----------------~---,.---.

-- -- - - - - -- - -

AERO. & ASTRO. LIBRARY;

NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE

FOR AERONAUTICS
I

6'17 #i 5 I

REPORT No. 914

EFFECT OF CENTRIFUGAL FORCE ON THE ELASTIC

-
CURVE OF A VIBRATING CANTILEVER BEAM

By SCOTT H. SIMPKINSON, LAUREL J. EATHERTON

and MORTON B. MILLENSON

1948

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government PrinUng Office, Washington 25. D. C. Yearly subscription, $3; (oreign , $4.50:
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 AERONAUTIC SYMBOLS
1. FUNDAMENTAL AND DERIVED UNITS

Metric English
Symbol
Abbrevia- Abbrevia-
- Unit Unit

Length ______
-
meter ___________ _______
tion tion

foot (or rnile) _____ ____ ft (or mi)

I second ______________ __ _ m
Tirne ______ __ t s second (or hour) _______ sec (or hr)
Force ________ F weight of 1 kilogram _____ kg weight of 1 pound _____ Ib

Power _______ P horsepower (metric) __ ___ horsepower _______ ____ hp

{kilometers per hOuL _____ ---kph--- miles per hOUL ___ __ __ mph
Speed _______ V meters per second _______ mps feet per second __ __ ____ fps

2. GENERAL SYMBOLS
w Weight=mg ,. Kinematic viscosity
u Standard acceleration of gravity=9.80665 m/s2 p Density (mass per unit volume)
or 32.1740 ftJsec 2 Standard density of dry air, 0.12497 kg-m-'-s2 at 15 C
and 760 mm; or 0.002378 Ib-ft-4 sec2
m Mass=W Specific weight of "standard" air, 1.2255 kg/ms or
g
I Moment of inertia=mk'. (Indicate axis of 0.07651 lb/cu ft
radius of gyration k by proper subscript.)
Coefficient of viscosity
3. AERODYNAMIC SYMBOLS

s Area. im Angle of setting of wings (rela1live to thrust line)

S'" Area of wing '/" Angle of stabilizer setting (relative to thrust
G Gap line)
b Span Q Resultant moment
o. Chord n Resultant angular velocity
b2 R Reynolds number, p Vi wherelisalineardimen-
A Aspect ratio, S
J.L
V True air speed sion (e.g., for an airfoil of 1.0 ft chord, 100 mph,
. 1 standard pressure at 15 0, the corresponding
q Dynamic pressure, '2P VI
Reynolds number is 935,400; or for an airfoil
Lut, absolute coefficient OL= q~
of 1.0 m chord, 100 mps, the corresponding
L
Reynolds number is 6,865,000)
Drag, absolute coefficient OD= q~
a Angle of attack
D
E Angle of downwash
Do Profile drag, absolute coefficient ODO=~ aD Angle of attack, infinite aspect ratio
~ Angle of attack, induced
Df Induced drag, absolute coefficient ODI= ~ a" , Angle of attack, absolute (measured from zero-
lift position)
Parasite drag, absolute coefficient ODP= ~s
"y Flight-path angle
D"
G Cross-wind force, absolute coefficient 0 0 = q~
 REPORT No. 914

EFFECT OF CENTRIFUGAL FORCE ON THE ELASTIC

CURVE OF A VIBRATING CANTILEVER BEAM

By SCOTT H. SIMPKINSON, LAUREL J. EATHERTON

and MORTON B. MILLEN SON

Aircraft Engine Research Laboratory

Cleveland, Ohio

.
. ..
'.
"
. ,'...
\ '.

:. .:' .
 National Advisory COlnlnittee for Aeronautics
Headquarters, 1724 F Street NW, Washington 25, D. C.
Cr eated by act of ongress approyed 1{arch 3, 1915 , for th e up ervision and direction of the scientific study
of the problems of flight (U . S. Code, t itle 50, sec. 15 1) . It memb ership wa inc-rea ed to 17 by act approved
ll ay 25 , 1948. (Public Law 549, Olh COllgl'e s) . The members are appointed by the President, and se rve as
uch without comp ensation.
J ERO~ ", C . H UNSA KER, Sc. D., Cambridge, i(ass., Chairman

AI~ I,XAND lm \Y ETMORE, C. D., Secr etary, Smith~olliall lll :lti t ution , Vice Chai1'lnan

