS -

PRACTICALS

1. AXIS RATIO
2. AXES OF SYMMETRY
3. PLANES OF SYMMETRY
4. CENTRE OF SYMMETRY
5. COMBINATIONS & TOTAL NO. OF
FACES
6. Type Mineral
Isometric System

1. NORMAL CLASS
2. PYRITOHEDRAL CLASS
3. TETRAHEDRAL CLASS
4. PLAGIOHEDRAL CLASS
5. TETARTOHEDRAL CLASS
NORMAL CLASS - FORMS

1. Cube (100) - 6 Faces

2. Octahedron (111) - 8 Faces
3. Dodecahedron (110) - 12 Faces
4. Tetra hexahedron (hko) - 24 Faces
5. Trisoctahedron (hhl) - 24 Faces
6. Trapezohedron (hll) - 24 Faces
7. Hexaoctahedron (hkl) - 48 Faces
S.No. 1
Normal Class
Isometric System
Symmetry

3 crystallographic axes of Four fold

6 diagonal axes of Two fold

4 diagonal axes of Three fold

3 crystallographic Planes

6 Diagonal Planes

Form :-

Cube (100) - 6 Faces

S.No. 2 Normal Class

Symmetry
3 crystallography axes of Four fold
4 diagonal axes of Three fold
6 diagonal axes of Two fold
3 crystallographic Planes
6 Diagonal Planes

Form :-

Octahedron (111) - 8 Faces

S.No. 3 Normal Class

Symmetry
3 crystallography axis of Four fold
4 diagonal axes of Three fold
6 diagonal axes of Two fold
3 crystallographic Plane
6 Diagonal Plane

Form :-

Dodecahedron (110) - 12 Faces

S.No. 4 Normal Class

Symmetry
3 crystallography axis of Four fold
4 diagonal axes of Three fold
6 diagonal axes of Two fold
3 crystallographic Plane
6 Diagonal Plane

Form :-
Cube (100) 6 Faces
Octahedron (111) - 8 Faces
S.No. 5 Normal Class

Symmetry
3 crystallography axis of Four fold
4 diagonal axes of Three fold
6 diagonal axes of Two fold
3 crystallographic Plane
6 Diagonal Plane

Form :-

Octahedron (111) - 8 Faces

Cube (100) - 6 Faces
S.No. 6 Normal Class

Symmetry
3 crystallography axis of Four fold
4 diagonal axes of Three fold
6 diagonal axes of Two fold
3 crystallographic Plane
6 Diagonal Plane

Form :-
Cube (100) - 6 Faces
Octahedron (111) - 8 Faces
 Normal Class
S.No. 7
D -116

Symmetry
3 crystallography axis of Four fold
4 diagonal axes of Three fold
6 diagonal axes of Two fold
3 crystallographic Plane
6 Diagonal Plane

Form :-
Cube (100) - 6 Faces
Dodecahedron - 12 Faces
S.No. 8 Normal Class
D -117

Symmetry
3 crystallography axis of Four fold
4 diagonal axes of Three fold
6 diagonal axes of Two fold
3 crystallographic Plane
6 Diagonal Plane

Form :-

Octahedron (111) - 8 Faces

Dodecahedron (110) -12 Faces
S.No. 9 Normal Class
D -118

Symmetry
3 crystallography axis of Four fold
4 diagonal axes of Three fold
6 diagonal axes of Two fold
3 crystallographic Plane
6 Diagonal Plane

Form :-

Dodecahedron (110) -12 Faces

Octahedron (111) - 8 Faces
S.No. 10 Normal Class
D -119

Symmetry
3 crystallography axis of Four fold
4 diagonal axes of Three fold
6 diagonal axes of Two fold
3 crystallographic Plane
6 Diagonal Plane

Form :-

Cube (100) - 6 Faces

Dodecahedron (110) - 12 Faces
S.No. 11 Normal Class
D -120

Symmetry
3 crystallography axis of Four fold
4 diagonal axes of Three fold
6 diagonal axes of Two fold
3 crystallographic Plane
6 Diagonal Plane

Form :-
Cube (100) - 6 Faces
Octahedron (111) - 8 Faces
Dodecahedron (110) -12 Faces
S.No. 12 Normal Class
D -121

Symmetry
3 crystallography axis of Four fold
4 diagonal axes of Three fold
6 diagonal axes of Two fold
3 crystallographic Plane
6 Diagonal Plane

Form :-
Cube (100) - 6 Faces
Octahedron (111) - 8 Faces
Dodecahedron (110) - 8 Faces
S.No. 13 Normal Class
D -122

