ii,r ','', i

;:rr::l .,, ,!' .

i;/::'

rii''.,TH[
ClPlTttlST
RmDtn$lRt STlLt
i.rOilTHE CIPITIIIST
rj .r " .',::.:r..
R(IAD .:
::,.,,i . , ;!' '
I./$;%fIE TWO-LINE STRUGGLEAND THE REVIsIoNIsT s:EIzUREoF
' PowER IN .HINA
i! r't:' '

l,ii;'L II\trRoDUcrroNpase1
':li,.-:.,,
O,.'.
il''*1,2; THE STRUGGLE To BEAT BACK THE RIGHT DEVIATIONIST TREND
:;{,i,,". AIID CRITT1IZE TENG HSIAO-PING
page 3
{ : t i i . , - t .;.
*llili, ._-_ _ \
Jlil:3-. THE TWOCLASSES,THE TWO LINES, AND THE TWO ROADS p|gr g
:l1i
:;i; t
rl;,llr't":r
r i, - r i,

iH d A GLORIOUS
HISTORYOF TWO-t tnn STRUGGLEpage l:}
,' ili
;i11 ,;,
li#L TIIE REvoLUTIoNrN EDUcATToN paF
;ii,(#.p;' 15
.\

{
;:,,iJi:i, TIIE REVoLUTIoN rN LITERATUREAarDART paEp tz
l:\ ., I

;,, THE REVOLUTION IN HEALTHCARE page 28

irii' ,;
.I.i1if}IE REVOLUTION IN AGRICULTURE PAgE 3 0
fl4ltt ir'l
,.9r, TIIE REVOLUTION IN INDUSTRY page 36

RIGHTAND LEFT OPPORTUNISM:WHICH IS THE MAIN dANGER ? PASF 56

::' . . I

CADRES paF 67 t

'..''.
2l ,, GRASP REVOLUTION, PROMOTE PRODUCTION pagr fl
'fl t'"
t'
,tl'; ..
Ul; CLASSSTRUGGLE IS THE KEY LINK page 76 ?

.ll':1i.
tli",: : : .
fl*;;.,,GOINGAG4{JVSTTHE TIDE page t{t
; , l l ;":..\'
IWHO SPLIT THE PARTY AND INTRIGUED AND CONSPIREDTO :

[:,16:,Wt[Y WERE THE REVISIONISTSABLE TO SEIZE PCII^JER? page ,8

i,, THE'OCTOBER PURGE page 9f

' ifi : . .
,1t., , THE RED STAR WILL RISE AGAIN IN CHINA paep 100

ilg.',,'wtttTARETHE DUTIEsoF MARxIsr-LENIMsrs ARoUNDTHE .';..'

IN rHE FACEoF THISGREAr SETBACK? pagetgr
$fii,IO*"D

China Study Grotp, 57 South Bannock, Colorado E0223i.U.'S.I

 w
': i:iitu
tffiii# r?
ri',
fii,ff,,lr',{'*iii* i
"fuiitr-
iP{ii:J ;r
il. ff
i;r
:,
$f;*;;j';:ffimt'i,
;;i'n.
3l;iqitii'; ii,m}'l!Ir:.
Hsiao-pine
to i{is.i5;;.; ilng xsiao-pins
1gltore.a-;; was
;r
;iili: rui,*iii:iii$i$'"T:
iilrll ;lU
rlfj *it
i;'n. iidi,l;'
i;
kr-rJ. ;;!''.
iiln;Xil;.f
l.l:,i?J
the Four by HuaKuo-feng. lil ;',5g;r
el,fi; ;;i "iuo
'rvlng the measurestakEn Jg-iinit

l,

( s e e e n d o f study for
moree xtensivepostscr ipt)

Tb

s'
 P O5 T 5 C RI P T

A s t h e s e c o n de d i ti o n of th i s stu d y goes to pr ess, a ver y significant

d.votopme.t has occurred- From Julv l6 th 21,1977, the Third Plenary
o f th e TenthC entralC onrmi tt e
Sessio n oe wa sh e ld in P e k in g .
f t h e CCP
T h e most outstanding a n n o u n ceme not f the P le n u mwa s t h e re s t o ra t io n
0 f T en gn tl6 g .p i ngt0 al l of hi s pos ts , p r in c ip a lly : M e m b eorf t h e
S t a n d i ng C onm i ttee o f the P o litical B ure a u o f t h e CC o f t h e CCP ,
V i c e C hair m anof the P a rty, V ice P remie r o f t h e S t a t e Co u n c ' il a n d
C h i e f of Staff of the P e o p le's L ibera tjo n A rmy .

Th i s w as an announ ceme not f sh a tte rin g imp a c t wit h in a n d wit h o u t

C h i n a . Teng H si ao-p ing lva s re move dd u rin g t h e Cu lt u ra l Re v o lu t io n
a n d s e ver el y cr i ticized a s L iu S hao-chi' s rig 7 t3 h rn d ma n a n d t h e # 2
. |9 h
l ea d e r of the bourg e o is h e a d q u a rte rs. I n h e rv a s re h a b ilit it e d
af t e r maki ng a thoro u g h self-criticism a n d s lp p o s e d ly b re a k in g V f f t h
h i s p a st i deas. Howe ver,a fte r his re t u rn h e iq me d ia t e ly s e t t o
w o rk t o r ever se th e co rre ct ve rdicts of t n e Cu lt u ra l Re v o lu t io n a n d
p u t t o gether anoth e r bourg e o is headquart e rs wit h in t h e P a rt y . in
I a t e 1 975, Chai r man Mao cri t'ic i ze d Te n g Hsi a o -p i n g s e v e re ' ly f o r a t -
t e mp t i n g to liquid ate cla ss stru g g 'le b y " t a k in g t h e t h re e d ire c t iv e s
a s t h e key fi nk" and personally in itiate d a ma s s iv e s t ru g g le t o
c ri t i c i z e and beat back th e Right d e vis io n is t win c i t o re v .e|9 rs7e6 c, 'o rre c t
v e rd i c ts that Teng Hsia o -pin g h a d st'ime d u p . I n A p ril,
t h e Po liti cal Bureau u n a n imo u slyvote d t o re mo v eT e n g Hs ia o -p in g
f ro m a ll of hi s posts d e cla ,ring th a t th e c o n t ra d ic t io n w' it ir f e n g h a d
b e c o m eone of antag o n istic co n tra d ictio n b e t we e nt h e p ro le t a ria t
a n d t h e bour ge

Th e p resent leaders wo u ld h a ve us believ e t h a t t h is < J e c is io rtwa s

p u re l y the r esponsib ility o f the so -ca lle d " g a n g o f f o u r" . Ho we v e r,
mo re t han these fo u r me mbersof the P ol it ic a l B u re a u v o t e d t o re mo v eh im.
Ev e ry m em berdid, in clu cling Ch a irmanMa o a s we ll a s t h e p re s e n t
l e a d e rs . The una n imo u sd e cisio n wa s clea riy a re s u lt o f Ch a irma n
Ma o ' s i ni tiative an d leadership , q o t wh a t t h e p re s e n t le a d e rs n o w
ca l I " t he factiona list activitie s" of fou r me mb e rs .

Af t e r Chajr m anM ao 's death and the subse q u e n tp u rg e o f t h e P a rt y ,

t h e re m ai ning l eade rs n o w tota lly reve rs e t h a l d e c js io n , p la c in g
Te n g H siao- pi ng i n a p o s'ition of treme n d o u sa u t h o rit y a n d s h o win g
t h e i r t ota'l opposjtio n to the p role tarian re v o lu t io n a ry lin e o f
Ch a irman M ao.
' is
l l to re i m por tant than Te n g Hsia o -pin g 's re s t o ra t io n t o p o we r the
ma n n e r i n w hich he was restore d . W h e nh e wa s re h a b ilit a t e d in ] 9 7 3
a 'l o n g with other leaders p u rged during t h e Cu lt u ra l Re v o lu t i rn jt
w a s o n ly after he had madea th o rough s e lf -c rit ic is m. T h is t ime ,
T e n g H siao- pi ng m ake sno se lf-criticism. T h e re is n o a n a ly s is o r
e ve n a dm i ssi on of h is errors. He a n d his p o lit ic s a re e n d o rs e d
a nd h e i s put for vard a s a "victim" o f t h e " g a n g o f f o u r" .

P e k i n g Revi ew #31, '1 9 7 7 , in which th e d e c is io n ' is a n n L lu n c e dre

, ads:

" A t a cer r tr al wo rking confe rence he ld in Ma rc h t h is y e a r,

il
 Chairma nHu a poin ted o u t t h a t t h e Wa n g -Ch a n 9 -Ch ia n g -Yaanot i-
Party clique 'a tta cke d a n d f a b ric a t e d c h a rg e s a g a in s t Co mra d e
T eng Hsia o -pin g . This wa s a n imp o rt a n t c o mp o le n ! p ir! o f . t h e ir
schemeto usu "p P arty a n d s t a t e p o we r. ' . He a d d e d t h a t ' a ll the
s 'la n d e rs and unfo u n d ld c h a rg e s ma d e b y t h e 'gan9 o f f o u r' . a g a in s t
comradeTe n g Hsia o -pin g s h o u ld b e re p u d ia t e d . " (p p . l0 -l I )
in t h e c o mp le t e
The r estora tio n of Te n g repre s e n t s . t h e mo s t c le d r e v e n t
r ever s a l of last ye a isi strug g le t o c rit ic iz e h is t h o ro y s h lV re v i-
si oni s t lin e . Th 6 fact that lh e re is a b s o lu t e ly n o a n a ly s is o r a d -
m i ss.io n o f h .js e iro n e o u s lin e s h o ws t h e t h' lo o rg u g h ly rg v is io n is t . c h 'al r-
w1n 9 ' mo n t h s t h e re wi I
acter o f the p r.t.n i ieader s . I n t h e f o ' l
p re s e n t le a d e rs
sur ely b e mo re and mo re clea r e v id e n c e o f t h is a s t h e
qo al l o u t to deie n d Te n g H s ia o -p ' in g . , . . A 1 re a d yt h. e P R h a s re a c h e d
"in'iti botdnissi n pLttins'Igrth_ihepr6ent I eaders'
i!r" j;r;il, 1 9 7 7 r, e p e aT
t eng
. . uiri ; ; i ; a p o r i c i e i . T w oa r t.icte s.in .t&
{I 1jne
0 , of putting- em phasis
H s i a o-pi ngan d t-i u -S ha o -c hi' sr evisioniiT specialists'
o n t r ai n i ng a n .i i t. o i p ror essionalsand academ ' ic
the Cultur al
w h i c hw a s cl " u ri y'un a -rtq u estioniUiy r epud' iated ing dur
R e v olut'i on: ,
i,1
tl
i; ,.A tprese n tp a rti cular attentionm ustbepaid.toear nestlyim .
ii, givinq full
l'i p l emen ti ng 'i h "pi i tv's poliiy towar dsintellectualS' positive fac -
p.l ayto ,tn e -ro l e of- p.oiessi6nalsand m obilizing all
il
i. '
il
trr$. to rs.|p.1 2 )U n d e rthe centr alizedleader shipofthePar tyther e
i'L ,
i.-ii' sh o u l dbe stron g ad m inistr ative lead' ing or gansover .pr ofess' ional
specialists in ac a-
f* w o rk so u r'i f-u i i n g i nto tr tt play the r ole of
L't
fc'
de mi cr,rork."(P - l 5 )
t*
( m :L) " of the usA ( the 0ctobe r
16 Al r e ad y the so-cal 'l ed" co nm unistPar ty Teng- Hsiao:pingis r es-
t;'fi L e a gue )ha s '^ur[i o 'i " u .-i 6i r iist to- acclaim r eng Hsiao-
ffi
K:
acilaim
t o r a ti on i n the cal l . La st year - in. cutt also r ever sal in position
tni5_vear s'
ed
p i n g ,s re mova lui l =g." l i -u iiio.v.
the-contr ad' ictjonor self-
H
lf;
i s a cco mpa n i ed ni 6' i o-.xplanat'
c r . i t i ci sm of tn e i " " p" i i i i.ion
ion of
tasi- veir .. tl is on' ly an exposur eof 0L's
ts totai 6ppor tr nlsm ,.andits l00r flunkyism
m a n t j -Ma rxi st a p p roa ch ,
t*
fts
tl&1 , t o t he n e wrevi i l ;;i ;i , i n cnina.' its pr izg is obviouson the fr ont
the "Com m un' is t
p a g eo f tne saml i ;t;;; r.."g.iiion of ine ccp to be
'{,:
ffi
tfl
i t a i t y " i n thi s cou n trY l
and indiv' iduals
I n ' 1 97 6 , Ma rxi st-Le n i ni st par ties, or ganizations,
iij
$i
?,i a r o un dthe w o rt; ;;;r;i i i .i r the thor oughly_r evisionistline of Teng
ll1" H s i ao -pi ng . s.i nceth e p u r geof 0ctobei, 1gzo, m anyof the M ar xist-
pr esentleader s of the cc of
19, L e n i n i sts w h oco n ti nu e to suppor t the leader shipr epr esentsthe ver y
iii
'rr-i t h e ccp refu se i o r.. tha t tir b pr esent
ii:
same .i d e o l og i cat--u i i -po litica].iine as TengHsiao- ping. - H' isr estor a-
policies that' is sur e t0
iit1 t i o n an d the op e n -i .fl nt. of his ljne and individuals to analyzeth e
'ri f o l l ow sh o u l d force th e se o.gunizationsand fol lowing and suppor ting
n e ws i tu a ti on rJ" J-.o r..i tr v- ano- iiop blindly
l n e r e vi si o n i st ta ke o ve rof the CCP'
$f
E:
tr
R.

fi
t&
i::
I
i!.
$i
l;
 II
tr;I r
' 't'Soci.Iibi;:t'P
''":'' cot/:rs a considerably long historical
''i; pcci*:tdtisi.lt;'.-r-tt-; period. In the historical
J,;+ ;l;" " are srill crasscontradicrionsand class srrug-
"k^l".r,
the socjalist rhecapitalist road,and
l.jrif;"..;',I!;,ff';frff;:[]jiqq:,Ty:"n
'.",11'"l..tlercis the, da+gpr of capitalist restoratio',. '*Jana
we must ,.""og.i-" ;;;;:.*a
;"1 'r;;'"tt6comptrexnattrre of this struggle. we
heighten or.rrvigilance. we must
' ',. -eonfuct'eocialist education. we must correctly-.r"t understand and
handle class con-
',
".','tradietions anil class struggle, distinguish th contradictions berween ourselves
'' en}rv from thosel-mong the
ftople and handle thern correctly. other-
ir..li:r,rrtigs"a
'.;''a1d'the eocialist counf,ry like ours will turn into its'.ogposite
s,,cspitatise restoratioi *ill take place. From a"g"r*rate, and
1,1,;i1,,: "r,a
:i'"'1"''i'::''ii";']of
.it,irt, tf
'
thib
tir i; every
o -o* yeat'
.r o .- eveqr month
-^-!L and
- ' everlr day so fr*t".
can::etain a rtl,;itively
:,.'i'.t ":*;,*:*"o:t or inis p"'!r"*, ;;L". a Marxist-Leninist lir.,,
ii,:1
i.'li:+i.i"']a'r,:ChairrnanMaoTse-tr,rrrg(@

ii' jl;i.:.1;';,,ti, . ,"'1".,"

,
, d china: pp. 46-a7)
r;,.t'
t i.' ' :;,',ir,:r.

&ftrqlherdeath of Chairman Mao in September, 1976, rhe capitalist-roaders in China

$*r.rpd, out a counter'revolutionary coup de'etat to seize Party and state po$rer, reverse
-the
' : corectverdicts of the Gpeat Proletari,an Cultural Revoluiion, negate the revolution-
ru}.lire'of Cha'irman Mao, and start China headed on the road of capitalist restoration.
.yiiut;'',',
, ' \ l
i
t rii
''lrVe'donr't pretend to be able to analyze thersitr.ation and the two-lirre struggle in china -i
i'?,',i:'i;better
than the Chinese. However, it ma! be some time before a complete analysis
:il: t ' can j

cofir, from the revolutionary elements now being suppressed in China. This analysis is I
't t -'
., Fetnt to fill in in the meantirne and begin a serious study of the qtiestion.

' lVe donlt in any way take Ughtly the significance of this kind of attack on the present
leaders the Communist Party of China. The chinese Communist party
, 9f has been the
I vanguard and the gprding light f or Marxist-r.eninist
r . ;.. revolutionarj,es f or many years, es-
peci,ally. since the criminal ::estoration of capitalism in the ussR
by Khrushchev and his
'r,cronieg a.fter Stalints death. It has led the ctirr""" people to win it= p"* Democratic
'1*, Revolufion, to l the Chiang IGi Chek bandits from rnainland china, to construct
:-f
iocialism, b.ild the peoples' cJmm,.mes and socialist industry, to struggle to consolida6
tl' dictatorship o'f the proletariat, create socialist rcw thin6, and mor,/echina
f,urnrrerd towards commtltirm through the cultural Revolution. with the leader-
shrp trf lYlat'Tse-1.rr'!,rt has su( ( e5;t.rlly waged ten ma;or trro-lrne
struggles agarnst
:rroneous Right and "Lft' lus. Thc Churese Commrrnist Parry has led the lvlarxist-
Leninists arorrnd the world in combatting soviet social-imperial:-sm
- and modern revisronism.

", ",ur.&:i4it1ru:da;,
ii

It has prwided analysis of th. scld rifrrtior errd 3uilrlrcc for th Mrai;.g-bninir "
parties aror:nd the world. It h.r led rnrrry netions to rtrnC !p to thc tro
superpowers and has givrn e.-ntirl clore, comradely gttppct to the lnrties and peoples
of Albania, Korea, Vie tna m, Cambodia and laogl ., 1", , .l
': ., ,i,, ,__'
Horrrever, the Chinese Partyts gloriorrs histotiiana iai-mary.two-lire skuggtres donrt
r.n tht it hr bren fornrnr vaccinateq,"18n1ts,..:,Iy.fr13.,fl.
:,--, .
,,rhe p.resentGreat cultrrral n",oru**gi#'i*;w;;r. wirl inevitably
be matry mo:le in the futwe. The igern:$.uhblwillyrnin,[he"revolution can
.- ordy be setttred over a long historical perin&; Itr'tt$EFtlrq'inot,progprly handled,
' it is possibl,e f or a capitalist restoratiq*rto talc'p{ace,l;r,t":$i tinr. It should
of
notbe thoughtby atry Party nre-mbenor.alt)tj:oln ,.Eh1Fe'Flgrirrourcountrlr
that everyt-hirg wiUL aU tigtri afbr eE or tw3.rylt-cttft*tl revolution-s, or
cvrn tlur ot fov. We mr:st be vety ry;uchl
o*'i!tii f,looe vigilarrce. "
(from'r Eachingr of, Chainrtn Madln ltlocitltt;!
ism, Wtnclwright and McFarl,rtr,- ltdhq$.-$ Ercrq 19?Orp. 233)
1':';';: ri :.}iitd:.:
ffi,:;a';';
To attack a great, glorious and correct Commrl$&
dangprorrs counter-revolutionaty error. Hotleverfr,,to,
incoarrect Communist Party of China and fail to ?llFpc-t,th|j
continte on the socialist road would be an'equa[yrilanqF-{**,{ erro4
As we have seen with tle "communisUt partiee tlut ia*iilliirnlprialiszn,
it can also lead to consolida tion around reviEio'riib'? tft!4 s, in rnany
countries.
i
i
l We must, therl sturiy with g:reat care the objectiue gitu,HirafiniGldrn end analyze the
I
e6*nce of the recent turo-lirc struggtre in Chinli'*l*;,!$i{5 t not forget that
+
i
the Chircse Commrrnist Party fras retlea ott tl* fiidt,i{:Giit*,idGl*ffi#iies8*:in waging clase
'
.i
strqggtre, and that this struggle has alwaye b99o''Ff itrecti+
, ,.,"-,
as 1^rll The
;;nt;;;;;;;;;i;;t; is a .or,soli.[rtlc*'iG: tunaarrcies that have
existed throughout th historrr of the Partv. ,ry; 1,4cC;.tor.n yrrtrr*y,
i"ft*'* .i,l:;i::::;:r. 'r,
rr L th.ir fou.r eboolrfr tod4 -

Ir-

}P:
 2

2. THE STRUGGLETO CRITICIZE TENG HSIAO-PINGAND BEAT BACK THE RIGHT

: DEVIATIONISTTREND
I
:
rls
The four most important leaders who were arrested in the purgF of the Chirese Commr.urist
Party that was carrired out in October, L976, werez
' ...1 ." .

' ' , C_hiangChing, wife of Chairrnan Mao for over 40 years until his death, rnember of
',' tle Political Br:reau of the Central Committee of the Chinese Commr.urist party,
and Director of Literatr"r:re and Art for the central committee,

i Chang Chun-chi,ao, Senior Vice Premier of the State Council, First Secretary of
.: the Shanghai Party Committee,
1 Dir:ector of*tlq C,ereral Political Departmerrt oe
th9 Peoplas' Liberation Army, and member of t)e Standing Committee of the
Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Chinese Commrrnist party, the
I leading body of China, r , ,,
il

'' 'r: Wang Hung-wen, Senior Vice"Chairmrn of the Central CoJmittee of the Chirese
::'. Communist Parfy, member of the Standing Corpmittee of the Political Br.rreau of

, and director of the peoplest militj,as, and

I

Yao Wen-yuan, Director of Propaganda for the Central Committee of the Chinese
',. Commrrnist Party, Second Secretary of the Shanghai Party Committee, and,member
. of th Political Bureau of the party central comrnittee.

jiJrrlet the.tjme of the puBgr these leaders, now called th,,gan[of fourr'wete among the
iir..,;Tntlost important,leaders in the Chinese Communist Partlr. The poet-puge criticism is
directed at them. However, htrndreds or perhaps thousands oe othei treading-cad:ne
have been
1-,'
.- r=moved, arrested, or prlrged since then, including marry of the ministers oe tru State
;r lot[rcil, members of the Central Committee of the Chinese Comn*trnist Parfj, and local
Ia:rry committee teaders aror.srdthe country. The present gorernment has promised
i ,, to
i;..,,rrJ out an all-ror.rnd I'rectification" and reorganization of the CCP and. tlc pop,rlar organi-
iu, zations in-chfua during the cor.rrse of this y""" 1-r.. section l7).
?

The pwge was nor di:ected only at the "g3ng of four' but at a definite political lirc. Be-
of the importanctsaf the four in the ccP, and because the criticisms brought forward
:auec
present governfisnt center on them, we refer to the
?.ah" "ga.g of foud' many tir.ns in
thie paper. Orrr purpose' horrever, is to clearly shour the differences of tlr two political
liree at conflict in the struggle.

To eP_lbackgrotrnd on the two-line struggle in Chirui, we read. various books

that, from a
pro-China pe_rspective, are.lyze the history of China since it passed
the New Democraqy
., "-ttF {roughly 1956)and gnrticularly the Great Proletarian Cultr.rral Revolution, (Some of
Uooksare listed as resources at the end of thir paFr.)
;i;i{rse
ii"l. I

*#.
 __qtr

&
verdicts of the Cultural Revolubion tr Out major source for understanding the camlnign $
to criticize Teng has been the Pekins Review of th last twoyeals. It seems thatlh
editorship of Pekins Review changgdwith the 42rul issr.e of 1926 (the second week of octoha_
with that issue the "principles laid donrn" ptrrase associatedwith the
"gangof fotrd, lirp t
Jlappears; fwo L",-" lat"r the cempaign agginst tln fou begins. Ot lh"-"econd day of
P489, the head o! Hs;ntrua eyt AFn"y, our rnain source o6,inforrnation from China, was
remored. (N.Y. Tins, Oct. 17, L9761 Most of the narted authors who cqttribuEd to ;
Pekins Review dtrring two yars before the 42nd issrr & L976, including aeveral who ap-
peared regularly, have not written a singtrearticle eince then, Most oi the p:nesent narr"*, i
authors, including several new regular contributors, had not written articl,es before that
issrr. The two other chinese rnagpzires published in EngIiEh, .,ghila_&-giel and Qhi:ru1
Reconstnrctr. did not ap1rearin November and &c&nber" drs tci'variotrs *a"ons"r-l-ccor*
to an apologl in the Pekine Revi,ew. YaoWen-yrnnr oE of, tln ttgang of fonr'f
r EeDi:recto
of Propaganda for the Central Commiltee of the Partyr wrs responsiblc f.or the nabional
rpws nedia. The Editor of Renmin Ribao'(Feoplerr Dailvi tklif,fibi.tr. orgen of t1p Centr;.
Cornrnittrc of, thr cCP) wlr t\emovrtd durinS tb pur;, rr*c-\r,thr.ediioqr of, Eonsoi
(&d Fbq, thr tfirorcticel jonHl of th. CCP). r4 nillg t@jgSd-
thonticel jourrrl of, SDr.nghri). (l.LY. lihpr. Jrn 10, lgZZ;@
-HSifE,
IVIarch 6, L977) We emurrr th ren kinal of, chrnlp hr occrszri{ in,rll th. og11.s1a-
ti-lt rniazines and nwrpeprrs thrt prwi& rutrriil fdr th,$l ;fgi:d.
i rli, ' i, , i; " , , r, . 1 . j ,., , . , . 1 ,
: . :
The present lea&rs now dismrss '-he politicel lirt put_tonrard:,tni;ttr Ctti13-.CColpm.tgrirt
Party in its official press (Red Fl+g, b.l&5Daily, r&gr4tion Ainrq Da:ilv; p"kltg '
Review, etc. ) for several ybars before the purge as "revigionistfallaciestt:pro-"t a ry
the 'tgang of four, to "usutp power": "The gang, who liad'fungc'dntrrolled,,tE' m:r6s ,.*di",
tempered with Marxism-Leninism-Mao Tse-tung Thought a$. bnqeadrevieiorrist fallaciee,
to confuse peoplesr thinking in order to shape counEr-revolutionarg opinion for their
usurprtion of Parry'and sta te po\^'pr.rt ' , =:' .';,;;i.1 -'. ':
,r,; :irlii;:',i.i,;:-i
TIE line put f orward by the Chiresc Communist Party and ttt n.tini!3yfu- befone .the
purF and that put fonrrard by the CCP and the Peking Revb* cfta.f ths'.prF ale compl,et ;
diffeirent and opposite lines. Superficially they nay aplEar simillrteatbe the rew treade r
use many of the san words and slogans that were rrsedbefore,ihi,t#dcr'to facilitate the '
changgwer. But they have torn the heart out o'f the sloganel,nrade;thc.m into hollow word.s
and are exposing rF8"" cl,early with every new issrr the tru natill#- of 'tbir lire. Our
analysis of th diffenence in the line put fomard by th6 Rking Rbvie* is the basis of this
PaPer.

The most important and obvious differ.ence in the lirc of ihcrPekingReqiew is a comptrete
reversal in attitude towards the srruggle to beat brgh th Right ihvrationiqt attempt.
Throughout last year'(1976) tntil the deeth of, Chrirrn n Mr.o in Scatcapqr,, thc central
emphaiis of th Chirese press was the campnign to beat back tb nigli rhviationist atter
and &cpcn th criticirrn d Tcng ttrirrging lb r-truClc rar chrncbrized Uhe thif in
Chiru bconrtrrrtr 110, l97J:
 iI

r : ' T hs v 1 \ tu .ry .)f th Gr:e a t Pr,rl etarran U ul l ural R ev,rl sl l tr' tr,r- 6,,t l -xren t,as'
Intense struggle is eqrrally inevitable in consolidating and developing its results.
Hibtory prores that every great revolution is bor.urdto be follotved by a struggle
tretween tstrsae who are f or it and those who are against it. The sarre is trr-e of
the Culttrral Revolution. Toward the end of sumier last year, T;";Hsiao-ping,
tts arch unlInntant capitalist-roader in power in the'eairy, iea a"night devia-
eionist attempt to reverse the correct appraisal of the cultr.rral Revolution and settle
accounts with it. This was a.concentrated expression, under new circumstances,
of
the struggle between two cldsses, the proletariat and the bourgeoisie, and
between
trrlolircs, Mancism and revisionism. The parry and the peopleLv" thrown them_
selves into a struggle to criticize Ten! Hsiao-ping and counter-attack this Right de-
.t
vlationist attempt' The strrrggle was initiated and isbqing 1ed by Chairman fiao
himself . It is a continuing and deepening of the Culbtrral{evolution.,' (pp. 7-g)

On r\pril lth, 1976. the P.rlitrr.al Bureau (rf th Central Commrttee of thr: -hr.nese
Comrnunrst Pa4ty, Ied by Charrman Nlao, agrer:d unanrrn*rusly to re move Teng Hsuo-prng
fromall of his posts both inside and outside the Parfy (including that of Senior Vice
P:rmier, Chief of Staff of the Peoplesr Liberation Army, and member of the Standing
Committee of the Folitical Br.rreau) and decl,ared that:

"Hauing discussed the counter-revolutionary incident that took place at Tiren

An lVtenSquare fon April 5th, 1975Iand Teng Hsiao-ping's latest behavior, the
Political Bureau.'of rhe Central Committee of the Commwrist Party of China
holds that the nature of the Teng Hsiao-ping problem has turred into ore of
antagonistic contradiction. " (!&#15, I9761

This resol,utjt>r &brmiredchat the anti-revisionist struggle of 1975-1976 was one

between the f,e.rple and the enemy, one between the proletariat and the bourggoisie,
one of antagonistir- e ontradictjon. Hundreds of millions of Chinese workers and peasants
becanre involved in th struggfp in agricultural communes, factories, and schools across
the country. A11 work in China, the relief and reconstructionaf ter the earthquakes, the
scientific advancesl industrial and agricultural production, and the continuing revolution
ineilucation, was linkd to deepening of. the criticism of the chief unrpentant capitalist-
roader in th Parfy and of the Right deviationist wind to reverse the cor:nect verdicts
of the Cultr:ral Revolution.