HON. JOliN R. ALISON, Assi. tant Scc- r etar y of Commer ce. EDWARD i\1. P OIER., i\Iajor Gener al, Un i ted t ates Air Forcc,
DI, 'I' LI'" \Y. BRONK, PH. D., PrC"iclenl, J ohns H opk i n Un i vC'r sity . A s;;i8tan t C hief of Air taff-4.
h:A RI. T. CO~11'1' ON, PII. D. Chairman, Research and D cve lopm en t J OHK D. PRI CE, Vicc Admiral , nited tates I avy, D eputy
Board, National :\lili b\l'y Establi shment. C hicf of .Naval Operat ion ( Air).
EDWARD r. CONDON, PH . D., Dircctor, Xalional Bureau o f AR'rJl UR E . R AY,\l O ' I) , ;\L S., Vice Presid ent , Bngincerin g,
tandards . Dou g las Aircraft Co., In c.
JA~IES 11. DOOUTTI~ E, Sf' . D. , Vice President, SI1('\I Union Oil FRANCIS \V. R E I C IIEI~ I)EHFER, c. D. , Chi f , nited States
Corp . W eather Bureau.
R. M. H AZ Jm, B. i)., Director of Engineering, All ison ])idsion, H ON. D E I~O, \Y . R ENTZE I~ , Administrato r of Civil Aer onautic ,
Gener al Motors Corp. D epartm en t of Commer ce .
\YI LLl.HI LI'l'TLEWOOD, 11. K , Vice President, Engineering, H OYT S. VANDEN BERG, General , C hief of taff, nited State Air
American Airlines, Inc. For ce.
THEODOHJ; C. 1,0 'NQUEST, H ear Admiral, Un i ted States Navy, TH EODORE P. WRI GWI', Sc . D ., Vicc Pre ' iden t for Re.'car ch,
As, istant Chief for Research and Devclopment, Burcau of Corn el l niver si ty.
Aeronautics.

H UG II L. DRYDEN, PII. D., Director oj Aeronautical Research JO liN F. Vr CTORY, LL.M. , Executive ecrelary
JOliN \Y. CROWLEY, JR. , B. S., , Issoeiate Director of Aeronautical Research E. H . C HAMBER IAN, Executive Officer

H ENRY J. E. H ElD, Eng. D., Director, L ang ley A er onautical Laboratory, Lan g ley Field, Va.

S~I I'l'1I J. DEFRANCE, B. S., Dir('ctor, Ames Aeronaut,ical Laboratory, yIoffett Fi eld , Calif.
I';DWA IW H . SIl ARP, Sc. D ., Dircclor, L c wi s Fli gh t Propubion Laboratory, C lel'el allcl Airport, C leveland, Ohio

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P"eparation oj Research Progra ms
. IUoeation of Proble ms
P"evention of Duplication
Consideration of Inventions

LANGI.EY AERONAU1' If'AI, LABORATOI{Y, LE\I' JS FLI GIIT PROPULSION LABOHATORY, AM~~s AERONAUTICAL LABORATORY,
Lallgley FicIci, Y a. Cleyeland Airport, C leyeland , Ohio :vI offe tt Field, Calif.

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Collection, classification, compilation, and dissemination of scientifi c and technical infor mation on aeronautics

u
 REPORT No. 914
EFFECT O]!' CENTRIFUGAL FORCE ON THE ELASTIC CURVE
OF A VIBRATING CANTILEVER BEAM
By SCO'l'T H. SIMPKI NSON, LAUREL
S M M ARY
A tudy was made to determine the e.tfect oj Totation on the
dynamic- tre distribution in vibmting cantileveT beams. The
Tesult oj a mathematical analysi aTe pTesented togetheT with
experimental Tesults obtained by means oj troboscopic p hoto-
graph and train gage. The theoretical analysis was con-
fined to unijo1'1n cantilever beams; the experimental work wa
extended to include a tapered cantilever beam to imulate an
aircrajt propeller blade. Calculations were made on a non-
dimensional basis jor cond- and thiTd-mode vibration; the
experiments were conducted on b ams oj various lengths , mate-
1'ial , and cro s sections jor econd-mode vibration. From this
investigation it was concluded that high vibratoTy-stTess positions
are una.tfected by the addition oj centrijugaljoTce. NonTotating
vibmtion surveys oj blades ther~fore are valuable in predicting
high vibmtory-stress locations undeT operating condition
I TROD CTIO N
R onant vibration cau e many of the failure enC01111 tere 1
in aircraft propeller blade and in currently u eel high-speed
com pre or and turbine blades. The h[O'h tres e that cau e
Lho e fai lures are brought about by the coinciden e of one of
Lhe exci ting forces present with one of the natural fl'equ ncies
of the blade . Considerable progress has been made on the
tu Jy of re onant vibration with (;he introduction of train
gage fol' m easuring stre in rotating parts. This method
of mea uring vibratory tre s in propeller blade ha become
Lhe tandard procedure for determining afe engine-propeller
combinations. The r e ul t obtained in this manner, how-
ever, have orne times proved un atisfactory becau e mi -
leading data have re ulted from the improper location of the
train gage. Many prop 11 r-blade fatigu e failures have
occurr ed on endurance te t tands although the engin e-
propeller combination had been pronounced safe on the basis
of 1'C ul t obtained with train-gagc vibration survey. uch
Jailures indicate a n eed for a better method of locating strain
O'aO'es on propeller blades. Th e train gage can be properly
located if the location of th e high vibratory-stres po ition
can be determined.
Th e addition of entrifugal force cau se a con iderabl
change in the natural frequ n ie of a propeller blad .
R efer nce 1 tate and theoretical calculations in reference
2 imply that eentrifugal force also changes the mode hape
and h igh- tress po ition of a vibrating blaele. Briti h
invesLigators (Morri and H ead , and Piper) maintain,
J. EATHERTON, and i\I OR'roN B. ;\[JLLENSON
however, LhaL cenl rifugal force has liLLIe 01' no e(TeaL on
mode hape. If Lhi opinion i conect, a sLaLic (nom'oLa ing)
vibration survcy of a blade would 1'e ul t in Lhe location of
the high- tre position for the variou naLural mode of
vibration. Furthcrmore, only one static urvey would b
neces aty for a particular type of blade, becau e geometri-
cally imilar blado h ave the arne mode shap e and would
ther efor e have geometrically imilar high-strB po iLions.
In an effor t to improve the checking of engine-propeller
combina tion and to provide a mean of predicLing vibration
trouble in high- peed tW'bine and compre SOl' , an invesLiga-
t ion wa conducted at the ACA Cleveland laboratory
during 1945 and 1946 to determine the effect of centrifuO'al
force on the mode hap e and the tress distribuLion of a
roLating blade v ibra ting at resonance.
The vibration of uniform b eams in a centrifugal-force
field wa m athematically investigated employing a numerical
m ethod given by M yklestad (reference 3) for the determina-
tion of natural frequencies and mode shape of uch beam .
The problem wa experimentally studied by ubjecting
beams of variou length and materials to rotational peed
lip to 101 5 rpm while vibrating in eeond mod c. In add ition
Lo beam of uniform cro ection, a beam of varying cross
ection, made to simulate a propeller blade, was also stud ied .
Mode shape were obtained from photographs taken using
a stroboscopic ligh t ource and stress-eli tribution curves
were obtained with train gage. The result of the strain-
O'age data taken on the tapered beam (nomotaLing) were
compared wi th imilar data obtained on a propeller blade to
determine the similari Ly in properties of the taper d beam
and of a propeller blade.
M ATH EM ATI CAL P ROCEDURE AND RESULTS
A convenient method of determining frequencie and
mode shapes of rotating beam, such as propeller blades,
helicopter ro tor , and turbine blade, is given in reference 3.
This method involve ubstituting a cries of point rna es
and massless spring for the beam. The point masses are
o selected tha the ma distribution of the substituLe
ystem r epresents an approximation of the rna distribution
of th e actual beam. imilarly, the pl'ings are elected to
r epro ent an approximation of the ela tic di tribution of he
beam . Angular and linear deflections of each substi tu te
pring, under the influence of unit loading and unit mom ent,
are used as influ nce coefficients in the calculaLion. The
1
2 REPORT O . 914- N"'-TIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR AEHONAUTI CS

