IGCSE CHEMISTRY SET X (Periodic Table & Bonding)

B9 The Periodic Table is arranged in groups.

(a) Rubidium, Rb, is in Group I of the Periodic Table. It reacts with water according to the
equation below.

2Rb(s) + 2H2O(l) 2RbOH(aq) + H2(g)

Predict what you would see when a small piece of rubidium is added to cold water.

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................[3]

(b) Chlorine is in Group VII of the Periodic Table.

Chlorine, Cl2, reacts with aqueous sodium bromide.

(i) Predict what you would see in this reaction.

......................................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) Write a balanced ionic equation for this reaction.

......................................................................................................................................[1]

(c) Lithium reacts with fluorine to form lithium fluoride.

(i) Draw a dot and cross diagram to show the bonding in lithium fluoride.
You should show all the electrons.

[2]
(ii) Explain why lithium fluoride conducts electricity when molten but not as a solid.

......................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [2]

(iii) State one other physical property of lithium fluoride.

...................................................................................................................................... [1]

Total / 10
IGCSE CHEMISTRY SET X (Periodic Table)

A3 This question is about the Periodic Table.

The diagram below shows part of the original Periodic Table first published by Mendeleev in
1869.

Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 Period 5

Group 1 H Li Na K Rb
Cu Ag
Group 2 Be Mg Ca Sr
Zn Cd
Group 3 B Al * Y
* In
Group 4 C Si Ti Zr
* Sn
Group 5 N P V Nb
As Sb
Group 6 O S Cr Mo
Se Te
Group 7 F Cl Mn *
Br I
The asterisks (*) show gaps in the table that Mendeleev deliberately left.

(a) Which group of elements in a modern Periodic Table is missing from Mendeleevs
Periodic Table?

......................................................................................................................................[1]

(b) Write two other differences between Mendeleevs original table and a modern Periodic
Table.

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................[2]

(c) Find rubidium, Rb, in the Periodic Table provided on page 16.
Predict the reaction between rubidium and cold
water. Include observations and the chemical
equation.

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................[3]
Total / 6
 TO

IGCSE CHEMISTRY SET X (Periodic Table)

A6 Lithium is in Group I of the Periodic Table.

Lithium reacts with water to form lithium hydroxide and hydrogen.

(a) Describe what you would observe when a small piece of lithium is
dropped onto the surface of cold water.

.........................................................................................................................................
.

.....................................................................................................................................[2]

(b) Write the equation for the reaction between lithium and water.

.....................................................................................................................................[1]

(c) When lithium reacts with water, lithium ions, Li+, are formed.

Explain why the formation of a lithium ion from a lithium atom is an example of
oxidation.

.........................................................................................................................................
.

.....................................................................................................................................[1]

(d) Rubidium, Rb, is another element in Group I.

Predict what you would observe when a small piece of rubidium is dropped onto
cold water.

...

...

.. [3]
IGCSE CHEMISTRY SET X (Periodic Table)

A6 Chlorine is in Group VII of the Periodic Table.

Chlorine reacts with aqueous potassium iodide to form potassium chloride and iodine.

(a) Describe what you would see when chlorine is added to aqueous potassium iodide.

..........................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................[1]

(b) Write the equation for the reaction between chlorine and potassium iodide.

......................................................................................................................................[1]

(c) When chlorine reacts with potassium iodide, iodine molecules are formed.

2I I2 + 2e

Explain why the formation of an iodine molecule from iodide ions is an

example of oxidation.

..........................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................[1]

(d) Astatine is another element in Group VII. It is highly radioactive and so is

very difficult to study.

(i) Predict, with reasons, whether astatine will react with aqueous potassium iodide.

..................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) Write the equation for the reaction between astatine and sodium.

..................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................[1]

[Total: 5]
IGCSE CHEMISTRY SET X (Periodic Table, Structure)

B9 This question is about the chemistry of the elements in Period 3 of the Periodic Table.

(a) Compare the reactions of sodium and of magnesium with cold water. In each case identify the
products formed.

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................[3]
(b) Draw electronic structures, including the charges, of the ions present in sodium oxide.
Hence deduce the formula for sodium oxide.

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................[2]

(c) Write an equation for the formation of aluminium oxide from its elements.

......................................................................................................................................[1]

(d) Pure sand is silicon(IV) oxide. It has a giant molecular structure similar to that of diamond.
Suggest two physical properties of silicon(IV) oxide.

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................[2]

(e) Chlorine(VII) oxide, Cl2O7, has a simple molecular structure.

Suggest one physical and one chemical property of Cl2O7.

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................[2]

[Total: 10]
IGCSE CHEMISTRY SET X (Periodic Table & Atomic Structure)

A3 A student found a copy of a Periodic Table published in the year 1930. Several elements were
missing from this table because they had not yet been discovered. One of these elements was
technetium, Tc.
98
One isotope of technetium has the symbol 43 Tc.

(a) Complete the table below to show the number of subatomic particles in one atom of this isotope.

[2]
number of protons

number of electrons

number of neutrons
[2]

(b) Suggest the symbol of another isotope of technetium.

......................................................................................................................................
[1]
98
(c) Explain, in terms of subatomic particles and their charge, why an atom of 43Tc is
electrically neutral.

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................
(d) From its position in the modern Periodic Table predict two properties of technetium.

1 .......................................................................................................................................

2 ................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 7]
IGCSE CHEMISTRY SET X (Periodic Table & Bonding)

A4 Potassium, atomic number 19, is an element in Group I.

(a) Describe what you observe when a small piece of potassium is added to water.

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................[2]

(b) Potassium fluoride is an ionic solid with a high melting point.

(i) Draw a dot and cross diagram to show the bonding in potassium fluoride.
You only need to show the outer (valence) electrons.