Symmetry
3 crystallography axis of Four fold
4 diagonal axes of Three fold
6 diagonal axes of Two fold
3 crystallographic Plane
6 Diagonal Plane

Form :-

Tetra hexa hedron (hk0)

- 24 Faces
S.No. 14 Normal Class
D -125

Symmetry
3 crystallography axis of Four fold
4 diagonal axes of Three fold
6 diagonal axes of Two fold
3 crystallographic Plane
6 Diagonal Plane

Form :-
Cube (100) - 6 Faces
Tetrahexacahedron (210) - 24 Faces
S.No. 15 Normal Class
D -126

Symmetry
3 crystallography axis of Four fold
4 diagonal axes of Three fold
6 diagonal axes of Two fold
3 crystallographic Plane
6 Diagonal Plane

Form :-
Octahedron (111) - 8 Faces
Tetrahexahedron (210) - 24 Faces
S.No. 16 Normal Class
D -127

Symmetry
3 crystallography axis of Four fold
4 diagonal axes of Three fold
6 diagonal axes of Two fold
3 crystallographic Plane
6 Diagonal Plane

Form :-
Dodecahedron (110) - 12 Faces
Tetrahexacahedron (210) - 24 Faces
S.No. 17
D -128

Symmetry
3 crystallography axis of Four fold
4 diagonal axes of Three fold
6 diagonal axes of Two fold
3 crystallographic Plane
6 Diagonal Plane

Form :-

Trisoctahedron (hkl)
- 24 Faces
S.No. 18 Normal Class
D -129

Symmetry
3 crystallography axis of Four fold
4 diagonal axes of Three fold
6 diagonal axes of Two fold
3 crystallographic Plane
6 Diagonal Plane

Form :-

Cube (100) 6 Faces

Trisoctahedron (hkl) - 24 Faces
S.No. 19 Normal Class
D -130

Symmetry
3 crystallography axis of Four fold
4 diagonal axes of Three fold
6 diagonal axes of Two fold
3 crystallographic Plane
6 Diagonal Plane

Form :-

Octahedron (111) 8 Faces

Trisoctahedron (hkl) - 24 Faces
S.No. 20 Normal Class
D -131

Symmetry
3 crystallography axis of Four fold
4 diagonal axes of Three fold
6 diagonal axes of Two fold
3 crystallographic Plane
6 Diagonal Plane

Form :-

Trapezohedron (hll)
- 24 Faces
S.No. 21 Normal Class
D -133

Symmetry
3 crystallography axis of Four fold
4 diagonal axes of Three fold
6 diagonal axes of Two fold
3 crystallographic Plane
6 Diagonal Plane

Form :-

Cube (100) 6 Faces

Trapezohedron (hll) - 24 Faces
S.No. 22 Normal Class
D -134

Symmetry
3 crystallography axis of Four fold
4 diagonal axes of Three fold
6 diagonal axes of Two fold
3 crystallographic Plane
6 Diagonal Plane

Form :-

Trapezohedron (hll) - 24 Faces

Octahedron (111) 8 Faces
S.No. 23 Normal Class
D -135

Symmetry
3 crystallography axis of Four fold
4 diagonal axes of Three fold
6 diagonal axes of Two fold
3 crystallographic Plane
6 Diagonal Plane

Form :-

Trapezohedron (hll) - 24 Faces

Dodecahedron (110) 12 Faces
S.No. 24 Normal Class
Tuton - 102
S.No. 25 Normal Class
D -136

Symmetry
3 crystallography axis of Four fold
4 diagonal axes of Three fold
6 diagonal axes of Two fold
3 crystallographic Plane
6 Diagonal Plane

Form :-

Dodecahedron (110) 12 Faces

Trapezohedron (hll) - 24 Faces
S.No. 26 Normal Class
D -137

Symmetry
3 crystallography axis of Four fold
4 diagonal axes of Three fold
6 diagonal axes of Two fold
3 crystallographic Plane
6 Diagonal Plane

Form :-

Octahedron (111) 8 Faces

Trapezohedron (hll) - 24 Faces
S.No. 27 Normal Class
D -138

Symmetry
3 crystallography axis of Four fold
4 diagonal axes of Three fold
6 diagonal axes of Two fold
3 crystallographic Plane
6 Diagonal Plane

