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low density
920 85 soluble above 80 C
poly(ethene)
high density
960 120 soluble above 80 C
poly(ethene)
(a) Which polymer would be most suited for making a pipe to carry lubricating oil at 100 C?
Give two reasons for your answer.
answer .....................
reasons ............................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[2]
......................................................................................................................................[1]
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[2]
[2]
(i) What is the name of the linkage shown in the structure of Terylene?
...................................................................................................................................
(ii) Name a natural macromolecule that contains the same linkage as Terylene.
...................................................................................................................................
[2]
[1]
Total / 10
IGCSE chemistry SET 2 (Polymer)
B11 Macromolecules are large molecules built up from many small units.
...................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b) Proteins can be hydrolysed into monomers by boiling with concentrated hydrochloric acid.
...................................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) Suggest why clothes made from nylon are damaged by concentrated hydrochloric acid.
...................................................................................................................................
(1)
(c) Poly(chloroethene) is made from the monomer chloroethene. The structure of chloroethene is
shown below.
(i) Draw the structure of poly(chloroethene).
...................................................................................................................................
(1)
...................................................................................................................................
(1)
(iii) Describe what you would observe when bromine reacts with chloroethene and state
what type of reaction takes place.
Explain why bromine will not readily react with poly(chloroethene).
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(3)
(d) State and explain why plastics such as poly(ethene) may cause problems of pollution.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(2)
IGCSE QUESTIONS SET X (Polymer)
(a) Draw the structure of the monomer from which polymer X is formed.
................................................................................................................................... [1]
................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Polymer X is used as an insulating cover for electrical wires.
Explain why polymer X does not conduct electricity.
................................................................................................................................... [1]
................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Polymer X can be disposed of by burning at high temperature. This produces waste
gases, some of which are toxic such as hydrogen chloride.
The hydrogen chloride can be removed by reacting the waste gases with moist calcium
carbonate powder.
Name the three products of this reaction.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................... [3]
(i) Draw a dot-and-cross diagram for an ethene molecule, C2H4. You must draw all of the
electrons.
[2]
(ii) What is the maximum mass of poly(ethene) that can be made from 28 tonnes of
ethene?
................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 10]
IGCSE QUESTIONS SET X (Polymer)
[1]
(b) One way to dispose of solid household waste is to burn it at a high temperature. The
burning of poly(chloroethene) gives the waste gases hydrogen chloride, carbon dioxide
and water.
(ii) Hydrogen chloride gas is removed from the waste gases by reacting with moist
powdered calcium carbonate. Name the solid product formed.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 5]
IGCSE QUESTIONS SET X (Polymer)
H H H H
C C C C
H X H C2H3
styrene butadiene
(a) What type of polymerisation will take place when the monomers polymerise? Explain
your reasoning.
..............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(b) Give the full structural formula for the repeating unit in this polymer structure.
[1]
(c) When the mixture of styrene and butadiene polymerises, the polymer is unlikely to
contain only this regular, repeating pattern. Explain why.
..............................................................................................................................
[1]
(d) (i) Butane cracks to form butadiene and one other product.
Write an equation to show this reaction.
..............................................................................................................................
(ii) Give a use of the other product of this reaction.
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(e) 2.90 kg of butane entered the cracking tower. After the reaction, 2.16 kg of
butadiene had been made.
Calculate the percentage yield of butadiene.
[3]
IGCSE QUESTIONS SET X (Polymer)
2 These diagrams show sections of the polymer chain of two condensation polymers.
Nylon
H H H
O O O
Terylene
(a) (i) Draw a circle around an amide linkage in the diagram. Label this amide.
(ii) Draw a circle around an ester linkage in the diagram. Label this ester. [2]
(b) Name a type of naturally occurring polymer that has a similar linkage to nylon.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) The formulae of the two monomers used to make nylon are shown below.
Deduce the formulae of the two monomers that are used to make Terylene.
Terylene monomers
[2]
(d) Sea fishing nets used to be made from natural fibres. Many nets are now made from
nylon. Suggest one advantage, other than strength, and one disadvantage of using
nylon rather than natural fibres to make sea fishing nets.
advantage ........................................................................................................................
[1] (b) Propanoic acid reacts with sodium carbonate. Write the equation for this )
reaction.