ItWe mttstcontinre toadvance in the midst of victories already won andbring

about a new upsurge in the criticism of Teng Hsiao-ping by f trrther repudiating his
counter-revolutionary revisionGt line ideologically and politically. We must be
ctrear that the collapse of Teng Hsiao-ping does not rnean the end of the struggtre.
Criticism of his revGionist lir and eradication of its pernicious inflrrnce a:e of
cardinal importance to the futrrre and the destiny of our Parfy and state and a:re
a great miLitant task in combating and preventing revisionism and consolidating

w,e.,mut never slacl.cn .ur f ightrng will. " (E&#35. August. 1975. p.. 5r
,.
.
, :,;.'-- "--
; ::*Spagt- ESI i,r d description ot th:s e'enL.
 Declarations mourning the death of Mao Tse-t.mg vowed to:
"., , re5olutely rally round the Pa"ty central committee and act in accordlnce
parry CenrratCornrntftcr,
d:wn uy cnaSrnln Mao.and-the
I-ly::::,_?1.",?id

and upholdnrolltar:an We will diligpntly .auu" tie works of

ltgrlqtionalism.
of Teng Hsiao-ping and the struggle to repulse rhe Right fi
deviaiionie.;il;;;;;
revers correct verdicts, strive hard to grasp nevolulion, promob
prodrrtion
' and other work and preparednessagainst *a".li. (EE#41,
tiisr l,ast f,fo"" tte ptrffi
It tt"* first issrcs of Pekins Revielv after ir.-
titgg, the struggle to beat back the
Right deviationist attempt and criticize Tengx"i.*pcng was
b*-f]"; #
etraboratedon or deePened, the emphagiF.,beir,&,ratler; on the-EiUor=i q
criticism of the,,g".g
of fo'r. " wirhin rwo months,a[ sluggte .i;;ilck
-:**reng:a:h tte Righr
deviationistattempt wasdropgndand Hsia*ryg;.1" ,.*r,eior,.d
ttr rtgrng orf fou/ or. more exactlv, the q'gang of rJ,rr' ;Jdt
in cAticizi"g ffi
f or ,,twisting r
and ove-renrphdirzug LfE grrilcrsrn ot leng, tsCfglt tlE purgp,"J*"ir"a
Liu Shro_chi, Lrn p:ao. .-.
: '
and Teng Hsiao-pingwere constantly referred to togather iniriticir+g
the capitagr; H
road line. Now Teng Hsiao-pingtt has been clrolped and ths ,,epng 66 foury', added
TT
in his place. The emphasis of the Peking Review norpis to ridicule-tdanti-Righ;;;;-
PaiSfrof last year, making Teng Hsho-ping apgEar to be a victirn of the "garg & tou*l #
and 1abel the struggle an attempt by the "gang if fouf; to rtseize pourer.,, ' rt{

,,underrheprefx! or criric.izine];1rn";td;;*;*g-out
ragentst, they tried to hrs d
overthrw a large..number o'f
5."gronsibtre-partyr go\rern- , ,
trent, and army cad-res in the central organe pnd variorre localibires.
.-wftnver - :
they went, 'they unscrrgulously charged peopte with. tnl,apsing into Right
t de- ffi
viationist .bn-rcir , tputtsing profits in commandt/ and tpiomoting rnaterial -
incentivesr in a vain attempt to confound right a1d wrong in-peoplesr
minds, .
split the workerst ranks and cawe confuiiqr in the managemetti oe
en6rp;iss.,,.rll
(PR #50, L976, p. 1?) ,:
I'At a conference discr.rssingplanningwork t;
called by the -Pa"ty Central Co**itte,t
last July, they inst'ructed theii henchrren'tol,ar:nch an attack, holling ..i
d13l ;;
State cotrlpil was the rsource of the Right deviationist windr
Comra.,'',
Hua Kuo-feng,as a tcapitalist-roader still on the capitalist road. "tta r,,
""""?,ir,g
(B #2, L977, pp. 30-3I) ;:
"They also shouted that it was rpcessar? to prevent lcapita5st-roaders like
Teng Hsiao-pingt from tresorting a6in ,to their old"counlr-:revolutionary
tricksr, that tif any chief tan of revisionisrn danes to tamSer
with the p;ir,-
cipes laid dourn by Chairman lVlao, le will definitely con io ,ro good
end,r and
so on and so forth. Actr:ally, they rrere playing the trick oe a lnief
crying
'Stop Thisf rr" (gB #sZ, !976, p. 10) i

:
The truth is that the reaL thieves ane now ueing that trick,
but what is Evealing herne
is hotryTeng is put in thB position of the poor viJtim being
caltreda thief,. The peking ..
Review nor puts the crificism of reng in opposition to Last yearrs
earthqtake nelief :
 ;r '
,,ii '.py.i.4iqig*" ' ..-
:i, .,'.r,qlrtTb lgangof four', however, did att rhey could to put up obstacles. Th"y
il , ,iiihmotrrelr 'tno matterwhere an earthquake takes place, whether in the east
or tb *""t1, cliticism of Teng Hsiao-ping musr not be watered dourn.t,,
u,; , :' ' lhe
,,""':i. 1 ,'r' ,,1.,,,, ER #48,1976,p. 17)
P,T*n,c leaders would have prefe.rred watering down the criticism of Teng Hsiao-ping
-'f:
d$ing tlw earEhqtrakecrisis, jwt as they have achi,evedsince the death of Chairman Mao.
lncontrrret' a PelsinsReview article. of August, 1g76, '' Deeprn Criticism of Teng in Anti-
Qrgke W'or:k!"(PR,#34), points out how Righiists many hrmes use crisis sitr.rations to im-

i;,j,,Tt, lourgPois_PreBs seems quite convincedthat Teng Hsiao-pingis going to be re-instated

+4-ge"bond tirne (he w-asalso remorredas a capitalist-roadei aur.l"glne cieat protrerarian
#iti.f.q
j,:1"'.lirt.tr.rr*Ef,tprrolrrf'.lr,ni, -.h.rra(_-ter
. Thb'have. alq,,, rr-norted brg poscers in Tien An Men Square

.;" i*.reK{gl1+tng-r'tr
.,,,"fl'tni" reng.to
kkrngcaltring-f,trr Teng l/re mrer and
to be Premrer and g,,Lng
g,,Lngfarther
farther t' Cefend
Cefend the reac lionaqy
the.reacLiona.r
.be
planned by supporters of Teng Hs:ao-ping lasr April
,;,1- :iT9'13*Ff-revolufionary--incident
ri ;'.Ittt in the sale sguare. Members of the Chfua-U. S. Peoples' riienashil aJsoci,ation
a&orelo_lt that it is probable that Teng Hsiao-pingwill be given important work i"
;;;.
';:,, C"ttral Committee. this tl*
does not necessarily *."n that tL present leaders in China
i:.:, inEnd to bring T"lg Hsho-ping back into off icial po,rrer. But it does recessarily rman
''"i that the-l are no! di:recfing the staters repressive forces at th Right who suppit.Teng
but .nstead at his r ritic:. i " -- -
. ;.., Fls.ibir-ping
.:. i

':. a1d-tle'errd of the criticism of Teng Hsiao-ping in the chirese press, and in the face
of the reports of Tengts comeback, sorne Marxist-Leninists in the united
states have
'begunto'say, "{tyh t wasntt so bad . . maybe the struggle tn beat back
"gHsfro-ping
r - ", the Right deviahionist trend was misjirected . . ,,

Was the struggle to beat back the Righd,da,riationist attempt to reverse

the correct
verdicts of the Cultur:al Revolution incorrect? Is Teng Hsi,ao-ping a
responsible
communistnevolutionary leader victimized by the "garlg of four,, Jr js he
ar1,unrepntant
cagitalist-roader determined bo restore capitalism? These qr.estions are
essenti,al for
understandingthe e urrr:nt bwo-lirr: struggle in China.
 i
,*- ffi_

ffi

r the birth of protretarian stab pourer in the Sovie t Union, Lenin said:
ffi
:,',:
:''l,,.li -i, ;.,1,* ::
; ::;;',,i,',1i' -;,,.:
i ,l'" 'if'li'p;1e'tariat does not cease the class struggle af ter it has capttrred political k'i
..11, S-
,i poxrcr, but contintres it until cl,asses are abolishd . of course, under different
-
,, ciriumstances, in different f orm and by different means.
Arrd'what does the rabolition of classesr rnean?. Classes are tr"rp groups of *
*:
&l
peopldiffertingfrom each other by the place they occupy in a tdstoiically deter-
mired system of social prodrrction, by their relation (in most cases fixed and for-
mulaEcl in hw) to the means of production, by their role in the social organization
,, of .Lrboulr, and, consqLently, by the dimensions of ttr6 share of soci,al wealth of &
.,'which tlcy dispose and the mode of acquiring it. Classe+rare groups of people one
, of rrhieh can appropriate the labour of another ouring to the different places they
*
occ"upyin a definite system of s&ial economy.
,r, ClEsrlyr .ift,cder to abolish cl,asses completely, it is not enough to orrerthrow the
i arrploiters, the tandonners and capitalists, not enough to abolish tbgbrights of
;,, qrrership; ig is rcessetJ also to abolish all private ownership of, the means of *
prodr.rcbion,id is recessaty to abolish the distinction between tourn and country,
',. , ag rnelLas the distinction between manual workers and brain workers. "
';:i..(I,enin,@Co1lectedWorks,pp.a[-43a)
t
.Soonafter tiie bitth of froletarian state polrer in China, Chairman lVlao said:

'
"The new social system has only jr:st been established and reguires time for its
. consolidation. It must not be assumed that the new system can be completely
. : consolidated the moment it is established, for that is impossible. It has to be
l,- '' consglidated step by step. To achieve its ultimate consolidation, it is necessary
not:on$ to bring about the soci,alist industrialisation of the country and persevere
in the soci,alist :revolutign on the economic f ront, but to car:i/ on constant and
: arduous socialist revoluiionary struggles and socialist edrrcation on the political
:',,. : and ideologlc4 fronts. " (Selected Readings from the Works of Mao Tse-tung,p. Sf)
q
Tlp forces of production - grople, natrrrattesources and the means of production - are I
The means of prodrction, industry and agricul-
the essential components of arry society.
tuler are orrrned by the state o\are owned collectively in sociatism, and the'iefore the $
economic base is socialist. Hourever, in th transition from capitalism to communism,
eoci,alclasses stillexistand therefore within the economic base the:el,ations of produc-
tion thory diffe:cent groups relate to the means of production) still have capitalist charac-
bristics.. Therefore, there has to be continual revolutionary changg in the rel,ations of
prodrrtion, with the working classbs b.i.g the motive force in these chanps.

Chairrnan IVIaosaid:
n'The buneaucralic class on the one hand and the working class toptherwith the
poor and toner and middle peasants on the other are the two classes sharply an-
tagonistie to each other . . If the managerial staff do not join the workers on
the shop floor, eat, live, and work with them, and modestly learn one ot more
skills from them, then they will find themselves locked in acub class struggle
wigh the working class all tbir livee and in the' end are hound to be o'verthrown
as bourgeoisie b'y the w..rrking class. " (EE #27, 1976, p. 7)
The sqrcrstructure - the gol/ernment, the atrny, education, culture, healthca:re, etc.-
is determftd in the longrun by the economic base, but it also can be (and always is
during tlie historic period of socialism) in contradiction with it . . that is, parts of it
ean be bo.rrgeoG irn natrrre and therefore can be used to undermire the economic base
and restore capitalism. The working cl,asses must constantly struggle to change the
sugnrstructtrre and the retrations of prodr.rction to be in agreement with the donomic
base and move fonryard on the socialist road to commr.nism.

'rIn the socialist period the proletariat wants to constantly transform those
parts of the superstnrcture and the relations of producbion which ale not in
harmony with the soci,alist economic base and the prodrrctive forces and carr?
the socialist revolution to the end. The ea{talist-roaderc.ft the Party, hor,vever,
'do eveirthing possible to pnesenre those parEs of the st4rrstrrrture and the re-
lations of prodr.rction which hamper the develoSrmentof the soci,alist economic base
and the productive f orces. Their.v..qinattempt is to restone capitalism. . We can
see from real life that once the leadership in certain units ordelnrtrrcnts was
controltred by capitalist-roaders lilce Liu Shao-chi, f,in)Pi,ao and Teng Hsiao-ping
they would use the power in their hands to ercrgefically push the revisionist line
and turn the socialist muttal :rel,ationsamorig pople into capitalist relations
between emplcyers and emplqyees, @y would use legal and illegal neans to
expan'a lorrrgeois right with respect to dislribution and appropfiate tl fruits of
other gnoples' trabor without comlEns.rtion, aru:lthey would tak advantagg of their
Bosition and power to dispose of stab or collecfively onned means of producfion, .
with the result that socialist owrcrship exists.only in rErmobut is actually tr.rrred
into capitalist ourneiship under the control of the capitaliet-roaders.
(PR #25, L976,p. 9l '
'i j
. .. :

An arf,icle that was the eteventh part of a rnajor strrdy carripaigF on the dictatorship of
the proletariat, dr^urchedby Chairman Mao in 1975, expl,ains sotle'of the basic principtres
around which the two-line struggle develops in ,the donrestic pcotrotqf: ,, rr

"The aboUlion of the distinctions between tovn'end counEy anr:lbetween manual

workers and brain workers as set forthby Icnin plrrs the abolibion of the distinc-
tion betwcen industry and agriiulture of tren nrenbioned.b,Uf"o, Engels and Lenin
constitute what we usiua[y refer to as the abolition of ttb three rnajor differences.i
Ciosely cHtrected with ctrasses, they'are a reflection of, class ,tifferences and
class antalouism in ctrass society. In capitalist societ1l, the tlrree major differ-
encs have all developed to the extent of sharp confrontation. In socialist society
as a:result'of the realization of sochUst public orrnership of the nGans of pre
drrctionand the abolition of the exploitation system, th antitlesis bebween in-
dustry and agricultule, between torvnand corrntry and between rnanrnl and rnental
labour have disappeared, but great diffarences still remain between them, and
bourgpois right that reflects these differences inevitably exists. These r:ernain
the soil for enpndering capitalism and the botrrgeoisie. Becairse od the existence
of the three major differences, some people valtr industry whitre cliadaining agri-
cultr.rr,e and want to stay in the cities anrrl not in the courtryside; others whq,have
acquired sorne knowledge and skill look dosn upon manual labour anil the laboiiring
people and are even haughty to them. The bourgpoisie and its representatives on
their gnrt would r.rsethese differences to undermine the worker-;nasant alliarrce,
sabotap the soci,alist cause, develop,the urban and rrrral capitalist factors ard
 11

,,. ,J'fdr# ** botrt,geois el,ernents and intellectr:al aristocrats. One o'f the tactics
",fft:.i*employed6y the,l(hurshchbv-Brezhmv rrenegadeclique to bring about an all-rorrnd
major
c"pitaltbt *storat'i'or1 in'th So/iet Union is to energetically widen the three
,: ': diifeti?trce6..rrag,-reforc, in socialibt soci,ety, to gradually narou, or to widen
l: ,,.,these differencee is an important content of the struggle between the two classes
,'l '''
and the turo lihes. To continuously deepen the socialist rdvolution, thoroughly
,., . defeat the boqrgeosb and all other exploiting classes and finally abolish cl,asses

:' majondi.ffererrces." (PR #50; L975, p' 251

i.r,, r'Opposition and struggte betureen ideas of different kinds constantly occur
be-
within t5e Farty; this-L a ::eflection within the Party of contradictions
I ,r tvreenclasses and beqrreen the rew and the old in society."
' ' tt'On,Contradiction;" Selected Works, VoL l, p. 317)
;..:,"1,
:'.' -
l' 1',,:,. It
,l,lL elro'said: "Outsid arry'Party therp a:rc other parti'es: inslde it ther- are grotpings'
ro, . a groupingis * a class." (PR #25,1976,p' 10)
n;f.-"h*;"been Yiogof reprcsen-
il;;;;;:t Farty ir rhe p.."ry oi tt- protretariat but the bourgeoisic haa its
unt'rl classE and class scruggtre
,J,;,tarru*t within ,, *= hr,r-hnl sut'ggl" contmLEs
"t:; party cea*s to in its current form. As the fo[oring articre
ils aborishedand the "ilt bourgeoisie within the Party preach the "clying
:expbins, only the of tlre
".po"""r,tatives
o"a ctrassstruggle'
"e
then
,,Sorn,peopb consider that since th cP is the vanguard of the proletariat
the Farty and that the Party should
should be no contradiceions and struggle within
which rtlrls counter to materi'alist
be absolutely pgre. itti" it a naive Jt:n".pt
deepening of the socialist revolu-
diatrectics. . After liberation, with the gradual
took place. Part of the Party
tion, division aqnong the Party ranks conltantly
to remould thi'' ideologr and'
members who clrurg-to th" bo'rgeois stand reftrsed
not willing to go flmard, oppoled ttnrsocia5st revolution.and became capitalist-
roaders. .
rThe developme"itf the prlletariat proceeds everywhere amidst in-
Mao has said: 'If there were
tsrrd struggtest (F. bngPls to A. Bebel). Chairman the
no contradictions *lin- &= Party and no ideological struggles to resolve them'
there is

ff party's life would .;; to ai end @ 'without struggle

progo"ss.' Only by using tl* oC class struggle to obsenre inner-Party
,,o "i"*pol"t
life canwe really Li"rrtaid th irevitability of inner-Party struggtre and be
the Party' ' Since we entered
ideoJ,ogicallyprepared for proturacted struggies inside
proletariat and the borrr-
the period of socialism, the contradiction between thg
and the two-line struggtre
ggoisie.has becorne the princip.al contradiction t :.*** i
If inner-Party struggle we:te not
within tte Farty reflects that contradiction . .
upheld, if Chairrnan Maots revolubionary line were
line of the capitalist-roaders,
not rrsed to defeat the revisionist
tlren the Party would change its nature' Judglng
H
,l
in inner-Party struggle is of
from ex;nrience, isnrt it quite clear that persistence
trerpndotls signif,icance to combatting and preventing :revisionfu* l:
counter-revolutionary political rceds, chieflans of the revisionist line
Out of their
Liu Shao-chi
k
of the dying
Lin pi,aoand Tengffslo-pingdid their utmost to propagate the theory
ctrassconbent of
out of class strriggle it e.tty building, Th"y either negated the
 l.,y
l ,nlt (
h )"..3"
,
-tt-':;'- inncr-Party struggtre by distorting it
into a struggle between
lttacked inrer-parfy struggle as lo:eating individrels or
reaf? that srruggle exisr; within denying the obietite
palw."orrt"liictionsr,
It;" a
ltE hypocribjcar dotrbre-dearin
tacHc of the chieftans of the revisionist line to preach ir* tt,..ry oe au ilying
tji:ry byilfins, r1.* desigred
.. rheir orryn
::-:::1"_"":Yi:rl?
frenzbd 1
artackon the parry andrhelrobtaJr. "*."'w
.-.T;;;=;rr;#;'rilJ,
revisionist tinl Liu sha;_chi,- Lin Fiao, and
TengHsiao-pin
[::;:,"=,]_..:*fj::_ _,-f_:F,
g invariabryengaged in cor:nrer-r.".rfi;;;:"
Partv unitv organizationally and sput.lhe partr c."r".itil;;;headed Eirll I TLff
by
l#ffiT,H:; *I: T i:T :' -Tg-T ?-:: * ""11."yr"* ryii gr,
splitbist activif,ies of these chieftans iIJ* i_._e
i,,". tt=
H;t;;"ff;:
tf,

l#':::*: : jf^ -":1 . tdI t ti ":_"i";;;;

H"L o-ei"g, . u*n;L hispernic
infh-ence ^T:::,*.:T
andachieve frrrther !1"-T f in
strcelfl friil; tr trffi:
"s,r1.sbsnlr.hrn.the unirv of-q*;;#-;?
the"wholeparty on the bagir of
:f-?:5_rJ:lr":
chairman Mao'srevolubionary-rirn," ("or*ry.;;
s ;'il.; ;;;
The preamble' of the constitution of tT Chirnselcommr.nist party
irrcludec thic
PassF, which summarizes clearly the import"n"* of cl,ass sdg#;*fr;f*r.r,

"socialist society covers a considirably long historical

F".ij. Tlrroughout
this historical period, there are cl,asses, cla-ss .or,t"aai"-tior,s
and.cl,ass struggle;
.' the:re is the struggle between the socialist road and the
the dangpr of capitalist restoration and there is th road, there is
".piori"*subversidr
tt"".i-oe
agg:nessionby imperialism and social-imperialism. and
These ;;;;
resolved only by depending on the theory of contiriued ";;;dt qnder
,*rrolGon the dicta_
torship of thc probtariat and on pracbiee under ia"
grid.*.;
/ l- L- lt t,,-

-.s
"1.

--i
 .::
r 'r'"
. 4 . )r , l t iG t rG R I O U g E TS TORY OF T WO -L I NE S T RUG G L E
1 ,&,, i '' "'l

i,'cntsrqit iEltirebliet period of its developrnent in the late 1950's, At that time
r^thi rnajor:ccintradietion in the socieey had become that between the proletari,at and the
l,bodrge-oisi4, Th. two-l.ira, struggle within the Party developed around this contradiction.

i$!..lr;i61957,Chairman lVlao, recognizing the danger of bureaucracy, called fora crihicism-

$ri1l;*g-*ticGm,:rectificabion campaign and issrrd his Hundred Fl.olers speech. The Right
t
to launih an attack on socialis! construclion and push f or
a .1 , r I r. ,

i$$r took ad\rantagqof the campaign

'*",: irreasing borrrggois right. Chairman Mao changeil the emphasis to make it into an anti-
,ffit'',rugnt campaign after the Right had exposed their dangerous bourgeois 1ine.
,it$Yi,,o*' .\ " ..t' .' *
Ei lnlgSB, after the victory of the anti-Right struggle, and guided bf{he general lir laid
,X?..
6om by Chairrtran Mao of "going all out, aiming high and achieving greater, faster, better,
f,.,.. and mors economic resiilts in building socialism, " hturdreds of millions of people criticized
,
ffi', the philosophy of senrlUty toforeign things and trailingbehind at a snail's pace.. It was
S*.,t un&r these circumstances t\at the Great Leap Fomard in economic constrrrction and the
F:iir,..,FeoplesrCommurc Moverrrent emergpd, pushing socialism in China a big step foruard.
ffiti.il" ffowl.rer, the stnrggle clid not cease. In 1959, the P'eng Tch-hr.raianti-Party cliqrc advocated
S#.$*,''.'tailinebehindthe Soviet revisionists and attacked the Great Leap..Fonrard and the Peoptresl
ffi'+.16oroiirg,e lvtorement. La.ter, taking advantage of the temporary economic difficulties re-
Siii. ;gi,'tfrom three consecubiv" y"""r of natural disasters and tlre soviet revisionist reregade
ffiil ', .lis*i, act of tearing up coritracts and withdrawing experts, Liu shao-chi and comlarry
Sr-, I aFin opposed Chairrnan lvlaots correct advocatingretreatingfrom
line, advocating
correctline. retreatingfrom Commune
the Commune
the
'.-in.-osed.Chairrnanlvlaots and advocating a
, tvt-oretnentand :r,eturning to the use of private plots and private profits
ntreatand consolidabion of cl,ass relations in industry.

line, Chairrnan
h;', gro""iving the: f"f,get of Liu Shao-chirs revisionist cor.urter-revolutionary
[ ' U"o launcheda massive Socialist Education Morement throughout the cities and cor:ntry-

Eams to ilirect the spparhead of the attack dor,vnat lourer and middle cad:res. At thir
iil;.,,,",'r
*",:, , Doint, Chairrnan tvtaoexp-licitly pointed out that: "The main tarFt of the present mqte-
t ; '#nt
is those Party [prsons in po,rrer taking'th capitalist road.'r In 1966, the Great
: Frol,etarian Cultural Revolution was launcheil, organizing the rnasses of workers and
:; move China forward on the socialis.t road;. On August
peaeants to recbify the Parf,y and*totof
, itth, 1966, the Central Committee the Communist Parry released the 16 points which
' guided the Cultr:ral Revol,ution and which said, among other things:
,,,'
ttThe masses of the workers, IEasants, soldiers, revolutionary intellectuals
..,'', andnvolutionary cadres form the main force in this great Cultural Revolution.
, Largg numbers of ::evolutionary young people, previous$ unknown, have become
, :
h t* " courageous and claring;nthbreakers. They are vigorous in action and intelligpnt.
Througlr the rneitia of big-character poster_s and great debates, they argr.te things
"{X
1- out; expose and cribicize thorouBhly, and launch resoluE attacks on the openand
,: i,:;', hid&n representatives of the bourgeoisie. In srrch a great revolutionaiy'mwement,
, ,'r it is halitly aviridabtre that they should show shortcomings of one kind or anotler;
:,':, hourever, their general revolutionary orientation has been correct from th be-
,,':, girurnrg This is the main current in the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution.
 It is the gpreral along which this revolution
since the cultr'rralfrlection continr-s to advance.
Revolutio" da revolutiorr, it
Thi,s resistance comes chiefly i*vitably neets with:resistance.
from those irr'"utf,o"irylrfro
into the Party t"rr-*J*"a their way
takiqg the capitau"t toai. It
of habits from the ""'l 1T also comes from the force
old societf. At present, this
resistance is still fairly strong
li,o]""I[:i.j:j "H.:1::f._",:*;!:L;{ c,rturarRevorution
ani*e is
,i,[f:::,^T,ll;T_T:,.G.-r.._"tdn;;-il;"T:#:ff
urot e
I ly ndo*noncerhema ss s * "ffi };;:::Ltj: t""":t5 ;T:jTlrt.Jil
:tri:"J:H
I strong, there wilr be .-rr"r"als
reversars
:i:l
I There is no harm in this. It h;pers
"rra ".r"'r, '"J';-u i, ah* struggre.
the p"olt ri"t and .ar*. *."ri'g
1nopl,e,anr
ilff.?ltl'*' to
:Iff;
understand
tr H::'il:
thaii :r * iil".r l:' "onsndsr*" tine
.a mexpe
rience
t( :H i",T:;il;,T ;h";il;Hilff;lg;.:fffJf.:
"In tle Great Proletarian cuttr'rralrRey-olu1ion,
a1- onry method is for the masses
to Hberate thems.elves,and anv methgd:Jtt-+'Jr"ngs
inrtheir stead must not

-d ff"::'t""ffitjfil."T:'ifiy"on rhem.ana
Jspect**t initiari;;. castour
;:*:*:**"::::y1::nt:iriq$#;::il',n:T#;*
rraired andmagnanimo,s.Ler bhe*"Ju"r-"i;;
.'orutry movernent and learn to ; ;ff;H;"ff ' ;lTlf;T"i_
distinguisrt
- xgii ..a wrong and be tween
incorrect ways of doing things. ,, correct and
"wh6'are ouf enemies,- who-are our friends]
portance for the revolution This is a q,.'"ti"r, of the
and it is likewise a q,-"tio' first im_
for the great cultural Revolution. of the first importance
Party traaerslup shoulil be-gooil"t
the Lef t anddeve.ropin-g ai".*"ri'g
:rely on the revolutionary "id :rtr*,,;; .t*;.'.;k,u* r.;;-iJ"nr"ra firmly
Left. b,r,"ir,glh. *o.,,r.rnent
late the most reactiona-.7 nighai"ts that i" tr* onry way to.iso_
the great rnajoribvso thar _tioroughly, ,ir, over the middle and r:nite with
of mo:re thane5percentoft'tr.end
the
of tt"
cadres
andmor.'
-o.r"rj"ilT"T,iltif
rtrfir"fulfl:"#ffi'5#y
concentrate all fo"t" t" the handfut Jr.r-q.-r.actionar'
Rightists and counter-revoluhionary
"tJllt bo'rgeois
revisioJJo elqrose and criticize to the
full their crjmes against the parf,
against soqiali"*
thougltso as to isolatethemtolu *.*i-u-.
withinthe Party*r'qe*' L *i,o*c,
'.,t'*iliiff;1g H;:Tt''
$:ilf.t::rf ;;:;-;.Lr,sr g,
Dtrrin'g the cultural Revoiution
Li,1 shao-chits bourgeois headquarters
mass mot"ement' Follouring this was snrashed by tt*
the Lin pi"o ar,ti-Fa"ty
ultra-"Lef t,' and proletaria"n slogans
but th. "r&;;;1".a. Lin piao used
He advocared an end ro the dictai"'=hd;; of,f6"l"rjiri"a lire was Right.
"s".nce
il;;-#.;
had been solved and that prodrction ;;:T. that class slruggre
was the main-Jtried
task af ter ,rTt,,rtr,'.l l
As Commander of the peoples; Revolutsion
iiU."ation e"-y
Party's control, to take- the Army out of the
mi]itary p*,,." and then political
TTp pr^r.". rril firr" and,his grlot
ut*t'ed and t'*o".rr,.nt ro criricize Lin, piao and to
;aff#;;: confrrcius grew our
,ii
One of the "garg of four/,,
Great Protretarian Cultural {ang_H,nfwen, a Shanghaiworker who, as a l,eader of the
Revolution' was rater elected
the Central Committee of to be senior vice-chairrnan
the Communist party of China, of
reiteralea aru *rrr," principle
 o,r ona rn as rEvel at"the Tenth party
""itlctm congress in 1973:
:' rroutrsic a
way
socialistcourtry under the dictatorship
working cr'ase, the poor.g.1l:*Tidd;_rasants, of the proletari,at. .The
rce and the rnasses of, working
' o n9 PoPb ern the nrasters of our country. TLytave
the right toexercize revoru-
I
Honarlp eupenriaion over cadres of all
irre ranks o{ our ea"ty?r.! state organs.
concept has taken deegrr root in o* p.ity, this
urc thanks to tL G:eat protretarian
rr cultural Revolution. Ho""u"", there
fa arn" stiu a small number od cadresr
Pocirlly sott= leading cadn:s, who will not totrerate s-
ride differing views inside or out_
I thr Party' The-yeven suppress crihicism
and retaliate and it is quite
' eerioue in eone cases , . p""ty
disciplirclbsolutely forbids srrch wrong pracfices.
.

