A5 The diagram shows the stages in water purification.

aluminium sulphate calcium hydroxide

added added
air blown
in

impure mixing sedimentation mixer and mixing

water tank tank filter tank

chlorine
added
Purified water
(i) What is

...............................................................................................................................[1]

(d) Calcium hydroxide is added to neutralise the acidic solution formed after chlorine has been
added. This solution contains hydrochloric acid.

(i) Write an equation for the reaction of calcium hydroxide with hydrochloric acid.

...............................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) Write the ionic equation for this reaction.

...............................................................................................................................[1]

(c) Why are the following added during the water purification process?

(i) carbon

...............................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) chlorine

...............................................................................................................................[1]

(d) Calcium hydroxide is added to neutralise the acidic solution formed after chlorine has been
added. This solution contains hydrochloric acid.

(i) Write an equation for the reaction of calcium hydroxide with hydrochloric acid.

...............................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) Write the ionic equation for this reaction.

...............................................................................................................................[1]

2 Two of the stages in water purification are filtration and chlorination.

The diagram below shows a filter tank.
the approximate percentage of oxygen in the air?
 ...............................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) Describe a test for iron(III) ions.

test ............................................................................................................................

. result ......................................................................................................................

[2]

(b) Aluminium sulphate is added to clump tiny particles of clay together to form larger
particles of solid.

(i) Suggest how the solids are separated from the water.

...............................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) Aluminium sulphate contains Al 3+ ions and SO42 ions.

Deduce the formula of aluminium sulphate.

...............................................................................................................................[1]

(c) Why are the following added during the water purification process?

(i) carbon

...............................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) chlorine

impure water
in

stones

sand

water out

(a) Explain how this filter helps purify the water.

[2]

(b) (i) Why is chlorine added during water purification?

(ii)
A
ft
 er chlorination, the
water is acidic. A small [
amount of slaked lime 4
is added to the acidic ]
water. Explain why
slaked lime is added. (c)
(i)
St
at
e
(iii) What is the chemical name for slaked the
bo
ili
ng
po
int
of
pu
re
w
at
er.

lime?

(iv) State one other use of slaked lime.

(ii) Describe a chemical test for water.

test [1]

result [1]

(iii) State one use of water in the home.

[1]

(d) The diagram shows the arrangement of particles in the three different states of water.

A B C

Which of these diagrams, A, B or C, shows water in a solid state?

[1]
 (e) Steam reacts with ethene in the presence of a catalyst. Complete the word equation
for this reaction.

ethene + steam [1]

(f) Potassium reacts violently with water. Complete the word equation for this

reaction. potassium + water +

[2]

1 The diagrams show four methods of purifying substances.

ethano
l
vapour

filter paper

ethanol
heat

A B

C D

(a) Which of these methods, A,B,C or D, is best used for

(i) separating the different colours in a sample of ink?

(ii) separating two liquids with different boiling points?

(iii) separating mud from water?

(iv) making crystals of copper sulphate from copper sulphate solution?

[4]
(b) State the name given to the method of separation shown in

(i) diagram A, .................................................................................................................

(ii) diagram B. ................................................................................................................. [2]

(c) Method A can be modified to separate petroleum into useful fractions.

The diagram below shows the different fractions obtained from a fractionating column.

fractions
fuel gas

petrol

paraffin

light gas oil

diesel

lubricating fraction

crude oil

bitumen

(i)

......................................................................................................................................[1]

4 A mixture of two solid compounds D and E was analysed. Solid D was a zinc salt which is soluble
in water. Solid E was an insoluble metal carbonate. The tests on the mixture and some of the
observations are in the following table.
Complete the observations in the table.

tests observations

(a) About half of the mixture of D and E

was placed in a test-tube. The
mixture was heated green to black
condensation formed

(b) The rest of the mixture of D and E

was added to distilled water in a
boiling tube. The contents of the
tube were filtered. The filtrate and
the residue were kept for the
following tests.
 test on residue

(c) The residue was transferred from the

filter paper in to a test-tube. About
3 cm3 of dilute sulphuric acid was
added. The gas was tested with
limewater. ........................................................................

........................................................................

....................................................................[2]

The solution obtained in (c) was divided

into two equal portions.

(d) (i) To the first portion was added

excess aqueous sodium
hydroxide, a little at a time. pale blue precipitate

(ii) To the second portion was

added excess aqueous
ammonia, a little at a time. ........................................................................

........................................................................

....................................................................[4]

tests observations

test on filtrate

(e) The filtrate from (b) was divided

into three approximately equal
portions.