Form :-

Dodecahedron (110) 12 Faces

Trapezohedron (hll) - 24 Faces
S.No. 28 Normal Class
D -746

Symmetry
3 crystallography axis of Four fold
4 diagonal axes of Three fold
6 diagonal axes of Two fold
3 crystallographic Plane
6 Diagonal Plane

Form :-

Octahedron (111) 8 Faces

Dodecahedron (110) 12 Faces
Trapezohedron (hll) - 24 Faces
S.No. 29 Normal Class
D -728

Symmetry
3 crystallography axis of Four fold
4 diagonal axes of Three fold
6 diagonal axes of Two fold
3 crystallographic Plane
6 Diagonal Plane
Form :-
Cube (100) - 6 Faces
Dodecahedron (110) 12 Faces
Octahedron (111) 8 Faces

Trisoctahedron (hkl) - 24 Faces

Trapezohedron (hll) - 24 Faces
S.No. 30 Normal Class
D -139

Symmetry
3 crystallography axis of Two fold
4 diagonal axes of Three fold
6 diagonal axes of Two fold
3 crystallographic Plane
6 Diagonal Plane

Form :-

Hexoctahedron (hkl)
- 48 Faces
S.No. 31 Normal Class
D -141

Symmetry
3 crystallography axis of Two fold
4 diagonal axes of Three fold
6 diagonal axes of Two fold
3 crystallographic Plane
6 Diagonal Plane
Form :-

Cube (100) 6 faces

Hexoctahedron (hkl)
- 48 Faces
S.No. 32 Normal Class
D -142

Symmetry
3 crystallography axis of Four fold
4 diagonal axes of Three fold
6 diagonal axes of Two fold
3 crystallographic Plane
6 Diagonal Plane

Form :-
Dodecahedron (110) - 12 Faces
Hexoctahedron (hkl) 48 Faces
S.No. 33 Normal Class
D -885

Symmetry
3 crystallography axis of Four fold
4 diagonal axes of Three fold
6 diagonal axes of Two fold
3 crystallographic Plane
6 Diagonal Plane

Form :-
Dodecahedron (110) - 12 Faces
Hexaoctahedron (hkl) 48 Faces
Trapezohedron (hll) - 24 Faces
S.No. 34 Normal Class
D -677

Symmetry
3 crystallographic axes of Four fold
4 diagonal axes of Three fold
6 diagonal axes of Two fold
3 crystallographic Planes
6 Diagonal Planes

Form :-
Cube (100) - 6 Faces
Octahedron 8 Faces
Dodecahedron (110) - 12 Faces
Trapezohedron (hll) - 24 Faces
Trisoctahedron (hkl) 24 Faces
S.No. 35 Normal Class
Betokhttin -62
PYRITOHEDRAL CLASS

1. Pyritohedron (hko) - 12 Faces

2. Diploid (hkl) - 24 Faces
S.No. 36 Pyritohedral class
D -148

Symmetry
3 crystallographic axes of Two fold
4 diagonal axes of Three fold
3 principal planes
Center present

Form :-
Pyritohedron (hko) -12 Faces
 Pyritohedral class
S.No. 37
D -150

Symmetry
3 crystallography axis of Two fold
4 diagonal axes of Three fold
3 principal planes
Center present

Form :-
Cube (100) 6 Faces
Pyritohedron (hko) -12 Faces
 Pyritohedral class
S.No. 38
D -151

Symmetry
3 crystallography axis of Two fold
4 diagonal axes of Three fold
3 principal planes
Center present

Form :-
Octahedron (111) 8 Faces
Pyritohedron (hko) -12 Faces
 Pyritohedral class
S.No. 39
D -152

Symmetry
3 crystallography axis of Two fold
4 diagonal axes of Three fold
3 principal planes
Center present

Form :-
Octahedron (111) 8 Faces
Pyritohedron (hko) -12 Faces
S.No. 40
D(Tuton) -119

Symmetry
3 crystallography axis of Two fold
4 diagonal axes of Three fold
3 principal planes
Center present
S.No. 41
D(Tuton) -119

Symmetry
3 crystallography axis of Two fold
4 diagonal axes of Three fold
3 principal planes
Center present
 Pyritohedral class
S.No. 42
FLENT -119

Symmetry
3 crystallography axis of Two fold
4 diagonal axes of Three fold
3 principal planes
Center present
 Pyritohedral class
S.No. 43
D -153

Symmetry
3 crystallography axis of Two fold
4 diagonal axes of Three fold
3 principal planes
Center present

Form :-
Diploid 24 Faces
 Pyritohedral class
S.No. 44
D -154

Symmetry
3 crystallographic axes of Two fold
4 diagonal axes of Three fold
3 principal planes
Center present

