5.

5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4




r: mm
n: number per
liter
V: terminal
velocity cm/s


DN

http://cloudbase.phy.umist.ac.uk/field/instruments/ada.htm

r1 r2 r3
r

N: number/m3
 DN
n( r )
Dr Dr 0
(number density distribution)

n: , number/m3/mm
n(r) : (size distribution)

DN/ Dr

r

The evolution of cloud drop
diameter distribution with height
in growing convective clouds, in
the 4 aerosol regimes:
(A) blue ocean
(B) green ocean
(C) smoky clouds
(D) pyro-clouds

http://www.sciencemag.org/content/303/5662/1337.full





r: mm
n: number per
liter
V: terminal
velocity cm/s


http://www.squidoo.com/raining

http://www.sailingissues.com/rain-teardrop-shaped.html



http://www.edupics.com/coloring-
page-snowflake-i10356.html

http://www.holidayprollc.com/index.p http://www.123rf.com/photo_5911012_isolated-
hp?a=product&productID=1253 blue-3d-ice-crystal-snowflake.html

http://www.clker.com/clipart-snowflake-19.html http://www.dragoart.com/tuts/6352/1/1/how- http://bara.is/?attachment_id=177

to-draw-an-easy-snowflake.htm

https://www.uwgb.edu/dutchs/Petrology/Ice%20Structure.HTM

Bently, the snow man


1996

2012
more or less

From: Bently and Humphreys

From: Bently and Humphreys


http://www.crh.noaa.gov/mkx/slide-show/tstm/slide22.html
 Freezing rain


http://hn.rednet.cn/c/2008/01/24/1427633.htm http://hn.rednet.cn/c/2008/01/24/1427363.htm

http://donsphotoblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/07/iceplant4.jpg
 Freezing rain
http://www.skybrary.aero/index.php/Freezing_Rain

(sleet; ice pellet; frozen rain)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sleet_(ice_pellets).jpg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sleet_on_the_ground.jpg

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/Sleet_and_Freezing_Rain.JPG

(sleet; ice pellet)


 +13C

-20C



 Nucleation
mode

Accumulation
mode Linear N

Coarse Linear A
mode

Linear V
Tri-modal distribution power-law distribution
ln 2 (ra / r0,i )
n(ln ra ) i1,3
Ni
exp[
2 i2
] n = c * D-a
2 i

Seinfeld and Pandis 1998


Differential Mobility Particle Sizer
aerodynamic size

Condensation Particle Counter

http://www.iac.ethz.ch/edu/courses/master/lab_fiel_work/atmospheric_physics_lab_work/DMPS_en.pdf

SO42-, NO3-, NH4+, ...
Na+, Cl-, ...
(mineral dust)

mineral dust


--

(Seinfeld and Pandis 1998)


100%

1%
(39.4 mg/m3) Mineral
1% 10%

25%
80%
Ammonium

23%

7% 27% Nitrate
60%

6%
Sulfate
40% Elemental
Carbon
(24.2 mg/m3)

8% 3%
8%
20% Organic
35%


Carbon
25%

3%

15% 3% Los Angeles (Rogge et al., 1993)
 condensation nuclei
Sea-Salt (NaCl)

sulfate aerosol
http://web.emeraldbiosystems.com/blog/?Ta
http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a010300/a010390/index.html g=Best%20practice

organic aerosol

http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/section?content=a772412505&fulltext=713240928 http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/08/080814163554.htm
 ice nuclei
http://www.ws.chemie.tu-muenchen.
de/typo3temp/pics/7b217692fb.jpg

http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a010300/a0
10392/index.html

http://www.mpbs.wnoz.us.edu.pl/moje_sadze/sadze.html
http://alg.umbc.edu/usaq/images/Particles.jpg

Coccolithophoride

http://chem11.proboards.com/index.cgi?boar
d=gaiasphere&action=print&thread=1853


deposition/condensation freezing Immersion freezing

Meyers et al. 2010

http://www.ems.psu.edu/~lno/Meteo437/Icenucl1.jpg
Regional mineral dust number concentration

Cross section at 23.5 N Cross section at 102.3 E

Mineral dust # concentration profiles
(2004 annual mean)
Local dust Regional dust
23.5 N 23.5 N

102.3 E 102.3 E
 Typical concentrations from literature
(1000 cells m-3)

Ecosystem Best Low High

coastal 76 23 130
Simulated global surface
concentration (m-3) of bacteria. crops 110 41 170

deserts 0.16 38

forests 56 33 880

grasslands 110 25 840

land ice 10

seas 10 0 80

shrubs 350 12 840

tundra 12 56

wetlands 90 20 800

urban street 650 440 920

(Burrows 2008) urban park 120 48 190
(Burrows et al. 2008)