(ii) Explain why the melting point of potassium fluoride is very high.

...................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................... [3]

(c) Caesium, atomic number 55, is another element in Group I.

Use your knowledge of Group I elements to complete the table of information for caesium.

symbol Cs

number of electrons in outer shell

formula of caesium oxide

names of products of the reaction

between caesium and water
[3]

(d) The reaction between caesium and water is more vigorous than the reaction between
potassium and water.
Explain why this is so.

..........................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................[2]
Total / 10
 IGCSE CHEMISTRY SET X (Periodic Table & Bonding)

A7 Phosphorus is a non-metal.

This diagram shows the structure of one molecule of phosphorus(III) oxide.

(a) (i) Give the molecular formula of phosphorus(III) oxide.

...................................................................................................................................

(ii) Give the empirical formula of phosphorus(III) oxide.

...............................................................................................................................[2]

(b) Explain why phosphorus(III) oxide has the properties given below.

Property 1 Phosphorus(III) oxide is acidic

explanation .......................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

Property 2 Phosphorus(III) oxide has a low melting point.

explanation .......................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

Property 3 Phosphorus(III) oxide will not conduct electricity when molten.

explanation .......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................[3]

IGCSE CHEMISTRY SET X (Periodic Table)

1 These diagrams show the electron arrangement in the outer shells of five elements, A to E.
All elements are from Period 3 of the Periodic Table.
 iodide

Yo
ur
an
sw
er
(a) Put the letters A to E in the table to show which elements are metals and sh
oul
which are non- metals. d
inc
lud
metals non-metals e
det
ail
s
elements of
whic
of th
[2] reagen
s yo
(b) Which element is most likely to be in Group VI? would
use
..................................................................................................................................... [1] each
experi
(c) Which element will form an ion of the type X2+? ment,
..................................................................................................................................... [1]

table
showin
(d) Which element has an atomic number of 15? g th
observ
..................................................................................................................................... [1] ations
you
(e) Which two elements will form an ionic compound with a formula of the type YZ2? would
expect
..................................................................................................................................... [1] to see
th
[Total: 6 marks] equati
ns fo
IGCSE CHEMISTRY SET X (Periodic Table- Halogen) any
reactio
B9 Chlorine, bromine and iodine are elements in Group VII of the Periodic Table. ns.
[7]
(a) Describe how you would carry out a series of experiments to show the trend in
reactivity of these three elements, using the reagents shown below.

aqueous chlorine aqueous potassium

chloride aqueous bromine aqueous potassium
bromide aqueous iodine aqueous potassium
......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................
 ......................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [7]

(b) Chlorine reacts with water to make a solution that can be used as a bleach.
The equation is shown below.

Cl 2
+ H2O HCl + ClOH
Use oxidation numbers to show that chlorine is both oxidised and reduced in this reaction.

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [3]
[Total:10 marks]

IGCSE CHEMISTRY SET X (Periodic Table & Bonding, Test)

(
A3 Germanium, Ge, is an element in Group IV of the Periodic Table. Some of its chemistry c
resembles that of carbon. )
G
(a) How many electrons does an atom of germanium have in its outer shell?
e
......................................................................................................................................[1] r
m
(b) Germanium forms a range of saturated compounds with hydrogen. These compounds a
resemble the alkanes. ni
u
(i) Predict the general molecular formula for these compounds.
m
..............................................................................................................................[1] (I
V
(ii) Germanoethane, Ge2H6, has a similar structure to ethane. )
Draw the full structural formula for germanoethane. o
xi
d
e
,
G
e
O
[1] 2
,
is
(iii) Hydrochloric acid reacts with magnesium germanide, Mg2Ge, to form a
germanomethane, GeH4, and magnesium chloride.
n
Write an equation for this reaction.
a
m
p
h
[1] o
teric oxide.
What do you understand by the term amphoteric?
 ......................................................................................................................................[1]

(d) An aqueous solution of germanium(II) chloride reduces iron(III) ions to iron(II) ions.
Describe a test for iron(II) ions and give the result.

test ...................................................................................................................................

result ............................................................................................................................[2]

[Total: 7]
IGCSE CHEMISTRY SET X (Periodic Table-Bromine & Test)

A5 Bromine is extracted by reacting the potassium bromide in seawater with chlorine.

(a) Write an equation for this reaction.

...................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) The bromine is purified by treatment with sulfur dioxide.

Describe a test for sulfur dioxide.

test ..................................................................................................

result ............................................................................................... [2]

(c) Bromine is a halogen.

Complete the table to estimate both the density and boiling point of bromine.

density of solid boiling point

halogen
halogen in g/cm3 / C

fluorine 1.51 188

chlorine 1.56 35

bromine

iodine 4.93 184

[2]

(d) Bromine is a liquid with a low boiling point and a strong smell.
A technician spilt some bromine in the corner of a room which is free of draughts. After
thirty seconds the bromine could be smelt on the other side of the room.

technician

bromine spillage

Fig. 2

Use the kinetic particle theory to explain why the bromine could be smelt on the other
side of the room.

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [3]
[Total: 8]
IGCSE CHEMISTRY SET X (Periodic Table & Structure)

5 The halogens are a group of diatomic non-metals showing a trend in colour, state and reactivity.

(a) In this description, what is the meaning of

(i) diatomic, [1]

(ii) state?

[1]
(b) The table gives some information about some of the halogens.

melting point boiling point state at room

element colour
/ oC / oC temperature

chlorine -101 -35 green

bromine -7 +59

iodine +114 grey-black

(i) Complete the last column in the table to show the state of each of the halogens at
room temperature. [2]

(ii) State the colour of bromine.

[1]

(iii) Suggest a value for the boiling point of iodine.