-: : ' 'have faith in the *"i"r=*ly -*."por,.

;e s on them, constant\rse the
":: the rnesse to air their rri,"*rr freely, of aro'sing
wrioe big-c#a.*" po"a.rs and hold great
debetss and striverto create a poutical
ut sitrration in which it="" are both
-: i'ernaq! de-1ocracy, uo* ltcipline central-
e- and freedom, both unity of will and
personal
res -*-'-
sociaUrt conctr'ctio.. r, (pR #3S, Lg7g, -
vol ;. 3t
tlr rtruggb dtrncbl uv chairrnan Mao at the end
of l97s to beat back the Right
iLirbtionist tsetd wai a conhinr.rabionof the r""g
t*o-il:;;,r;. L*.' rhe prorerari,at
rd th botrrgeoirrie' As the follorring passage plji.a",
- ----' th.
r'- ,t?i,;gr"
'e'sEE& became inireasingly
1g
months thatioU*"j,
.anagonieticduringthe
v I'The gnat victories
o-
we have wor since the start of the Grcat proletarian
.it cultunl Revolurjon
urdoubredry
constirute.
"t"tt take
and all other erploiting classes. They will rEver "Lil.;;;;* ..f]';ilru*"
'r this defeat lying donrn but
wiu invariably wait for an opportwrity to stage i
,r.r,gFrrl co'nte:raitack in an atbmpt
to rewrs the nrevl:trs.verdicts
lnssed durin! the cultural Revolution,,,
) (S #6, 1976, p. 7)

' ,s

i-l!-

I
 IN EDUCATION
5 . T I TE R E V O LU T ION
Party central Committee to
A rnong the 15points formulated by the-communist
ileclaration:
if" Crfi*al Revolution is the folloring
task is to t'a
ilIn the Great Plpletarian cultr.rra!' Revolution a most impo:rtant-
and the old princid":.i"11"^:l*r::fi:*.
form the o1dedrrcational svstem b"ing dornina
i:tT*"EJ:1*J,f,..-.r Revolutio" .t* phenomlnot'of or.' schoors
ty Uoutpois intellectuals must be completely changed"' '
t'

rnajor-battl'egrourd itt j,tF cultural Re

first
schools anil rrniversities becarne the
s
wi th r:niver si f,v'andhighschool st Je ntto ?* Ti^t-1*t^
iransio"* *1" a*':'"f;
education. *u chanpr
rhe manvbasic ";
[:ffiK;]H;'##;;;;;s d in a;
nade in educati";' ;;; ;;;lil =*'t :****5.iti'-13"; ;'eawidelvtocounterth
;:::* ;;'fl
ffi1'":,.'":5:A::TJirff ;t*;;i;itioffi
Rightcreviationi"-*i"ir''1*iry1t-'^T.:,5iltf,?1,"::*Y:h'::r5":Tnlfr
ted
?-Ji[.i*." olutionbut appliesto altrschools'Quo
:H"trHr":ffi.j"x.ii.=irf artlctre; the entire article shorrH be read to get a bet
lol are the subti&es from tre .?
-, I .

unclerstanding. , ,: ,,
intellectnrls; new
,r1 Olil agricultural colLeges were dominatGd by bourgeoig
,agriculturalcoUegeslus-tstrengthenworkingctrasetreadership'
concentraEa in citiesi"rew agricultrrral
2* Old agri,cultrrral coltreges-were :ii '; -
:'
colleggs are scatErea in the co'untryeide' -
3. old agriculturJ;;u";t -tdvocabed: ,I|t-It:.t;g* *r::3ff
t *# s
:
"ffi
:;-,; h'al-c otle ges prac tice the "y " f! tnt'": From' th comm'ne
":rT
backtocommuneg'arudtrainrpwt]/peSnasantswlr}ruo*rEocialistconsciour
and culturej - ''.^'.1
. "'..,''lo:''-,-:j to ine llectual deve
n1"3iu1Hu t*.r co1le ses s-tregsed:' oi"--Fi:"j- Pl4ce--;-*^;
puttittgqTlb,if:iE*:.,:i:
ment.I l.rewagriculturalcollegesstress
re gul4rizarionr . tlew agriculrtrral
l
,T":; gJ"l;:r., colle ges advocated'
"
adhere to palt work, part study systems' -
6. oldagricultrrdcoGg"::t*:*a,i T-":l11f11e::3y,53 s
orvariorrs
il;il,E;'. p'i'*ifr:"fi
;;#,"fff:;:ffiTff;#I,:;"t
it a courses' New agricutturat cAne
ci,a1tie s ahtr specia f : s
tion (integrating tudv and
-"-"-*:: ri1Eil5,
prod'c
."J'trLTil ;5;if ic :researchandprodfu
theory and Practice)'
7. old agricrrlt ur"i .iu" e"s wete hty:.d,i l9l,--5:"f:-"1".1 ::fff"*'
J':;::iii,-l;";.-"; are closeryrinkedwith the trr:reesrear revolutionar1
mstrernents - thel.t"?gr" for productjon,tt-e class:*199f-'-r111t=tifice
emphasized tere;
the F"gtl of edtrcation is
perincnt. fnote: rn.tiJ"i"g
8. olil agricultr:rai ;;il; ?" o".:; ;*""' -l "' : 1-Y,tTl
.. ever wider,Lg s.at", reachinglo the grass roots and
';;:;"*;;"i";tor, -t3'..*.T.*,H:"*
victingeducation for the masses'
di the
9. Old agric ultur"i " oUtg"s enstrave
., ,--!--
nts ; -rev: gric$l"i.-Tff
s-Ltr'rile
'#ff:.ffi;#;;";;rd.;;'' to tattend the universitv, **ge it and:
form itr. and Pe
10. Teachers in old agricultural colleges urcre divorced frOm workers
integrate with workers and lnasants
rcw agricultural .oi..g", help teacf,rs
teachere"l
strive to build a contiigent of proletarian
 L7
Rking Revies(#n, rs75,p.
I#:";ff ," 6) rhe rwo-linesrruggle
in edtrarion
' l' nro transform schoolrinto
I for trainingst.cessors instrunrents of trc
{ictatorship of the proletariat
to the proretarian revorution"ry

':
lf 'f*;:"",-#"#f
;;*S"1fr
:*ruft'f:il--,**ii"..*,
&r the educati"*i;".;;t"!qusm rs a tundamental issue
".*.
or ao turn them

in the two--line
";;;i.

ilit:,. ' ilAtouRd lasf

summet d'gzs)-a Right
j"i devi,ationist wind_bqying
correct veraict-s *"" *iJn#a to reverse previo.s
lii"' ,*i"rr-"-i r."gu. Irs aii was
Grert Proletarian cultuJai n"."91rtir"
"pir, to rcgate the
ten yars'ago and at. n"irlrru, initiated and l,edby chairman
'-i*l ,.*'-rr,]i*
'Y 'urao
cult'ral Revolu*pn' It was "Tt-.I"' .Ta haveemergeddtrring the
at this time tha-t a few p"r";;";f
sity, bent on p,oilr,g at* r"ir,gt,ra univer-
',',t ""rririonist tt"* ;;*e.out with attacks on chairman
tr,1,"Jil[:ffi"#il,'ITfilffiXi*-irtv
I' r, leadei centrar-tiomitree
heheaded.
chairrnanMao prompuy seizedhold * ltrT:t:::."qlggb,- o* gt-..----
lili, tietea
arevoruti"'",*."Ii.h.".
iii H? tr;ffi:*;;; "";J;JT.::?5:ilP.ilt"ffTH^*:
at rsingh,,a
u'i*"sitv began
exposrns
and*iti-
i'':';'OiO struggle is neitherlsohtelnoraccidental
. . Thosewho wtrippeiltrp the
:, ' Right deviarionist-yind *""" in:."r h;;-ig:
I, ro gethepartv's
chan
ni::3ifhT$T;lf; basic
f*:f*:|""5 l"e,,i,"tiornuy.
,ila.u-"o*a
rheyartemotec
oii.r,"ir," against #
til,- ililf,xi:i:Tl*t*.p' JTfi T:tr T.:
: rtudentehit the nail on tL fitta',r=".r-t
to rsverse eorrect tt"dif," ""ii.,T .* Righrdeviat{onistwind
tr
afi "i"ia ".*.."i;-"lniou"*
of, our cl,assu""iL" wouri be restored in china
. Immediately
'ilrissls wourd lose their rives. I
after the revolutit""r" rn:rss
p"t up a big-characbr debate started, some Tsinghtra
I post'er: '-Thecapitarrra-tla."= students
fi rcd. ' Ir direcpd tl* on the capitalist
.' in'ttr Party' with "rL "t-iu
.r a,handfur
$= "p.""t*.a
i".p""irg "^f"i1!-;;;rgi.
oe the noasJiebate,. the
of capitalist-roaders
class alignnrent becarne
''"c!rerer and clearer. rr* to*g"oi. who
wird were mainly tti"" capitalist-"*L* whipped up the Right de_
' -vietioniet -po"*r*Liil:"
who
..''9Td drrring the cultuar ievorution but:nefused t
waethewav a sroupor worker-p""".,,i"-Jdr'*j*rJH
were exposed and criti_ $
"ist ;};T#
.t8

I
s
-tEU

;'il Xi':ffiTFi HJ,;T"""ff*;, :?:.*':::j:,,* Righ

t de
viarionis
r
#_,Fi":!&fl ':,$:::;"*"r;.*i'ff
devi'ationist winir o" * oa"
i.'.Fl:"iT"H:"il:'
iin o" :resrorati"", l"E
",ii"l iil""
shourthat it isn't stud""t"-t'* *l ;*.T#?i5"-rT;
*onle who are halrering the ,four
modern
struggle, their aim being ;;:" ndsno* too talkabout
:H'"':*T ;:';. :5, Tr T::: "t1 Pre.tnds-not
uruy
rarkabouctras
tneprotetariataei,,srr'r*il;;*H":";#"1?,t*.:r,T.;*_r";;*1": t ctrass
l#i': ao rug ar-6evr-& s
tionist wind usedlh.
rcw things and attack 'fo,rt;;:;".i.*i"llilr'"ru,
ar," p".i.a.*"ar_. g*irrg to to smash the socialist

"#L'l*j:;*:rn*fu:i*:::::r"F.?;;*"o*
Ere .*i"t=r**;;;""g.ois
rit'ir
i#li.'"iff
devi,ationistwind.
devi,ationist wind. The
The aim
aim of the
rho
isqres ano mass"_li"!l.
.
i liable tofall
to fall prey to the
lrey to ,fr" nii
Rit

;;;lx;nfiiti
*::f :ff :il'*".i;*T#i:*ji::"H;#'.?':f
ism and redrrcette-gro,rna";i;;lu}ff'rf[-1:1 the social origins oi t"ui,
l4rmum. " (S #12,pp. 9rtr0,
Makinguseortherorms
#.1,--H";'X:?,:: jT jr,: :: I y h counter- ar tacksearryrasr Nove
mb
"e"p".-r*gly:?I:,;,:ffi:fffrTiri *:Jf;#
:HT:ff:":?ff
andworkers r":::j}i*r"g-::,
have *F-T* ",-
exposed."J"-riti"iJj. + T".rc"", stude
?.ffJ::'f:";
nrs,starrnrer
'roaders in the partsy, They have a*" ,,*.-uy il".r*g
rff;t:;r:fffJ
tr facts *a .I."*irrg t
::i;
soontiirHf."r
fouowedsuir "''droth"".i"tti tuTiJilff at*. rion, scierrceand
ili""iandr,ar.rnchea "
ri"""" ;;;";:":?;i:;f:ff".ff:r: rechnr
that had * " 4".-#::"
*: i:"irf '*r, "" .1l'L er*oro
gicalcircles rr
ffifiru, "

ii""ffi,"'ii:Hil"'ffJ:*:'. T'.frHtri:h ::x j": :.n-gdid

hisurrno
dipartments.
ln:i:::ional. :,":l ",.i,.",tha
-"* ro; t rherE *. ."ff lr5; tr :::::1*d
H" ""JiJ r;u#_L;ffiIfiJ,HffflJff
"
edtrcatioru' This,-of course, *"r-" distortion;;L
facts.
#ffn|
the workers out of rhe . In ordir to throur
i"ng.Hs3o--g*g-"no"d,pouticai
intellectrrels to opr3se.working"r.r{r.",g**i];;:png
""noot, o]ior", i*tiF
Proragn$Team srationed *a .tt"ir.r'g the wor
irr-tsingh,rau"ir""IitJ]'.,1
{pR#37, 1926,pp. 19-20)
During the octotri rs rg76, puBe,
the Minister of Edtrcahion,
repl'aoedthe Rightist chou;*tjlry chou H'ng-peo (whohad
chih chrur' who wa'salso head lasr springl""a ,r= vii"-,ltiii".*,
o? r"ir,gL* u"u?'rlry, *r"o" of Edrrcabion
the workcr Ptopra,ndateams arrested. Thc readers of
that phfea rol,e ir, t""rr"iurming the univer_
sibies since the cult'r"t n ro*lon i*porlnt
"n *"i.
p' 20) havebeenarnested tt .na *rr,o una",
uoih rsinghua ";L"l;;;rr by Teng (pR #32,
n"r.i1e universibie"-0gg.
:3ltJi:imH"':ilh;#.tf"*t not onlvat peking
""a
anar"i,,g[,.'but ocr. 17)
at other
"rr**

chairman Mao said af ter the

cult'ral Rcvolution: ',The worker
stay gnrmanentlvin the schools.*,"".l"ry;, propag.ndabams sttbua
criticism-transf ormation thena and ;t pa:rtin"u ** t rr., of struggle_
will ir*r"v. r".i aror" ir,"tit,riior,".,,
D'ring the
 ii

t9 t:
*

F
i

F
1
i

*
the Right deviationist wind in edrcation
i

ge (PR *+, L977, P. 16) criticizing the

the news media: fi

edu-
i*iirr"""nt leaders o$posed rhe srruggle ageinst the Right &vi,ationist trend in
jfil;;;i;""1es that was calried outLst year, and in criticizing the "gang of four"
lgoihgall out to &fend and develop that trend'
il
iiilr
of t5" criticism put fonrard ry tle rpw leadcrs wa! *n
i!.f:ir:r1.."'.1: ' t

ff#;Jt of tlE benknryt ityb

about"a*".i"" ir, *lcrq n"rri"*'.#8, tlt-.tT':i::.::r"-t:f:,fu'1*P
i{f,rr,tielc
,,:,ilHi:il;;*n;;:-iffi .Lg;7,,.tlt
[ffii't".:_:: j::1'5,*;::::'":?:5":*"#::-
*l#*tr,Risht *'19i" "-9T"Ho:
a"u:atiJ"i'i "" :TlT:1T::*".i:T*':"-]r"?X:::f #H;
;fritr*:;:'15il;;;;;;;;e.it*n:*,.r,:ff::,'i-T5.'.'.':
;lrrrrd,eocbliet
tltlF rgsrrlg conscior.rsri"" .|"iost cultrfo and intellectsl development so as to rEEFte
of hand rhey t'y to prorre
fl[i*;;; inFrtrectuar clerreropment. with an awkward sught
i..- u1cr.
f$,ilTJ;t".,ggr"'io *t+,._1,::tionisttre:t-ff:"::::tt:1f the workerr
crre fft",
a furile scheme to keep
r : W : E l Il [:E l E
from g knourledge.
ti
-sE 6 6 -
11iuafJ** ,Jr"i"*irrg Roptre ".q;tit
peasanrs io*rr"t in a stite of ignorancewithout culture. " of
i,{u*-nIi;ti;ri..}a&
frorn ttreltFurttu. As the preceding articles have shourn,
,ill;grr*,, nothing co'ld be firther
u"-"o
H*q*.ti*,r''"*orLrs,t"ialiguv t{ a"'i--11*-PHf: cultural Revolution Tt':**1 I
d:'^|leifagrsur

if;;F;-and
rFe
and dia
s
a r.argadegree r.rnril the
i: -T-T,o::::::::t Tlc changes il
,*i.-a-*Lg'arct,ha*.r ievorution wer a tremendous riictory lor the work-
{;.i*earraai*
fr,,ihsclasses,.buttheirct""'"."'"; a1n'"d1"::l :i.11:1:t
prevent il:
the :f
old *"T:'"::"'-
uu
riiii;ii: |n3- srt.t(s-t ideas and
i,,;;,tt"" tochallenge it* Uo.o'g"ois,ilominance
-'-tflg:-::
o\rereducation, and
the uplnr hand.
11'*;'1tp'bo.urFoisel-ements that contintnd to promote them from getting
1tlil'"iE
t
,:]'-,
':): ' .- , '
'1. .,:;..
.,'' liberation and particularly
ti$;rions have been a constant co'rce of struggle sincl
ri;;.&E
ii":iis'l ,rhe r"ry.i l;r1t"5-t-158::,*':T:::*r=:*:ttfr;'"Tr?;"-"rH'i'"L11:
tlE teurtrrrar:::,
defeated during the cultrrral Revolution
ute as tT r""-lo:J^11lt::l:lt-,:i:-
tf primary ;;:;;;?, -' -;;; political conscious-
tiiFt';
k|*lr "", -Pr'l*ar
of choosing :;totandino
outstanding nwronrhers hishr political
with high
members with conscious-
riid.rriplbeedwith. "y"L* ln their attemPts tb regain control
enterprisei'
*ii,frOin the comm,r'nesard industrirl
 -F
20

ovr education, bourgeots intellcctrrals rnany times try to increese the role of academic ex'
aminations and exclude peasants and workers with less academic knorledge f rom colleges
and universities. An article in PR fr, 1977 (pp. 13-15) attacks the struggle of the worker-
peasant-soldier students against the bourgeois use of examinations by defaminga hero
of that movement, Chang Tieh-sheng of the Tietrling Agricultural College. Chang Tieh-shen
was a production brigade leader who in protest against entrance examinations that tried to
exclude peasants and workers turned in a blank exam. Now the present leaders attack him
as a "concocted hero". with a "hopelessly low facademicJlevel "who couldnrt pass tle exam
and an all-around opportunist and pawn of the "gang of four". What is their point? - to
reverse bhe verdict on the use of academic extrance examinations as a means to exlude
*
peasants and worker' fr.tm ",'hool.

The bor.rrgeois idea of educalion is that.it must be ;rrnd toward educating a technocratic
elite instead of a large contingent of worlier-soldier-greasant students to return to their
communes and factories. This is consistent with tt:ir i&a that technologi,al advances
depend on a few higtrly specialized elite technicians and not on the masses of workers and
peasants. These bourgpois ideas manifest themselbes in many ways such as emphasizing
te( hniq,! .nrt,I p*liti,'al 5r).ralist .Ju<.rtioor emphasizing grades and tests, wanting to
'rar:ic acadenrru suar,dards" try krck:ng che pc'asants ancl workrr* rut u6 tb schools, and
opposing the authorify of the worker propaganda teams, claimrng that thc most'intcllec-
tr.rally advanced" professors (who many fimes did not take a strongclass stand with the
proletariat) must run the schools, that "non-professionals cannot direct professionals. "
A11 these ideas were thoroughly rrepudiated during the Cultural Revolution, but they did
1ot disappear, and Teng Hsiao-ping tried to stir up a Right deviationist wind to bring
back these ideas and reverse th correct verdicts in th edtrcational field. The bour-
geois intellectuals who promoted this line said they wanted to "raise academic standardstl
and "f r.rrther cultuial development and scientific achi,evementr'r but what they actr.rally
Il tried to do was ptrsh the workers and peasants out of the universities and schools, The
result of their plan would have been to recreate schools that would be th privileged
pagodas of the bourgeois intellectuals to train a new class of technoctats to lestore
capitalism

To combat th bourgeois line and consoUdate the schools as centers of working class
education, politiEal development, and technical advancement was the essence of the
struggle to beat bac.k the Right deviationist wind inedrcation. The two-line struggle
in education is defined and very powerfully presented in the motrie "Breakingwith Old
Ideas," which was produced in the spring of 1976 to support the struggle tobeatback
the Right deviationist trend at that time. A11 the movies produced during this tirne to
attack capitalist-roaders have been denounced by the new treaders of Chfuia (see follol-
ing sec tion).

*The N. Y. Times reported on March

21, 1977, that students in Peking were taking entranc
exams f or the first time in three vears (since the struggle in which Chang Tieh-sheng was
a lea&r r.
ti[..., . '
$$'
$;
K.
zr
&il
F' d
Hr
i
{, with a related subject:
$ w" also suggest that peopte examire closely two arficles dealing
I inJouf"i"g-the Right deviationist wind in the scientific and technological circles",by the
PR #1x, L976b. e) and "A
i vr"." crit-icisrn Gioupat Pekingand Tsinghr:auniversities, in
by the theoretical group of the
|. ;r;"us struggl in scienbific and technical circles",
two articles are totally opposed
chfues" e""dt1y of Sciences, h EB #16, 1977(p. 2a). The
.toeach other, ind the second is written to corxrter the message of the first. The first
, fields, care-
puts fonrrard the proletarian revolutionary line in scientific and technological
it, and defends itagainst.dttacks that were being made by the Right devia-
iutty
"*pt"ins the of fourr" the
tionists. Tlpical of mary of th irticles now written toattack "gan'g
urder attack last year for
secondarticle makes it clear that the persons and political line
their opponents incorrect;
being revisionist and Right devi,ationist were in fact corrcct and
in the struggle, characteriz-
horre-ver,it sidesteps the most important principles brought up
4lxze Power L'v the "Fng
ing the whole thing as "bourgeois factinnalism" and an attempt to
t t"ro.rl

trl4rr rt Xa-cbrnctnr\ r-4... a. L.a ott thc itrht dcvlrtlodrt rlr4

 L,L

6. THE REVOLUTION IN LITERATURE AND

ART
The sixteen points formulated
by the central committee of the commrurist party
china to guide the masses of workers of
and peasants in fighbing the Great
Cultr.rral Revolution pointed out: holetarian

qf"r ". , Comlade Mao Tse-tung said:

Vnt a poUtical poter ir is atways
ll.:::,.hrow
f'1
,U/
ff ::::*rff ::?'':"*1;'::..'^T:-l1-'-n:'.t.oJ"-*rJ;;r.;;ogical
sphere. This is true for the revolutionary
class as well as for the counter-
revolutionary class. . t
Although the borrrgeoisie has been
we-rthrorn, it is still trying to
ideas, cultr'r-ne,cusroms and habits of use old
thlexpi"t;;; crasses to corrupt
masses, capture their minds and endeavou.r the
to stage a comebach The prole_
tariat must do the exact opposite; it must
meet Gad on everrr ctarier,g" ot
the bourgeoisie in the ideologlcat field and
use ,f= L*, ideas, cultrrre, customs
and habits of the proretariac to changp the
mentat quuoor ir" *mb sgciety.,
"i
During and after the Great Proletarian cultura[Revolution,
comrades in the fieldE of
literature and art strived to create a rw prol,etarian
ctdtrse that would senre tle
working class and take the place o! the old bourgeois art.
They thrgw away all ttre old
books and ptraysabout emperors and emp:ne"""" tLt promoted
fetrdal and capitaust
ideas' Irbw pl'ays and movies were written and a netu
mvolutionary proletarian cult':e
was encouragpd' rlorvever, this rew cultune was, oG
co'rsel a$a;kel by the capitalist-
roaders including Teng Hsiao-ping. The rnajor thrust of
Teigre was against the
""?:T:5,i u"f ;;; - idea
" thinkin
g
"Jii.t
ilt"j*
in berms :n:'
" f;jr,'-
of absolutes. Healso: ::5' works:.1f
-IL:I1n
saidthe Tr
"ou"iiltJ
ti il;ff;#T"?ffi:.
ture and art. " (see China Reconstrr.rcts. August, 1926)r

An article titled'i, Negaejng the Revolution in Literattue

and Art Aims at Restoring
Capitalism,' (PR #22, lg76l defends the :revolution in
literiture and art:

"In dishing uP tt revisionist prognmme of, tdt ir,g the

throee directives
as the kev link' ps oppocodto taking cl,ass
;atk"y-lr"l-!" p,rt

w,
f onpardby chairran Mlo, ".trggfi
Tengput'unity iia staufligaandprodrntion
on the sarne levell, the erch rrnnperitant
tb party, Teng
""pitrinl=oaderL
not only made a vindictive attaci< or tt* protretariat
"-ti"3-nE, in the field'
:*.f in :titerary
wind :::: i: and
:_1.:art1na.te; hn"l.o.g
circres. :. u"t . r" o * rip p"T,ry ;-RtshrlJia bionier
*{ rh. up".rr-:: ;i;;;:;;"gr.at
chairman'Mao, he frenziedly attacked chairman
Maors proletarian revolufi
rvoluElonat
lir in literattrre."f t:tr. dLparaged. the model revolulionary
theabical w6rks,
:::1"f: lt_!y.tari!'s treaderJhip
o'rerriteriiL .r,aart,
andtried to re-
l verse the correct verdicts on the revisionist line in titerature and art
I

l held sway in the 17 years before the start of the

which
l Great cultural Revolution ln
I
1?66' ' Tgng Hsiao-ping slandered that the revolution in literatur.e and art wdt
tin a rnesst and said it was a tqtcstion of lirn. I
rs arE was
sone even called for a rreapprai
of the Uterature and art before the Great Protretarian
cultrrral Revolutiorq,.
Is the present better than the past or is the present
not ae good as the gnst or
the literature and art front? Emperors, kings, gprcrals, ministers, talentc
and beauties have been driven off the stage and the heroic imagps of workers

\-
 '_ l i : ', 1

'd* : l

23

ffii',*:.,, e1rd;nrt nts'and roldicrs have taken their place as the leading characters. .
the militant corrrse of the Chinese Revolu-
ffi,.|", Oqr Uaregqp 1na Ert fgday reflect
itt*#f.1. ,i,., iidt' pqtray.the rnagnificent scenesin a socialist revolution and construction,
*i.i:;ii:!*i;;.:;depictthb"heat of struggtreand life of the workers, peasantsand soldiers,
tt-i':Li,. , prsi* thC eturdy grorth of :revoluhionaryrnw things. Amateuractivities in
;if.,'tj' ..I ' ,, llEsrer]
i.,.",r literary. and art creationss among
amongworKers,
workers, EEasanEs, and sololers
lnasants, ano soldiers have flourished,
nave tlourlshed,
i,J':, and in-grving theatrical performances, the emphasis is on the grass-roots r.rnits . ,
F;',tfi, Wlpn fTeng Hsiao-ping] sEw the featrrre film 'spring Shoolt, he went away dis-
fY.;',
i;:'.1 :
, apprwingly before itended, sl,andering itas 'ultraI-eftt. . WhV did h fly into
-;i'l' -'
": "-
,.:'-',,,1"..-, eragp
---'--- at
-i. thls
^ur- film
c:l-
which
..-L-:^L
has
L--
won acclaim
-^t-:- from
E-- ,-
the masses? R:This is
LL^ --r----a !- L
becauseit
"*tirnghim to ttre quick, for the film sings the praises of the Great Protretarian
i;,'li:-:l
. Cultural Revolubion, srrccessfully creates a typical imdge of Tien Chr.n-miao,
,,,,..olE.of tl tEw generation of young pople who have codllto the f ore dr:ring tlE
I Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, and sharply criticizes those Party per-
: . ; il .: : .
:.'''..;!i'.
,;lil iLi
sonr gL
r ,I Dfrllt inlqger L/Esr
taking the r.E capitalist .Es.
Lqy.F.EL roail. By el attacking'Spring
qv LeLlurg ey4!rE, Shootr cE
errvvL asrultraleftr,
r.IL{a!

i1^i, '' .,.,,Tcng Hsieo-ping -,urE

reveal,ed hie ourn ultra-Right stand. It is crystal cleir that the
." model revolueionary theatrical works have helped bring about the blossoming of
."..,r,:
;1;1i9!-'' r n ^ d ^ ^ ^ - - :-
:#;:' _ 100florpers in revolutionary
- .,^ i..r :- - - , art
r-l a-,l literatue,
and l .i r^-or..* L..r..,1-,
but wty did ri J Teng
'f^-r tr-:,^-^;--
Hsi,ao-ping *
re-
;ff-',,' gprd this asrNasingle flower blossomingt? Did he really want to have a hundred
i,)lfr-''7. ' .!,,,-
flowers blossom iri proletarian art and literature? n No,t
rr t- L' : -,- rr,r-L-ri rt-
-,-!---rr:!-,-L
at all. He . . always
-r-------r-- har-
',j::' boured'a bitter hatled for the flagrant flourers of socialist literatrue and art
;,i. 'aid,proetrated frimself in admirahion of feudal, capitalist and revisionist litera-
!'l' " ttue and art. Wfiat he tried to do was to smother the fragrant flourers of pro-
il.iifl ;" htaiian literattrre and art and l,et feudal, capitalist and revisioniEt poisonotrs
'
:a,f d; : l; i: . : : , ' ' t
weeds gror- ' -,- :-,L--a !r,-,--L- L
instead, thereby burning liEratrrre and art into his tool for testoring
----j--- i :L - L :- !^ ^ 1 <^ - !^ - !-
1.f;: --J - - L :- L ^

ti;::. capitalism. This is the ver? essnce of the issue.