(i) To the first portion were added

drops of aqueous sodium
hydroxide, a little at a time with
shaking. ........................................................................

....................................................................[2]

Excess aqueous sodium

hydroxide was added. ....................................................................[1]

(ii) To the second portion was

added excess aqueous ........................................................................
ammonia a little at a time.
........................................................................

....................................................................[3]

(iii) To the third portion were added

drops of dilute hydrochloric acid
and aqueous barium chloride. white precipitate

(f) What conclusions can you draw about the identity of solid D?
 ..........................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................[2]

(g) What conclusions can you draw about the identity of the cation in solid E?

..........................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................[2]

1 Three of the halogens in Group VII are:

chlorin bromine
e iodine

(a) (i) How does their colour change down the Group?
[1]

(ii) How does their physical state (solid, liquid or gas) change down the Group?

(iii)

r
 [1]
and physical state of fluorine. colour

physical state [2]

(b) Describe how you could distinguish between aqueous potassium bromide and
aqueous potassium iodide.

test

result with bromide

result with iodide [3]

(c) 0.015 moles of iodine react with 0.045 moles of chlorine to form 0.030 moles of a
single product. Complete the equation.

I2 + Cl2 [2]

(d) Traces of chlorine can be separated from bromine vapour by diffusion.

Which gas would diffuse the faster and why?

[2]
 Which of these fractions has the lowest boiling point?

...................................................................................................................................

(ii) State one use for each of the following fractions.

paraffin ......................................................................................................................

bitumen .....................................................................................................................
[3]

(d) Petroleum is a mixture of organic compounds.

Which one of the following best describes the compounds found in petroleum? Put
a ring around the correct answer.

acids alcohols carbohydrates hydrocarbons [1]

(e) Before petroleum is fractionated, it is often heated to remove dissolved natural gas.
Most of this natural gas is methane, CH4.
Draw a diagram to show how the electrons are arranged in methane.

show hydrogen electrons as

show carbon electrons as
c
o
m
p
o
u
n
d
s

b
e
l
o
n
[2] g
.
(f) Methane, ethane and propane belong to a particular homologous series of
compounds.
State the name of the homologous series to which these three
.......................................................................................................................................... [1]

1 Look at the diagrams of common laboratory apparatus.

A

(a) Complete the empty boxes to identify the pieces of apparatus labelled. [4]

(b) What name is given to the separation method in C?

......................................................................................................................................[1]

(c) Which apparatus would be most suitable to obtain crystals from an aqueous solution of
copper(II) sulphate?
1. Here is a list of eight common separating techniques.
A dissolving, filtering, evaporating
B simple distillation
C fractional distillation
D chromatography
E crystallization
F sublimation
G using a separating funnel
H centrifuging

From A to H, select a suitable separating technique which could be used to separate

the following mixtures of chemicals. Use each technique only once.
i Mixture of amino acids

ii Olive oil and vinegar

iii Sugar from sugar solution

iv Salt from sand

v Pure water from ink

vi Iodine and sodium iodide

vii Red blood cells from blood plasma

viii Petrol and kerosene


.

14.A few drops of the indicator screened methyl orange was placed at the centre of
a piece of filter paper. Drops of water were added to the centre of the filter paper.
Drops of water centre of the were added to the centre of the filter paper. The two
constituent dyes of the
Indicators were separated as shown in the diagram.

a What is this separation technique called?

b What was the original colour of the screened methyl orange?
c The diagram below shows two other methods of the separating the
constituent dyes in screened methyl orange.

i On each of these diagrams, put marks to show where you would expect the
separated blue and yellow dyes to appear.
ii In which of these two methods would the water travel fastest? Give a reason
for your answer.
iii At the beginning of the experiment, why must the spot of indicator be above
(ascending method) or below (descending method) the water level?

15.The table below gives some information about the properties of three chemicals.
Chemical Effect of heat Cold water Hot water
Potassium nitrate No effect Soluble Very soluble
Barium sulphate No effect Insoluble Insoluble
naphthalene No effect insoluble Insoluble
Using this information, how you obtain pure, dry samples of each chemical, if you
started with a mixture of all three?
16. The table below gives some information about what happens to some items in
household refuse after they are crushed up.
Refuse Addition of water
Copper objects Sink quickly
Glass object Sink slowly
Plastics Sink slowly
Iron objects Float on water
Paper and cardboard Sink quickly
Sink if thoroughly wetted
a How could glass be distinguished from the metal refuse?
b How would you separate iron metal form refuse?
c How would you separate plastic material from the refuse?
d Which types of refuse can be recycled?