[1]

(c) Complete the word equation for the reaction of chlorine with potassium iodide.

chlorine + potassium iodide +

[2]

(d) (i) Draw a diagram to show the electronic structure of a chlorine molecule.
Show only the outer electrons.

[2]
 (ii) State a use of chlorine.

(e) The structures of some substances containing halogens are shown below.
[1]

Na+ Cl Na+ Cl

Cl Na+ Cl Na+
F
+
Na Cl +
Na Cl F Br
Br Br H Cl F

A B C D

(i) Which one of these structures, A, B, C or D, shows an element?

[1]

(ii) Which one of these structures forms hydrochloric acid when dissolved in water?

(iii) Complete the following sentence.

Structure B conducts electricity when it is molten because

[1]

(f) Astatine, At, is below iodine in Group VII of the Periodic Table.

(i) In which Period of the Periodic Table is astatine?

[1]

(ii) How many protons does astatine have in its nucleus?

[1]

(iii) Astatine has many isotopes.

What do you understand by the term isotopes?

[1]

(iv) The most common isotope of astatine has a nucleon number (mass number) of
210.
Calculate the number of neutrons in this isotope of astatine.

[1]
Total / 17
IGCSE CHEMISTRY SET X (Periodic Table, Bonding and Test)

3 The electronic structures of various atoms are shown below.

A B C

D E

(a) (i) Which one of these structures A to E represents a noble gas?

[1]

(ii) Which two of these structures represent atoms from the same Group of the
Periodic Table?

and [1]

(iii) Which one of these structures represents an atom with an atomic number of 8?

[1]

(iv) Which one of these structures forms a stable ion by gaining one electron?

[1]

(v) Which one of these structures is in Period 3 of the Periodic Table?

[1]
 (b) Complete the following sentences using words from the list.

chlorine diamond high low sharing

sodium strong transfer weak

Covalent bonds are formed by the of pairs of electrons. Simple

covalent molecules such as and bromine have

melting points. Giant covalent structures such as have many

bonds and have high melting points. [5]

(c) The simplest covalent molecule is hydrogen.

(i) Draw a diagram to show how the electrons are arranged in a hydrogen molecule.

[1]
(ii) Describe a test for hydrogen.

test

result [2]

Total / 13

IGCSE CHEMISTRY SET X (Periodic Table- Halogen)

6 The halogens are a group of elements showing trends in colour, state and reaction with other halide
ions.

(a) Complete the word equation for the reaction of chlorine with aqueous potassium
bromide.

chlorine + potassium bromide + [2]

(b) Explain why an aqueous solution of iodine does not react with potassium chloride.

[1]
(c) The table shows the properties of some halogens.

halogen state at room colour boiling point / C density of solid /

-3
temperature g cm

fluorine gas yellow 1.51

chlorine green 35 1.56

bromine liquid red-brown 59

iodine solid 184 4.93

(i) Complete the missing spaces in the table. [2]

(ii) Suggest values for

the boiling point of fluorine,

the density of bromine. [2]

(d) How many electrons does an atom of fluorine have

(i) in total,

(ii) in its outer shell? [2]

(e) State a use for chlorine.

[1]

[Total: 10]
IGCSE CHEMISTRY SET X (Periodic Table-halogen, Structure and diffusion)

6 Bromine is an element in Group VII of the Periodic Table.

(a) Write the formula for a molecule of bromine.

[1]

(b) Complete the diagram below to show the arrangement of the molecules in liquid
bromine.

represents a bromine molecule

[2]

(c) A teacher placed a small amount of liquid bromine in the bottom of a sealed gas jar of
air. After two minutes brown fumes were seen just above the liquid surface. After one
hour the brown colour had spread completely throughout the gas jar.

air

liquid
bromine

start after 2 minutes after

Use the kinetic particle theory to explain these observations.

[3]
(d) Magnesium salts are colourless but Group VII elements are coloured.
An aqueous solution of magnesium bromide reacts with an aqueous solution of chlorine.

magnesium bromide + chlorine magnesium chloride + bromine

State the colour change in this reaction.

[2]

(e) A solution of magnesium bromide will not react with iodine.

Explain why there is no reaction.

[1]

(f) The structures of some compounds containing bromine are shown below.

A B C D

Na+ Br Na+ Br Br Br Br Br
F F
H Br
Br Na+ Br Na+ Br Zn2+ Zn2+
Br Br Br Br
Na+ Br Na+ Br F

+
Zn2+ Zn2+
Br Na Br Na+

(i) Write the simplest formula for the substance with structure A.

[1]

(ii) State the name of the substance with structure D.

[1]

(iii) State the type of bonding within a molecule of structure C.

[1]

(iv) Which two structures are giant structures?

and [1]

(v) Why does structure A conduct electricity when it is molten?

[1]

[Total: 14]
IGCSE chemistry SET X (Periodic Table)

1 The diagram shows part of the Periodic Table.

Only some of the elements are shown.

Li
Na Mg
K Ca Ti V
Zr Nb

(a) Answer the following questions by choosing only from the elements shown in
the diagram.
You can use each element once, more than once or not at all.

(i) State the names of two transition elements shown in the diagram.

.......................................................... and ......................................................... [2]

(ii) State the name of an element which is in Period 3 of the Periodic Table.

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(iii) Which element has the electronic structure 2,8,1?

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(iv) Which element has the fastest reaction with water?

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(v) Which element has 23 protons in its nucleus?

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) Sodium reacts with oxygen to form sodium peroxide, Na 2O .

2
Complete the symbol equation for this reaction.

............... Na + ............... Na O
2
2

[2]
[Total: 8]
IGCSE chemistry SET X (Periodic Table & Bonding)

3 Use the Periodic Table to help you answer these questions.

(a) Tellurium, Te, is in Group VI of the Periodic Table.

In which Period is tellurium?

......................................................................................................................................[1]

(b) What determines the order of the elements in the Periodic Table?