m eth od of calc ulaLion is an alogous lo Lh e more commonly shown in rlgur e 2. A d l' fkc Lion curve of a ean t ilev er b eam
kl10wn Holzer m ethod of analy zin g Lorsional vibraLion but with no rota tion, as calculated from the th eor etical equn tion
i som ewha t more compli ca ted , p articularly wh en the of reference 4 , i ploLted on th e ame fig we. Fig u.re 3 hows
cfTect of cen trifugal for ce i in trodu ced. The calculation is the same typ e of plo L for third-mod e vibration. Th e
m ad e b y ass umil1"" a n aL ural fr equ en cy and computin g th e 1Iyklc Lad calculation for thi fig m e was mad e wi t h
a ngula r ancl lin ear deflec Lions, poillt by point, pro ceedin g w/p = 0.1 60. T h e Lwo raLios, 0.292 (fig . 2) a nd 0.160 (nO". 3) ,
from th e free end of the beam to th e fixeel end. The a umed r r pre ent a ng ulnr vclo ci ti es approximately 100 p er cenL above
freq uency is an act ual n a tural fr equ ency if the calc ulated th e r ota tive p eecls en counter ed in operaLion and wer e e-
deflection m eet th e end condi tions at the fix ed end. vVi th lec ted to emphasiz e any errect rotation mi gh t h av e on the
kill, th e conect fr equen cy clln b e determined after Lwo or lo cation of cri t ical points in th e defl ec tion Cill've .
three calcula tiorr ' Fig ure 2 indica tes tha L no shift of criLical poinL occm s
bec ause of ro tation.. The mall hiH in ant inode po itions
~ 100
J in fig ure 3 i attribu ted to ins uffi.cient mass- pring combina-
t.,2 1. I I I
S imple- b e am the ory (r e rerence 4)
I I /
1- 0 tions for acc w'acy at this high er modc of v ibraLion.
~ '" 5 0 1- 0 My k lestad method (re rere nce 3) V
~g. ./
Q..O
~
c-'B 0 ~
~ / 1- 0 i a lcu la ted ~ith iimp/~ - bea;' the~ry
:g ~ a t (~/p G. o. (rererence 4 )
() III
,.9! q,-50 ~ ./ \- 0 Co lc u lated w i th My k les tod method
---.::::::::::: --e; l - - a1' wjp G. 160 (ref'erence 3)
~~
~'f.. /
0 -100
o 20 40 60 80 1m // V ~ /
Distance rram f ixed end, p e rce nt [7 "'\: /
FW UHE I. Com pari son of cnlculatC'd second-ITl ode dr fl ('ci 1011 curn's for nonrotatln g uniform
:/ \ j
canti l('\"('1" beam . ~ /'
~ ~!f"
~