Form :-
Cube 6 Faces
Diploid 24 Faces
 Pyritohedral class
S.No. 45
D -155

Symmetry
3 crystallography axis of Two fold
4 diagonal axes of Three fold
3 principal planes
Center present

Form :-
Cube 6 Faces
Octahedron 8 Faces
Diploid 24 Faces
 Pyritohedral class
S.No. 46
D -156

Symmetry
3 crystallography axis of Two fold
4 diagonal axes of Three fold
3 principal planes
Center present

Form :-
Cube 6 Faces
Diploid 24 Faces
Pyritohedron (hko) -12 Faces
 Pyritohedral class
S.No. 47
D -695

Symmetry
3 crystallography axis of Two fold
4 diagonal axes of Three fold
3 principal planes
Center present

Form :-
Pyritohedron (hko) -12 Faces
Octahedron (111) - 8 Faces
TETRAHEDRAL CLASS

1. Tetrahedron (111) - 4 Faces

2.Tetrgonal Tristetrahedron (hhl) 12 Faces
3.Trigonal Tristetrahedron (hll) 12 Faces
4.Hextetrahedron (hkl) - 24 Faces
S.No. 48 Tetrahedral class
D -159

Symmetry
3 crystallographic axes of Two fold
4 diagonal axes of Three fold
6 diagonal planes
No Principal / Axial /
Crystallographic planes.
Centre
Formof:-symmetry : Absent
Tetrahedron (111) - 4 Faces
 Tetrahedral class
S.No. 49
D -162

Symmetry
3 crystallography axis of Two fold
4 diagonal axes of Three fold
6 diagonal planes

Form :-
Positive Tetrahedron (111) -
4 Faces and
Negative Tetrahedron (111) -
4 Faces
 Tetrahedral class
S.No. 50
D -163

Symmetry
3 crystallography axis of Two fold
4 diagonal axes of Three fold
6 diagonal planes

Form :-
Cube (100) 6 Faces (a)
and
Tetrahedron (111) - 4 Faces (o)
 Tetrahedral class
S.No. 51
D -164

Symmetry
3 crystallography axis of Two fold
4 diagonal axes of Three fold
6 diagonal planes

Form :-
Tetrahedron (111) - 4 Faces (o)
and
Cube (100) 6 Faces (a)
 Tetrahedral class
S.No. 52
D -165

Symmetry
3 crystallography axis of Two fold
4 diagonal axes of Three fold
6 diagonal planes

Form :-
Tetrahedron (111) - 4 Faces (o)
and
Dodecahedron (110) 12 Faces (d)
 Tetrahedral class
S.No. 53
D -166

Symmetry
3 crystallography axis of Two fold
4 diagonal axes of Three fold
6 diagonal planes

Form :-
Cube (100) 6 Faces
Dodecahedron (110) 12 Faces
(d)
and
Negative Tetrahedron (1-11)
- 4 Faces (o)
 Tetrahedral class
S.No. 54
D -167

Symmetry
3 crystallography axis of Two fold
4 diagonal axes of Three fold
6 diagonal planes

Form :-
Tetragonal Tristetrahedron
(hhl)
- 12 Faces
 Tetrahedral class
S.No. 55
D -168

Symmetry
3 crystallography axis of Two fold
4 diagonal axes of Three fold
6 diagonal planes

Form :-
Trigonal Tristetrahedron (hll)
- 12 Faces
 Tetrahedral class
S.No. 56
D -169

Symmetry
3 crystallography axis of Two fold
4 diagonal axes of Three fold
6 diagonal planes

Form :-
Hextetrahedron (hkl)
- 24 Faces
 Tetrahedral class
S.No. 57
D -170

Symmetry
3 crystallography axis of Two fold
4 diagonal axes of Three fold
6 diagonal planes

Form :-
Trigonal TrisTetrahedron (hll)
- 12 Faces
Positive Tetrahedron (111)
- 4 Faces
 Tetrahedral class
S.No. 58
Tuton - 12

Symmetry
3 crystallography axis of Two fold
4 diagonal axes of Three fold
6 diagonal planes

Form :-
 Tetrahedral class
S.No. 59
D 707

Symmetry
3 crystallography axis of Two fold
4 diagonal axes of Three fold
6 diagonal planes

Form :-
 Tetrahedral class
S.No. 60
Tuton - 113

Symmetry
3 crystallography axis of Two fold
4 diagonal axes of Three fold
6 diagonal planes