......................................................................................................................................[1]
 (c) How many electrons does an atom of tellurium have in its outer shell?

......................................................................................................................................[1]

(d) State the name of a metallic element which is in the same Period as tellurium.

......................................................................................................................................[1]

(e) Tellurium reacts with excess chlorine to form tellurium(IV) chloride, TeCl4.

(i) Chlorine is a diatomic molecule.

Explain what is meant by

1 diatomic, ............................................................................................................

2. molecule. ...........................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................[3]

(ii) Complete the following equation for the reaction between tellurium and excess
chlorine.

Te + ... Cl2 TeCl4 [1]

Total / 8

IGCSE chemistry SET X (Periodic Table-halogen)

4 Bromine is an element in Group VII of the Periodic Table.

(a) State the name given to the Group VII elements.

......................................................................................................................................[1]

(b) Bromine has two isotopes.

The nucleon (mass) number of bromine-79 is 79 and of bromine-81 is 81.

(i) What is the meaning of the term isotopes?

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

(ii) Complete the table to show the numbers of electrons, neutrons and protons in one atom of
bromine-79 and bromine-81. A copy of the Periodic Table is printed on page 20.

number of bromine-79 bromine-81

electrons

neutrons

protons
[5]
IGCSE chemistry SET X (Periodic Table-G1 & Radioactivity)

1 The table below gives some information about the elements in Group I of the Periodic Table.

element boiling point / oC density / g cm 3 radius of atom in reactivity with

the metal / nm water

lithium 1342 0.53 0.157

sodium 883 0.97 0.191 rapid

potassium 760 0.86 0.235 very rapid

rubidium 1.53 0.250 extremely rapid

caesium 669 1.88 explosive

(a) How does the density of the Group I elements change down the Group?

[2]

(b) Suggest a value for the boiling point of rubidium.

[1]

(c) Suggest a value for the radius of a caesium atom.

[1]

(d) Use the information in the table to suggest how fast lithium reacts with water compared
with the other Group I metals.

[1]

(e) State three properties shown by all metals.

1.

2.

3. [3]

(f) When sodium reacts with water, hydrogen is given off.

2Na(s) + 2H20(I) 2Na0H(aq) + H2(g)

(i) State the name of the other product formed in this reaction.
[1]
 (ii) Describe a test for hydrogen.

test

resuIt [2]

(g) The diagrams beIow show three types of hydrogen atom.

+ + +
n nn

hydrogen deuterium tritium

(i) State the name of the positiveIy charged particIe in the nucIeus.

[1]

(ii) What is the name given to atoms with the same number of positive charges in the
nucIeus but different numbers of neutrons?

[1]

(iii) State the number of nucIeons in a singIe atom of tritium.

[1]

(iv) Tritium is a radioactive form of hydrogen.

State one medicaI use of radioactivity.

[1]
Total / 15
IGCSE chemistry SET X (Periodic Table & Bonding)

1 (a) The table gives some information about five elements, A, B, C, D and E.
Complete the table by writing either metal or non-metal in the last column.

element properties metal or non-metal

A shiny solid which conducts electricity

B reddish brown liquid with a low boiling point

a form of carbon which is black in colour and conducts

C
electricity

white solid which is an insulator and has a high melting

D
point

E dull yellow solid which does not conduct heat

[5]

(b) Describe how metallic character changes across a Period.

[1]

(c) Sodium is in Group I of the Periodic Table.

(i) Draw a diagram to show the full electronic structure of sodium.

[1]
(ii) Complete the equation to show what happens when a sodium atom forms a sodium
ion.

+
Na Na + [1]
 (d) Complete these sentences about the properties of the Group I elements using words from the
list.
IGCSE
che
acidic basic decrease hard
mist
ry
increase lithium potassium soft
SET
X
(Peri
odic
The Group I elements are relatively metals which in Tabl
e-
reactivity going down the Group. Sodium reacts more violently with water than . Bro
mine
The Group I metals all form oxides. [4] )

Total / 12

4 Bromine is one of the halogens in Group VII.

(a) (i) Predict which halogen has the lightest colour.

...............................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) Predict which halogens are solids at room temperature.

...............................................................................................................................[1]

(b) Bromine is obtained from the bromide ions in sea water. Sea water is concentrated by
evaporation. Chlorine gas is bubbled through the solution. Chlorine oxidises the
bromide ion to bromine.

(i) Complete the following equation.

Cl2 + ......Br
................... + .................. [2]

(ii) Explain using the idea of electron transfer why the bromide ion is oxidised
by chlorine.

The bromide ion is oxidised because ........................................................................

............................................................................................................................

....... Chlorine is the oxidising agent because

....................................................................

...............................................................................................................................[2]

(iii) Name a reagent that can be oxidised by bromine molecules.

...............................................................................................................................[1]

(c) Bromine reacts with phosphorus to form phosphorus tribromide.

Draw a diagram showing the arrangement of the valency electrons in one
molecule of this covalent compound. The electron distribution of bromine is:
2 + 8 + 18 + 7.
 Use x to represent an electron from phosphorus.
Use o to represent an electron from bromine. [3]

(d) Phosphorus tribromide reacts with water to form two acids.

(i) Balance the equation for this reaction.

PBr3 + ......H2O
......HBr + H3PO3

[1]

(ii) Describe by giving essential details how you could show that phosphorous
acid, H3PO3, is a weaker acid than hydrogen bromide.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................[2]

(e) Hydrogen bromide is an acid. When it is dissolved in water the following

reaction occurs.

HBr + H O 2 H O+ 3+ Br

(i) Name the particle lost by the hydrogen bromide molecule.

...............................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) What type of reagent is the water molecule in this reaction?