Magnesium reacts with propanoic acid to form magnesium propanoate and hydrogen. ..
...........
Mg + 2C2H5CO2H (C2H5CO2)2Mg + H2 ...........
...........
A student added 4.80 g of magnesium to 30.0 g of propanoic acid. ...........
...........
...........
...........
...........
...........
...........
...........
........
(ii
)
st
at
e
th
e
ty
(i) Which one of these reactants, magnesium or propanoic acid, is in excess? p
e
Explain your answer. of
p
................................................................................................................................... ol
y
................................................................................................................................... m
er
................................................................................................................................... iz
at
................................................................................................................................ [3]
io
n
[2]
th
(ii) Calculate both the number of moles of hydrogen and the volume of at
hydrogen formed at r.t.p. o
c
[2] c
ur
s
w
h
e
n
T
er
yl
e
[2] n
e
(d) Terylene has the simplified is
structure shown. m
a
d
e.
..
...........
(i) State the functional groups on the monomers used to make Terylene. ...........
...........
................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................ [3]
................................................................................................................................ [1]
[Total: 10]
A6 Electrolysis is used to produce many important chemicals such as chlorine, sodium
hydroxide and aluminium.
...................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Name a substance, other than chlorine, that is used to bleach wood pulp.
[
...................................................................................................................... [1] 1
]
(b) Chlorine is used to make chloroethene
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. [2]
(d) Aluminium is extracted by the electrolysis of a mixture of molten aluminium oxide and
cryolite. What is the function of the cryolite?
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
..........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 8]
(a)
D
B8 Fumaric acid is a colourless solid which can be extracted from plants.
e
s
c
r
i
b
e
t
h
e
reaction of aqueous fumaric acid with aqueous bromine, giving the equation
for the reaction and stating any observations.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
[3]
..........................................................................................................................................
(
.......................................................................................................................................... d
)
.......................................................................................................................................... N
yl
.......................................................................................................................................... o
n
.......................................................................................................................................... is
a
...................................................................................................................................... c
[3] o
n
d
(c) Suggest the type of condensation polymer which is made when fumaric acid reacts with e
ethane-1,2-diol, HOCH2CH2OH n
s
...................................................................................................................................... [1] a
ti
o
n
p
ol
y
m
e
r.
St
ate
on
e
us
e
of
nylon.
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(e) Describe two pollution problems caused by the disposal of non-biodegradable plastics.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 10]
4 Catalytic cracking is carried out by oil companies to produce high grade petrol.
The process is carried out using an aluminium oxide catalyst.
The reaction is a type of thermal decomposition. St
ate
(a) Explain the meaning of the
na
(i) thermal decomposition. me
of
................................................................................................................................... the
un
................................................................................................................................... sat
ura
ted
(ii) catalyst. co
mp
................................................................................................................................... ou
nd
..............................................................................................................................[2] in
thi
(b) A typical cracking reaction is s
eq
uat
C10H22 C8H18 + C2H4
ion
.
......................................................................................................................................[1]
(c) The table shows some of the products obtained by cracking 100g of different fractions
under the same conditions.
fraction
cracked hydrogen methane ethene petrol
ethane 10 5 75 2
paraffin 1 15 30 23
diesel 0 6 20 17
...................................................................................................................................
(ii) Calculate the amount of paraffin fraction needed to make 600g of methane.
(iii) Complete the equation for the cracking of ethane to produce hydrogen and ethene.
C2H6 +
[4]
(i) Complete the equation below to show the structure of two units in the
poly(ethene) molecule.
...............................................................................................................................[2]
(i) Complete the equation below to show the structure of two units in the
poly(ethene) molecule.
...............................................................................................................................[2]
(a) Which one of the following best describes the ethene molecules in this reaction?
Put a ring around the correct answer.
H C C H
H H
[1]
(c) Draw the structure of ethene, showing all atoms and bonds.
[1]
[1]
petrol fraction
[2]
...................................................................................................................................................
Write about some ways local councils dispose of these plastic containers.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................ [2]
[Total: 3]
lubricating fraction [2]
3 A major food retailer in the UK is going to distribute sandwiches using hydrogen-powered vehicles.
butter
contain
s fat
meat
contains
protein
These constituents of food can all be hydrolysed by boiling with acid or alkali.
protein
fat
complex
carbohydrate
proteins, .............................................................................................................