,=
...j 1.1
aL ,::. li i

{J' ttte Minispr of, Cultr,rre, Yu Hui-yung, was purged in October and his place was taken by
Shrn, a f ormer journalist who wac eritieized dr.uc-ing
the Cultural Revolution (N. Y.
Occ. 7 and Oct. 29). Thp Vice-Minirbr of Culture was also purgiedand all
indicate that the Ministry of Cultur^e has been reorganized completely. Visitors
iiport that in the nonths follouring ttc purgp of October g$ the model tleatrical works *
t
$
'"'A
htr and cry to'.o.)t. works with thernes on the struggle.r"ir,.acapitalist-
"Soaderst was suddenly raised in the spring of I976 in literary and art circtres
, whieh were then rrnder the thumb of the tga.g of four. | . . At that time, sorn
tChairrnan lVlao said that orrer 90 per cent of otrr
; people jbetifiabfy qr-stioned:
'.'qSdres are gpod c fairly good. Does writing about Fo maror capitalist-roaders
[i1;';',=:Et'orm to Chairman Maors teaching?r Others penetratingly pointed ouh
i:i';,,:.'..Cneating
,.r,i;];g:' so-caltred worKs
,UlleaElng so-cal,lq with ErEmes
works wlEn themes on
on sErugg$ng agd rutg
struggling aga nst CaIIIEaI$E-toaqets
capitalist-roaders
f$P:itr'"',iirsuchawayaetually is regating the Partyts leadership. , .Moreover, the tg.tg
i.,.l$;t'r*''of fourt said that the stress should be onwritingabouttbig capitalist-roadersr. .

*ofhd'article ges on to say that in writing the plot for the film "Counterattack" the
*Fr,g ofour" said:
 "We should answer the qr"cstion: What should we do if revisionism emergps in
the Central CommitEe of our Party?r Added to the ::evised script were tlrese
words_in the dialogrc: rFrom the central authorities to the various localities,
qh"V [tft" capitaHlt-roadersl still have a fairly big portion of pourer.' . . T\ey
tgang of fourrJ tropedin vain to use the film to fan up diseension and topptre
ltto
the first scretaries of every prwince and direct the spearhead of attackat the
central authorities. The spring thwrder has smashed their fond dream. The
Central Party Committee headedby ChaAman Hua Kuo-fen{g, carrying out Chairrnan
Maorg behests, sqr.rashedthe scheme of the anhi-Party tg"rg of fourt to r.rsurpParR
and state polrrer. Their plot to rcreate workS w{th therrcs on the struggte against
capitalist-roadersr thus added up to zero.

Mao Tse-tung recently said I'With the s*ialist revolution they themselves come rlrder
firc . . when it cornes to criticizing bourgeois right, they ::esent it. You a:re making
the socialist revolution and yet you donrt knour where the bourgefdsie is. It is right in
Yo#,b
the Comrnr:nist Party. . those in porrrer taking the clpitalist road. The capitlist-
roaders are still on the capitalist road.'r The prresenttreaders have revealeil in their
crificisms of revolutionary works in literature and art that they do incleed:iesent b"it g
crihicized for bourgeois rilht. ltrey imply that capitalist-roaders do tot h"te a feirly
l"rF portion of poner, and that revisionism carurot emerge in the central committee.
They, jrrst like Teng Hsiao-pingr are sying that the capitalist-roaders should not be
attacked I' so.much". They minimize the danger of revisi
attacked, or should notbe
and direct the spearhead of their attack not only against those who have been the v
of opposing revisionism, but againet all ideological strugglelSginst capitalist-roaders.

The tratest moq/ie "CowrErattack" was suppfitssed bfore it was :rleased, but her:e in
the USA we have slgen one of the movies produced by tl't Ministry of Culbure last spring
to attack capitalist-roaders, "Breaking with Olil ldeas". It wai prodrrced to str5rport
the revolution in educaf,ion. The other, "Spring ShootrI was produced to support the
struggle in healthcare. These are the only films that havi been produced slncifically
to sr.ilport the struggles against capitaliet-roadore in the crlrrc.lnt p.riod. Both nn
neleased in th spring of L976. Reviews of tlnse mories app..r in PR #2{, 1y76, Pn flt,
and in Chirs Pictoqid anil Chim Rrconrtrrcts (April, 1976t, Scerarios werq printed in
ma gazine. Chins fe_Lr-tera
---:---- tul-e_in I 976.

We sugSpst that arqforE who can should see thete films (ae of, thie writins, "Breaking
with Old ldeas" is being shournarowrd the Unibd'States by the October Leagrr, M-L).
The film "B:reaking with Old ldeas'r shorls that most of the Party eadrnesand the people
are good, and provides trpo strong exampl,es of horl peopb taken in by th bourgpois lirc
in education can reforrh, but it uncompromisingly shqf,s horr to battlE the bourgeois
lire in education and its proponents and, in a very realn concreh, ard porerful way,
portrays the most important aspects of that struggle" Analyze tle fitrn for yorrrself,
If it correctly portrays capitalist-roaders and the struggle against thern, wtqy don't ,
the rcw treaders use it to edrrcate the peopl,eand expose the "gang of f,out'' whom they
cell "capitalirt-roaders"? Whrydo ttny supprcss films th.t att.ck capitrlist-roa&n?
 25

rlp princilnl enemy is neither Chiang

iil.-rttcntion off the current struggie in which
t" dogrnatrsm but the capitahst-roaders rnside the communist Party.
lia';;;;k-;,.Lf

11f"eslstariding pre-Cultrrral
The present leaders have also re-released a score
MinistrT of Cultr:re that Chairman Mao
n"u6i1..Uo"movies" (PR #7, 1977) made'by the
;;;t;;ned,,the Ministry of Emperors, Kings,. Generals, and Ministers, tk Ministry
Foreign Mummies. "
J i"1"r,a" and Beaubies, or the Ministry of

his entreaties?

') the "gatg of for.u" for criticizing the f ilm rr.pielpsl'5tr;*

I-atet,lambasting
.i rrln some # yo.- Lti"t r, which are beyondcomprehension'- even the rudiments
of langrrageare ignored'
of gramrnar and sentence strrrctr.rre and the basic corrcepts
rten pointsr criticizingrPiorers" has the phrase rserious
For instance, tk
. A work can be good or bacl, refircd or crude artistically, and so on
;;;;irtartr.
: t" forth' But what ie riefrl or wrong in art?t'
"rl

of whatcriticism"thi?i.s..hi"e ly W*-,"::TIl:::.51r':-
r.j;::t1

ri'rReserdtress
very favorable :-"*ii[
v-

1.'Piorcers!'', it was retreasd5, tt* Mi;isgy or^l Cul*wt enJ giten

a ' i . - r I E E s4 s5 -E '
publiciry
1 th"i-rrt** p"""" (both the Ministry and rhe prnss were "under the thunlb" of Yao,
i
Chiang, and their supportersat that time).
 Rewiew1*7 lf.. 22) included an article that creclareclthat a
'rr*w spring, had come to
literatwe and art and that "with the hated 'gar,g of fourtst d"*L.r' the fetters
shackU
chinars literary and art workers have fallet &f.-" was thc policy
of creeting rnodrl re-
volubionary theatrical works with worker-lnasant-soldirr broirrr end hrrcc figlrting
for the proletariaE revolutionary lit and against the capiteliat-rordcrs r,,fetter,, or
trtc lVlarxist-Lninist literary and art workers? Or was it a fetter, or
rather an atta
on the bor.rrgeoiselements in th Party who would rather see works attacking,,ultralef
lircs, works that have underlying bou:njbis messages, or works which avoid
the act'al
conbxt of the struggle between MarxGm and revisionism?

Some Weitern obsenrers, ranging from w. v., tirrBs reporEre to leading

members of t
U. S-China Peoples' Friendship Association, have applauded the r'rnw sprind'
in literatu
and art, suggesaing that the modeLrevolulionary theatrical works aevlto[a since
the
Cultural Revolution have been boring ind monotonous. Even if this criticism may have
valiclity in some cass, it is certainly not that emphasizid by the present Chinese tread
I
I

i
Theit motivation and thrwt in crihicizing these works'is based on poUbical content,
)i
1
I
Certainly "monotony" would be grounds to furdher advarrce the proletarian revolutionar
-i
.i works, not grounds for suppressing them or for bringurg back the old works and arf,ist:
t:
't
i
tfMonotorqr' is not a cause for antagonistic contradiction in art
:
arrd Uer:atue. The
{t p:resent conflict is between the proletarianand the bourgeois lircs, not between nmon<
' fr
d
vs. "high art. "
i{
I
The ideological fronts of the superstnrctr.une. . edrrcation, Ehe presa, culture, liberat
- -I and art, and the lVlancist theoretical contingpnts of workers, pnasants, and soldiers
f;
j (study groups) are extlemely important in continuing the socialist revolutsion and cons,
- j.
'tt: dating the dictatorship of the proletariat. These {,ere the primary task of th-ree of
.T I the trgang of fo'ur" . . Yao wen-yran, chiang chirg, and cheng-chrs-chiao.
t..
i1.
t
t
-J
i
Articles in the eekigg-Beyjeg| nout say that the I'gang of Eotd' rne& a n3s of, .td
I
twisted and distorted, the functions of the press, edrrcation, LiEraturc and art, rrd
'the theoretical continpnts. Premier Chou iE not'accused by the rew lea&rs of con-
spiring with thc "gang of fourr' (in fact the present treaderguse his rul11nconsistently,
hc hrr di'd, to attack the "gang of fotrr"), Vet he defended the way the revolution in
edrrcation, rrt?ratr.re and art, (halthcare), and the theoretical contingpnts were bein.
advanced:

"The proletarian:revolution in art and UEratr.rre eremplified by the model rev

tionary theatrical works is developing io depth. Thg revolutsion in edrrcation and
health work is thriving The cadres'and workers, ;naeants, soldiers, students
comrnercial workbrs are pnesening the May 7th road. Over a milliqr tbarefoot
doctorsr are becoming more comlntent. l.Iearly 10r0001000scnool gradqatas har
gone to mountainous and other rur:al area6, With ihe puticipatioi-oe *r"L""",
peasants and soldiers, the Mancist theorebical continggnts ale expanding lft
emergence of all these rcw things has strengthercd the all-rowrd dirctatoqship c
the proletariat wer the botrrgeoisie in the realm d thi s.ulnrstrr.rcture, iha tl
helps further to consolidate and develop the socialiEt economic base, "
(from Premier Chours address to the Secord Plenar-y Sessiorr.o.tln Tenth
Party Congress in 1975, PR #tt'*'|975, pP. 2l-221
 i

27 $
. .:,iJ

campaign
' L presnr the"dicta..'1'lln""t :1"-,::1,*^T.j::".'* j:-:j'Ht f
;*iff#ff#d #t;"F "rr*t
a]r orthe.
imno:t1". r:: T: ]:*:'_::':::,:,::::::i:.:5
l,' , , , G,c8zect r*"ai.tr of ttre cultrrral Revolution,andn:..lo 1:T,*L.r:::1"::"55:,:l ft.
g z r:q u vE '5& '-
As time goes on, developments in the field of literature and art will $'
,:i.iti.* in china.
the revisionist line of the new leaderg'
,,,1tr emong the most dramatic evidences of

l\
\'
*
$
*
I'
I

i rrs.'.

1 .c;l:
$,
 ,Lg

7, THE ,RE V OLUTION IN HE A L T HCA RE

Another majoratea where great victori,eg were achieved cluring

the cultrlral Revolu-
hion was health. An article l" pn #12, lg76r'rBeat Back
Right Deviationist wind on
Meclical and Health Front,rf the struggle qr that fronh
"*pGL,
"The old Miti"aa of Healthfu"roo" the cultural Revolubior,]fo"*sed
rnain effort in the cities, while neglecting the n:ral a:Feas. its
. The rnedical
system, methods of diagnosis and treatnent, the orientation or r.reaical research
all catered to the neede of a minority rn ttre citiee. Whether
to senre a majority
the.f9P1" or a minority is the f undamen(al diffetrenc
,:.f
'lire and the revisionist betwecn the prol,etaria,
line in rnedical work.\ The nedical and health front
has
undergone proforrnd changps since the start of the Great proletariia;
a;;;-
Revolution- In terms of manpoler, facilitiee and frrsds,
rh.;;;;:is in health
work has gradrslly been shif ted to the counFyside, . sitgbion
Tte the:re has
for the betbr, particularly since the ernergpnle of tu"iioit
?h"r_d doctorsl
[-orer I' 000' 000 peasants trained t9 treat t$,health probleme ;nrticul,r to the
countryside with modern and traditional nre;s eld aach prr.,r.it.ti"" health
care ] and the coognrative rrndical senrice, trro socialirt ;; ;q""; But Teng
Hsiao-ping lost no time in attacking ttE tba:refoot doctorsr as tieircient orofegr
ally'. Under his instigation, a guet of cold wind was stirred up to negate the
cooperative medical senrice aE a tcommunist thingb.iog done in the period of
to"i3lismr. It goes without saying that the 'barefoot doctorst shouli contsine to
enhance theis proficienqy through prnctice and training But wlnn Teng llsbo-
ping attacked the rbarefoot doctoret as tdefibbnt ppofeseionellyr hie intention
not to help them raise tbir l,evel, but to cleate publ+ opinion for putting an end
to this new approach to medical probtremc,
In the historhal period of socialiem, marry rnu things heve enerpd that a1g
young shoots of communism. If there weru dorr away irith becatrie they are
commnnist embryos, tb transition to communiem would be impoacibhr- the only
possititity tref t being the restoraticr of capitalisri.
Teng Hsiao-ping alleged that at ;resent the rnajc problegns on thi medical front
cqrsist of rrcglecbing trechniqrnr and tfailing to cultivab profeesional skil1. lle
said so-as principal contradiition in the field oe nnaicte is not rhe c1ase
{lthi
struggle bihbeen n the
struggle the protretariat
oroletariat and the
and botrrgeoigie lrrrl
the borlroaiaia but rls
the qertion *a...L^rL-
of whethpr
^.--rix
to cultiva te' o! neglec t techniqrr.
Advocating tcultivating professional skillrt and
'rlearning bchniqr-t is merely a
camouflagp put up by Teng Hsiao-ping The theory of rt ilinjout of class
struggle has always been a deeeptive :evisionist tlreoty. .
only by grasping cl,ass struggle and putting prolatarian politics in
comrnand can
the problem of techniqw be correctly iolva",Ie cchn!.r the
peoples'tnaftl "ararifor
:l-llfry-g is not:t*solved. one is or for T.hg personerianc arurgain? re irds
qnestion . bound to lose his bearingr. "

The Minister of Public Health, Liu Hsiang-ping, who chrmpicnd glp

36irl;ct rew d
*_.1:nemove.d. Th*i+ i'spingShoqf,,proa,rcca
i" ,ilil; J
iltr*ff,.f:
1976, which featr.r::es a ;nasant woman who beconcs-a barcfoot doctc;;ff;r";
struggle against capitalist-road tendencies in healthcare, har apgnnntly bcen danounr
 2'
.), ..
'
,ii,",#lip.st of an 'ranti-Farty plof' of the "gFng of f our. " (I&#5, 1977, pp. L9-221
',.'ilowever,this dee not ttcessarily rneanthat the present leaders will imrnediately
' try:te igroot the rocialigt rnw things in health care. Recent articl,es in th Fekins
&y&f ahov th.t this is not the case.

Ecaltlrcate is an area where concessions can be made without threabening the re-
lmtabUchnent of the dictatorship of the bourpoisie. Revisionists must attack the ideo-
,i;lOgicrlfoundations of socialie6. .. education and cultue. They have no choice but to wage
:''ar inom.dba rll-out war against th socialist rew things on these frqrts. They elro must
Ely return'to relying on professional rrEnagemnt in'the factories and commurs,
bfrial inccntives, and foreign technologr ; they .rre sure fo strengthen cl,ase difEerences
li-irt roc*rty tlrrouglr alEring the :nelabions of prodrrction. Horrefer, on the health front it
riitF&not crcial to attaek the socialist new thit gs such as the b*?tf oot doctors and the

l:i1p'rprleaders may try tornaintain these rew shoots of communism rbarefoot inhealthcafe, at
-:Lr.t in form. (As re have seen, Teng Hsiao-ping did not attack the doctorsl
:i$f:wrn, attacking only tleir ideological base. ) Horever, if they ale successful in con-
t ting bor:rgaoidcontrol in other fields, healthcare will irevitably beconc bureau-
ina irefticient, and bourgeois right (trealth ca:ft, to those who can py) will re-
fill
,tillhrn in full force'.

I
*t
rt;
ei {
i
, ,1
f
'tti
 U . T H E R E V o I.U T Io N
IN AGRIcULTURE

;ill*-tfrff of thechineseeconorny - -. o
ff.ot**ticr agricultur,e;.;;;;y andmor- ]L-- 80%
more than
culrurat nerotuu* ""d china's
rransrorm"u;;";:i":[ilil,ffi"iT#:f
,ltho.".gh
jt;
":?T"i.TnT:H,tr
The hro-line str.uoolc i-
inagricult're.has
-_.:__-, cenlered on the Feopres,
-thatwasLo;;utg* tf'(, l'ate 1950's. t*= co:
Movenenr
H"i.*pi;nil'uT *"i"i"JJ.J'headed "-
roadvance t-h:
" tlpor? by Liu sh"t*y"
n'"a*H;#:l?,".il,11:jh::"f
towar,la'"d. ways of$ "na1"if
claiming tf-:ta was
and the prodrrcrivf""^:*:t collectivs impoes,
,.rr'Tt""
:Yi;t""i;;'f
:Hth"ffi ffi ;F';X'5i3#i'fif 1';"!*;#'Ji:iry;i,ffi
"1"fi4ilX':"'**a.-fr"L1liJi::S,:g5f.'tr. ;a1'.;
3:
ir was,eese.'n,'-^":T'.".*nt-lv mainF*;h;;"H:?:* j3_ T. permit-cha"s"
.r-.*;o,1il""-'::r?#*;fi
i! was neeess.lr ---'e'-w'rlrv that in ordei chanF yet
;:..
:-iJ-.1#;*.ltrg;:g:*,ruy
T-:ti*d to].'lj_t1ruE
"ot
farmingandthe nopr"-'?;;;".
;il:ff:_q6i"_:;*ryi,;::*"m.::15..ft
Commune3 were
91r*, iltf
.ptres,c.-*.,
i*.-ryr_il"l" .r Liu shao_chi.

araught,;G,t#j"i::"*lf.:H*;;G;:1ggle:n*eu-J,ffi'"1::"":?;"'
ff"i*"ra::gf
;ffi H{itFfl-rr3i"r;ff
i*3.
use and of, free ,na"Let",
af. _"1"L
their ornprofi." rosses, ."i-**
of
with so&
T
holdswitheacho1iE *'t'tLt e-ire'i{
"*U "il"prg"e
quoras
i.*; "yp'r
rorirn ,,roibir"io--",, r
T:*" u'qf' hirerabor;r,"T"1i*" -p*La .
-":;ih#rr;#1
. fredom
vrsronrsr Jeaders _ n*""i-."*rprise. ro i
:_-us $;;*
suggesred: rhe re- |
#H#l,F:,il.;i*:,:ffi
;1.:T, ";+*

as prodrr..T.1tu T:.tn.i"
=fi]:"F_:::*", e;;; *;,:
T::_
b"i"gdone,,,*T.r-l;frf uv earningworrsoirrts,
Therevisio'i.t ,rr"[ u,"r,.UL fl,,,1gg*22] r*-*
consouie.i';;L"H#ilX !gz6,p, ll) "o c
astheu*g.i",;#;:ffi'fl:?:"t
"r*rture sol
ffi h:*'#H""1r*{i"-T,i,-:^+:tr*4"ff.:s
jHilgg*Ji'h
levetin g our hir rs f-{1;;JL
u',^" bive f
end gevolutioHry:pirit "*c ,,,nd.uarmin
L-.S';to} t'"tt
rren n-mphe connect line,
n'l*"-,b'jF;,-":ffi:.':ifX;;i tr;fr; .o3'^^3"_"_":*ggb,

The poor and rorer.

middle ;-asants of Tachai
factor in collectiwr-:"*
rf; ilil*tt* i";;Ly"r*,::3 T:hr*
hotr the determinins
T"" of the n'*t:.-"-l-" d b;;ois :rrd *. ,"oruHcrarry conscil,
-;;;betweenprso.ar rine ;il
ff,..-.Htlg:%l;.3*",*t. _"*iir _*"ti" Ji.***e rvbrrcbt-hninist
qrai&
collective agriculture -ts certainly not a grteqqlsic
fl-aevelopment **
d
 iii;'itii' .'..,,
31

.-r*rl:
,t.-, u,

. .,.firnrea:m ttrr.ee lbvelr of wrrership in the PeoptresrCommune: the commune, the pro-
, ari$cn brigdet and the prodrrction team. Today the team is the basic r:nit, but to
*-','lsrailicate th capitalist social basis in th countryside, the goal is to move the basic r:nit
i i"d'eccotrnting.up'ta tlie brigade and then the commune leveI. This is done through cl,ass
i. "rtrtrggle betueen,the'botrrgeois line and the Ma:ocist line in agriculture, building industry
rri"ilf the commure and brigade level, expanding coltreclive agriculiural work projects to the
lr-i,b7ig"a"'and':commurclevel, limiting the free market and raising the.rtrbrrrotre in th
treding of, agricultwal prodtrcts, mechanizing agricultgre, raising prodgchicr, and
i,..;'reishg th peopleer consciousrgs and collecbive spirit through socialist edrrcation anrcl
i: . poEticef night sehooL.

ni:,,Tlic revisionisge,, in an efEort to rnaintain the old capitaUst+ype relabions, oppos

rirSLlevcrfmotre to advancd. Tley the free rnarket and advocate systems of
oppose limiting
i*,Tg"rsonal r,nabrial inleltives. political edrrcation and ctrass struggle
ll*v -oppose l."ty
i,r,,,Lt*""" the botrgeois lirp and the lvlarxist ling. Ttrey say that'once producfion goes uP'
$.tl rmchanizationand eleetrificabion are completed, land changing and capital constrrretion
;:,:lrs carliBil out thet the socialist transf,orrrration of the communes will haPpen autorrEl-
( ,as des everyorcf but oppoce
-tiially. They promote literacy cl,asses, for example
political, night school

The revisionist Frogram in agriculture, although it pretends to adhere to the Partyrs aim
;'of
:rr, further a{vancerrent of collectivizabion and the transf orrnation of the communes'
,f1,;- fi:actulity denies the essential element in rnaking socialist collectivizafion possible,
tIr L- ; -
;1'l-tAofgi""l and
i . *r ' l : : , , . : ' + i ---:^^l
--: political
- ^t:*:- - 1 -struggtre.
!- ..^^1^ Thir program
F 'Ad.H emphasizes
o* ^h:oi z o- only
nnl rr mechanization,
m nh:ni z e{'i nn electri-
al c t

i,d"fi".ti*, l,andchanging, irrigatlbn and capital, constnrction As we knor, all these advance-
iti"'rndnt" alore ar no grlatantee that development will proceed along soci,alist lines. The best
i".i ersampleeof this are ttre U. S. and ttp U. S. S. R. , where agriculttrre is l,arge-scale, mechan-
tli but ccrtainly not soclblipt.
ind, rnd electrifi
Empbciriryt: fcrd&rg role of polieical struggl,e in thc scrcialist developnnnt of agricul-
.: lrrro, Chrirmen tlao raid: \ . ,

'rOpposition to selfish spontaneous tendencies tourards capitllism and promotion

of the spirit of socialism, which rnakes the principle of li.ki.g the collective with
the individul interest the critrerion for judging all words and deeds . . sr.rchare
the ideological and polirical gwrrantees for ihe-gradual transition from the scat-
tane{' srnall-lnasant economy to the large-scale cooperative economy . .
E11it
task]should be performed not in isolation from oureconomic neasur"es but in
' conjunction with them. . Polieical work- is the lifeblood of all economic work
Thi3 ie particularly tre at a tirne when the soci,al and economic system is nnder-
gqhg f,undarrental change. The agricultural cooprafive mo'verneti tt"r been a
save:le ideological and political struggle from the very beginning No coolnralive
-.
can be established without Eoing through such a struggtre. Af ter a cooperative
ir crtebl'iflEd, it must go thtoqlr many morre struggles beforc it can be cqrgoli-
alrtDd. Even then, tb mormnt it rel,rne its efforts it rney collapsc. "
(Sebcbd hedings, p. a29)
 ':

A lcrg artictrr ebout mechanizetion in agricultrrn thrt pnscnte the progrern of thc pre- -
e.nt l,.a&rl, in Pn #9, ln7 bt. 13) conteir thir perre3e:
j
''!lt ntliretian d terrn rncirninbion rill lrrtly nir trbos podrrtivity.
Lnia poinbd out in A Gnet Erfinninr: tln th. hrt enrlytir, prodrrtivity
d
bbour ie thehost important, the principl thingfor the victory of, th. r-w soclrl
.yttem. t . . Thus the rnaterial conditions lre creatcd for the gtd1g1l trenritim-
from the prebent sysErn o owrrrship which taker thc prodrrctiqr tcam ac the ba
eccorurbing urit to th.t in which the brigadc or tte comrnur ie thr bsic acco.ntirq
rdt .rd firlly to th qyrtrn d owrnhip by tb rhob Foplr. il
\