...............................................................................................................................[1]

IGCSE chemistry SET X (Periodic Table-G-2)

2 Calcium and other minerals are essential for healthy teeth and bones. Tablets can be taken to
provide these minerals.
 Healthy
Bones
Each tablet
contains
calcium
magnesi
um zinc
copper
boron
(a) Boron is a non-metal with a macromolecular structure.

(i) What is the valency of boron?

...........................................................................

(ii) Predict two physical properties of boron.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

(iii) Name another element and a compound that have macromolecular

structures. element ..

compound

(iv) Sketch the structure of one of the above macromolecular substances.

[7]

(b) Describe the reactions, if any, of zinc and copper(II) ions with an excess of aqueous sodium
hydroxide.
....
(i) zinc ions
.....
addition of aqueous sodium hydroxide .....................................................................
.....

.....

.....
 ........................................................................................................... excess sodium

hydroxide ..........................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

(ii) copper(II) ions

addition of aqueous sodium hydroxide .....................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

excess sodium hydroxide ..........................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................[4]

(c) Each tablet contains the same number of moles of CaCO3 and MgCO3. One tablet
reacted with excess hydrochloric acid to produce 0.24 dm3 of carbon dioxide at r.t.p.

CaCO3 + 2HCl CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O

MgCO3 + 2HCl MgCl2 + CO2 + H2O

(i) Calculate how many moles of CaCO3 there are in one tablet.

number of moles CO2 = ..............

number of moles of CaCO3 and MgCO3 = ..............

number of moles of CaCO3 = ..............

[3]

(ii) Calculate the volume of hydrochloric acid, 1.0 mol / dm3, needed to react with
one tablet.

number of moles of CaCO3 and MgCO3 in one tablet = ..............

Use your answer to (c)(i).

number of moles of HCl needed to react with one tablet = ..............

volume of hydrochloric acid, 1.0 mol / dm3, needed to

react with one tablet = ..............
[2]
IGCSE chemistry SET X (Periodic Table-Period 6)

5 The first three elements in Period 6 of the Periodic Table of the Elements are caesium, barium
and lanthanum.

(a) How many more protons, electrons and neutrons are there in one atom of lanthanum
than in one atom of caesium. Use your copy of the Periodic Table of the Elements
to help you.

number of protons ................................................

number of electrons ................................................

number of neutrons ................................................ [3]

(b) All three metals can be obtained by the electrolysis of a molten halide. The electrolysis
of the aqueous halides does not produce the metal.

(i) Complete the equation for the reduction of lanthanum ions at the negative
electrode (cathode).

La3+ + ................ ................

(ii) Name the three products formed by the electrolysis of aqueous caesium bromide.

...................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................[4]

(c) All three metals react with cold water. Complete the word equation for these reactions.

metal + water ................................. + ............................. [2]

(d) Barium chloride is an ionic compound. Draw a diagram that shows the formula of the
compound, the charges on the ions and gives the arrangement of the valency electrons
around the negative ion.
The electron distribution of a barium atom is 2.8.18.18.8.2

Use x to represent an electron from a barium atom.

Use o to represent an electron from a chlorine atom.

[2]

(e) Describe, by means of a simple diagram, the lattice structure of an ionic compound, such as
caesium chloride.
 [2]

(f) The reactions of these metals with oxygen are exothermic.

2Ba(s) + O2(g) 2BaO(s)

(i) Give an example of bond forming in this reaction.

...................................................................................................................................

(ii) Explain using the idea of bond breaking and forming why this reaction is
exothermic.

...................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................[3]

IGCSE chemistry SET X (Periodic Table-Group VII & Tests)

1 Three of the halogens in Group VII are:

chlorine bromine iodine

(a) (i) How does their colour change down the Group?

[1]

(ii) How does their physical state (solid, liquid or gas) change down the Group?

[1]

(iii) Predict the colour and physical state of fluorine.

colour

physical state [2]

(b) Describe how you could distinguish between aqueous potassium bromide and aqueous
potassium iodide.

test

result with bromide

result with iodide [3]

(c) 0.015 moles of iodine react with 0.045 moles of chlorine to form 0.030 moles of a single
product. Complete the equation.
 I2 + Cl2 [2]

(d) Traces of chlorine can be separated from bromine vapour by diffusion.

Which gas would diffuse the faster and why?

[2]

IGCSE chemistry SET X (Periodic Table-Iron)

1 Iron is a transition element.

(a) Which of the following statements about transition elements are correct?

Tick three boxes.

The metals are highly coloured e.g. yellow, green, blue.

The metals have low melting points.

Their compounds are highly coloured.

Their compounds are colourless.

The elements and their compounds are often used as catalysts.

They have more than one oxidation state.

[3]

(b) (i) In which Period in the Periodic Table is iron to be found?

[1]

(ii) Use the Periodic Table to work out the number of protons and the number of
neutrons in one atom of iron.

number of protons = number of neutrons = [1]

(c) Iron is extracted in a blast furnace. The list below gives some of the substances used
or formed in the extraction.

carbon monoxide coke iron ore limestone slag

(i) Which substance is a mineral containing largely calcium carbonate?

[1]

(ii) Which substance is formed when impurities in the ore react with calcium oxide?
 [1]

(iii) Which substance is also called hematite?

[1]
 (d) State two functions of the coke used in the blast furnace.

[2]

(e) Most of the iron is converted into mild steel or stainless steel. Give one use for each.

mild steel

stainless steel [2]

4 Use your copy of the periodic table to help you answer these questions.

(a) Predict the formula of each of the following compounds.

(i) barium oxide [1] [2]

(ii) boron oxide [1]

(b) Give the formula of the following ions.

(i) sulphide [1]

(ii) gallium [1]

(c) Draw a diagram showing the arrangement of the valency electrons in one molecule of
the covalent compound nitrogen trichloride.

Use x to represent an electron from a nitrogen atom.