....... fats?
......................................................................................................................[2]
(iii) Fats can be unsaturated or saturated. A small amount of a fat was dissolved
in an organic solvent. Describe how you could find out if this fat was
saturated or unsaturated.
reagent................................................................................................................
result if saturated..............................................................................................
result if unsaturated...........................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................[3]
power
(b) One of the reasons for using hydrogen as a fuel is to reduce air pollution. Petroleum- e
d
v
ehicles are a major cause of air pollution. This pollution can be decreased by reactions
of the type shown below.
2CO + 2NO
N2 + 2CO2
..................................................................................................................................[1]
...................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................[2]
(iii) Give a reason why the hydrogen-powered vehicle produces less pollution.
...............................................................................................................................[1]
..........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[2]
6 In 2002, Swedish scientists found high levels of acrylamide in starchy foods that has been cooked above
120oC. Acrylamide, which is thought to be a risk to human health, has the following structure.
(a) (i) It readily polymerises to polyacrylamide. Draw the structure of this polymer.
[2]
(ii) Starch is formed by polymerisation. It has a structure of the type shown below.
Name the monomer.
[1]
(iii) What are the differences between these two polymerisation reactions, one forming
polyacrylamide and the other starch?
[2]
(b) Acrylamide hydrolyses to form acrylic acid and ammonium ions.
test
result [2]
(ii) Given an aqueous solution, concentration 0.1 mol / dm 3, how could you show that
acrylic acid is a weak acid.
[2]
(c) The structural formula of acrylic acid is shown below. It forms compounds called acrylates.
COOH C C
H
(i) Acrylic acid reacts with ethanol to form the following compound.
COOCH2CH3
C
C
H
Deduce the name of this compound. What type of organic compound is it?
name
colour change
structural formula of product
[2]
3 A South Korean chemist has discovered a cure for smelly socks. Small particles of silver are attached to
a polymer, poly(propene), and this is woven into the socks.
[1]
[2]
(iii) Suggest which one, monomer or polymer, will react with aqueous bromine and why?
[2]
(b) To show that the polymer contains silver the following test was carried out.
The polymer fibres were chopped into small pieces and warmed with nitric acid. The
silver atoms were oxidised to silver(I) ions. The mixture was filtered. Aqueous sodium
chloride was added to the filtrate and a white precipitate formed.
[1]
(ii) Explain why the change of silver atoms to silver ions is oxidation.
[1]
(iii) Give the name of the white precipitate.
[1]
(c) The unpleasant smell is caused by carboxylic acids. Bacteria cause the fats on the skin to be
hydrolysed to these acids. Silver kills the bacteria and prevents the hydrolysis of the fats.
(i) Fats are esters. Give the name and structural formula of an ester.
name [1]
structural formula
[1]
[3]
[1]
H
O
H H H H
H C C
O C C C C H
H
H H H H
Name two chemicals that could be used to make this ester and draw their
structural formulae. Show all bonds.
structural formulae
[2]
[2]
[1]
(c) Cooking products, fats and vegetable oils, are mixtures of saturated and unsaturated esters.
mass of
cooking mass of saturated fat in number of drops of
unsaturated fat in
product 100 g of product / g bromine water
100 g of product / g
margarine 35 35 5
butter 45 28 4
corn oil 10 84 12
soya oil 15 70 10
lard 38 56
(ii) Complete the equation for bromine reacting with a double bond.
C C + Br2
[2]
(iii) Using saturated fats in the diet is thought to be a major cause of heart disease.
Which of the products is the least likely to cause heart disease?
[1]
(d) A better way of measuring the degree of unsaturation is to find the iodine number of the unsaturated
compound. This is the mass of iodine that reacts with all the double bonds in 100 g of the fat.
Use the following information to calculate the number of double bonds in one molecule
of the fat.
[Total:14]
6 Polymers are extensively used in food packaging. Poly(dichloroethene) is used because gases can
only diffuse through it very slowly. Polyesters have a high thermal stability and food can be cooked in a
polyester bag.
H Cl
C C
H Cl n
[1]
(ii) Explain why oxygen can diffuse faster through the polymer bag than carbon
dioxide can.