Form :-
 Tetrahedral class
S.No. 61
D - 682

Symmetry
3 crystallography axis of Two fold
4 diagonal axes of Three fold
6 diagonal planes

Form :-
 Tetrahedral class
S.No. 62
D - 683

Symmetry
3 crystallography axis of Two fold
4 diagonal axes of Three fold
6 diagonal planes

Form :-
 Tetrahedral class
S.No. 63
D - 1031

Symmetry
3 crystallography axis of Two fold
4 diagonal axes of Three fold
6 diagonal planes

Form :-
Cube (100) 6 Faces
Dodecahedron (110) 12 Faces (d)
Positive Tetrahedron (111) 4 Faces
and
Negative Tetrahedron (1-11) - 4 Faces
(o)
 Tetrahedral class
S.No. 64
D - 1032

Symmetry
3 crystallography axis of Two fold
4 diagonal axes of Three fold
6 diagonal planes

Form :-
Cube (100) 6 Faces
Dodecahedron (110) 12 Faces (d)
Positive Tetrahedron(111) 4 Faces
 Tetrahedral class
S.No. 65
D - 171

Symmetry
3 crystallography axis of Two fold
4 diagonal axes of Three fold
6 diagonal planes

Form :-
Trigonal tristetrahedron (311) m 12F
Positive tetrahedron (111)o 4 F
Cube (100)a 6 Faces
Dodecahedron (110)d 12 faces
S.No. 66
D - 172

Symmetry
3 crystallography axis of Two fold
4 diagonal axes of Three fold
6 diagonal planes

Form :-
Positive hexatetrahedron (hkl) v 24
Cube (100)a 6 Faces
Octahedron (111)o 8 F
Dodecahedron (110)d 12 faces
Neagtive Trigonal tristetrahedron
(2-11) n1 4 F
PLAGIOHEDRAL CLASS

1. Pentagonal Icositerahedrons (hkl)

- 24 Faces
S.No. 67 Plagiohedral class
D - 174

Symmetry
3 crystallography axis of Four fold
4 diagonal axes of Three fold
6 diagonal Axes 2 Fold

Form :-
Right handed Pentagonal Icosciterahedrons (hkl) - 24 Faces
 Plagiohedral class
S.No. 68
D - 175

Symmetry
3 crystallography axis of Four fold
4 diagonal axes of Three fold
6 diagonal Axes 2 Fold

Form :-
Left handed Pentagonal Icosciterahedrons (hkl) - 24 Faces
 Plagiohedral class
S.N o. 69
D - 176

Symmetry
3 crystallography axis of Four fold
4 diagonal axes of Three fold
6 diagonal Axes 2 Fold

Form :-
Pentagonal Icosciterahedrons (hkl)
- 24 Faces
Cube (100) - 6 Faces
 Plagiohedral class
S.N o. 70
TUTON - 126

Symmetry
3 crystallography axis of Four fold
4 diagonal axes of Three fold
6 diagonal Axes 2 Fold
Center present

Form :-
TETARTOHEDRAL CLASS

1.Tetrahedral Pentagonal dodecahedron

(hkl) - 12 Faces
S.No. 71 TETARTOHEDRAL CLASS
D - 178

Symmetry
3 crystallography axis of TWO fold
4 diagonal axes of THREE fold

Form :-
Tetrahedral Pentagonal
dodecahedron (hkl) - 12
Faces (Left Handed)
 Tetartohedral Class
S.No. 72
D - 179

Symmetry
3 crystallography axis of TWO fold
4 diagonal axes of THREE fold

Form :-
Tetrahedral - Pentagonal
dodecahedron (hkl) - 12 Faces
(Right Handed)
 Tetartohedral Class
S.No. 73
Tuton - 130

Symmetry
3 crystallography axis of TWO fold
4 diagonal axes of THREE fold

Form :-
 3
crystallographic
axes

Back
6 diagonal axes
(edge to edge -
4 inclined,
2 horizontal)

Back Slide 3
4 diagonal axes
(Corner to
corner)

Back
 Principal Symmetry
Planes

3
crystallographic
Plane

Back
Diagonal Symmetry
Planes

6 Diagonal
Plane

Back
Diagonal Symmetry
Planes

6 Diagonal
Plane

Back
 Axes of Trigonal
Symmetry
(Octahedral Axes)

4 diagonal axes
of Three fold

Back
 Axes of Binary
Symmetry
(Dodecahedral Axes)

6
diagonal
axes
Two
fold

Back