Objectives

At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:

define melting and freezing.

define boiling and condensation

interpret the heating curve

Internal energy
The internal energy of a body is the combination
of the total kinetic energy (due to molecular
motion) and potential energy (due to inter-
molecular forces) of the molecules in the body.

An increase in temperature leads to an increase

in the kinetic component of the internal energy.
When the temperature
increases, the molecule
move faster
Melting and Freezing
Melting is a process in which a substance
changes its state from solid to liquid..

Solid Liquid

The temperature at which this happens is called

the melting point of the substance.
Melting and Freezing

Freezing is a process in which a substance

changes its state from liquid to solid.

Solid Liquid

The temperature at which this happens is

called the freezing point of the
substance.
Melting point = Freezing point
Boiling and Condensation
Boiling is the process in which a substance
changes from the liquid state to the gaseous
state.

Liquid Gas

The temperature at which this happens is called

the boiling point of the substance.
Boiling and Condensation
Condensation is a process in which a substance
changes from the gaseous state to the liquid
state.

The temperature at which this happens is called

the condensation point of the substance.

Boiling point = Condensation point

State of matter

gaseous
state
boiling point

liquid
state

melting point
solid
state
Change of State

solid liquid gas

melting / boiling /
freezing point condensation point
Take note!
During the change of state
(freezing/melting/boiling/condensation), the
temperature of the substance remains constant.

For example, when pure ice is melting at 0 C,

it will remain at 0 C until all the ice has melted.
The temperature of pure water will increase
beyond 0 C, when more thermal energy is added to
the water.
Heating curve
Temperature / C

This is a Temperature time

graph.
In this example, water is being
heated from -10 C
As you can see, the
temperature of water rises to
-10 C.

0
Time / s
-10 ice Heat supplied
Heating curve
Temperature / C

When the temperature of water

reaches 0 C, the ice melts.
During the change in state, there is no
change in temperature even though
thermal energy is still being
transferred to the water.

ice liquid
0
(melting) Time / s
-10 ice Heat supplied
Heating curve
Temperature / C

100

After all the ice has

liquid
Change in state, no
change in temperature
melted, water will
continue to increase in
temperature

ice liquid
0
(melting) Time / s
-10 ice Heat supplied
Heating curve
Temperature /
C
Change in state, no
change in temperature

liquid steam
100
(boiling)

liquid

Change in state, no
change in temperature

ice liquid
0
(melting) Time / s
-10 ice Heat supplied
Heating curve
Temperature / C
120 Change in state, no
change in temperature
steam
liquid steam
100
(boiling)

liquid

Change in state, no
change in temperature

ice liquid
0
(melting) Time / s
-10 ice Heat supplied
Cooling curve
120 C
steam
steam liquid
100 C
(condensation)

liquid

0 C liquid ice
(freezing)
ice
-10 C
Heat removed