[2]
(b) (i) A polyester can be formed from the monomers HO-CH2CH2-OH and
HOOC-C6H4-COOH. Draw the structure of this polyester.
[2]
(Ii) Name a naturally occurring class of compounds that contains the ester linkage.
[1]
(iii) Suggest what is meant by the term thermal stability.
[1]
(c) (i) Describe two environmental problems caused by the disposal of plastic (polymer)
waste.
[2]
(ii) The best way of disposing of plastic waste is recycling to form new plastics. What
is another advantage of recycling plastics made from petroleum?
[1]
HO O OH
HO OH
[1]
[1]
(iii) Name the technique that would show that the products of these two hydrolyses
are different.
[1]
(b) Proteins have the same linkage as nylon but there is more than one monomer in
the macromolecule.
[2]
[1]
(c) Fats are esters. Some fats are saturated, others are unsaturated.
(i) Write the word equation for the preparation of the ester, propyl ethanoate.
[2]
(ii) Deduce the structural formula of this ester showing each individual bond.
[2]
(iii) How could you distinguish between these two fats?
Fat 1 has the formula
CH CO2 C17H33
CH CO2 C17H35
(iv) Both of these fats are hydrolysed by boiling with aqueous sodium hydroxide.
What type of compounds are formed?
and [2]
polymerisation
small molecules large molecules
alkane
methane
monomer
polymer
........................................................................................................................................[1]
plastic use
poly(ethene) clothing
nylon insulation
[1]
Write down the name of the small molecule used to make poly(tetrafluoroethene).
........................................................................................................................................[1]
(d) There are more than 60 000 different plastics.
...............................................................................................................................[1]
O
(ii) Which polymer would be best for making a pipe to carry oil at 100 C?
Name of polymer........................................................................................................
1 .................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
2 .................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................[3]
(e) Most polymers do not decay naturally. They are not biodegradable.
1 ..........................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
2 ..........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................[2] [Total:
9]
catalysts elements
monomers polymers
(b) A plastic is made when lots of ethene molecules are joined together.
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[2]
[Total: 7]
property
Choose from A, B, C or D.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
[Total : 5]
Structured Questions:
11.Below a list of metals in order of reactivity, with three unknown metals, X, Y and Z included in
the list.
X Ca Mg Y Zn Fe Pb Cu Z
Which of these unknown metals:
a) Will react with cold water?
e) Forms a nitrate which decomposes on heating to form an oxide? What other product are
formed?
g) Complete and balance these displacement reactions assuming the charges on the metal
ions are X+, Y3+ and Z2+, respectively. If there is no reaction, say so.
i. MgSO4 + X .
ii. Zn(SO4) + Y .
iii. Fe2O3 + Z .
iv. CuCl2 + Y
13.
Percentage metal composition
Coin
Copper Nickel Aluminium zinc
1-cent 2.75 - - 97.25
5-cent 92 2 6 -
10-cent 75 25 - -
20-cent 75 25 - -
50-cent 75 25 - -
1-dollar 92 2 6 -
Above is a table showing the percentage composition of coins used in Singapore.
a) Which coins are alloy only of cupronicel?
c) Arrange the four metals used in order of their reactivity (starting with most reactive).
e) Using the diagram, try to explain why the alloy is stronger than pure aluminium.
Questions:
1. Crude oil (petroleum) is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons. The crude oil can be separated into simpler
mixtures(called fractions) by taking advantage of differences in boiling points between the various
hydrocarbons.
a) What do you understand by the term hydrocarbon? 2
b) What is the relationship between the number of carbon atoms in a hydrocarbon and its boiling point?
1
c) What name is given to the process of producing the simpler mixtures form the crude oil? 1
d) One of the fractions produced from crude oil is called kerosene. Give one use for kerosene. 1
e) One of the hydrocarbons present in kerosene is an alkane containing 10 carbon atoms, called decane.
Write the molecular formula for decane. 1
f) The hydrocarbon C15H32 (also present in kerosene) burns to form carbon dioxid and water. Write the
equation for the reaction. 2
g) How would you test the products when C15H32 burns to show that carbon dioxide had been formed?