Tlr prrnt Chim brdrru hrvc elrcrdy liaarnd I triclt rG tfr rwirisdrtr il t|r Sor{t
Urrir; bvr bnn,-uiir,g fc ycrn - grbqng Itnh out oG corlFrt to gaturd thtt hr ebo
lpporEd dr I'tbory oG prodrrctivl fcccl.fr Tlr frct fr {titin;Siiriticb A Gret
Efgepi4g, fiorn uhich tfre aborre quote is (rttie) taken,. [.d#J{r trltfng about thr nar$bo{
a movcrrent of hiSly cqrscious communigt workEre who rlejeebd rnaterirl incentiver to
rocialirt congtnrction by performing unpaid extra labor otr ttrir own inltirtive. Fer fr<,.,
arguing that olb/ the &rtopnnnt of the prodrrtive forcee can ley tt !."ir for thc &v,{
opnrnt of, socialiet r:el,atione of production, aa the Chirpse lea&r en iloing, he yer er
3rdry drrt tln Rurirn worbn s!r!, throqh cler stnrgl rrd rocilirt corcionrnr,
cntiry ,,trr .hoot d comurrirm" rithin a frw ) r.83 dtrr tb lvolutiqt Hi rrr ret
that hb-ot'g rodrrtivib r drvrlord b'v colbctir probtrrirn rrolutisrp rgirit nr
{cciriw fector in t}n victoqy of socialism over capitalisrn. Ilnh gc. dr h th s.mt e-
to rry:
rTh mirt kr th. tB.ttrt yellou lnbrnrtioml nr&rr ir qnt itr be&n accrpt
thr ctaes etruggle ard the leading rotre of the prolsterirt qrb in ucd and er afrd
to think it out to its logical conslusion They arre affeid d 6rt irndrbb corclr-
rior which particularly Errifbe the bourgeoisi,e, and which ir ebtolubly unaccep
table to them" They a:m afraid to admit that the ilietatorhip of thc protretariat
is also a gnriod of cl,ass struggle, which ie irpvitablc long er clmces have not=
3e
brnabolirbd." , '

The aut'hc of tFf,article on mechanizaticr typically mis-user t{rc Urdrb4r d Lniq

emphacizing only brt half ttre diatreceic - prodtrcbisr and not FvolutiaL atb crnphre-
only rnechenization and not political struggle and eocialist edrratiqr arla tui.tt tfir hirto
of the hpo-lirn struggtre in agri,culture, ctraiming the struggle b orn betnn pro-rtccha-
ard anti-rechanization forces, and lumping the "eFng of foud' with Liu Sheo-chi ard tir-
caying all oppoeeclnechanizatioru This is extrsencly mialeading Lirr 6heo-chi opporcd
collectivization, using the baclnrard staE of rnechanization er e gmbxt. Bcfq.c tlr I=
Cornmurcs were formed, he, along with Teng Hsiao-ping atd. Feng Trlr:.hrs| ctrrinrd'the
cornmurEs could not be created rrntil agricultrse wae mechanizecL AfEr th rnorpnrnt
bF., Liu Shao-chi complaircd: t'Now it appars that the Faopbrt Cornmurrr ehould be-
olnraEd. The probtrem is that we must not set up too mrqy of thrn et cr.ttrokeuba g
too fart. " When this faileil, he and Teng Heiao-ping tried to dertrgr thr conmnms, n-
couraging private plots and free trade, saying the commurra wae not prnctircel rrntil m
anized. This bourFois line was defeated iluring the Cultural Ravolufigr. Now thc auth
of the article saye that ggly once mechanizaBqr ie comptrebd ere th,l'corditiqrr creeted'
for advancing agricultural orrership from the team to the brig*b end conrmur level
 ' ; , ; f . , , i,r ,,' ; '. r
l.,SFf:ttt"""Fng of forrd' opposd mechanization is absurd, Everyone in
!'iif'shiffhi; china, in-
TcngHsiao-ping, Lin piao, HrraKuo-feng,
and the,,gang of four,,
*9YeFt
'q'Frlry4rr 'r-br-'*r'sr
agree Enat
arrcr 6gree thaif turthering
urthering mechanization
mechanization is
"na is an
an immediJte
immerrtaro and
an,r im-
i*-
Fffifl..ffit;;g;1ln rh"q;,ri* i,,ur*rher
roputorr
^1:;::.lll.jgf:F;;;1.
of
['1ffi'furtterrtransformabion producrivereitionl ir, ;;i
allarurg the soil for capitalist restoration to "g"l"utt.r"" ffi;'"::#lr?ilu,
;;;;;i'"a i' the countryside.
':ffb
fu;tevisionists real aim is not to fr'rrther rnechanizarion (although
they will undoubtedly do
*htltiiHl'ffi:Ti.r ;:; ;;'r: mmune
s bvc'a
iminsrhat onlv
cornplae'rnehanizabion will lY: :*:t:f
create : : rr* p*ri";.ii':un:
the recessarycondiriohs.
nrine TI*
pditfn'oe
iT-:'t'!:"- - -"5 teh-h'ai,
*s'r-rr!"rtr rrru
Liu DnlcFcrur
shao-chi, and
and 'fng
Teng Hsiao-ping,
H-ciao-pinB, nour
nour criticize
criticize rhe ,roAncof
ntoo fastl in advancing thettgang ^{
,{5ll:-11*1:"_Y: iollectivizalLion.r,J*h" sociatist rrans-
Xi;ifcntation of the communes.
Niiit.:i -
ll: :: .

.'i'.. .:r,frTheyrnglbd thc erpositions, of Chairrnan Mao and Chairman Hrla concerning
''tha transitiqr in the system of. owner_ship
io the Peoplesr Comrnqne" [e"o- pJo-
dsction beam to brigade to commune ] .tti spnead the nonsense that the
changes
of ournership could take place r-d." any economic and political
T :he "y.:t".I lon-
ditiqre. " {.88-#6, 1977, p. S\
a

rt,\PrJeufit er Enear DoulBeols illeolos/. Hourever,

f;it.r.c.!;vrrrPrsLE in::ealify they push the
',ri;Ithcbnr
.ir;:
of prodrrctive forces", oppose fruther iransformation,rat the-preseni tirne,,, pch
to crrrshthe cl,assstruggleagaLst rhe bor:rgpoisie,
',*-ft^T,T:-"1:lltj."::Tlv.F
i,'".].,t' I

lJ'ft"f fu two years there his been intense struggle on the agricultr,nl
B:t front. In 1964,
ctnittt had e:epplified rachai prodrction bri$de as a briiliant example
i|t, " ry: of horryro
on
inir;,'ihlend 1Jf;reliance, collechive spi-ix if noliticil edrrcation and class struggle to oppose
ij;trl3 Shao-chirs bankrupt-"aFory of prodrctiv! forces" and called on the whole
trx.sarn nation to
:-i-
:' ; . ' . from Tachai in Agricultro"". Since then, brigades and communes throughout the
j, :f?-Tl,t t1c\ng_e the trandand learn from Tachairs experidncl
T":,:Ti"Tg in c1ass
and socialistedrrcation llourever, jtrstas Liu shao-chi tried to use the soci,,alist
it':Toggt"
t':' Edncation Movertent l,arrnchedby chairman Mao in 1963 to send out his
i, ', ournwork teams to
i;;; cohmwsaround the corrntry to DroDaFte revisionist ideas in a.ficultrrte, the revisionists
1975took advantage of the berrr-from-Techei
-i in movenrnt to scrd tt=iro'r, *ork
teamg around the countrT to try to distort the Learn-from-Tachai
mcrverrent to their own
; revieionist ends. Hry this was carried out *,." d"pi"al
ilii.alo*l form in a story
,, callcd "The undaqnted'r in the magazirn chinese Literatr.rre ";""ry
(#9, 1926).

" : The story shows horr a work team cornes

t' in to a local euunty and allies with
tb corrnty Party Secretary, who was \'ritrcized during
th culhrral Revoiution b.rt re-
taired his post after makinga rlf-critieirm.They try to propagate the ,,theory of pro-
"' drrtive forcesrrtemphasizing only
leveling mountains and not i"i.rrirrgfrom Tachairs
politicel work or struggtre agrinst ttn revlsionist lire. They rnstitute a system strongly
 when the lcad
for working * lend-changlng projcct'
plomoting rrntcrial incentivec th"
r r om onecommunePr otst about 1;;:*:"j
i.o*'or,. commune protest aDoul mportant hm ?::iTJ'*;:'
X **"f" it"lk" from ttre C,enter

T'r1
Iiili*:'n;:w.#3f{iriii.flqd::r;f:s#*i*$
fl",l''.* '*""r"'a "enL "tt'"k at those
"";
i11:*"i::"-il ffi::il;'Ir'v'vre-
-r
Pr og ram.tr.e co,rrttyP artyS e c re t "*ulr."g situalionwas at hard' The
t h a t t h e ' 'au ltnew
" y a " " u ' " sp."a.na ra le f t ' ' id e a s mrrs t b e w
out, that the curtu*t n ,rotrrtl""
same contradictions arise*''t "Ji"u;tru.*,::tf* thar ::;;3g';t his plan,1H".:f;
thecommw
i',J-"o**urie leaders oppose
H;"S"Tl:il'::'-:T"nffi
s to strr,aythedirectivec.or *d:l-l'{:"***,:$i::il#t*il:5fff;
.* workream. rrrestoryends'nrinished, with
'nite
X:;,::,ngJTril;'f,1'i""i.I
,*,wPartySecreLarJrthpworkL"*'andthecommurrrembersinconflict'

of
to beat-back the Right deviationist wind' the Party committee
During the struggle tOt
uigoto*ly-""iett-*a iL eatttyts principle of cl'ass
the Tachai Production Brigad" Their statement is in rnarked contrast t
article publistred in cttina ntcl'ttttttctt' Tachai"
in an ttc, p._ogl" from
e"o* tachai or anonymously by "
those written tv ioa1uia*t,pn pn-*ae ,'!97.6' ""grEB #6' rg771' "* |
appeared in the ,ir,"" ir." purge t*i
thar have
pR have .'a"1nr.".liy'".ir"t"d 6ir on the personality of
articles in "itt"kt tode'
recent
ha_; mentioned.larr-"rtt,lgg1e only once or twice, and then only
c:hiang chingand political problems in their comm!
rhe " gang of f ouy'' and not ;;t';:k-!o""*L
nounce

i .h eP artyb ranch o fth e Tach a iP ro d u c t io n B rig d e * ' , 1 -S e p t e mb e t o f L 9 T 6 :

't

Tachai has met *.',v ou'l

,,since chir' entered the period of soci'alist t""o1''''tion'
sorne obetaclee calr from the overthrown
stacles ,Jia' *, rorl^r"ra.--tr,o"gr,
I
n';*$l:r*;"**rr"##"'*:i';..fr
::*'.*1T::'?1ffi within the Farty follonring
people's ;r, tu"r,"i, tL capitalist-roaders
".*-,o.. triea to stopll n tgg+ Liu Shao-chi used the *
Liu Shao-chi,s revisionist tine -T
education *ot"*i to hit out wil'itly at Tachai
socialist r'6'? wh.'n a
r Right
nioht *
kind as f iu 6hao-chi Last year when
Teng Hsiao-ping was of the sane
tr*T'ff
'"'y:il
Hn:ffi.:;JTil::;:T:*''i*;x;r.x*1';:f
wo rdto sa}aboutcl a s s ' . ' " g g 1 . a n |t t e t wo -lin e -s t to
lu gtrnder-riilE
g t re , o n ly pthe
rre al-earn-from-Ta1
chingthe
,rain attempt
theory of. productive forces Iia tle Parb!
movement' AU this clearly shor"rs* ih"t the bourgeoisie within
mass da
to restotte capitalism is much more
using a part of power a*y ilu" 'srrr'ped
socicty at larg:' ' '
gerous than tle borrrgeoisle in
point=d out, ttle knows nothing
eridcrzing Teng Hsrao-prng, Clrarrma,'.lvto
tf b-ourgeoibie'-l
of Marxis'm-I-nin:ism; hteiptesentt
that Tachails s:uccesshas come from struggle'
. . we of ten remind o,or"trar
mgtive force propelling the socialist socl".
Repeated struggles .'" tto p*,erful
forward .S truggle is " g . , a r. n t e e f o rt h e v ic t o ry in c o n t in u in g ' t h e recan
v o l uwe.
t i ocombat
n an
Only with struggle
r.'der the dictatorship of the proletariat - clas-
prevent revisionism and .or,.oiid"t the dictatorship of the proletariat.
conciliation,cla s s a ma lg a ma t io n 4 n d c la s s c a p it u la t io n willo n ly l e a d t o r e s t o
tion and retr()gression' '
 33

>l

I]

published ataternents by individnals from Tachai, but we have seen

h ** leaders harle
r.rtaterrents from the Tacha;i Party committee written since the purgp. In.pR #43
22" 1976), the rew ldaders write about Tachai (pp. 6-7) cleverly coneusittg "cad:res
ffie
ncmbers!' wltrl
rLrrlrpm(Ers:'
lhf,comrnune with ttB
the "Party
"garty branch" give the
branch" to give the impression
impression thrt alf of Tachi
thrt all Tachi
the rrw govbrnrnent, The Party committer vill no doubtbe '.rectifird." but it it

of, fout'r.

tecent articleg about agricultrrre ctraim that the "gang of four" wanted to break up
ec and.promoEd indivi{rralism. This is absr:rd and even contradicts.the present
crificism of them for wanHng to "collectivize too fast. r' The use of such denra-
by tln present go\retnment caruot be qrer-mphasized. Especially those of trs who
rct tlm the scetr'f lttttst be ililigent in searching for the wrderlying isses at stake
r;tluggler of the Chirese people on evet? front.
j"l. r r ' . ' !
 9b
F
A ND T HE RE V O L UT I O N
I N I NDUS T RY
I
9. SEL F-RE LIA NCE and follorr o* *" road in
rrBlsak dournforeign conventions 1*:t:i*:trv.''

Indr 'r stry,a longwith a g ricull,, " " , is ln rt o f t hbeenan o mic b a s e o f s oofc iathe
eeco tu'o-lirc
lis ma n d t h e "*"'':
of .t* p"it.tariat' "^a.t."" ""noJ.ro"us I
ffeffhip r*Fu
was underdevel0ped inilustriarly. what industry
chq stag I
At the tirrc of liberarion, ["n""r"g, nr"irg t]E niti.oTal chmocratic
capital
was dependenton foreign ";; it* .."t'toi"bne and the nnnaggrs
of ttb cvolution, 1949:1956,
ffi #f I*1"*
:T.*tf"*iiltttigFof"i"'
i
r'
;E;rI1.?,Ji,'1ff*T:iii.Thtll?:qt::s*ffi
was limied in relation
to a* *-j.J"i.""rrry. ril-"iait*d.devel0pment
managersurasrEcessary
o'f priva*
to pro\tide somcon- I
l of the forncr
iniltrstry ."a trc itiil;.'or, t" li" ieet after the revolution' I
i
t chtucse
rinui* and to put the "";rt;;';I
tookorerindustry and the Parw mobdlized -- |
state T'ig of course wac i
with the buildingof socialb-,.the take .*.-t it" rnanag'mgn't' ';
dtict and tlr Pa'
the worker6 ro iiareasingtyL.i.*iIJ;;t tj; capitalieyoaders within to irr
opposeduy *"tiiJ;ilh; i"9. Jor,6-o* ctraesorer another'
whowan*a t. uo$rg""iJ;ta';;r.ptoit t"a to cqrrolidete the'
-.*a".betwern octnicirnr' nnnrFri {fl:::-"nd in develogingsabtirt
cr.ac tf ai.riion , *L rnrrw a-dverrcee
cepitaurt,_r.J-r. in industry.. ;ht".'t edvrncr her bcra
q_"_rla,-.l hvorucr',_ l r:t
inilrrtry, crprcit :f
;;;'6'*1im'#;'.:;f",Th-'ibve'one{,rn&r-ind'trbrizcdnrtior Thecapitaliet
China waa; lrrct
cr.rri hasbeen *ilh^;-;; iita*qrt*"'
ir. tb.
ore of ,* pri'iiF Lu"*" pus-he;il o".ri"ior,i":t* ; l-ir"""."it g rhr autlo,{? urcetr
,f
roaders*"" ""-"Jirlntly pt"at-ti*tv giving thc wlTkers ngEriar
managers *"t-iil-*otrt"tt,'""*tli"g -Jlfig profits tle central motivr
IJJ&'-a1n".ru.r-J,
rives andbonuss,rnaking"."n
roiprodw*dilr".lr:^'-ffi
and iollouring
examPles
-#ai.r-
foreign : f;trffi ffS#1il|lTi$'ffiT:ll1
nethodc' whichwouldall lead
noringsrnalr.of -siz.ed,r?;. .ilT Ti;ct by chairnranilIao'
of capitalirri, t".r" b"l-:",Tistent1y cowrbrej
to the ,,""ao""84, :tt'fi;d"sE
iff "f":*#:,r:il'f
rabor, o"i*J^J";k
-S$f":*.'"t"'F;"gni:rn*'"S;iliffi
;J r".rrr.i"i.L.na "r,"o*J.!io-t-*ckcr
initirrivc in &signrng
spi#t
proretariafr rcevorutionary
i
and organizrrr i""r"":i.g r-1*ff.*ro'gt "oG-"*i"
o' the Chinese lcople and
economy in commal
1 politics .*:;;"a"
j putting prole;rl"
a,,a,wr,'"*"ffi ;;;r.*:*.T,""t":'"?:,:m*f
domestt"
;-ffi,ff;?';:TJffff'
nrethods as well as l"t:1':-"";;;;;; latter two'
and small t"U""i*' *'ittt emphasis on thc
(1966-19f"
Th e tugopposcdpolitica ll f -: in in d u s u y h rv c b o cp""r"i"nir,n
ct"1t c o n rt e n t cRevolutisr
n rs o t E c e o f ,curtural tnrggleerd
(r9sE) il;;
a the Great r,eap Fonrrard lire t;i;; prof,ourd in induafy'
great victories for'af,"1ott"ct "*"Sl
were bottr '
especially irdtrstrial cifies '
r!.workers, lJt |tg"
During the curtural Revolurion, p"t forr*Jk"t iebel *g"tti;gisra to battb th
.rri irrg,
shanghai, wuhan, Tientsin, ih tranefortning irdustrT'
in tt.ir factories and won great victorbs
revisionist
'ine
 i : u i :l ;

l i'ir;'.'1r
i.:q: 37
't": , :
t , - : i : : . , . ' : ' , 1, ' , i : . . . l,t' !r
.

Po|"l'* q ry*rs'-struggle was during ttE Janr.rary

storm in shanghaiin 1967.
tT:L:T"},*t' rhe-mlnagprnentand bechnicjanswhJrouo*,ed
f,r:l ."p:r' the
ffiirlaiiEt um, lsd by ttp municipal Party leaderJ, created a manaEement,,strike,, hoping
.l*
p.o.rt'altt rnlw faciories, lockingo,ii.r* workers.
*i$:HtI-13T9:
frtu*lots instead took'orer-the rhe
railroaas,ttc n"ri.'"u-.,i"-f#;*, #T# ,":n"
itlrstim'bachotr the more and in the workerst hands. Ivlany g:reatvictories
were also
il ia othgr cities.

. .i,
tyo-lirc struggle in industry came to a tead dr.rring the struggle against rhe Figfit
ionisr,Eend Q,975'1976). One of its rnanifestations was around the qr.estion of
rrd regulations in thc workplace.
;.i:l''- '
Ctl:*_""l workers in factories across chfura have struggled
H':l* irrlfignaf industrial
*t.l-"li:n *g"n:
rules
p{ct that only perpetuated and defended class divisions.
rri*iclc in pR la;t year (1976) explaftred rhis struggle:
t:llttndel the guiclanceof ChairmanJVlaors instnrtions on struggle-criticism-
f:".to=".:"d.enterpriies have undergorc remarkable changes
i;gnrfor.rnalio"'
if rfter going through tlA follouring stages: establishing three-in-one revolutlonary
criticis^:,,.pyt'ying ine classranks, consotidating
;.'BTSi^.T}-1fl_*g_:ut,y:s
,i*plrfying the admintE
vv..rvr.s LstE

i-*qq ":8utti':tion", structure, changing irrational

"ii"."to
r.$1b5and rcgulations, and sending office workers -nalignal
the worksiops.
been c\nstantly improved in
r.,fllrrworkers now take prt in leadinj.n- *a*dng;r,t .r.d and
"ptir.r
ii0ectrnicianeparticipate in physical labour. trlarr-ow-divisions ".dres
of labor.rr between
f{r'rorlers have been dom away with and the spirit of commr:nist cooperation has
gl brought inro full play.i' (pR #24, !976, p. 12 - emphasis ours)
i;'.i:l "
t
fr,a*icle ge6 on to explain how Teng Hsiao-ping tried to t.v"ise these great vic-

;11'!Teng!"|o-p-ag alleged that the restricbive measures drawn up bef ore the
Cultural Revolution in accordance with Liu Shao-chi's revisionist line in
ii,,e+".t
t;'
enterprises were good and could sfi1l be used. These words laid bare his
':.nnning
l,i and revealed tnecessary
ttto-tive that his so-called rules and regulationsrwere
:l..no$ingbut the sarne revisionrst trash." ipj + 24, lg7l. p. 12)
 ^"'ff
;;;ff ::a* jn:lil:iH:fi l.f:fr
'rJ:Iff T#:"ru;::i
k lost notimein morrntrne
9*1:":::5::liJ"J$;;*; *" notonlvu"o$h
working "r".'i,i'i,'?'t*
'
;"T'";x'T
'"l"l'fi"r ?"1"^itl"'?;t";?i:ffi
revisionist
ir:fu "iii''" "ei'"
'";;:?'#i:xTi1[::-':f.L:..r::':H?,i:ffi
but clamoured
for dealingwlEn
Errsrlr 5' Y--
in-

:;*rt."'.."ssk3::,:::J?'tr"',:rrr."
:--s rhaqe irrational

*-:*:"ff
l[, *:: 1'::1fF;*:,","# ["'" "i "*ftfu*i:kll1'.',fll'
' rrE
i"o
cr'striarrures."a'*g"r..i"l'._niiill:"lrH"::ff"::"fr"'*i.i6ui',s"E;ki"g'andr
pressingf'-:Tj:IJj;t
s*uggre"' .'"-:#.';'#:*;;:*fgurations"'
""g5s""tions"
"u ',rr"'24-26\z \
;Hftf ffTm il'-igzt ' Pe'
"rhe'!gang of four'srrosfI''"' '!strict'| ':'f-lf1#i:*E:'ffiq-{*^t' dasbor'* geors
sd),' u;';.."tL ; l-;l-:' [8";; * tl
F T E'*
repre;.#i"rr and'kuan, : Tff ;."#
:5
iil. -?Y:
andalso,i.,J',,o.i*o.:Ijl*"""'*r:fj#i'tt*-:*;:h'i:?
r, i#!*.:1,: "] -:^:, rl
whe
r or',, horeve
nr- horrevet, t"*;[";;d
:T
.-rn :#;::l'.'ff
of them *" firet
6epends
onwhet
rirer on
without o:ttij:s, lre rationat
"*tn.iE * rarional ^]," onwit
]ij;-*k*'
wherherrheruresTj,T^*"ItT"t,1'"=r?pt.a*tive"l?::;
iid' T: force:l"t'*"*art,
'.;;,;":*f :":j:,:f.,3::*qn'alJ,,otde-peli:L:[*i?ifi
.,$;:,
the aimet t-::c
:#'"1':;;-'- va'
ifJn$5fi '.ng :: t rhicbo'rgroir',,r"' p:::

rffi;*ri:::,"*
:l

|:
I,

in theY-f l;*il.ii* "rirst .'*f

;d:'-:,1d;;;;'t+ musrbeiudspl:"":-::".T.Tii*1,
ll

3"""1L',conrusioi
p** "f r""*'._t .J' T
or:i$*#::ff
P :,:'"o' E
l#n:Tf:*t:nH.ffii:"lt"L'lop*"nt *-i
,,.,"*,u.,,
t'ro-rirc F1::flL:: 1#$i': f':Hl strivu'l
*:."s91"'Y ;fr'l?
Anorhcr"'.!!r'"" ;:;;a i or ** nationwhile
il *;; "*t-."-; i:' #tr:U$-f;;; o
t*j jljf. f :tT-:?:lir.
"I'
". it*i'
i"iri."r,rifv n'*tproletariat's ;""llr "ru* t the"illJ'*i. 1"1 -tff"tT'
lhe
ancl the tt?t:
methods ot Jterial incentir "lu*il:r";T
w these
the money econorrry ;iT;; t'"t'ggr" nl""t take dale'againet
tion. tt.r"ro'llc;;;: ""i
.ei,,..y:*:?::?:,:Hrfr
Teng Hsiao-Pmg
,T":'fi#;:tfr!'"n:*g;ffi'u*';#: (4#2-
d;;;; torervon?r'
incommand *""."'-..t"{';*y;ffii;Hi";
cresn', r""g i'i'o-ping'sattitude:
; iilTi:l*?:1":#T:;;t $f
 39
alr"l4l facitory putr profits in.o,rrTrrd,and dcvotes gr,eat effortr to turning
out
fT'f
#ri +h.t profiLbku.a : :*l:: :11" * i; i+. he
,!I';Ht,"t*'T.I::
irc tress edtoma
kingprodrrcts
prodr*s
'.i$Hitrilf
iifiilffi '"';"
".i;iil;;';;H,ffi;i:.f;S,f::gr
#:*:{t*i,T.f
pr:'i,i-i,.t;,;i:!;f '+i;,::r1i:::"*,"J*,JI"i:f
;i:"T:'_ff::l'hh;;ru[:i::j1[1i1#il,"
f't" ::fji*t ".:1::1:1"'
f "
er.t.i s prof its in cornmand,
strivins one-si.rarrr'G^- ^.-^
i,'ffi:::tri*,?::i:;"Xf
and usins rnarerial *:"{'X1*'-.:'"1:ih""H".T'*:ffi:"#,iT#
bonuses
ure
go.quer *rinkingor
ai""q".r-; ;-;il* J.r"r}"':"?;,f,f,
handingout
""ar"Jl^i .l* ,r,""r"", *Lrmire
,-ity
.r'q3dpl*astray to think only of p.r"or.t Fins oi to"""" and "*"ilill.jl:'r.#
s'ramble for fame and
'':Fositi6nnand turn the tel'itio.!'"*ong people into mercenary, cash
way; socialist relabions of prodrrchion rer,ations. In
wilr be desrrqyed iiti uo*g.oi"
.gFtr to malignant proportions. If this is arlo,^r"i rightw'l
"tI!i{
,iuapitalist ownership will inevitahly result. -- lo
- contin,e, a restoration of
. :
' To rrret the needs of revolution dnd ( r)nstruction,
it.is nccessary for socialist
t, to:prises to calculate prbdr.retion costs, en-
have econ(
,.,.state.req*"*":::r yr. proeif,asptanned.,n'illrl;:"":.J5
" terprises constituti the miin source of socialist
accumulatio.n.
il!;;il|::-,"
t attacha importance to economic accounting w. t,'.r" arways
and accumuratioiand opposed
roneous ideas as not'estilating the cost, reglecting accumr,rafien such er-
gant and wasrefur. Teng Hsiao--ping, u"irrg extrava-
hor,evel, .tr""r,"d the "r,a
profits in command and Lte"at of putring
incentives as rone-sided opposiiir"-a"
""i;"i;r"
the making
ff.tiliill' ;" ;":i::#;::ilr, rheGre at C,ri,*"rRe,,oluiio;;
;t enthtrs
iasmk
out against thesere.v isionis. r* *ll" ;ilT::d:: ffiy .T"?fi .',:'.TJi:
the Partyts 1ine, policies and prinliples
and state plans
;:**:i.
more and rr/ore funds f or socialist revohibion""""-i.aout andaccumulated
and,Li"ur* construction.
chairman Mao has pointed out:
'Ideologicat *ort ..a poritical *ort
for accomplishing economic wolk the grsrantee
and.tJchni".r *ot, and they se./e "*ah" ."or,omic
Morewer' ideologl-and politics base.
are.the comm.na.i'the soul. If o'r ideological work
andpolitical work sthcken j'st a
little, *ork ana technicar work are
togoastray'I fo develop prodrrction, o0' ""orro*i. bound
rocialist state does not rely on
putting
irv
rrlr|]inr,;orr'-pvtrins
;nTH: ;ffi ;F ir man Mao's prore
rarianrevorution-
prorerarial
;:"n:# *:::":: t";;;;:;1:l#;H"rJ:tffi:".*"*T-
rori.i",
ahi ideologicai;;;k'lhis is e,,ia.*""iar
,*;:li::"ff;t1fr1]ticar in rrrnning
rheso-
i TrpLe urrent artrcle-". tl*
T take up Tgng Hsiao_prng,s
S pornt of vrew and
oFputii,,g prorit!;;;;*.nd,, ur an at_
fffHi::t::i"::llicism accounting and prssentrhis criricismas
'mlc against profit (and for
losses!):
"It is imperative to practice ecor^_r_
and.contiiua
lrycarf' ;;; ;=".: .T;, :::: il:l1 :".T
peri? in soci'alist const.rciior,.r,a. ::nT : :: ff ?:.:T,fr
T} _
:::if:tr;"Ii,H:il_+:::Htril:"r."""\;-;;?;iff
s.tep-by-step imprwement
of tl

:tri|::::r,.::have
r;i..*n%H##f-
merit,, and p"oar"i,,f-ir.,.,,"i' a*empt ro
"ons,r*ii.,g,.,i.to,r*
 b

*T
edtretion to un&retand the *ed
workeis and staff members murt bc helpcd through I
to the
;;;:;;;l iotn the communist spirit and making more contributions
"ta
The socialist principle of distribution, thai i5, ,tb who des not work reithr
volution. mrst G
t*-* *tkt
ghall he eat, and ,from each according to his abiUty to each according I
tL 'F"g of fotrrr fir ibliberately
be firmly applied. We must thorougfiy criticire
to hoodwink the masses and attack
distorting chairman Mao's directives in oriler
rarionally embody rhe principt_"j clirtribution I to each according to hi'
;;;;ich r" (PR #18' L977, p. 23) I
workt as practicing 'material incentives.

l,mlta.rial #::rtiltf' ale two dangers-thet I

Rrttihg ,.profits in command,, and practicing
tFtt rre clasees and as long
will exlt as long as the meney econonly exists, ie \ng 1"-
capr-talist road'
as thei are bo,rrg"ois elements that "ti"g to bourgeois.ideolog 1q'the I
and combatted, not once in a while or only in some' places, but I
1.fr"V rnust be criiicir.d
and twisting its me-aning:eveals the
constantly in aU pl,aces. Opposing this triticism
botrrgeoirideologlal base # f""g Hsiao-ping and of the p:eselt leaders of .!hig'
I
was waged on marry diffe&nt
The struggfe against th Right deviarionist trend 0975-1976)
on Teng Hsi,ao-ping's ecotomic ideas of -
fronts in indusfry. An artille dtled "Comments
pR #3s, 19z6 (pp. 6-9) thJroughry and repudi,ated I
the comprador bourgeoisie,, in "-*i-red
' ': "
tL Uo,rrgeois lirr in-industrial dcvelopment: 't.'