Use o to represent an electron from a chlorine atom. [3]

(d) Potassium and vanadium are elements in Period IV.

(i) State two differences in their physical properties.

[2]

(ii) Give two differences in their chemical properties.


 . [2]

(e) Fluorine and astatine are halogens. Use your knowledge of the other halogens to predict the
following:

(i) The physical state of fluorine at r.t.p.

The physical state of astatine at r.t.p. [2]

(ii) Two similarities in their chemical properties

[2]

[Total 15]

IGCSE chemistry SET X (Periodic Table-Period 4)

1 For each of the following select an element from Period 4, potassium to krypton, that matches the
description.

(a) It is a brown liquid at room temperature.

(b) It forms a compound with hydrogen having the formula XH4.

(c) A metal that reacts violently with cold water.

(d) It has a complete outer energy level.

(e) It has oxidation states of 2 and 3 only.

(f) It can form an ion of the type X .

(g) One of its oxides is the catalyst- in the Contact Process.

[Total: 7]
IGCSE chemistry SET X (Periodic Table)

1 For each of the following unfamiliar elements predict one physical and one chemical property.

(a) caesium (Cs)

physical property ..............................................................................................................

chemical property .............................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) vanadium (V)

physical property ..............................................................................................................

chemical property .............................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(c) fluorine (F)

physical property ..............................................................................................................

chemical property .............................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 6]

6 Thallium is a metal in Group III. It has oxidation states of +1 and +3.

(c)
(a) Give the formula for the following thallium compounds.

(i) thallium(I) sulfide .................................................................................................. [1]

(ii) thallium(III) chloride ............................................................................................. [1]

(b) Thallium(I) chloride is insoluble in water. Complete the description of the preparation of
a pure sample of this salt.

Step 1

Mix a solution of sodium chloride with thallium(I) sulfate solution. A white precipitate
forms.

Step 2

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

Step 3

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

Step 4

..................................................................................................................................... [1]
When thallium(I) chloride is exposed to light, a photochemical reaction occurs. It changes
from a white solid to a violet solid.

(i) Name another metal halide which changes colour when exposed to light. Give the
major use of this metal halide.

name ..........................................................................................................................

use ....................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) A piece of paper coated with thallium(I) chloride is exposed to a bright light.

paper coated with

thallium(I) chloride
lamp

Suggest two ways of increasing the time it takes for the violet colour to appear.

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [2]
 (d) Thallium(I) hydroxide is an alkali. It has similar properties to sodium hydroxide.

(i) Complete the following word equation.

thallium(I) ammonium ......................

hydroxide + + ...................... + ......................
sulfate
......................
[1]

(ii) Complete the equation.

............ Tl OH + H2SO4 ..................

+ .................. [2]

(iii) Aqueous thallium(I) hydroxide was added to aqueous iron(II) sulfate. Describe
what you would see and complete the ionic equation for the reaction.

observation ................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................[1]

equation Fe2+ + ....... OH ................ [1]

[Total: 14]

2 Manganese is a transition element. It has more than one valency and the metal and its
compounds are catalysts.

(a) (i) Predict three other properties of manganese that are typical of transition elements.

...................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................[3]

(ii) Complete the electron distribution of manganese by inserting one number.

2 + 8 + .......... + 2 [1]

(b) It has several oxides, three of which are shown below.

Manganese(II) oxide, which is basic.
Manganese(III) oxide, which is amphoteric.
Manganese(IV) oxide, which is acidic.

(i) Complete the word equation.

manganese(II) + hydrochloric ............................... + ...............................

oxide acid
............................... [2]

(ii) Which, if any, of these oxides will react with sodium hydroxide?

...............................................................................................................................[1]
 (c) Aqueous hydrogen peroxide decomposes to form water and oxygen.

2H2O2(aq) 2H2O(l) + O2(g)

This reaction is catalysed by manganese(IV) oxide

The following experiments were carried out to investigate the rate of this reaction.

A 0.1 g sample of manganese(IV) oxide was added to 20 cm3 of 0.2 M

hydrogen peroxide solution. The volume of oxygen produced was measured every
minute. The results of this experiment are shown on the graph.

volume of
oxygen / cm3

0
0
time / min

(i) How does the rate of reaction vary with time? Explain why the rate varies.

...................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................[3]

(ii) The following experiment was carried out at the same temperature.

0.1 g of manganese(IV) oxide and 20 cm3 of 0.4 M hydrogen peroxide

Sketch the curve for this experiment on the same grid. [2]
 (iii) How would the shape of the graph differ if only half the mass of catalyst had been used in
these experiments?

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................[2]

IGCSE chemistry SET X (Periodic Table-Period 3)

3 The elements in Period 3 and some of their common oxidation states are shown below.

Element Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
Oxidation
State +1 +2 +3 +4 3 2 1 0

(a) (i) Why do the oxidation states increase from sodium to silicon?

...............................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) After Group(IV) the oxidation states are negative and decrease across the period.
Explain why.

...................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................[2]

(b) The following compounds contain two elements. Predict their formulae.

aluminium sulphide ............................................

silicon phosphide ............................................ [2]

(c) Choose a different element from Period 3 that matches each description.

(i) It has a similar structure to diamond.

...............................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) It reacts violently with cold water to form a solution pH = 14.

...............................................................................................................................[1]

(iii) It has a gaseous oxide of the type XO2, which is acidic.

...............................................................................................................................[1]

(d) The only oxidation state of argon is zero. Why it is used to fill light bulbs?

..........................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................[1]

(e) Draw a diagram that shows the arrangement of the valency electrons in the ionic
compound sodium phosphide.
 Use o to represent an electron from sodium.
Use x to represent an electron from phosphorus. [3]

(f) Sodium reacts with sulphur to form sodium sulphide.