2
h) Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), used for domestic heating and cooking, is propane (C3H8). Burning
propane in badly maintaining appliances or in poorly ventilated rooms can cause death. Explain why
that is. 4
Total 14 marks
(2) Some of the gas oil fraction from crude oil is broken into smaller molecules by hearing in the presence of a
catalyst. A mixture of saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons is formed.
b) What name is given to the processs of breaking up the gas oil fraction in this way?
c) When a molecule C17H36 was heated in the presence of a catalyst, it broke up to give two molecules
of ethene, C2H4, one molecule of propane, C3H6, and another molecule, X.
d) How would you test to show the presence of a carbon-carbon double bond in ethene or propene?
2
(3)
b) Poly(chloroethene) also called PVC) is a polymer produced from choloroethene, CH2=CHCl. Draw a
length of PVC chain showing at least three repreating units. 3
d) The formation of nylon-6,6 involves two different monomers. Draw a block diagram to show a short
length of nylon chain, including at least two of each monomer. 3
Total 8 marks
(4) This questions is about structural isomerism.
(5) Ethanol CH3CH2OH, can be made by fermentation followed by fractional distillation, or by the hydration of
ethene.
b) State the different boiling points of ethanol and water, which enable them to be separated by fractional
distillation. 2
e) Explain which of the two processes has the advantages in terms of:
Total 16 marks
(a) Which one of the following best describes the ethene molecules in this reaction?
Put a ring around the correct answer.
H H
H C C H
H H
[1]
(c) Draw the structure of ethene, showing all atoms and bonds.
[1]
(ii) Describe the process of fractional distillation which is used to separate the different
fractions in petroleum.
[2]
petrol fraction
3 A South Korean chemist has discovered a cure for smelly socks. Small particles of silver are attached to
a polymer, poly(propene), and this is woven into the socks.
[1]
(iii) Suggest which one, monomer or polymer, will react with aqueous bromine and why?
[2]
(b) To show that the polymer contains silver the following test was carried out.
The polymer fibres were chopped into small pieces and warmed with nitric acid. The silver
atoms were oxidised to silver(I) ions. The mixture was filtered. Aqueous sodium chloride was
added to the filtrate and a white precipitate formed.
[1]
(ii) Explain why the change of silver atoms to silver ions is oxidation.
[1]
[1]
(c) The unpleasant smell is caused by carboxylic acids. Bacteria cause the fats on the skin to be
hydrolysed to these acids. Silver kills the bacteria and prevents the hydrolysis of the fats.
(i) Fats are esters. Give the name and structural formula of an ester.
name [1]
structural formula
[1]
. [1]
3 Hydrogen is a fuel which can be obtained from water by electrolysis.
Petrol is a fuel obtained by the fractional distillation of petroleum.
H2 + O2 H2O [1]
[1]
(iii) When hydrogen is burnt, heat is given off. State the name of the type of reaction
which gives off heat.
[1]
[2]
(c) Petrol is only one of the fractions obtained from the fractional distillation of petroleum.
State the name of two other fractions obtained from the distillation of petroleum. Give a
use for each of these fractions.
fraction
use
fraction
use [4]
(d) More petrol can be made by cracking less useful petroleum fractions.
[1]
[1]
[Total: 13]
H
O
H H H H
H C C
O C C C C H
H
H H H H
Name two chemicals that could be used to make this ester and draw their
structural formulae. Show all bonds.
structural formulae
[2]
[2]
(ii) Suggest a use for this polymer.
[1]
(c) Cooking products, fats and vegetable oils, are mixtures of saturated and unsaturated esters.
mass of
cooking mass of saturated fat in number of drops of
unsaturated fat in
product 100 g of product / g bromine water
100 g of product / g
margarine 35 35 5
butter 45 28 4
corn oil 10 84 12
soya oil 15 70 10
lard 38 56
(ii) Complete the equation for bromine reacting with a double bond.
C C + Br2
[2]
(iii) Using saturated fats in the diet is thought to be a major cause of heart disease.
Which of the products is the least likely to cause heart disease?
[1]
(d) A better way of measuring the degree of unsaturation is to find the iodine number of the unsaturated
compound. This is the mass of iodine that reacts with all the double bonds in 100 g of the fat.
Use the following information to calculate the number of double bonds in one molecule
of the fat.
[Total:14]