$\t ,,Tt: arch cagitetirt-ror&r in the Prrty, Teng Hrieo-ping' rnade t

'nrepentant about economic constflrction' In a nutsheu" hie economic
jlxrn:trffi?..::ffi
ir
many aus.oastabnents

s$ f t,;;*nill3*"1*f Fil'.'ll'lHi' chinare socialbt economy into,a b'rpatrcrat-

conorry from the protretariat anal q

Y.rr
{
:***mf :*lffi ".tm'ru'm&'ffffj'tr:t*"ilLt
of imperiafi"- t"a social-imPtti'"ry*' . '*""
'' '
without
(/r.H Af Er TengHsiao-pingtook tit--*t"l1eFin'.he irnpoae{ $c- i1rlia?:u t

jnfrtr*dT*1TJ":" ff
l
ljf#ig"*ru-**::Tr::;mr:.nffi,nF!
f
ffi * ::'&'il:il,
Enterpriseeof dE
fr::*trfft
sar ta& th's formed
ande:<erc*'ffiffiiin'*""1*-.
T.il H ;sii** ;* m *" iJlsg#H*t* ff*** |
il{*Ttr
econonly rr ;At;
rEtssLsrE e'F .-iei"d
tr* E' leadership of the Farty committpec at varior'rs
"; I
f
l,gvers.
tfnt.il.oraer to consaiaate the ilic-
As early as 1956, Chairnran lvlaopointed out
tatorshipoftheprotretariat,stre,.gthent!socialisteconomicbageendbuikla
the- retratione betrleen I
strqlg io*rtry, it is nbce"""ty to handle correctly
"o"i"tirt
the central and local authorits and ttrei ttc localities undertake mon work
turder *,iri.i *ntrar pr"""i";J- Thtr wfl bring tha rnrtiative of both tlc cenaa t*
.'. I

I
 {1
r;i ''

.ura;Clt T$o"*s,r.nt1pt"y, However,Liu shao-chiand TengHsiao-pingf or a

,,tsS,qy *ly*.q.q.?litnpncment thie correcr principl,e;instlead, they laudedrhe
'inperblist tr.uets to t-heskies. .
fet,T:".gHsiao-pingresurtnd y_9rk,he lapsedinto his old ways. on the pretext
.$:*""Tlg,.t.T"l".u?!ana irnifiedi leaaership,he wanbd torturn over to rhe
- :lddto authorifielt what he calted 'key enerprisls whichsen/e the wholenation
c9ordinationona r.rationalscatre.t ...The systremof rdirect
,q{*ff ir-ennaea
qontrol of the enterpise?"bt,t-h" ministry
rndgxclusive
,.iqf9Tj :: :t*. P].tr's.rlieied leader"hi; ' rt is sptiti;"*"o*""r*aiil;;;;"",
."d ;;;;.;; il:
of 'y* *".-:: ln oppo:ibion ro trc r"oey central committee; it is
$if des-

Wfl#Lffi ',:n*, **,*, r':: :* t.-::-'il.'Gffi.eH -

..,$oni,t.ThiE lcin{l
and exclrrsive control cf .nQrrFirr

warld irnvitably divide up rhe sociausf[;;";;;

b1r the

{,1"ontrof
- :.,bg'r'in^T t'rn it #;;;-;p"il; ;;;;, ;;;"lir".
*_*,ho5.p"Tle-and
varidtrs.trldes denartments
,e*1:.An&*the 1.nd would become sharply opposedto
division-of labour would lead to underminin-g each
- '"llh:tl-"., t 1verlV.d11ti",":
oHtGt'gworkand tfte relatsions betureen them wotrld be tr:rned into capitalisi:rela-
tions d comlPbition. .,'
",Sit!c":qT"^a and exclusive contrgf_of enterprises by the ministry c.oncerned, dis-
-
,,rg{rded inter-delnrtnrental
''tably
equilibrium in the national econor.y, it would inevi-
undermine tlp rational distribution of the national economy and the multi-
iplqPry utilizadon of resor,rires and obstnrct extensive socialist coogrration,
- ,,TengHsiaq-Fngrs rrectificabiont of the ec.onorrqrby means of tdirect
and exclusive
,cmtrof of enterprises by the ministry concerredt was incnded to bring about a
i ceprtalist concentration of production and monopoly and enforce the
rcvisionisb,
- of nnning factories by rclying on exlrerts, putting profits in command,
I ry.*es
tttF.t?l incentive-s, FYing first place to prodrrction and putting techniqr.c
ogf""in8
ev.erf else. It also airned at negating Chairrnan lvlaots line anl' poticies
i ebore lhing
l,cgrcernin8fle socialict revolution and construction, at expandingand sbrengthening
'..bourgpois
dgltr at changing ttn sofialist orientation and road oiorrr enterplises
inro a burmarrrar-monopoly
capitalist ecJnomy".
*"yf:*-"-T.:l:ll"l.lTy
'lcng nsEo-Plng always acted ur contravention of Chairman, Maots instrrrtion I
that
,. rre mtrst whotreheartedly rely on
!! lorking bla9s, and obstinately triecl to push
'. hie levisioldst line characterized by hosbility to the working ctrass. He openly
de-
.:clared that treliance on the worker", p""""rris arrd soldiers is
relative.r cabEoni-
cally nefused to :negard ttre working\cl,ass and the poor and t*r..--ia#
r"lasrnaste:" h.;":.,-;
the state, and denied that they had the riglrt to control
,of the economy.
' ltrEsho$,d th utmost hatred for the revolu*onary action of the working cl,ass clrrring
q. qf$ Cultural Revolution in criticizing the capitalist and :revisionist rnanagerial
nrles and regulations, and he lost no firne in mounting a vengeful
,.#,Pl,q counter-
;.#:fc,l tlt? he cann into office again. He not only broug[rt out the set
i",r*nt
of rules.airred at-rcqrtrolling, checking and repressingr the worLrs but "gFi"
clamoured
ras.strictly as possible. I
,.,fordealingwith them This frorres to the hilt Gi;;:"
lllped the general representative of those bourgeois elenrents sucking the blood. of
the whom chairman Mao had scathingly criticized. i
lorkers
Which political line is folloted and which class wields the po*er of leadershii in an
.enErptise are factors
determining which cl,ass actr.rally ornns it, If Teng Hs.iao-ping
hril beep allonred to carry on with his revisionist 1ine, the leadership of the entei-
 a1

huga
h"ia" It embezzle and squander
oit*swquldirevitablybeseizedb,ythecapitalist-roaderSrthebor,rrgeoiciein
the
ir- e"rry, who would nt*tt"f'ht't ti.t" rougirshod on the backs
'se w it=-*o"king cr,ass
amounts or *".iii "r,a only in nan$
In"r""t"a
that the sociaGt encrpris"" would "xit
of the wotkrs' lt*'
reconomic
andwouldbeturrpilintou.,""a.rc'"t-monopolycapitalistenterprtsss.
*t"ry t oe the eo-caltred
-i.:a"velop
*"f, -Brezt'e".' brrrearrrat rnonopoly
I wn"t Teng Hsiao-pingpus,heil and
"""uol-"opry
rrew
by Kh"T#;
I reforrns, introduc-ed pushedwhat tlcy called a
capitalism, tb sTfu.!."""o.r-Tf;r "*rg=ai"ally n*** profits in commandas
rnateJ;;;;C"",
economic sysrern' with ""d

.lt1r.-1'"Tl;:1*-T.lli,'Jllli":ff
t h e c o r e.T he yg a ve to P p ri o r ityio.*p"' ti""..idr :elieilonslncialiststonr nthe
frYT#':H::trL";il's*i!;:ffiT
withttcnoi'fi'l'"*' I
arevestrd
manasers of lroduction'
l:n*H'IHtr;t!'ff8'yi':t
transfer orr"""".l'fr-g"tt of tf
"n*tp"-l*":"rn"?*
ls"u,
iT"'f,I;g"*t#L's:J r
J#*ri:,1;,-5;lil
I;i ff":frT:L:; organizati
leaibrship *.t at* encrpiise" trt"o"grt -qt" .**1"ve1trtt*"-level svstem of
verfical or tt*
J rministry/p;i;;;n.i-Ui"" ""tti"i!.sr TbT :H|"Tfu
o"** combine enterprises" t
Hnistry/ind'strier "o*ii*iTproaotion the rnanaF-5.l
*Ji |"i9'1o"jp""".1":uy
which are large * **, r:cw Jcorro*ic .y"F*'"T ttre so.riet revisimist
of, the enterprises, ri'p,''tLg.1his wer the enbrprisee
*t":;tTT;-;"fi I
renegacle cliqe tras inteisifiedits
throughout the-coun?;u out that under chinars historical condition, those who
Mao has
Chairrnan Pou are in e"oiliia, ro capitulateri* I
it c.pitau"t-;;
srtrbbornlychoose." ."* "
*o*,Jilil"ffiil *;;;*""L'#,::rngH::H:'Hffi,I
i m p e ri a l i i m'fe'da fi " -" " ab weaucr at*l*;l:1:"wasthecase

Hffiffi
alefense,and science
and-@chnoloEr, "to, e*
tha: mat6r" rer
trandorrnaj?-S-
the socialist sysEm

\ The o:lY feasible way to L"p""aup ttc lchnicaf

.\ )- ^of any help' to 'iinport fceign techniqrrs which *
ta*'J.'"a *i.. n"J*'i*'i'y'-il policry' under
h $\ 1 I "t",- ;; put forrrarl-" so-t"u"'l 'rnajJ
I
I ment. For trti' p''j; with *tiT:if
LT "1ot11"; *i*t foreignequipnentt
, o'' .{
I cni* wouldsign'lonf!* ";tti"i' to be tp J
^p-ti
y up-to-date and best
'most a poliqr of,
$ f] capitalisrs supx!1ing p*lv
policvrl""
by china with ii{ir'.I, n'J*:t. .Iif,;-'*iot r
t rrational betrayal. .
i"pi..l".i"" is not
l ou..inl""i ""a
to the pri*ipft tl itta"ptndence and seu-reu ance I
j Wtretter or not_to .atrr"
o n l y a n e co n o mi cg *ti i o r,but,ftst"iafor em ost' apoliticalor e' Anim portant
emprqve ria9 "' "": :4'1i:'35 ***::Agt;y'*3T*:H
il bvimpe I
means
l'ffi T*T'"Y;T'?::ff;;T.;,T:*:-*"'*-#H:'"*.::.*ff developrter,t-ani carry out extortionn l"#l:
infil-
strength to check the other .o*oi"", ir indeperdent and *7f'
expnnsion. In the **ia i"a.v, *-","o,ifr "ot consolidate
tration and poiiti*uv independent c cannot
reriant economicalry, it sulprpou'e
"1lr,otao+;i"u *alt the contrortr os or the other
riabre
its independence"r,i'i" principle of ioatp"ndencc and slf-reliance' s
We hold that; 'nder the guidanc"-;;; and equip'olt on tlre baeie of
q"ore:i
it is necessaqyto import ,o*-ro'i* d o'r cotuttryrs
;;"""ordance with the rleils ho;ne
equaliry .r,a But we absolutely cerurot Plice our
revolution and'corrstt;;'
-,rilii.refit."d our'
socialist
on'ffipo"ts. If rrrc ao not rely nrinly on
for rearizing the f our mode-i-Jor,s
 4J
.r{ .i;!

tff
H
fl
fl
ST
#
H
r8
s
; "c
s
,4
id
*
$
tii
D
n
'{
,t
T.

*
*
E
t
t
d1
{
{
t
q

its people. 'The Chircse people had more thanenough of such

i5!
lesources:andbleed &

supplying base fu imperiilism and social-imperialismj a market f or their commo-

tlities and'an butlet for their investments. And not only woulil the fruits of
1 ' scialist revolutjon be forfeited but those of the democratic revolution would also if

' . ' be brought to naught. This fr.lly :reveals the ugly featu:ces of Teng Hsiao-ping who H rl
. . worked as a comptador for the imperialists and :represented the interests of big il.,|

forrign capitalists. " (PR #35, 1976, pp. 6-9) H

5

+1
ilt $peakinga.bout th first years af ter liberation, when China was practi.irg l.hw Demo-
fln
r:l
*l
j;l',cnatic priricipl,es in industrT and agriculture, Chairman Mao said on January 30, 1962: '$i
*1
*
iir
i'ln those days tlre sittation was such that, since we had no exlnrience
in economic L
tr:
constnrctiotr, we had no alternative but to coEy the Swi,et Union. In the field of
healy indtrstfu especially, we copied almost everything from the Soriret Union, and
&
we hadvery little creativity of 6urlo,rrn. At that time it was absoluEly necessary i*
i.li

to act thrrs, but at the sarne time it was also a weakness. . a track of creativity Ftr
and a l,ack of ability to.stand on our ourn feet. Natr:rally this coul4,Srot be orrr
i$
i,r'
I
long-term strategr. " \Chairman Maofs "Tal,k at an enlargpd'Centr:al Work Con- i

ferencertt Chairrnan Mao T-elks to the People, Schram, Pantheon, L974, p. 178)
I

ilt$h"" the Great l-ap Forrard in 1958, and particularly since the Great Cultural Revoluiion,
hbs rnade incledible strides in developing her industry through the creative and :ne-
;'i!..Ctriha
i;. &ntlesl advances, of, her worker-Echnicians. The policry of selE-reliance has made it
. pgqsible for China to build modern industrial plantp and improve ttre old ones through her
lcrin efforts, with vety little rrse of foreign technolory. The same people who opposed
:-/i-

hdalang
 a. !

di rrllr brl
trrmlfft tb rr-L'l

trnd
lte hor of, sui i
,dd' tI . Tto factorbs and plrnts'
h ecl ta o fT en g |s.P l ,an wastocxpor tChina|soilatahig$yr aPi4r atsi &r tok
buill China's iodustry yeat' which was a '
t btg3; I L"gP scal'ein 1973' In that
""o*ali'po"ted
td b,ry foreigrr technolog "" Chi*'; experulitu:reon imports
cloubled
H"ir;;;; b""i;;-poJ""t a-rcw pol :
year Teng "1"- witi w.t-$lbiliim ttt spent.to imptrement
g1. s billir" ." ig]i-iiuion, lo*tttl"- r^!s74' bqving it'
b,rying complete pl'ants f"?T ";;;;11";-*yt*-*ia Amor
fiUt*,, with orlr $f s riUio" tTg iry"t:i:mptre*'ptrairts' from I i
creasedto $s.! and w&t Gerrnaqy (technicians
plants boughtlrere steel of 10 years' wh;
to
tla.nt;;;l:;;
help flrlr the Japarcse Blant" for a p"tid prant
steel urer.ecorrtn.ed fiG;sqet Rouing and 300 clu
ir
west c*rmans sugnnrisea
-t,".ir-a in"or,rtl*Joi -tr*p;ttgftn&' petro-chemical anclotl '
Wttt trrrnny)'
Echnicians were is", plintr, pc-troleum explorati-'r'
- chemical instalratiorr, "yr,tr-ti"
.J:;;ar
"na'porv"edr
fertii-cr prentr. A hrndrcd tho'rand tqr
ptrents
traction and refining
16 r'ssli *t"ti""got from ScardiHvia' and c
oil tanler was botrgtrt frorn Jtpt"'
from .r"t o,[-"t*p"J" in Texag and Japrn'
\
nologr was $gught

Atth e g :rnretfme,sta rtinginlgT3,chirrgz4r.tia r ab"qiexpor ions inr9z5' tt}rHonever'

tingoiltoJaBana
g m'lion er at ar
e m'Iion tor*L *i
mirion rons in tiig, .1:-*rters, i-t co.uldnot keep uP
was becoming one of t\e *""tl;r *.l*
china fol.ign technologr' '
the trerrendo's expeniliiures on
increasing debt ir,"L*a by 9500 million
defic* was $80 m'lion i". r;tt and fit bfllion i" tgzo and porriblr yeax '
rrade
al-* china ul a trade iteficit for rnor thrn one
This was trre firlt the ussR' Tl
1950,s *rr". it rr"a boughr ;;;i"n*r" ind'strial equipr*nt from be
early I technolo-gy,f"a U1 tele Hsiao-pin''
the'*inloi"Juqrirrg i.*ig'
the people in and begFn takir-
ag F1-rf;";t*-f"*ign-companies,
for extended 6-7year lnri*' and west Et ,
dolr,ar roais through de Grd cu'ency .."o-*,t" of Japarcse
mirion seriously:Fhrr
tgzo, chinars foreign deficit had
in rh Bank of china. By 1g75"oa
chinese t'" d'-?f balance' b; i;'d andh5
""t:::1::iTi inr
il
ratereTs
i';Httfff
f#ffiff;; ands*el, andin
.nLchnorosr,
ffiL.r:I."j,
n 1973and 1975' as ert'
1973"
almost none between 1959and
 t5
***'tt

lg,l,glggglHs-1g,tq,T-*hlg-::',lg.l,f
r'ffigF*
r::"rs-(sor'ce,_@,
for forei8F,busuressrrrenpublished UVtfJ
F -. t '

, f-ry{.9{D-ggg$j0j fiechnologr
is necessarilyincorrecr, nqr aes it ne-
;;6sssrilY-hTpt: chiqtl imno.rrinc
development as id"p"ndenr industrial;;-;.;-"-riJ
l'ftdon, if it ii done within the iramework "r,of self-reliance. ,*orir.
However, people such as Liu
*H*llt{l{q$3*ntng}u.rn e-lneietenlv a comprador bourgeois methodor
'"e-a ; i;-;;pt;;;;;".nomy,
', and
:Hff:fliT and
. 1^_- - _ rf:*:*.FSTol?q,
:,
. q, wh,ch
l_
woutdhr:rt chir,.',J abiliry
eus r Ly to
Lv develop
c rg v e l ' u p
olnindustry - _l l,eave her trailin'gbehind the industrialized capitalist
'ir.h8r
l:ir . world at a snailrs
fffi*51T-::T-?;""j:19.-:q industrial base throughwholesaleimporrahion
",:!:o',s
unihd sEabs or Engtand or Franci or c*rrnarqr? Did
f":gffhno'19|f?',Did:,,fln,
, i ,),. ' ,. l1; ' Japan?
f:'the USSR? ' ,.*r:;,:

l,'Iryr {ot th:'Yibt Red Army erncrged victoriour from dEtttvil war, Lcnin propoced
fr,t*-Economic ll"'3 rcRl whichf,ortend thr restricred doveloprnent oi tL
!*
ltionel tourgeoirieand of capitalist relitioni ih indrrstry and agricultrrre, as wellas
pl, f"o,*,"apitalist simlarri, cr.i'," encouf,aged
rhe
f tiTg ,:',:_T"I:ry
ional, bourgeoisib and d&pqnded on the
:o*l_!"fr.
Soviet Union
_
for technotogr in the first-years
Uflti:* ,never depended
ff . "rytt"-t, :!E Ys_sR,uith Lenin and Stalin's leadeiship,
technologr'to develop_
indnstry once this first critical stage was passed, and
to*iq
ht indr'rstry wae-.built-o*^*ff:_oliance. (This principl,e has dtly bJen changed by the
1,,,.ryVisionistl,eaders'ofthe USSR, who mis-use Lenints teachingat the time of NEp to
y foreign imrestmen!: ana credits. ) lrleither Lenin or Stalin led the UssR to build a I
g base thrbugh btrri"g bilrions of dollars of foreign pLants and technologr.
ryfqi"l I
r,U55Ris the largest prodrrcer of oil ii the. world, yeteven *Lr.it had much liess in--
pgry than it has today, reither Lenin or Sta[n led it to sell its natural resor:rces to the
bt, Uaq ttEy follorred these comprador botrrgeois policies and not been seL:E-reliant, the
SR sould never have become a modern industrial nation. Countries in the Third World
in Easte*n Euroln which have tried to do so have only maintaired their wrderderrelopment
havefallen into political and economic delnndence on US imperialism o! Soviet social-
rhlism._, This "quick and eily't method advocated by Teng Hsiao-ping can only lead to I
ined underdevelopment, dependence and capitaust restoration. I
(
sf tlte central confUcts in the industrial two-line struggle and the debate wer se6-
and depending on foreign technologyL"r contract to build 8 rnajor chemical fer-
"
p,lants with Pollrnan- lGllogg, a U. S. corporahion. It is described in an October 26
rr.tide in the N. Y. TirtBs\

nOffi.ti"} Peking and Houston announced tonight the start-up en 5sldr.te sf

'.,,r,r.
': ..:
|
tlrree agricultural
d.i,o^
--.!^..1r..-^l chemical
^L^*-'^^t -- r .i
comptre:<es .
that are
--
part! v-of r.the
r-- brE largest
Br6sJ contract ever
I t-vltLI'el

r:,",:,.:. to a U. S. A dozen officials of Pulhnan-IGllogg,

lY1rPd 9 !f -comgnny.
.;",division of Pullman, lnc., flew to Peking otrer the weekend for forrnafiti;. One
or$l u. s. bchnicians and detrnndents have worked for ttro years on the

of 8 ammonia plants . . the contract was for a total of $290 6ilri61 pullman-
l,o,i,3'
i;{;'r'' 1"11oggcontracted with the chinese National Technological Import Corporation
iti**;:for the E ptrants, About 60 Chirese have studied their constnrction and olnration
\,T:,inttqnton and Enid, Oklahorna, f or two years. Arrcricen technici,ans suprwi*
:rr.rli,-_ r _ rr

conrtrrrction, which is dore bry Chirese engirce* and laborers"'

lfi;*
;i.t.
 I
:::;#.*#ilI4iii*i#:ki',T:vtr
making external
assistance

;',"":1:'*::*iJ,?lii""T?Xffi
;;d

tn":".rricre,
H:f.ht"*ft 'Yi'"t'*l'*?::tlfl;*"i]"
fr"ntsbvY*: attac*s
ilJi'"a .i,tner.il'";i meltiolT*"'el*if-uu"
tttfT:,"jrl*^,ri*,'
mediutt
in Honan. '' The. while it strongty .t"pP:'_::r;;*iirers) and :E'tge

nJL"',Fti[i:ri.#Td;rffi'J'F#:Hxi
:ffi#f
.tcmi."f
;ilil..,itt
fertilizer

"'a
plants \wruvrr
equiPPedbY china
[;;" efforts. It states:

. r ? - -r rL
(.hemrf-'ar trE tq;r'er
.t'The Wuching a W o,',' orrrn efforts.
;tJ#:' built'-and-'-Yl5*arive of china'l-caeabili! :" Tb onher ourn
6ffi arratr*i'--1i ferf,i*' plants'
L7.iJ.u:chinese i:"" org "L-i""l *
efforts to compleresers.aiairrn*.".
make were *;ilE =t:.t"1::--::t
ptra^tt
mediu"''-:""" Pr4..'r"--
since then large and
t"i'"*a*m-size<l
o"o plantsars I
techdog: :r
f":,{.}:;:rs
prodrrctivity and relativelv advancad ;;U""tail
But einc=a"
I'ruel-'
wirh high f";A;;r ptoduttiott'
chemic"i
tlre backbr*?;;;'-in onlv a few key proF ''dertah
i"J t"r* a long ttn1";;uild'
l tJri *'ro""i :'";;""'".be t" u"'a I
investment" is thereforenecessa"rn
. . i.
in a given*iJ
smar er" fi$m;Xffi-,*l
"*-*"il""uri"'
simultareous develoPment"=rnt-T':;i;-;trd
emPlcv
errrPrvr
ones and sirnultarous
orlarge'""it'"' "'a'-fffi*'1ffiff;;.::-*o's co'ntrysideto set 'n W*,1
andindi*"o5 tr-f'f
or modern
*llrxfjHHifff :Ttr;; an fme'r
*ttriffii;n""r'the
: il::#il#,rn:*rt: sho,ed thtt bryttre endd i
sl*".s

j*':*s.?i:T#";a:Fiff.l:{tr'?Jff
force ir, .*Lt.-I""r i
;*?l'fi
r.ro,i)""f"oar"aior,.

1"lh.ff# l';'s"t
Quick."u,iii,,h.;r",-;t':*T:{",T:'frt"*tqx""sT. 'J
. tit.t iou.=l*Lnt, a1dTtuti1j;".;;J*
a ready*tr"1li' tt*it 9un-localitY' - . r
mor:eo'ver,their prodtrcts try;lu:t";#f#"::?t"?5"{
esuipmettt'1S T"T:^,19,.i]' '-*
u,i.
lrecessarr i, to 1"*.n"**ft
ffi;;;i#;'::::il *"1"n"T"ii irt-*-e liri' Sornepople u
e ottigp ttting=' and cravecl to
is of rena stlugglety.:i;n;-;t
by Liu'i.;o]to,'t 'tt-;i';1o smarlfac''
were badly irrf1,.,.,..d weakrcsse, il;";; tn".'g."^"riift"'of
"'(LI'
rhings,uigrJ ioreign,f?";""r, t *'rzJe-?
ute d the it o* o*olt-:
t orier'' i;;;; ;"e-re " ""
;L;t'
rime, ancl again'
wa' delive:ed aTs:"rt;t""Tftii"*icales.
This message

:Ir;:*::L:L'*'.T"",$#1T"T'"*:L*:ffi ;n6#f
1tri*:'t'-' -Not

il; ; &141g'n'i"rr"r.i.t
determined effort
:t*
fi# i+_ s".n4u*x
,,sro"ti-ali-M.?"-;;a
to:"":^-=-lr*,--ll
"::5
r'a*rw Yliv a I'Small and Medium-s
, rrticle,
*". t*-.Lij."Lr"p"a
reliance -X" 'i
1975:
Big Rob" i" E3

* Nircte e n 9 tlE ';,*1 1 ";.h ".i . . 1 f f i' p h n t ls e r3 P ' . E c Hx o lD5 Q . g 9 E -. . -'

* r it t d-
 \T

"Practice has prwed that when the policy of simultaneously developing large
atJ etr.a.[l.td ttedium ones is carri,ed out in earnest, initi,ative
-^t.-p*L..
from both centrai and local authorities can be ful1y brought out, the general

factor in developing the national economy can be better implemented, and

. ragid development of industrial production can be achieved by adherence to the

r e lyingonouro rrrnefforts. . ',', , ,",,.;,,j ,

'l ;l
Liu Shao-chi and Lin Piao advocated building tbigrr,modern,. all-inclusiver indus-
triesl: opposed the poUcy of,.)rnaintaining inde;nndence and keeping initiative
in orrq own hands, and relying on o.,urorrn effor\st and pushed a r.evisionist 1ine.
Those who have blind faith intbig, modern andiall-inch.rsiver are metaphysical
in their way of thinking. .t th"y to4it understand that srnall things can be
transformed into big ones And less advanqedindjpnous and incomplete things
, modern and all-inclusive ones.rt (-E&t45', h9Z5' pp. 2b-25)
q
.r .,

The arti"1".go", on to p.wideadeveral'Lxampleboe .fu" and exptrainshow communes

developingrriuU ess!-ntial toi mechanizingagricultr.rre, nraking
"nd -"aiur#industry:is
the bas.ic e'conomic unit of the coqrtryside and lessening the b"t'ween
communes $ap
city and corrntry.,.,iThg a,rticle shoyJ.dbei studied careful.lylin its entirety.
' '.:-
' '. , ', ; :. : / : '. :'.- i \ '!
:l ' . '. '''r 'i i ' .

ln the spring and summer of L976r'the'cam;nign to beat back the Right deviationist
trend in indr.rstry was in full"swing and the magazine China Reconstnrcts preserited
article af ter article showing how the workers in many indqstries were battling against
the idea of "se:cvility to foreign things.''.1':Thearticles stre'ssed socialist cooperation
between all trades and initiative at the local,level, as opposed to complete control by
the ministry concerrild:
t..