Alth o ugh thi m ethod r epresenl a n approxima Lion of -100

ac tual condition , th e ac cmacy of Lh e r es ulting yalue IS o 20 40 60 80 100
~istance f'r am f ixed end, perce nT
limited only by Lhe numb er of mass-spring se ts ll sed in
F lGl' RE 3 . E(l'(' C'{. of cC' nlr ifugnl Corel' on thirdm od C' de fl ec ti on C'u"'"C' or uniform cantiI(' \-cr
a pproxima ting Lh e b cam. .All Lh e calculaLion for thi bca m.
iny estigation wer e m ad e u ing 10 equal conc enLrated
mas es located at th e midpoints of 10 equal section of th e
h eam. The acc m acy of this approximaLion is sh own in APPARATU A D PRO CED UR E
fig ure 1 wher e th e second-mod e d efl ecti on Clll'ves, calclliated
by th e l\Iykels tad m eLhod (refer ence 3) a nd b y soluLion of Th e experimental da La wer e ob tained wi th th e apparatu
lh e th eore tical equ ation based on i mple-b eam theory ginn hown in fig m e 4, which incluu ed in trumenls for r ecording
in r efer en ce 4, are plotted for a nonrota ting uniform ca nti- defle ction, ang ular v elocity, a nd v ibra tion frequ ency. Th e

Calc ulated w ith simp le -beom theory

at w/P 'OO (referen ce 4) < ~~hotoeleclric lube
o Calculated w ith My" lestad method
ot wlr O 292 (r e-rerence 3) __ <':,B e om
S irobosc ope -',

20 4 0. 60 80 100
Dis t ance rrom fix ed end, percent
F II'l' RE 2. "ffcct of ccntrifuga l for cc on sccond-mod e de fl cct ion cun'C of u n iform ca ntilc,'cr
bea m.

lever beam . The )'1ykel Lad meLhod for Lhis degr ee of

approximation accurately d etermine the critical lo ca tions
of t h e de fl ection CUtTe ; n amely, th e nod es, Lhe antinodc ,
FI GUH E 4. Set up fo r taki ng st robosco pic photogra ph s of rOla ling bea m.
a nd th e inflec Lion point. R ela tive amplitud es, howev er ,
ar e somewhat in elTor.
A plot of th e ),Iykle tad calcula tion for a uniform canti- setup prov id ed a m eans of simultaneou ly vibrating and
lever b eam yibrn,ting in second m ode, while ro tating a t a rotaLing a beam. A ph oto elec tric tub e, which acLuat d a
sp eed s uch tha L the ratio of ang ular v elocity (radians/seu) s trobo cop e, was used Lo " stop " th e b eam for photographing
to n atmal ang ular fr equ en cy (radians/sec) w/p is 0.292 , is th e v ibrat ion chuing rota tion. Whi te doL wer e painted on
 EFFECT OF E TRIF GAL FORCE ON THE ELASTIC CUR\ "E OF A VIBRATI JG CANTILEVER BEAM
l he beam to fae ilitaLc pboLographing anel m cas ming. Thc
ph otoelectric-tube ignal was also recorded on an 0 ci11o-
o-raph fo1' usc a a revolu t ion co unter. Th e iO'nal from a
v ibration pickup located on the bed plate was impl'e eel on
another channel of t he 0 eillograph a a imultaneous fre-
quency connte!'. . lrain gage , located a hown in figure 5,
were II eel to obtai n ,-ibra Lor y tress-cli tl' ibu t ion data.
Slip -ring assembly -- -',
,' -- To oscillograph
, 1 by %inch and h ad a fr ee length of 20 in (' Il ('s . D efi ccL ion
Strain goges --: ""
- - - - - ~ - - --- - that vari ed uniformly f rom] by %6 in ch at Lhc fixed end to
"
' --- Cantile v er beam
, -- Vibration e x citer
Pulley for d rive
from
variable - speed
dri ving unit - -
FI OLf RE 5.- Diagramm atic sketch or se tup [or measuring dbrator y stress along ca ntilever
bea m that is simultaneously rotat ing ancl vibrating.
TIIl'ee different b eams were u eel in th e experim en t. The
fir t beam \\'a of low-carbon te d with ae ro s section of
1 by }{s inch an 1 h ad a Ie e length of ] 7 1%6 in ch e . The
beam was mounte I as a cant ilever \\-ith the fIxed end at
t he ce nte r of rotation. Various speeds from 0 to 10] 5 rpm
wCl'e set I\'i th th e ,-ul'i able- pecci d ri vin g II ni t . TIl e peed of
Lhe excite!' wa et for r e onanL econel-mode vibration at
each of th e rotational p c ci s. A 30- eco nd fi lm ('XPO ure
\\'a mad e at each s peed and reco rd of th e angular velocity
and vibration frequency wcre obtained . Th e run s were
t hen rcpcated ,,-ith the beam cnelo cd in a t ran paren t
p la tic box (fig. 6) to el iminate a ny eA'cct of ae roci y nami c
F IG t;HE 6.- Cantilc\el beam enclosed in plastic box to eliminat rolational aeroclyna mi c
clamping eflect.
:;;)7 3- 50- -2
3
d amping Lhat migh t ae 'o mp a ny comhin ed t'otaLion and
vibra tion .
. t rain gages we re cem entcd to th e top of th e beam. Til
lead wi rcs were cem en ted to th e top of th e beam a nd run to
a slip-ring asscmbly h av ing 13 ch a nnels. Th c io- nal from
th e strain gages W C I'C imprc sed on a mu lt ich annel bscil-
log l'aph capa ble of imultaneously r eco rdi ng]2 trc e.
R ecord of th e vibrato ry stl'e s w'('I'e obtain cd aL sp eeds of
0, 536, a ncl101 5 rpm at econ d-mod e rc onancc .
Th e eco nd beam wa s of soft bras with a cross ection of
photograph s were taken of t hi s beam at variOl! a ng ul ar
velocities ranging from 0 to 99 rpm.
Th e third beam wa of low-carbon teelwi Lh a cross section
1 by Ys4 in ch at the free end. Th e h ee leng Lh of tlli Lapcrcd
cantilevcr beam i 17% inch es. Th e arne typ e of frequen cy
and mod e- hape data wa obtained for th e tapered bcam as
fo r th e uniform steel beam .
In ord l' to obtain more complete data. on the tapt' red
beam , 1 strain gage wer e used. B ecause only 12 gage
ignals could b e r ecorded at one time, the gages WNe wired
into t wo group of 12 gages each , th e ce n Lral 6 gages br in g
common to both ets. One r ecord 01' each set was tak en
at each te t point. Th c data from thr six common gage
\vere uscd to correct fo r small ch anges in a mpli tud e b etwee n
read ing.
A hollow steel propeller blad e \\' 3, 0 mou n ted a Lo be
uppol'ted in th c arne mamlc r a in an actual pl'oprllcr hu b.
t rain gage WNO mounted on th e camber side Id on o- th e
m aximum camb er line. imul tan eous 1'e orcl s of bcndin g
stl'es along th c blade wer e obtained with t he propeller bl adr
subj ected to nonro tating econd -mod e v ib ration .
EX PERIMENTAL RE ULTS
Photographs o f the uniform cantilever trcl bearn, vi bra t-
in g in seco nd mod e and rotat ing at peed of 1015,536, ancl
o rpm , ar c shown in figure 7. M ea Ul'em en ts wer e made
.. -. ;." ..
_ - " r " , ,'
. . "" I . " ' , .. ,,
(a) Rota tional speecl , 10 15 rpm ; frequency, 57.9 cycles p I' seco nd.
(b) Rota tional speecl , 536 rpm ; rrequellcy, 44.7 cyclcs per second.
FIGURE
(c) Rotational Sl ecd , 0 rpm; frequency, 38.6 cycles pel' s cond o
.
7.-Stroboscopie photographs of uniform calltilc\-er steel beam fixecl at center of
rotation and dbrating- in second mod a at variOlls s peeds or rotalion.
4 REPORT O . 914- KATIONAL ADYISORY CO MMITTEE FOR AERONAUTICS