2Na + S Na2S

An 11.5 g sample of sodium is reacted with 10 g of sulphur. All of the sodium reacted
but there was an excess of sulphur.
Calculate the mass of sulphur left unreacted.

(i) Number of moles of sodium atoms reacted = .....................

[2 moles of Na react with 1 mole of S]

(ii) Number of moles of sulphur atoms that reacted = ..................

(iii) Mass of sulphur reacted = ...................g

(iv) Mass of sulphur left unreacted = .................g [4]

IGCSE chemistry SET X (Periodic Table Group IV)

5 The first three elements in Group IV are carbon, silicon and germanium.
The elements and their compounds have similar properties.

(a) The compound, silicon carbide, has a macromolecular structure similar to that of
diamond.

(i) A major use of silicon carbide is to reinforce aluminium alloys which are used in
the construction of spacecraft. Suggest three of its physical properties.

[3]

(ii) Complete the following description of the structure of silicon carbide.

Each carbon atom is bonded to four atoms.

Each silicon atom is bonded to carbon atoms. [2]

(b) Germanium(IV) oxide, GeO2, has the same macromolecular structure as silicon(IV)
oxide. Draw the structural formula of germanium(IV) oxide.
[3]
 (c) Germanium forms a series of hydrides comparable to the alkanes.

(i) Draw the structural formula of the hydride which contains four germanium atoms
per molecule.

[1]
(ii) Predict the products of the complete combustion of this hydride.

[2]

[Total: 11]
10 Look at this part of the Periodic Table.

It shows the symbols of three elements in Group 1 of the Periodic Table.

Li

Na

The names of the three elements are lithium, sodium and potassium.

(a) What is the name of the elements in Group 1?

Choose from
alkali metals
halogens
noble gases
transition elements

answer ............................................................................................................................
.......[1]

(b) Put lithium, sodium and potassium in order of reactivity.

Write the most reactive element first.

most reactive ....................................................................

....................................................................

least reactive ....................................................................

[1]
 (
c) Meena wants to identify metals.

She uses a flame test.

(i) Describe how Meena does the flame test.

You may draw a diagram to help your answer.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

(ii) Look at the table. It shows Meenas results.

Complete this table.

metal flame colour

sodium ....................................
lithium red

potassium lilac
[1]

[Total: 5]
10 This question is about the halogens and their reactions.

(a) Write down two uses of chlorine.

1 ................................................................................................................................................

2 .......................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) Bromine, chlorine and iodine are halogens.

Put the halogens in order of

reactivity. Write the most

 reactive first.

most reactive ..................................................

..................................................

least reactive ..................................................

[1]

(c) Chlorine water is added to a solution of sodium

iodide.

A brown solution is formed.

Similar experiments can be done with

chlorine water and sodium bromide solution

bromine water and sodium iodide solution

iodine solution and sodium bromide solution.

Look at the table. It shows the results from these and other experiments.

chlorine water bromine water iodine solution

sodium chloride
no reaction no reaction
solution
sodium bromide
orange solution no reaction
solution
sodium iodide
brown solution
solution

Complete the table to show the missing result.

[1]
(d) Chlorine is a green gas.

Bromine is an orange

liquid. Iodine is a solid.

What colour is solid iodine?

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(e) Chlorine, bromine and iodine are all in Group 7 of the Periodic Table.

They all react in a similar

way. Explain why.

Use ideas about electronic structure.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]
 [Total: 6]

12 Lithium, sodium and potassium are known as the alkali metals.

(a) They are stored in oil. Explain why.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) Different flame colours are seen when compounds of the alkali metals are put into a
Bunsen flame.

flame test wire

Draw straight lines to match the metal to its flame colour.

metal flame colour

lithium orange

sodium lilac

potassium red

[2]

[Total: 4]

10 This question is about bonding and the Periodic Table.

(a) Oxygen, O2, hydrogen, H2, and water, H2O, are all molecules.

What is a molecule?

........................................................................................................................................
...........

........................................................................................................................................
.......[1]

(b) Ethanol, C2H5OH, is another molecule.

Write down the total number of atoms in one molecule of ethanol.

........................................................................................................................................
.......[1]
 (c) The atoms in a hydrogen molecule are bonded using a shared pair of electrons.

What is the name of this type

of bond? Choose from the list.

covalent
intermolecular
ionic
metallic

answer ...........................................................................................................................
.......[1]

(d) The elements in the Periodic Table are arranged in groups and periods.

(i) Write down what is meant by a period.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) Lithium, sodium and potassium are in the same group.

Explain why.

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

[Total: 5]
11 This question is about Group 1 elements.

(a) The Group 1 elements have a name.

Look at the list.

alkali
metals
halogens
noble
gases
transition

metals What is the name given to the

Group 1 elements? Choose from the list.

answer ...........................................................................................................................
.......[1]

(b) (i) Sodium reacts with water.

Sodium hydroxide and hydrogen gas

are made. Write the word equation for

this reaction.
 .......................................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) Potassium also reacts with water.

What are the names of the products of this reaction?

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(c) The labels have fallen off three bottles.

Sarah tests the chemical from

one bottle. She uses the flame

test.

She gets an orange

flame. Which chemical

is in the bottle? Choose

from the list.

lithium
chloride
potassium
chloride
sodium
chloride

answer ...........................................................................................................................
.......[1]

[Total: 4]

IGCSE chemistry SET X (Periodic Table)

(a) The table below lists the properties of five elements. The letters used are not the symbols for the
elements.