"Some 10,000 commune members and prirrary and middle school students
have helped with the work, the former dnring stracltperiods, the latter af ter
school. They have quarried, smashed, and transported 300,000 cubic meters
of stone, gravel, and sand. Transport has been augmentdtl by 150 tractors,
nearly 400 junks and 1000 horse carts. This is comptretely different from befor
the Cultgralhevolution when specialized constrrrction teams from the Ministry
oi Transportworlib'd.alone.,-It has greatly sgneded up constrtrcfion of tle pori.
t' (China Reconstructs. Oct., L976, p. 46)
One article shol,ed,6the stiuggle of workers in Shanghai to build a Chi;ese generator:
"The 300 rrbgawatt generator repre*nts a new level in the development of
Chinats pbr,,res\industry and design and manufacture of big pourer plant equiprrr
and demonstrates her ability to produce such equipment in complebe sets. Be'
fore the Cultr.rral Revolution Liu Shao-chi and Teng Hsiao-ping promoted a
counter-revolutionary revisionist line, saying it was better to buy machires
than to make them, ." ,,,,
Last year, tnder thd infh-ence of Teng Hsiao-pingts Right deviationisb attempt
to reverse correct verdicts, some people r:sed imperfections in the trial operij'
,t tion to attack the generator rrnit and try to stop producbion of others. Th
workers, knowing that these were only part of the normal period of adjtrstment
in getting a big generator r:nit working;: kept it rr.rnning. With support from the
 inspection
Municrpal commrsrist Party committee..lh"y strengthened
shanghai than a yeat
:l i;.1
in every way to imprwe aL;" work. within a bit more rTeng
and trieil Hsiao-
performance oe if= wtit had t"i.L"a its designedstandard'
tlE the workers
of clevelopingour ournindustt?"
uine didntt want us to take the road ones""
.:,...
proudly. rBut r,rrcr11rnaka *or," generatoi sets and bigger and better
eaiil SePtember'1976'PP' 20-21)
: ,' (@,

ir--..t..t.t t!4!13 t':'lL:d |r"tr'r

r u. lt'i'rL"'
;;d; krr*d
:
' 1- ^L^.... a radio factory
factonr in Nanking
in Nankin ' '
;tlo-otlor article about - -r,lia "

tt"-""^T-:f.HlTlff
.;' ,,Drrhg tr culrural Revolurion,whenrre.ntalshacklesand end-cutting machire'
it**bli"g
workers decided to make . *-il"',toma!ic
',,ii-:i;,.,,r Most
'two design their outnor coEy fonrign orrs'
.iriJ;::i't, wa)i,trof looking at it carr,e out, said'
frrc" we do our ow,' cooking" they
;ffii'q' of th. workers wre eot *Ht"fi.,,""t -Wht" to
' rwe we like ao 're bulld a road it goes where we want it
,lft have what ".r. t-o-*t* countries' wer1l
gq copying f otelp rnachines will rnake,*'a"p"r,a."atiookat +
,,.,il}ii.,,,. the fledglings! Just
,6**,:.", bLazao*J. t""i .' Col""-*G""s"sail:
,r a5f, ,""r,a to f1y! Tlreytll bot their wingslt \ilittgs
3;s.ffirr, liarned to walk and nour
pro\rc:d- the npw
ar* yg'ng workers ansierred. Tests
_n,, ffi=";;"g,w ^flyforgr, and efficient than the foreign rnachine
:.i: ,' machi*'s design *"t *o,iLg{on"t rht workers proudly saiil thir machirc
to
iffi,u,, 1,,,'which soti Fopb lna rantei "oEy.
;{, . iiW + i : : ": h a d | gtrrrkel l a fo rou r" " *..'y.;;( @,SePt.,Lg76,pp.34- 35)
i;; bo'r-ggo-irT.r.d.Teng Hsiao;p]rg.had gined clominance
thet ttc compracror
fact
o""p"r,"iUi" for cleveloPing it'iot't ;naustries arrd imports and
,i5,rorr, of tha ministries the entir:e CICPwas revision-
iles not nan that these ideas {tetP "o"*Jt or' that
..'jfiqt"
ar," fact that iiu stao-chi and reng Hsiao-pingrs revisioniet policies
,.$g;,,1qrmors a-r, thet th entire CCP
dvolutioi
1l*! pqgdominentin mrqr atteasbcfore the Cult'ral "'""ttt
ii,.. .
;;,,1^;'11', Tengl HsiaOjping
v\.er. ,-hrasepolicies adl'oe'ated ['
,,'H*U"r':f|"n::1.i;tiT,"-?l'J'=.ii..;il.i,.-*eralr sociarrst planninland
econoinic
them
as1974 at-t was a serious and resolute struggle against
;iqrsatrea8o81, "s..tty 1975 Chairman Mao inihiated and led the
Ct:ntral C,'mmitJt- of the
;,,li*rrhs
;; ' ln late
#f*--
 ili:
'
.,,i',,
'''
jl',"'
'
$iu3g!.to,beatback thc Right #vietionist trendand t}r struggle war carricd to the
nirree of Chineeworkerc in factories and enterprises across t-he'country. ,The-die-
pilral of Teng Hsiao-ping t4y the unanimous decision of the Political Brrreau.of the Central
So'nrnittee inApril, L976, represented a trernendotrs victory for Chairman Maors prole-
firiln rcvolutionary lirn of inclependence and self-reliance. I

After Teng Hsiao-ping was disrruissed, oil exports to Japan were nearly cut in hE, steel
$rports from JaPanwere cut by more than half , and negotiations f or new plants and capi-
plequipment were suspended (Cnirn fraae neport, May, L976, and June, Ig76l, a process
fce'evalrratiol t'__f:t_ulgp trade policies wi+begWr, and a movement to stress self-reliance tl
rrs la$chil. In 1976 China had a trade sr.rrplus (exporting $7. 2 biEiqlr or $l bitlion more llll
ilo i*p*ts) for the first time since lgnl as a result & cutting v dryn
-- of importJ Fus;i-
ss Week, 3n4/77). 'r
I

.Fi.:.: ;. I /
the purge of Tengrs critics in October, the sitrration changed dramatically. L2
-lt*t .In the
,ircood week of October, the ngw leaders sigrrecla 5 month contract for 1. 5 million tons of
f , l i . ..

iteel from 6.1ntjoq Japarese steel firms and in November contracted for another 400
ifpir".na tons, as comparld with 650,0OO tons contracted in the entire year up 'til that
ttffs, The rew leaders immedia,tely resumed talks with British and American oil rig and
n hnotog, suppliers and j. R. Pace, President of Baker Trading Co.'of Texas said: rrsoms
,tine arorurd the middle of rext year we expect petroleum equipment activity to pick up
- liralsof_pre-trrrmoil bimes f;eferring to the struggle againsi t"tg Hsiao-ping's nignt
ivirtionl. At that time it shoul.dhegin to grow at a sizeable rate. "

'r . .
'iisofii aftr thr prrrgrr ctdn ptrrcherd trro compuEr tycbmr
from Applld Drvices
;:corPoration in the unicd states and will soon btry
three 1""g" Hitachi computers from
,:j.pa&- As part of the sales ag:reements, Hitachiand appuet-o"rices
;nrsonnel will
,,hevefull access to compuEr centels and full infor*atior, oi use and pro-
grlmmmg. "o-prter
.i.
".,\
:'.,Afor. fu nT.p' thc chinre alro bouSht tix
|elicopters from wert cer:nany; it is ,.-
.gorea P"i cry rs-regotiating to utry Lticopters, anti-tank weapons, radar equipment,
'endanti-aircraf t missiles from the united states. china is reportedly seeking technolo-
dol ftPjrom the united state.s in\uuilaing defense production pl,ants,
but itrs not certain
the Pentagon will aPPas\te (IY.Y. Times-. Feb; 28, p. 6).
-that
:Royceaircraf t engines thro1Bh tt= .re""t" the purchase of the fif ty Rolls
of Teng Hsiao-ping in late 197s was the first
. pajor prrrchase of military hardware by the chinese since ir--ussn pulled out its aid
,tlp traE 1950rs. in

'Inlae 1976, chinse trade officials looked at three sulnrsonic British-French

concorde
its worth $70 million each, and rnade a deposit on- them. They are also considering
,brvinga big order of Fletcher FU-24 platres from Acrospace Indtrstrjes in lrhw zealand.
.'cliina Airlines recently took out a
$49.5 million dollar toan with the First l,tatiorat city
Bbnkof New York (All informahion except whene
;;;;;fr";;l--&""
Tre& Reoort, Nov., 1976- Feb,, Ig77l ".i..rl.
 rwrel rrr cornplrb tprn rnd Wlr
Akady thr rcw leaders trnrc bcrght -dJtd"t {"?^trorn
;;;*t za' 1976 (''fy three weelc
and the N. Y. Tinres B,:t;;
Gerrnarqr "f
efter the arresrffi of, foud') reportl:
diplom
rr of Foreign TradeJ Li Chbng ir reid to hrvc toldlWertsrn partil
fMinieter ta rcele foreign tradc'
end burinissrenl thar china would *"*
tt n"ltttses of entire plants' in 1978'
leaderg
epending on fornig t.lchnglogtr th3 nw
To et4rport this heavily incr:eesed to'rcll off chin'rr oil et a tul
Uq*cptit dt;
folloring Teng Hrilo-pingrr-compraiot il titttttl to ilbcrr. h-
.rrpid t'rrr. ri-.-r*i- "lre.'."il-;;;'ld Tyr
crrrerinSoilprodrrtionendtrenrportetilncer3ityrt'it|rn|nFebrrrrrydlclrir
Fprr"" to increase oil erryot
t'"de ope*it ;e;;iT":t,rt-tfie
foreign "ia"Lr,
average of 150: dob u"1alr a clay to uF to l' 0001000 brrrElc a day
from the present aPPa!ntly will not st'
y. i"b. 13, In7, p. iZ) Thic cfranqtio ;o.*-
(N. Tince,
;"bl'"T:'-!;t ehould reach this tr
J;"h"i""i t^6'o"*e*5$
thie year u".t,,* 60-75 per ccnt (&prnding
clri*;*1d hevc to ircro* i.. oif p""alti'*
bf 19E0. oil u it nor
oil rr t""-.-J.tta,*ia-Lt*1'tt--*h
har rnrrchaornr.ic
.,,, tp inOntion t6 build l0 more oilfj
1' In nry" LnZ I ChairrHn Htn K'o-frng annornccd ( Fn t22' p' 17)
big ar Taching (Chinarr bigglrtl rithin thir centtoy.
.:
t nc& rtoi ncreroi l p rorl r r ticilt.le4nr tr tiqr r tthbr r b' clljnr gouldhr wt
oil inilctry' to the ne"
i"to a''"topingtrr
fl put e prioritl.'rpLtit'.oa-;.,..trrnt
ffi ecnlcc'dt' in6luitr of Jepanteoil rrecle i
p of agriculttrre aJ other iniluruqt fi6 into th
needs of capitabt ;il equipnrnt guppii^ cornpubr'. rd it
the rnarket i-o t,tt- forcign technologr
u,rila ,rp io"eign
of, those in china who want ao on hcr orn eff ortr
qrrv nst china's eff ort to buitl tnr ryn"i"r."g.
iruruh F*t
it can
i*""t"*nt in Pt"d*tist and tr'nrPoft uill ne<
1 increase g"";;"-;;;*. .The in other gect&r o6.*if"il -
funde to be accurnula*d ' ,' 'Fldfi,re
I reauire "tqrotqy
| ffi;il;t* . . ojEborrowed from abroad!
t' ;
rrp fonign wtrictr tobrar iccign technologt'
to buila
In rhcir rush
uf
:oq"F-Yifr
pbna t?r3-Tixportr of corl to lapan from the E l
baacrs are drawing
pr:esent
to:rrooor'o6o gonebylg-Eg' si*" th- purge inoctober' the ptr
rate of 1o*r0oo tons Kong i
have aleo dircussd *-""1* sare' 06 Ht'ral Fr to lapen qrd Horg
lca&re
buildapipeliritofacilitaEthtratref,ertoHorgKon&

Teng'scornpredorbotrrgbieptranformo<|ernization,charnpiwilbyttEprreeentCl
to economic recesaiona' tranrileand rules
lrra&rs, subjecte chinarg economy !F and tlc '
worlil economy, *.r*" iu ir,iti.tlu. away from the locar bvelr
capitalist en'il rnekrr a mockaty of th
and egricd*,
neglects ,r*Ulr,a r.c6ium t"d;a"y
pltipr" of self -reUance'
irnl
between tb 3t{'erPorrc' it b of utmost
In a period of irttminent world war
and L.o"t* &pendcnce cr iorcign tn& for creent{rl '
to develog prr5i13 fc ilorllirU
$,$' But t1
""*-t"tiance
of FcriS fttf rnl irrg llriro-ging n'
'.i'irtry
 (e'Lur^'c)-'
5tf$ 51

r1' su.e -
,forpip trade, rnaking China dependent on the world marl., | 'rnrl e1ft"l.
*,to and affaid of the chaos tha t world war crea tes h in trlrna I r()rldr Lrrtdt:. Als r r
lc targe, medium, and small-scale industry must b built srmurLaneoust\r. mcutum
sntafl local industry, dispersed arotrnd the corrnt{/, are far less sr.rsceptible to f or-
attacks than centralized l,arge-scatreoperations.
frign bOmbing

importance of the principle of self-reliance applies to all socialist cotrntries, as

ttNb country whatsoever, big or srnall, can build socialism by taking credits or
, aidfrom the bourgeoisire and the revisionists or by integrating its econorqf into
tl3r world system of capitalist econorny. Any such linking of the.economy of a $.,-|v

socialist coltntry with the econorr1, of bourgeois or raxisiorrist cor.rnbries opens

the doors to the actsion of the economic laws of capitalism and the degeneration
of the sqpblist order. This is the road of betrayal and the restoration of capi-
fiir- .which the revisionist cliqrrs have purstcd and are pursuing.
'Our i.runtrryts dxper:enle prrrres E.hatth safeguardi^g.,f the er:r;nomicand
politrcal rnflependeneeand the deten..e lf natronal >cr'rellply are <:lrrsely
linked witH ttre consistent implementation of the principle of selE-reliance. "
(report to the'7th Congress of the Party of I-abor"of Albania, Nqr. ,1976l

t:,,fetrgHsiao-p ngrs comprador bor.rrgeois plan had gained predominance in many ministries
l'rioo" 1973, but it was'carried on behind the scenes and in constant conflict with the
li-'corre"t line of selJ-reliance put fonrrard by Chairman Mao. However, nour that Chairman
iiMao has died, the struggle to beat back the Right deviationist tr^end has been reversed,
'l*andnany of the Partyts leaders have been puBed, the comprador bourgpois elements
l:f ttav, been free to openly clevelop their plans.
iJ

i:i.The change in th basic line of the Parfy is clearly evident in the Peking Review. For
I atleast twoyears before thp purp, the Peking Review ignored the foreign-built I
; plants that Teng Hsiao-ping and his cohorts were so proud of, and carried out a deter-
i!, minedcampaign a$ainst sewility to for:eign things and worship of "the big and the
ir,: foreign" while resolutely supporting self.-reliance. Since the purge, for many months
#.t-:,.'nortttwas
[f:t,l nOtnngwds published
Puorlsneq about lnqultlry;
ao{JuE industry; Inin facEr
fact, sne
the secrlQn
section "on Home rfOnE"
the l:lome
on Ene Front'f CtlSalP-
disap-
,f1";peared. Then, beginning with PR #4, Lg77 (p. 3t) and continuing in the next two issres,
$;l;irticles glorifying the long igno_red f oreign-buitt chemical plants appeared.

"The Taching Chemical Fertilizer plant, a large new enterprise in the Tachin g
Oil Fieldr was completed ahead of schedule . . and put into operation af ter a
single successf ul trial rtlr. Built at high speed and with top qr.nlity, it has an
arurual capacity equivalent to that of one million tons of standard chemical
fertilizer. .
Some of the plantrs major installations were imported. But the spirit of the
gereral line of 'goitg all out, aiming high and achieving g:reater, faster, better
and mor:e economical results in building socialGmt and the principle of trelying
marnly ()n our .'wn eff orts whrle nrakrng extprnal dsslstant'e subsidianrt were
;i-l:it
i;i, .
i ," :.

!:r:'
illl':

i;,lr
 rtx
f'
: . .^-.-t ^t+.+.8 rrut and

embodbd intheluild3s oitb ?::r"'; I

f.u'y propct' I Jk^$X"Tj;,r,
' u"it'ry,ti*
chiangch
'deliberatti-rl'-Jfa{-t-w-ith th tott syntheticammonta
goo,-ooo
i*rg. r'"
gaveper#ffi';" 'tB1"13' ' ''
evencarlectfor disrnalt|1;il;P::T9 iil ti""t 1 oreign-built
T"ototiotls.'t Petro-ctEY
f ouo,'rin!;; 'f
rn anorherarricli;-.k
::L';:T"'f"ffi;ffi;
tiT; +:;;'io'"ign-built
rert
chemicat
ffi@." ";;iJ "tt6-t"1i"nce" is never used'
t-- t' E word
- --,, evenI the
, v e) v?1-32). -' --

.n:ry ;
-J*'#;
#:r43tr3'T'i* il-;-.t* l gTZ. Ar nazingly, I

l'"Tr"Tfffi;:"
::s"*f" ai'"-*'.. til ;;;;e of light i'.dYT1 and of raising
socirety' is thtceylink
pro-
in
arti,cle. tr.." ""i"t" *'ttaf i"-
-l"ra"s
duction but not ;;;; I.t"""r,.t* n"il;;;" T*.:tXtIT.Irff;-
'o"tit"t " 'o"i"iist
*u*.r,,
bu'ding "o,rggr" and the new

Ir'i*;r:n:T j*H
*;HrT. [::"#+,Titr"1
The compradorbo'rgeois r.y
il#.T ##
of renq

rffif,-
"11::-g t;;;-* .* rast lear'

The views ot tt cli{

.ilpr"'' lt'
Hsiao-p-q't'eo'aie
il";i -::*:ji*: n1il]l:::'.i"ng showsth"* their Bretu .'[ff;'
ry:9':::'*?ff:
ffi
iste rrrcrerooro"o*patible..
crri* it"a? ntopgt"it""ry ;t{;r'f -a:::::ff.fr
elementsled bv Te
sympathiS.,*;;;j,*Y" plansF'"'.n'j;;;L;ois
of national betrayal:
pitg, t""o'rnj'lg Gf"

,,E sti ma te so fth eextentofthispotentialoii' wealth' t- ""8Fdwlfollolling the

y hi gh''s or ne)
r1a"a1'3#lJa'.u'oiluoyeio'tt
1.p.*'".boy.'', n"'.11,'."r, *. ff;; pt"a*-g 'P to 400milrior
rippt'War, *""" n*Uilt* l"gtt one-erar,lerSehgf* t*at ' ,l
1n
tons of crudeann'ally t"idErl -lq 5"rri - ** cdlnms-ncalopgrorttmrty
cttittitl
But where foreigrer" -"ili;"y teade'rship,weanedon the
acceleratedoil expor.;:";;;t ldcr.i**

publishea 1 o":1"=:'::';:;'.
af ter the n^=f*t" i',"iaZt
#+:"Ulf*i,HtTi-,
t last April
i""lattt-f""iepi* In it'
r the connectlor )
shorttf 1i""
t*""#ffi1i:'1":l'*fl1*-g**':f :?:hcapitalists''!
<tidnot even 9<
Teng Hsialping
,tb this st
*"g",ii,", ***;;;,.lcapit"ris.-'*il'
nat'r"l ' ' If
to ptedge orrr coun-tal" n*tious. into tnarke'
a
contintre-' woulcln't our eountty t'rn repair and
\\ -: affals we! "U*rJt
of into a raw nrate"iii b""t' a
imperiaiistb to u;;;Jgtii: -":.t::1T-:c'rity
imperblis
ofwestern
\\ ::ilff;;;;'."i1:i:"*::mH"T'J;
the century ot t
hands
With
stillaporcrful,*...eo"-"w'ct.inq."31thi"wa6comlp[ingrhetoric.''
"tdi[
the rcwwesternimperiali-s't"
,I=;:rilftT'tffk.tlXl;1tr,",:*T
l*t",,n'#I -TT:::'*t::f]
?

'H'";::il';ffiff
,,Eu"rr bef ore .l" ui"r""i demonstr";;;
to
in Peking o-nApril 5'
e;pres"':";-;-"Uo"i
sonre f oreil
the plrospects for
trade
were graclually beginning
ch ina.A mong.*r i" * , . it g a t lc k s ; ; ; -' f ; n c rV ic iP re mb rT e n g Hs : '
 53

llt":'.tflr,*trgcepit*Ust-roader $ithin'the Party', slgnrtrcanycrltlclsms wene maqe uf,

,ii#*
'"'=i$'ilacnntic approach to foreign trade. He was reviGd f or reliance on 'things big
t3.the
#;p*irra-eueigntj,ufmgt certa-inlya refene.nce alals l"::t:,T'
Ti* "tt1t'9",1
li iil;r*H+ Tcng.ryasltrying rapiilly to consolidate his position. .rfor example, the big
;ri$#noU*,ns"-ce,FircisftJ engine purchases (significantly, for the army, which is
ii,i*.li,i;,'"gtteoG;ifred to,be pro:Teng), tb japaruse oil tanker, and the U. S. off shore
,:-irg;;,t:.sitdquipgmnt- Soonafter the drarnatic outburst in Tien An Men Square, dis-
l+#,*;rj*r*iEftgr{gr1g started.to increase. The day af ter Teng was forrnally stripped
allhig positionsn th Hong:Kon! stockmarket dropped sharply by 13 points. .
i;lrfr":'i;iriof
', Ttre.about-tlunr. fiom Chinats original desir to sell more o4 to JaPan, btrllying
'-,i:r.L,,
t -:,, t ttr"ft to eryBnd imgnrts- to 1Omillion tons this year' then suddenly changing their
#,1i$j:*;q:mirfasi$o a'*igune,''o6.1:mil1ionand, in fact, urdershipping.sg far this year'
i$Jffi[.;f;Lf"t*a to conflicting ideas between radicals and modei:atesabout trade
'l:lr-:;i;h;";-l.pe*se Eor/ernnrentcircles u,ere r^eportedlyrr"ry "ia"erned about a
j ii .: iLa fUnarticle.in April accr.rsingthe.capitalist-roaders of adopting a foreign
fii' ,,;ffi-nich, if tontinr.ed, twould eventually treadChina toyielding its mineral
t
i;fi='t.."".Lranrcesto othBr cotrnbriesr an old, if not justified, post-revolutionary
#il^;,:i:ll,te!e tea:r." '{chi; Trade Rep-o-rt'M'-a\"1q?6\
* il"*ftsur thc spring a6\dsummer of 1976, the rnagezineof the fore ign ,:apitalists *Trha
.rt,npfav-"d their anxiety ih articles su('has: "Taking China's Rhetorj,; Seriuusly,*
t'Tokyo: Trade Troublesr'r etc. They were
til;;" Men in Tolqyor" '.'Th" Oil Enigrnar"
and encouragedbusircssmen to sit
;i.61*ir,g the turo-line struggl,e in China intensively,
Ug,t *tl Cft"itman Mao's inevitable death:
,,FfreJ stalemate will not last f o:rever. The most probable scenario is f or the
retratively 1ol key marrarryering. . and its attendant contradictions . . to conbinre
t$td the post-Mao era becomes a reality instead of an irnvitability. Unf,il that
t would he unwise for China traders to chart a
tirrc, andrfor some period af ter, it
definitive'"ou"r. for their commercial involvenrent with Peking, If the rhetoric
stakes in ttre ctrr-
,t. of the past several months has shown arqything, it is that the
i 1gnt struggtre ane very high. the winner, af ter all, will be able to define Chinars
.,i;; rpglitical, developrQental, and commercial course for quite some tirne to cotl- "
' (China Trade'Report. August, L9761
r,i',After Chairrnan Mao died, in Septembet, L96t the hopes of the imperi,alist bloodsr'rckers
' iumPed:
' - *,Mao Tse-ttrngis dead, but the basic qr-estions about the futr.rreof ChinSrs re-
,
:., I 'r volutiqn-strr.rive him. For brlinessmen concerned with the China marketr the most
...:.,, imgortant is tt direction of kkingts foreign trade policy. Since the ouster of
't, , Teng Hsiao-ping, that policy has been floundering inconclusively. Neither Tengrs
,, opporcnts, whoee"vision orf economic autarky reflects Chairman Maors own call
;;, for national self-teliance, nor his supporters, whose proglamme of modernization
: through moderabion prwides for select-ed infusion of capital equiprrent and tech-
l',. nologr-from the industrial world, nave'gained the upper hand. The resulting stale-
,..,_.,..: ; rfilte has effectively cr.rrtailed continued purchasing while treaving the door open
i,";,,,''. for its early nesUmption.
.':;;,, It would be foolish to predict who will win. The f oreign trade apparatrrs encomPassea
,-, a considerable burilaucracy determined to exgnnd Pekingrs commerical lintcs with the
' outside world. For the moment, though, bir.-;,la:k a leader wi.th sufficient strength
: :, to press their case conslusively. Their futr.re, and indeed the futn:re of the China
ii', market. depends on tlp emergence of jr:st such a forceful figr.rre."
,Clrrna-Trg-de-&rrgl!, or t. . 1976t
 5{

Soon the'f or,eign capitalists had f ound thcir t**n *t:t

,, .
,,With stunning suddenness, Chinats 20 year turo-line poliei'cal struggle aplnars to
unknonrn outsicle of
have been settJed. Hua Kuo-feng, only a year ago a "it!'l
the Commtnist Party. .
china, has now $en officially confirmeil as chairtnan of
of consumrnate political
Chinars new Chatman has shourn himself to be a mln
skill, and not a small measurie of daring Dismembering the chiang ching gFouP
superb timing, ard
requi:rect an almost Machiavellian sense of political intrigue,
action is impossible. rr
that special kind of fearlessness without which decisive
(Ctr;na traae neport, Decembert 1976)

in china fits in gnrfectly with the imperul''t

capitalist restoration and national betrayal
hold back their enthrrsiasrn for tle I
lrt needs of the foreign capitarists. Th.i could-not
hoped China would insbitute:
new leaders and the ec-onomic plans thEy :
\
,,Nuw that the political climate has changed, the way would sm clear'er for
are willing to finarce
stepping up imports in the short term, rttb f th Chirse
or alternatively
purchases on a medidrterm cleferred ;nyment basis, at least, I
"*p a n k g . . f . ' ' j9 v ' l in agriculturat mechani'
- It isu pnot
theirle velo fborro ,that
inconceivable rrin gaf
f rotlrmf oaresurge
i-g n b oiinvestnent
in th agricultulal sector, in
:.zation, the regime will slowly leduce investnrent 1
' --: dle-i
;;;;Jr*"qy industry. china is nour only justabtre tofeed itself, soany
emphasis on agricultrrre woulcl probably mean expanded faA imports.
cri'ticised
In a more g"n"*t commercial context, Teng HttsTP1lrgts bitterly
ptrantr technologr and capia)
prescriptior, of selling oil to finance acqui,sition'df
:
eguipment will probably conre back into vogrr ro\n; ':
in Chircse
More prorriinenc'. *ill be given to qtralified lnarraFrs and- technicians
' in favour oj morr'
industrial enterprises wtro in the past wel,e of ten Patsed orrer
In line with this rcw emphasis on exlnrfise, wt
td;;"d."ffy r"ti.ble officials.
theoreticaflI
differenbials could increase, and a system of rnaterial incentiwe,
in selected T
, abolished ilrrring the cultural Revolution, but allored to re-energe
be reinstitutef
factories durini Teng Hsi,ao-pingts brief return to grorfer rnigltt '
,
tcr''tta iraat nJptit, December'ltzci.,
\b.
speculati4.g on post-Purge policies, the foreign capritalists decl,are:
F,rther

,,Nou, that.the struggle wer the corrrse of Chinats developnentaPPeafs to hav'

priorities q
been resolved, *""V Cttin" traders are inte:nested in the economie
the rew leadershiP. .
past emphasis on agricultrre has largely been motivated bD,a desire to ensule
am
sel6-sufficiency and at the same time redrre grain imports to a regligible
In fact, imports trast year fell to thir lorlest trevel.since 1960.
t
With Mao dead and his poutical surrogates rBrnqved from Pow6lr it rnay well
agriculturi
that the rrew agriculttrral. conference inbnds to ercamins the entire
qrestion in a way that was impossibtre before. A redrrctiort in the trevel of *tatt
investment in the agricultural sector might lead to increased grain imports,
the r."w administralon has given no indication that thy wotrld have ideologica-
qr.ralmsabout taking such a step. r* 1
 ts

Anotlrrr mo$e important conseqrrrrce of a

'; 'i' redrrction in agriculttrral omphrrir puld
tt,.,,l- 'F*:*ltt*t of more funds for investnrent in indurtrial sectorr.
,f;ffi:ffi*T*:n^n:i^1-;_Tu .
,. TTsory rec"iv"rnwemphasis,des
'i,".''',thcre'rerna.f
t-*no"tnt ioticydecisions
;-t:;ffiTff'J"'"T:""fff;*"
:'- ar=as. F-o" shouldmore state irwestrrcnt go to coal
,r,' ffif:idual "=*ptre,
ilf.Q-:
\''"'.I Fot foreign businessrnen inte.resteat
F:r'' ' in selling to china, the decigions
of vitat importance. taken an
Now that the new l,eade-rship girr"r,
E" clear signs that they
i-' ,
fi*, Hl;:::;::A:l-=:::".*-:+i'{,
facrorsaffecringchinese no.L..andcapitarequiprnent,
theonry
i. , "'l
pu"charir,s-;"1;';tu-;;:J. ;;HfffiHT"Hr.,
L,,,,,.r,,,i
fllfjl.lf a'!,:f g; 4jr:.t. FortheprossncHrrc
.r'o,i' v3ndor this H:"*,
EEy sor''rdi-:
like .::.ffl1*
a cqrsiderable a-rray oe ou!'iL"il. . il;fi;f;T
is Ameriqan
Fs* ' ' but compared to the before the purge of the gFng of
Ji..o,. four, it is a vast improvement "ii*bion
jlii ., : ' , Wl.gavcr onc says about the difficulties
llj,i4"il
!ii!l'" of doing busirEss with the Chinese. .
i
i^1.. "' and they are foimidable. . China is ttre largest untappd rnarket for capital
;:i' equipment in the world today. And because that market has finally decided to
;'," ' olEn-ltself up to'"the outside. . albeit slotly and teniatively.
. f oreign businc'nnn
':" will finally have a chance to see exactly hour big it iej "
(@, Jannary, LgTTl
I
,Soferwe have seen that the present Chirnse leaders have'fulfilled many of the wirhes
of tha imperialiet traders, bqying rrnprecedented amowrts of Fah, steel, ptrants and
tmhnologt, and contracf,ing to sell record amounts of oil, natural gas, and-coal Thf,
lr om,aspect od a capitalist restoration which ircvitably involves sector of
Chirrse - agrictrltue, industry, edrrcation, heaith, li6rat're"*w and art, the
".*i"ty
rrmy, coinrrercre, the Party and the state. ' - -

Wc can see th dranratic challge in the sector of f oreign trade because it is external
: rnd vety visibl,e. Although we can report on the changes we see
in tlre lirc presen6d in
th3 &king-89y,!Eg) we can not othenvise docunrent the changes b"irg rnade in th other
glctor-s, which will su.rlely be jr.rst as plofpund.