from enlargcmcnt of tbe e photograpb and thc data are

ploUed in fi g ure 8. The only change in the. e eun-e 1"e ult-
ing from an increase in speed of rotation j a decrea c in
relativc antinode amplitude.
The cxperiment was then r cpea tcd with thc beam enclo ed

I
in thc transparent plastic box to eliminate any effcct of ~ "

~ ... ~ , , l , l l 1 tIl I I I I I I I J
W,'! . _. ---.--- '.

(30 /
/
-
40 1-
7
{;
o

-40
-- .........
"r---...
c-........... ........
/"
L (a) Hotational speed, 1015 rpm; freq uenc y, 57.9 cycles p r second .
(b) notational speed, 536 rpm; frequency , 44. i cycles per second.
(c) n otational speed, 0 rpm ; frequ ency, 3 .6 cycles p r second.
F JGURf: .9.-. troboscopic photographs of uniform cantilever steel beam enclosed in trailS'
::J (a) parent plastic box fixed at ccnter of rotation and Yibratillg in second mode at yarious
~ -80 s peeds of rotation.
t-o 80
'b

~
t:
",
.,"
"-
80

40
/
/ 40

0 /
b":
y. V
-- ""- i',...
........
t---n
o / /
....
t 0 - 40 /
~
"
<) I----.. /
~
Q. -40 " t---.... /' -80 /
c:- r----... V '"
V) V
(b) Q)
(a)
1-80 .t:
()
111
'"
'()
c: 80
<::: Q)
41
'b 0 - 0
C:l Q) -.....::::.
80 / ~ 40 ~ f<>...
/ J7 " 1'--.