Element solubility in water melting point(oC) Electrical conductivity Thermal

Of the solid
conductivity
A insoluble 113 does not conduct poor
B insoluble -157 does not conduct poor
C reacts 39 good good
D soluble -101 does not conduct poor
E insoluble -39 good good
 i. Which of the elements are metals?
(1)
ii. Which of the non-metals are gaseous at rom temperature(25oC)?
(1)
iii. Which of the elements is mercury?
(1)
iv. Give two differences between metals and non-metals other than those
mentioned in the table.
(2)
v. Which non-metallic element conducts electricity?
(1)

(b) (i) Which non-metallic element conducts electricity?

(ii) Name one semi-metal (metalloid).

(1)

IGCSE chemistry SET X (Periodic Table)

Some elements in the periodic Table are represented by the letters A to E and are
contained in the simplified table below.

A B D
C E
Choose from A to E:

a) A noble gas
b) A halogen
c) The most reactive metal
d) The most reactive non-metal
(4)

IGCSE chemistry SET X (Periodic Table)

This question is about the periodic table of the elements. The letters shown in the
table are not the symbols of the elements. You will need to use these in some of
your answers. Each letter may be used once, more than once or not at all.

I II
III IV V VI VII 0
L
Q E G J Z M
R D
T

a) How many protons does an atom of element L contain?

(1)
b) Which element shown forms ions with a single negative charge?
(1)
c) Which metallic element is more reactive than R?
(1)
d) Which element has its electrons arranged in four shells?
(1)
e) How many neutrons are there in an atom of element M (mass number 19)?
(1)
8. This question is about the Periodic Table.

Use the Periodic Table found on the back page to help you answer these questions.

(a) How many elements are there in the Periodic Table?

Tick your answer.

number of elements in the Periodic tick one box only

Table
less than 50

about 50

just over 100

over 1000

[1]

(b) Find calcium, Ca, on the Periodic Table.

What is the atomic number of calcium?

........................................................................................................................................[1]

(c) Find oxygen, O, on the Periodic Table.

Write down the name of an element in the same group as oxygen.

........................................................................................................................................[1]

(d) Find carbon, C, on the Periodic Table.

Write down the name of an element in the same period as carbon.

........................................................................................................................................[1]
(e) Write down the name of a transition element.

........................................................................................................................................[1]

(f) Calcium, Ca, reacts with oxygen, O2, to make calcium oxide, CaO.

Write a balanced symbol equation for this reaction.

........................................................................................................................................[2]

[Total: 7]

9. This question is about the Group 1 metals.

 Sodium and potassium are Group 1 metals.

(a) Write down the name of one other Group 1 metal.

Use the Periodic Table to help you.

........................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) Sodium and potassium are stored under oil.

Explain why.

............................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................[2]

(c) Look at the diagram of a sodium atom.

part A
electron
xx
x
x x xx
x x
xxx

(i) What is the name of part A?

...............................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) What is the charge on an electron?

Choose from

negative

neutral

positive

...............................................................................................................................[1]
 [Total: 5]

11 This question is about the elements in Group 7 and their compounds.

(a) Draw a straight line from each substance to its use.

substance use

chlorine antiseptic for cuts

iodine filling balloons

sodium chloride food flavouring

killing bacteria in swimming pools

[3]
 (b) Chlorine and iodine are both elements in Group 7 of the Periodic Table.

Write down the name of one other element in Group 7.

You may wish to use the Periodic Table on the back page to help you.

...............................................................................................................................................[1]

(c) Sodium reacts with chlorine to make sodium chloride.

Write the word equation for the reaction between sodium and chlorine.

...............................................................................................................................................[1]

[Total: 5]
9 This question is about the Periodic Table and transition elements.

Look at the diagram.

It shows the position of some elements in the Periodic Table.

Na

K Ni

Ag

(a) (i) Write down the symbols for two elements that are in the same group.

Choose from the diagram.

answer .................................. and ................................... [1]

(ii) Write down the symbols for two elements that are in the same period.

Choose from the diagram.

answer .................................. and ................................... [1]

(iii) Write down the symbol of a transition element.

Choose from the diagram.

answer ............................................................................ [1]

(b) Compounds of transition elements are often coloured.

Iron(II) compounds are usually green.

Look at the list. It gives the colours of some transition metal compounds.

blue grey
 orange

pink

purple

(i) What colour are most copper compounds?

Choose from the list.

answer ......................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) What colour are most iron(III) compounds?

Choose from the list.

answer ......................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 5]
11 This question is about the elements in Group 7.

Elements in Group 7 are called halogens.

Two examples of elements in Group 7 are chlorine and iodine.

(a) One of the halogens is an orange liquid at room temperature.

Which one?

............................................................................................................................................ [1]

(b) Look at the balanced symbol equation.

It shows the reaction between sodium and chlorine.

2Na + Cl 2
2NaCl

Write down the name of the product of this reaction.

............................................................................................................................................ [1]

(c) Chlorine will react with a solution of potassium iodide to make potassium chloride.

This is a displacement reaction.

Complete the word equation for this displacement reaction.

potassium
chlorine + +
iodide

[1]

(d) Astatine, At, is another halogen.

It is highly radioactive and so is very difficult to investigate in a laboratory. A

scientist predicts astatine will react with sodium.

Write the balanced symbol equation for this reaction.

............................................................................................................................................ [2]

[Total: 5]
12 This question is about Group 1 elements.

(a) (i) Sodium reacts with water.

Sodium hydroxide and hydrogen gas are made.

Write the word equation for this reaction.

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) Potassium also reacts with water.

What are the names of the products of this reaction?

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(b) (i) Lithium, sodium and potassium all react in a similar way with water.

Explain why.

Use ideas about electrons.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) Potassium is more reactive than lithium.

Explain why.

Use ideas about loss of electrons.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(c) Sodium hydroxide contains sodium ions.

A metal ion is formed when a metal atom loses an electron.

Write a symbol equation for the formation of a sodium ion from a sodium atom.

Use e as the symbol for an electron.

...............................................................................................................................................[1]

[Total: 5]