40
'!..
0
i-..
0 / "" N
/ co
o
- t--..
'-...
I----..
.........
r-... V
/
/
III
<J
'-
<lJ
Q.
oj
- 40

en -80
<lJ L
L
/

- --
./::
-80
o
(e )
20
" 40 - ...-/""
60 80 JOO
en (b)

Ois tance ("rom fi)(e d end, percent ~

.E 80
(a) n otational speed, 1015 rpm . 0
L ~ 0 <......
(b) Hotational speed, 536 rpm. .Q
(c) notationa l speed, 0 rpm. S 40 ~ Ie-..
'-... ...,...
~
FI(;t' HE 8.- ExpCrimcnLa l deflection cur vC's of uniform cn ntilc\'cr stec l beam fixed at ('('Iller
of rotatio n and dbrating in second mode while rotating at \'arious speeds. / "~
0
/
rotational aerody namic damping. When the results of - 40 L
mNlSlll'cmcnt mad e from cnlargement of thc photographs
-80 /
shown in figme 9 wer c plotted, the deflec tion cW'ves were
~
t he same a those obtained wi th the uncnclosed beam. It (e)
Wil. ther cforc concluded that the cffect of rotational aero- o 20 40 60 80 /00
Distan ce from fix ed end, percent
dynamic damping could be neglected in thc experiment .
Experimcntal vibratory stres -distribu tion (' lIl'ves for the (a) no tat iona l sp('ed, 1015 rpm.
(b) notational s pecd, 536 rpm.
uniform ca ntilever stccl beam wer e obtained from thc econd (c) notationa l s peed, 0 rpm.
derivaLives of thc dcflection cmvcs shown in figul'e These F IGCRE IO. - \ ibratory s tress-d istrib ution cun'(,S of unifonfl cu n t.i1en~ r st.eel beam fixed at
Lress-eli tribution cm ves, t.ogether with train-gage reading , ce ntcr of rotution nnd dbra t ing in ('cond mode while rotat.ing at vurious speeds. [re!-=s
c urn~s drawn fro lll second derh'at.h'C' of ex pe rimental deflection curvcS or figure
a rC' shown in figW'c 10. Experilll nt.at poi nt s obtai ned froll1 st.ra in-gage readinJ!:S.
 EFFE CT OF CEKTRIFUGAL FORCE 0)1 THE ELASTIC CURI"E OF A VIBRATING AN'I' ILEYER BEAM 5
An acclU'aLe check of econd-mode re onan t fr cq uency at two sets of deflection ClU'ves for the uniform cantilever bra
variou pee I of rotation wa made. The frequency wa an 1 teel beam eli m inated any ncees ity for a tre s analY'. is
assumed to vary with peed accordi ng to t he formu la of the br a s beam. From th ese elata" it i evident th at th e

..
(derived from the formula given in r efer ence 5}.
II
' .
wbere

.f 1'e onant freq uency, cycles P CI' ccond

.10 resonant frequ ency at 0 rpm , cycles pcr seco nd
K co n 'tant
Q angular velocity of beam , revolutions per econd

T he value of thc constant K for second mod e obtained from

:". .--- .. .
(a) Hotational spccd, 998 rpm; frequency, 60.2 cyclcs PCI' sccond.
experimental data wa 6,55 a compar d with an approxima e (b) Hotational speed , 525 rpm ; freq uency, 48.3 cycles PCI' second.
(c) Rotational speed, 0 rpm: freq uency, 42.5 cycles PCI' second.
value of 6 given in r efer ence 5. \,. compari on of cw've
F ' GU RE 12.- Stroboscopic pbotographs of uniform canti levcr brass beam fi xed at contcr of
obtained by using these two co nstants i presented m rotation and vibrating in second Dlode at various speeds of rotation.
figur e 11.

80 /
I /
60~~--~---+---+--~--~--~--+---+---+--+~~
o Experimental points
- -- f = ,; f ;/ + a.55!}! (experim ental .-
! 40
/
/ /

__ f = Yfo ' 1- a .fl 2 (reference 5)-,+--+---fd'---;,-+---I

u n _

o
~ /'
l5a~-~-+--+--+--~--+--+--4-~~~,,~:~:~-+-~
40
---- -........ '" ~ /'
/ I

r--- I ~
y
- -
(a )
G / ' ,

~52r--+--+--+--~--+--+--4--4~,~~-+--+--~

i
QJ 1/.'
II
~
-

~ j: '1' 80 /1
] .. ~,.. f--+--+--+--+---4
48~-r--r--r--r--r--+~-." (I)
/
~
'I-: 40 /

g
~ 44:~-+--1--1--~-~~-4-~-~~-+--+--+--4
1/' o
'\- 0
/

~ V ~l. - J...,..
" 1'---- ./
/
~ Jr~'
(1)40
1----- V
o 40'~-+--~/'~~+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+-~ c: (b )
~-80
Jl ~.V ()

~
~
36:-~__~~-L__~~~~~~L-~~-L__~~~~
o 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
80 /
Rotational speed, rpm
/
FIG{TRE ll.- Yariation of secondmode natural freq uency with rotational speed for uniform /
can tile \'cr stee l beam. >16 inch deep, inch aero 5, and 171 ~ ~6 in ches long wit.h fixed end
40
at cenCcr of rotation,
1
/
o ----t--... /
In order to eliminate any coincidence im'olving t be material 40 """,,- /
constants or dimension , a bras beam of different length and
(e)
'" I'-..... V
cross ection wa used in the second part of th e experiment.
troboscopic photograph of thi beam are prese nted ill
-80
o 20 40 ---6 0 80 /00
DiSTance "from fixed end. percent
figure 12 , D efl ection mea urement made from enlarge- (a) Rotational spced, 998 rpm.
m~nt of gme 12 arc plotted in figure 13 and can be com- (b) Rotational speed, 525 rpm.
(c) Hotationa l peed, 0 rpm.
pared \\-i th the defle ction ClLl'Ve of the uniform cantilever
FIGURE 13.- Experimcntal deflection curves of uniform eantile'" r bra b m fixed at center
teel beam hown in figu re T he identi cal l1atLu'e of t he or rotation and dbrating in second mode while rotatin g at \-arious speeds.
6 REPORT NO . 9 14- NATIONAL ADVI SORY COMMI'fTEE F OR AER O AUT ICS

ob tained , a in the previous exp erimen ts, from t he phoLo-

gr aphs shOll"n i!lfio'ure 14 and are pr ese nted in fig ul'e 15 .
. - ....... t l l l l ; l l l l l l . 'i The r elat ion between an t inode and tip deSection is con-
siderably changed from th uniform-can t ilever-beam r elation
but the node OCC lll'S at th e eame place, that i , 7 p ercent of
I tbe length from t he fi...xe 1 end . T he ame telJd ency in
all tinodc defl ection compare 1 \\~ i th tip defl ection oce UI" with
;. " l l l l l ! : : : I I ' . '
incr a cd angular velocity, a in the case of th e uniform
ca ntilever beam ; that i , tbe an tinocle loop become maller
in r elation to tip amplit ude with incr-ea e in angular v elocity
of th e b eam . Str e s distribution at a r otational p eed of
~ I I I I Itt 1111"-' o rpm \Va obtained from the second der ivative of th e deflec-
tion CUl"Ve (fig. 15 (c)) and is p lotted in fi gLll'e 16 wi th th
(a) Hotational speed, 1010 rpm; freq uency, 6. i cycles per second . experimental p oint ob tained from str a in gages.
(b) HotaLional speed , 503 rpm ; frequ ency, I. i cycles per second.
(c) HotaLional s peed, 0 rpm ; frequency, 0 cycl s per second. 8 >-----' '--"..
FIG U RE 14.- lrobosco pi e photographs of tapered cantilever steel beam fix d at centcr of
~ 8 ~ ;..
rotation and vibrating in second mod e at ,"arious s peeds of rotation. QJ .~
0...
l
v, 4 :/
1"\
~
80 / :d" I\,
/ k"
V V
40 o Tapered s feel beam
/ .-/' o HollOW s teel p ropeller Jla e
V .?
I -' 1 1
-r-- :---- / ~ 1 1 1 1
(a ) I I I I I I I I
/0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 /00
Di~fance f r om fixed en d, p er c en t
FI Gt:: tlE .I 6.- Comparison of SLress disu-ibuLion along tapered canti lever sLeel beam anel
hollow s tee l propeller blade. Slress cun"c drawn from second dcrivat.hc of experimental
/ defl ection cun'e (fi g. 15 (c
obtained from strain-gagr readin gs.
of tapered cantilever stoel bea m. Experimenta l l oints

.....
/
/
S -10 Th e tap ered cantilrver steel beam U ed in thi ex--perime nt
e
QJ
Q
o
(b ) --- :---- /
V
/ \Va so chosen as to r epresen t a typ ical var ia t ion in cross-
section momen t of in ertia along a prop eller blade . In order
to cleten n ine th e degr ee of approximation of the tap er ed
beam to a propeller blade, str a in-gaD"e meaS LU'emen ts wer e
made alon o' th e m aximum camber li ne of a hollow steel
prop eller blade Yibr ating in second mode. Th ese tre
80 / m eas Lll'em ents are plotted in fig m e 16 togeth er wit h th e
/ . tr es distrib ution of the tap ered can tilev r steel bea m .
40
V

---
DIS CUSSIO N
/
o / A comparison of th,e curve pr e entecl in fig ure 17 , based on
/ experimen tal an cl calculated r es ults, ind ica te that the intro-
(e)
- 40 duction of centri fugal for ce h a no effect on the maximum
o 20 40 60 {JO / 00
Disfance from fixecl end, p erc en t dynamic-str es locations in a vi br ating can tilever b eam fi...xed
(a) RotaLional speed. 1010 rpm. at th center of r otation wi thin t he inve t igated peecl r ange.
(b) HotaLional s peed, 5O:l q )m . The general sha.p c of the deflection CLU've, in pa rticular t hc
(c) HotaLional speed, 0 rpm.
location of node po itions, is al 0 unaffected by r ota tion
FroURE 15.-Experi mcntal deflection curves or tapered ca nti lc,"c'!' s teel bea m fixed at center
of rotat ion and ,"f ibraLing in second mode while rotating ::1L various s pec(s.
although r elative amplit ud es YRry; that is, the ampli t ud e of
an tinode loops r ela.tive to tip ampli tud e decr ease wi th
phy ical constan t of th e material or t he d imen ion h aye no increa ing rota.tion al p eed. B ecau e nod e and maXimLUl1-
effect on th e ela tic CUl've of a vibrating uniform cantilever dynami c- tr e location ar e invarian t, sta tic-bending-
b am . Thi conclusion i valid for both sta tionary and ro- vibration SUl"vey of beams that will b e sub eq uen tly sub j ected
tating beams. to vibratory force in a cen trifugal-force field will locate cr itical
D efl ection CUTves for the taper ed can tilever ted b eam ,,-er e ar ea for strain-gage locatio n in rotary testing. This
 EFFECT OF CENTRIF GAL FORCE ON THE ELASTIC CURVE OF A VIBRA'l' ING CAN'r ILEVER BEAM 7
100
o Experimental pOin ts
I - o Calculated with simple-beam theory
I J / l. Node po iLions a nd maximum-yibraLory-sLres 10caLiODS

~ 50 t - - - ( reference 4) / are unaffected by centrifugal force wi thin t.h e inves t.igated

..... o Calculated wifh Mykl es fad mefhad / speed range in a cantilever b eam fixed at the center of rota-
~o
t---
(referen c e 3) V
0 tion and vibrating in bending mode .
----...,
"b
r--- L 2. tatic-vibration urveys of propeller blade and similar
~, -50 ~ L rotating parts may be utilized to predi ct th e maximum
QJ
------... .----<
vibratory-stress positions in such blad es uncl er operating
QJ (a)
.::: -100 condi tion .
.....
o
C lOD
III /
e
~ 50
V
~'
/
V
;g 0
o
III --- r---- I----
7 AIRCRAFT E NGINE R ESEARC H I .Jl\BORAT ORY,
N A'l' IONAL ADVI S O RY COMMIT'l'EE FOR A ER ONAU TI CS,
.--/
;;:: -50
~
-/00 (b)
--- -- CLEVELAND , OHIO , S eptem bel' 18, 1946.

o 20 40 60 80 /00
REFERENCES
Distance from fixed end, percent
(a) Angular freq uency ratio, o.
(b) Angular frequ !lcy ratio, 0.292. 1. Theodor en, T.: Propeller Vibration and the Effect of t he Centrifu-
gal Force. NACA T N No. 516,1935.
FIGURE l7.-Comparison of theoretical and ex perimental cur ves showing secondmode
deflections of uniforrn cant.ilc,"or beam (or t.wo rotatio ns. 2. Ramb erg, Wal ter, and Levy, Sam: Calculation of Stre ses and
Natu ral F requencie for a Rota t in g Propeller Blade Vibra ting
Fl exurally. R es . Paper 114, Ja t. Bill". t anclarcl Jour. Res.,
proceduTe will decr ease the po ibility of misleading lata
vo l. 21, no. 5, Nov. 193 , pp. 639- 669.
because of improperly located str ain gage 3. Mykle tad, N. 0.: Vibration Analy i . McGraw-Hill Book Co.,
Inc., 1944, pp. 210--21 4.
CO CLUSIO S 4. Timo henko, S.: Vibration Problems in Engineerin g. D. Van
Nostran d Co ., In c., 2d ed., 1937, pp. 331- 345.
'""0 important conclusion may b e drawn on the ba i of 5. D en H ar tog, J . P . ; M echanical Vibration. McCraw-Hi ll Book
th tudy of beams vibrating in a centrifugal-force field: Co., I nc., 2d ed ., 1940, p . 310.

U. s. bOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1950

 , "- ....
()

' .....

z
Positive directions of axe a and angles (forces and moments) are shown by arrows

Axis Moment about axis Angle Velocities

Force
(parallel
Sym- to axis) Linear
Designation
bol symbol Designation Sym- Positive Designa- Sym- (compo-
bol direction tion bol nent along AngL
axis)

LongitudinaL ______ X X Rolling_______ RolL _______

LateraL _____________ y L y--.Z u
y Pitching.____ M Z--.X Pitch. ____ .__ cJ>
N ormaL _____________ Z Z Yawing. __ .___ (J v q
N X---.y Yaw ------- W r
'"
Absolute coefficients of moment
L M Angle of set of control surface (relative neutral
N position), o. (Indicate surface by proper :lCript. )
0 1= qbS Om= CjcS On=qbS
(rolling) (pitching) (yawing)
4. PROPELLER SYMBOLS
D Diameter
P Geometric pitch p Power, absolute coefficient Op=
pn
~D6
p/D Pitch ratio
V' rr, 6jTfi
Inflow velocity Speed-pow'lr ('')efficient=" ~n2
V, Slipstream velocity
T Thrust, absolute coefficient OT= 2D' "cl~ "lU~llJ~"; PC1' secv . . L...l, rps
pn
Q Torque, absolute coefficient OQ= ~n..< Effective helix an gle=tan-{2:rn)
pn J..r

5. NUMERICAL RELATIONS
1 hp=76.04 kg-m/s=550 ft-Ib/sec 1 Ib=0,4536 kg
1 metric horsepower=O.9863 hp 1 kg=2.2046 lb
1 mph=0.4470 mps
1 mi=1,609.35 m=5,280 It
1 mps=2.2369 mph
1 m=3.2808 ft