In contragt to the serious criticisms taid out in the Peking Review. lntgT6agtjlngt
the foreign capitulabion of the comprador bourrgeoir fi". oFitlEsiao-ping, the chargrr
that the "gang of four" "worshilred t-hings foreign, fawred on fJceignetr, rnaintairrd
llicit foleign retrations, engaging in flagrant activities of capitulationism "-r,a
and national
botrayal" refer to privately watching foreign movies and to bhi.tg ching grving an'u1-
euthorizcdt' interview toan Amer-ican histoii,an, Roxanne Witke, *rlho* Ulograptry oe
Cldeng Chit g het nw bcen pr.6lished. Thir accusers havenrt corre up with any
othar conclrts"evtdcnce Lo prq/e their charges!
 a

t
I0 .R IGH TA IV D ',LE FTi | o P P o RT UM S M : wHI c HI s T HE M A I NDA NGER ? { :
t
rnust battre two kinds of erroneousrircs - the Right
The revolutionary proletariat lin. Theselines havsl:
opporturiet ,"rriiJ;t capitarist-road rine and ar*-rtat"-r'rftr
characteristics and.have different rol,esat clifferent timeg but they are bothl
different l're';
and are in Ji"""t opposition to tte protretarianrevolutionaty
counter-revolutiorary
lim in carrying forward revolution **1$
The essence of the proletarian revolutionary theory of r.rninterruptF
th;is of integradn,
commurism is embodieil in the rv'"Jt of rtvofudon by 'fpstages' r-^
revolutiqr wittr the theo4r "f tl*;;;ftpt*"t
W" t'oml
lJ,i ,'We are advocates of the tvlarxiet tto'ri of uninterruptect revolution
*lat sochlism and commutism arc
that things are alway" 'n*i"g io*'"tg 1q
to be separabd by a Great Wa11' We mrll -
not and definicly must t"'a-[;.Oored ail:
the clictatorship of ttc protretariat
prsist in continuing the *Jr.rti* 'nder
l E verstan d sti l l .A tthesantim e,weat' eadvoc4tesoftteM aDC i gttheor y ;
of revolution by stages.!, we maintain that iliffecnt stagps dl
the cbvelopment
of thinge' ad we should not get cotr
developncnt reflect the ;;;t* "TJig" the etage of histc-
stagesr trG I" tl?d
fusil with the qualitatively differnt plgrent.''
ical d"".i;;'i ao ao *r,.t cannot poesibly be accomPg"t"&at
the oictatoiship of the Proletariaa Qestion+i
{rlvlan<, Engels a'd Lenin on
andinswlrs" PR #51, 1975' p' 15' part 12)

ie to ileny tlc rped for revolutionai^

The general characteristic of Riglrt op_portunism ef !'Lff,' opporu'
drc gemtl SIa-*i"--*
changeat all and try to reverge il' ''hil foq everythinff
is to dery the developrrent of t"uoi.u{9at1y "Gttg""by'Ctags-s',96hing t83Fl h the w
ttsnnel" ttt" retrolutiona4r -
once, This rnakes the goals unattainaUle, thc proletariatf s streng'
otJ"l;"iy aicts Right oppctun:iem by atpttf+g
direction
"r,a it.
;;J;;;"ralizini
proletarbn politr:
,,Leftr, opportturism is essentially P"lty borrgeoie ""q qoppoeetl to
particurarly ihngerous at certain monn'll
ft m'st always be combatted, uui it becorcs
dogrnatietnim of. Li Li-san p*vail*'
in the revolutionary process. lr, tgso the "r.fttt
tt= bas1reaE to attack key citbs and'wur
in the Red Army. He advocatcd abanitoning
Ma; of the RecrArmyrs forces {ret'e wiped out}
# the revorutioilEy war with ore brow.
f ore the correct.lirp Fio"d control agPrt
Thig was ort'ol| the ttrree lrl'ff,t fit=" t)j
fc extendecrperiode between 1927an'
caused great loeses tJtrc revolutionalry fqrces Revolutim' Thul'''
in the cultull
More recentlyr.ultra-,,Leftt' tendenciieserne-r,ryil
,,r-ef f,ists,, called for (amongoaf*" itir,gslr (1])a comptretereadjustrent and equalir-'
torards an eqr'alizatic
of wages (an ,n:nealizable objective thatliliiecteil the "*.*EF
(2) an end to-4. rules in factories (as-;
wages instead of their eventual elimination),
perpea*qd bolrgeois ;gll)'. (g) ultra-democracy *
ro only those *tri"t unreasonably
free hand), t-4)""'.*Llg all and orerthrourini
would give the bourgeoisl" "
"ori.,pi".-tl party, arxl (6) breaking df all foreign
(S) forming u **;ilf"o"i"t-Leninistn ""'"t--
the workers and st'dente into n
The ultra-rrIft' was extremely sectarian, {uiding nota-
struggle iin t*tw instances wherneit was
opposing gFou; and called fo" uiol"r,t r
a corurter-revolutioHry alvielv. role- inetead of a revolutionar:r
neededand played
id;]lhib ;tt".f"1tlt:tr"
 t7

fitW trrnrformaHonand-uni
tv to eonsolidatethe Fi.." of the cutt'ra1 Revolution.
3:"-TTH
ana *'1:'' :'.*" .:T.::l'
; 1*; 1 t a1 4"e"; ; ;' uppor
t amons
ltytents dtrringthe curt'rar
" Revoluiion.After tt.
""'llJiil;;T*
,1 r.nez,rt becarrcthe main danger in bhe
H*i.ryr*dffggd
* ":r-:dn1,TEl.l
1967,,nany utlra-"*ftistsl'
r$r qqrrB E{ ur E rE
ffu.P'^ ^:ryt: 'Q:f were p,r"ge.lfrom the cultural Re-
ffi fhfi:Y:H:,li"j iT"l,:" ry"-l:. 1"
: ti.i,,oi".r*
r andacamlnign
'les hunchdto consolidab"
ih" enir"k the "p -to
curirr:ral
Revolutior,,
*'l#:; ilT:L",
:* f#Hg:S: T;'::::"lyjf.q+;Lrl une,raclitatethetransrormation,
t,ffifi:"iJf
;:';T'Til::Tili
.:$ff of
ren (seeaccotrnts rhe c"rroJr Revolutio"i" sr-"giri;
-f "1"H'":*:i,.gq,--"E"gcjun-lryo,yaowen-yuan,wa
;;;;ffh:"t
Nee,usrea-i" ** n."ourr".s section),and anq others
iliohad:{:TX:T*T:ill-.Yf.T
Lrvrrrr. gEIErs
been aetiverin 6slirizing the *""*r
oe **L""s and pelqants to defeat the re,-
riiiogriet leadqrnrters and translorm industry and edrrcation.

wJrile.it wa' absorutely *"TL to wage a two-front struggle, against.both

$1.,,...l*y:r, f
i*;1fi;"fji:9j9,Tg1.:
r#thattacking lF^"in,-?tist-roadersin rhe parry wereordyconce:cre
tlreproletA"ii',Lrt 0"Lnir,gi.,,.i**ff".I[?.;.".';g;ilt"t:Tj
ree.orttha-tprolchd the Risht andartackedthe r4rt
Ghai"n"', tvtioanil$Lc"lp".rc.*,iii*;';t.:;;H"ff
#f.t*::1]l,tlul'1s:t*
i:1tr:i:H,:fifi ff#"T'
"Fot their otrrnulterior pr'urposes, the authors of the Report
demand a rrectifi-
cltiol camlnignt aErinst the staunch r.eft in a
deliberate effort to create cqrfu-
sion' blur cl'ass aufzrments and divert people
from the farget of struggle. Their
rnain pnrpose in dishing up the Report in sueh
a hurqy was to attack the proletarian
r'ft' They have gone out of their way to build
up dossiers about the r-ft, tried
to find '11 sorts of pretexts for-"tt""tir,g tq *a intended to l,ar:nchfrrrther at-
tacks on it by rneans of a rrectifiiation
th ,r.in top" of disinggra_
ting ite ranks' They openly resist aF "llp"rgnr: -T
put fo:nlard by chairman
Mao of protecting and suppo"alg tru ry{q. "-fiil"iatyj
Lrt-"nJ-grit seriotrs attenrion to building
it up and e4nnding its rarlks. . T't'r"yare filled *itt,
t.tr.d for the
e-bs Av' ern proleta"i t
love for the botrrgeoisie.
"nJ
Ata tirre when\he new and fierce struggle
of the protretariat against the represen-
tatives of the bourgeoisie on the ideole[i-cal
r"o't Ls only just iegr.'r . . the Report
stresses agFin and again that the struggle
fwith prrdencet, rwith must be condrrbd r'nder directionr,
cautiont, ara twiitr tt" of the treadingbodies concerned,.
AII this selves to place :reltrlctior]s "pp"*"l
on the proiJtarian r-ef t, to impose tabooe and
commandments in order to tie its hands, .r,i
to pl,ace all sorts of obstacles in the
way of thi Proletarian cultural Revolubion.
In a'*ord, the authors 06 the Report
a:re rushing to apply the brakes and launch
a vindictive counter-attack
opPoselt carrying the socialist revolution . Th Report
throug;. the end, opposes the lire on
the cultrrxal revolutiotl
PursLEd by the central Eo**ltt"" oi til party headed by
comrade Mao Tse-t*g, attacks the proletar.ian Lra and
Rrghtt thereby p*ptT"$ shields the borrrgeois
public opinion for the :ies tcrabion
rcftrection of boEgeois ideolog/ in the party; of capitalism. It is a
it is out-and -out revisionism.,,
i.::. gtt the s'rface', the criticisms of the ,'-g"rrg of f-our,r today are
:' for Right errors:

:: -ii:l?:";and
luL ;;;;'*
';ff"H;?''H?;i,5T:l:.::l:,--=w i; ffiil."i#
'*"-Rightists f. _
 Rightists, out and out capitalist-roaders, and
the most ferocio's counter-
revolutionari'es. . The infamous rel3qds-of chun-chiao, cGng ching and
-chang
Yao wenluan shorrrthat they were tinkealwittr
tti chaing Kai-shek Kuomingtang
reactionaries in a thousand and one ways. The social
ba;is of this gang ie the
corurer-revor,rtio*"i"", badelentnts and rew an(l
ando&
ord
3:.4"jj;
bou:ngeosie'T|,r_"Tnts,
" (Hua *uo-feng in speech
u.r neYY
to Tachai Agriculttrral cqrference, Dece
L976, S#1, L927, p. 36)

.hy-:r,"t it is compteEly false to characterizetle

T:^f*y*1yg:rd"::1 :"
:ff
that|rj::]|
j"T^3;Io?:llql'capitalict-"oaaer,-;[-;;.-;;#;Tl'.'iff"
the llrey do not attack ihe ,,
::^:'5,,:T:::3f
forces,"' IT:ij*" "" rnae*il'incentives the"theoryor
the ".p"h'i"g
prodrrctive for rnaking
or for ptrshing that experts run tL factorires, or for senriuty'to-"i;;;;X;;;;";o"",
foneign technologr,
wanfing to consolidate the capitalist rel,ations of prodldon
9r-for in agricnlture or
indues, or for widening the gaps b"t*""r, rnanual arfi nintal trabori, betreen **ril
erd pcarnt, beturcn towr eruil countrTlidc. They rn not accurd C a"r"gLyirg,.L.,
strugglc and opporing rcvolution. The attacks they rmkr on political Hni arc,
ftlthout exception, egainet urbra-r'Lef f,, tendereids almort
and not cipitatisr-road
For instance, they accuse the ttgang of fourrf of: advocating,r-overthrorving tenderrcies,
alln and
errcouraEing violence when unrrccess:lly (the a:rficle
about Cf,ou En-Iai and the Great
Proletarian cultrrral Revolution definitely portrays
them ; ;ht";tra-"r,ef .,i role,
PR #4' Lezr),(2)unrearisricallyopposing
fireign technor.gg4,ls-;;1s6:
veteran cadre and trying to promob too man)r irl'"nnl"n,
iogg @z; $771,(4) advocating
c.onfnual struggl,e without transformation, ani oeirsittg
".ai*;d ilF*iltaken
their wavs (P-E#4, t97.7), (s) taking contraiicrions .*i"g}= cadre nrend
eo,.
bewEenthe peopre andthe enemylpn_*s, tg7zl, (6)usiig ;;rl" "*L.aif,iio*
a.co\ter for being dogmatists "efit&;;";ffi;
(the acbions of the "gang of forut'' were likered sveral ",
times to the 'rr-ffl dogmarist rT:.of.I.ng Mingind-they {,er *i;;;;-,LTr.i",r'
11),(z)se-rringlvorurion.;r"",prodrrcrion, pourics
::,-f::1,!-
against economics,!1il_l?i!, l:
socialistconscio's-re"" rt..u""dil;J"i;ffi".:1"il;ru
"g"ii".
tical edrcation against military rraining (*,ailour
"."";;L-.;; J'gl.

* f j:,.*f._..a*""T ssr:raul dF.:"!f t ' in nerrrnendnot Riehc Th.

in rhevarious
;.;-i;; Jtl.ru;
*,jll',"1*t:T,:j:
T't::.j:,1F1:T-.f,.
::T-.Toj the
*.T* atickers, whop.-p"""i"uv;;;;r,f,|il"i; ;;
-lh-^':s
:"1*', :'::"*ni : l:,T :-S't-,p':le un ;JrJ;;i .:'i 6"ff ?ffiffi,
*i..1 the?*;
L. brE f frlllrr
l{}
diatectic of p""a*if andrevoluticr, the
:j:fl:,^:.^::*:1"f.:{f:iuy
qrnstion of promoring rcw cadrcs
1d laining "*"""*[;;;;;;;.# #?rJ
andthe q,$rior,if
f;:l-T,":Tj.::":1"_rs,
tari,at and the bourgeoisie, ) "r,t"gor,i".tu ;;'st" betweenthe

Faced with the fact that the camlnignagainst the

I'r'ef trr elcrors' while fgrrr is prirnerily baeed on attackiry
they are ti"t-toaders,r ind,rultra-Rightiikr,,
".u"dl'..fit iech:e: sorfi
nT:,?ffit;_= :*.u**1 :ta?"
the sa'"."!" This is a fr'mdanrental
""tt'.-'r-ii',iitra-nisf,r. . it,sau
misconcepti*, *,.t *i";;H; ;'Jt"[i;t;; *
 yvt//^
d{f ata
r*t
s
:*[.
ti hr$r"critbiern od the four' ultra-"rf f' and Right lirps ;#
are different. Most important-
g.L?;hTriffil at difEerent
moments
ina revolutionary .r!
ar process.com- jrj

.i{
:d
Th chief cause of the ,w
" - crisis in the czech communist party,
' "
di'fficulties entailed by tt* transibion 1925 ray in the
llt
,1
from a priod of revorufionary *
period of lull' what is the upsr.rrge to a
character of tlre '!i

':" threaben' frorn the r'ef t *.fttT ar,a eior., where does ttre-danger +
q
R;;a" :': "ii"i"
The danget iro..a"ns from
however,trtt*".ir;i L;s"" comes both sides. . *T
n::: "a from theRishtandnotrrom r*
ff
wtry ^-) ]il
is th danger from *e iigrrt "j.

I' the more the present Hrne ? "T

Firstly, tfre transidbn its;If, ;r:T.;;,_" ":-":f fanryr_at
the charrceeof <tangererom io tult, b', tt" i,.ty narure, increases
9n Righq wiereas an upsurF gri."
ary ill'sions and saus.s # ,e"j{
d"g"r t" b..oT, the princilnl ore, "t*-'.;;:;;"rion;
*5t
contrnrlr' gives rise to social a lu1, on the
aemocr?ug""i**i"t flllions and causes the Right
danger to becorm the pri.cipal ;:--;
lgrq^:*ithe working-ctrassmoven=nt was
on ttr upgrade, r'nin rrrotJF
Disorder" why did r'enin *tiF ittt **ntL-i-rlea-*ing commu^ir* an Infantile
r'eft danger was tfre mon serious- n pa*pH"tz Because at that time the
"*Gr ah*k
a{g"t.-I
nqr write anothbr pampfuet entitled ;iigi;wyg tLt if r,enin were alive he would
because' at the Present d commurisrni an old-Age Disorder, I
,- in the p"i"a * iuu, ,il; itilions about compromise
a:rebound ro grow, the, Right danger
i il;;"I::i.F danger.,, (Josephsralin,
speechto tlre Czechdsbv Co**i"sion
of th ECCI, l92S)
Dwing the period of socialism, Right opportturismr-:evisionism,
are tle main danger. In specific and capitalist-roaders
ryii.a" "f ugf=rrr"f . . such; i; Cultqral Revolubjon .
fffi::#tr r;'il;ornenr,the,,r-rt,,
a",,g",,
b.;;;
ffii#:.t""il:reatel
Manism-rninism *l"t always wlge a turo-front
'tT'cfv' lines' but d'ring the *"ralf p"riod of :F.rggl" against both Right and ultra-
principal Cocectly dgtermining what is definitely
is the "*-rpr."F-frigrrai.rrg""
n _"1n"1 a"r,g""if J.gi.r"r, tirre is
important and determines the geieral orientai;; extrrrnely
the struggle. chairman Mao rras
said:

f,lif:Xji5, ""*.::::=:j"-sT*1, wemustdircctourattenrionto crj_

;TT'H;::;Jffi
ffilTrilfi:T:'i:::r:'i".1rei1;n;;""ff T'
y*$,.
#XH*:,TJ";:::;:1Tiltr:F"#;;";:HT""fr RA.fi
;''.lf
:ilf::3,f.1::?:-Tt*:;;E;:-;;:"";::.Tffffi*:l':H
:*::Tilffi g::tr*:fijI*::::H;iq':T;::'ftfft"-*:,
p. 466)
ff ions A
, 1957, SetrectedReadings,
ChairnranMao also said:
"Guard against:nevisionismand eslreciauy.its
of our Party emergencein the central committee
' what will you ao ie o"Giord"m
mittee of otrr' Party? t*- t" ugrtrv 5---<
pt"u"ur"
emerges in the central com-
( quot ed in PR # 5 0 ,
YG .rra
s" it p-.L*ia,
s rL P ' E sen ar= greatest danger.,,
1 9 2 6 r p . t3 )r

ComradeEnver t{ol&af First Secretary of the Central Committee of the parry of

Labor of Albania, recently reiterated this point at the 7th Party Congress of the
PIA in November, 1976:

Srr-**
 t t The

" *"",,.,;:";r1-j,i:
:ffi'.fffi"'::#iitr'.":fr;'#"
c las s s l- r r r oolo r--- :
'r r - r

internahional revolutiornqy J"#:,,r t

;:r"il
commr'mist-workers,
--- "' *;;;t
Right opportunism, revisioCrm.,, has been and stiii i

th t{iY'l Revo-l'ution
(rrom 1e6eon), the period
I
ff.tT"'*r::1"iJ.11"j or consolidari
':r..*.311-9;'T::ff
gain
fT T.
theparrv,
inthe in l.t! i:iflii{;L-**i*;..'*"f
Party, in trrr :#*::*:T+ff
tgzs .r'"Lii"'n=;::";il:ril-|!Jaff:T:.9"ffi::ri_;;;'
cLi"man Mao rarrnaho,:r +.L^-,- ,
:ilili
k"1cy tnatigea'io n
deviationist treird to '"t!
reverst tt* correct rr"rai"t=
of the crrr*F.i Revolution. ,*";t

evenr front. a*a

i@
;5lfr
ordertyfiffi#j";ff
disciplined
way:'Ji.:* *jl**+,#:::"1rir was,ed
*."-,,;.;;k";
onism' Nor was production
by*eparry
in
""a threatened; #ffiil.:l;?il_Xf ::*ly,r'
of, atruggl,e (see section 12). No on th" it increased during ar.
"onttary,
one was advocating any of the ultra_,,Lef t' *ijjl
that were widespread at ti" rt"igit deviations
of the curt,o.r Revolution.

orovgd bv usr.rrping pqfler.

i:n'H
Partvleaders ::."ff 'other di*ctedat r''il:;"
arious
gle can only
and Jf TJI
locall"::::l:
r"ua""";
'shake
*:*i: ty r1wucee
J,Ii.;;'ffl&T*T:1ffi:f$"L: *pr
' be healthy, to up the burearrcratia uindencia,s.
rrErlr bureatrcrats with revisionist certainly *o.r"tjlJtJ
leanings or, *ir,y levels. cr,"i"-"n
'man Mao
mt'rist Party decrared on the eve Mao-and
and the cor
of tru Eurt,,'"r Revolution:
r
"Those representatives of t\ borrrgeoisie
who havi sneaked into tIre
the Go'ernment, the Armv and Farty,
vario-us sphere; of cultue
revolutionary revisionists. once conditions are a,bunch of c
' polver and t,rn the dictatorsHq .u*. dp., they wil seize n"r.rllll
d the proleta"r.t-+rr";
3:rr::#:rylq:;:::: lln""*x"d{.1":u:
*r," #
?:"':'
dictatorship of the {

H[rffii:ft""f::f;"31;,
mitteesarslr levels,must "i-,,tiu;+G;"id. *. parry
p"v'fu'ratt"nrior,;;il"J;#: com-
to criticize and repudiate *,o". ;t*;;;-;; ,*: ,.TI"""H"
sneaked into the Partyr tlre o, a* borrrgeoisie who have
Gwernment, the Army and
freferring to the Mi"irtqr or cJturpr. au spheres of curt're
ih" n**, etc. before the cultural
them*t o' transfe*o* of themro otherposi-
l'""":tTt'&;r"ii.?"'J$
Chairman Mao declared again tn 19672
.t
;'jffi:;.;J:ll #.t ::-T: jp^ ::t * betweenMarxism_
r,eninism
andre_
;fiHilhilT.tH:T":..U*::*,T:"';li:ffii,nil"IJi1
; *"&_; ,i
v
^d$
;**iJlfi
il;:H i:i:3nT#,::L*:
:
-::'::'* "'ot*;;# iH"
ff'I:nf ?:":Hffi":?
":,'ffi
.':
5;r:iil'jff
remqred #i;"ffi Tl*,*t-roadersare
in rhe:::"'':::fa-'il.fi
currentGreatc"r*-li il;;il;ff;";;::".ffi.iii.::.rr.
 61

Th. .trugd. brtlrcp'thr t;'fo cb.-l and two lirr crnnot bc rtthd
rxt tinr. (Peoplets China' Milton'
in one, two, thre", ollo* culttrral revolutions. "
Milton, and Shurrnarur, Random Housb, p' 261)

f ,)'fi., .t*uggle :
to beat back the ftht ihviationist tbrend, launcheil by
Chairrnan Mao in
. , F EA trs,
: :liu wrs ccrraintya regitinrite anilhiglilvrces:tg :t1"9it',tY:^Tt"jr::
This ?."T:
L.. vt w -- '-
bucarrc"a,.y at all levels'
aod revisionism is not
. dr rnasss of people to criticize
1f t; goetLitts onlyrevisionists.n"".l,::
"lTTi:'-:o^-:l"f It:*
F';i;hld
lfrilH: ;;-ffi.'"i-'o.r. uut tttr crn ontyb' d'trrmirnd
"*rrcr-r"volutionarbt,now constantly t"'jt'a' saying
sbruggle. The charge that the present leaders
il, through demtrrats and capitalist-
of four" gilt-d 70% of the Party
i tte,,g3ng "ta''o'"bourggois thoroughly
g! cadres G a deceitful U; and'is 'nbased'
i'.lroadursl and opposed Y"teran
iii:'No ro thiscanbeseenl.r*a*;
rererence *::'::: thate0% or the
:5:5lluoiil.tfii;*t".ff'"'"
reiterated
tffj;rT"";#.:Tr?"ffi;iil;ffi;';="
l, cadres.rd errors""L*ntry
*"."""-*."" good,thatwhen ":"-::*jt:fr:tf;;ffit":tJH:i1
resolurestruggleasinst r:ng Hsiao-
' ;:*'l*8t1T.5"?tffllr,'*,"y.dig.advoca!e
Mao
oTe detlld that' as Chairman
ful$ful of r:nrepentantcapitalistiroadet*-*o
ij.pinganda
,;,has e5%
oftensalcr' of tt:"*^'"J;;;:ifi**:"::yl,.t:'^tll"ui5:.ii:f;1"" d'ring
or demoted
members or theccp werepursed
ii Hffir".'Ju"liJ;"*-Tfid+ .irs ;:iT-11*::::.'',1T,*:""t:T.ff::L::'.ff
sTus4te
l;,,th,anri-revisionis-r struggle
broughtaboutd'ringtheanti-revisionist t"'
; ff#1-ff:i:Tf,ili,-fir1';;ges
: ordy
were a*.; il;;'fi,"r*.;ff;;J:l!1,:t:'-:l:t-iF,':i:i5'.i::#::::i; to
o,,treng'!sagents"and"incitinsthe rrrasses
comrades of
ff.fil:f,"T#ffi;::.q;;,,g party leaders, arrqr and lJading
sEuggleagainst pro,rirr";"r "o*roar.d"rs, and "calling their olvn tune''
aoo i"t :nd."distorting"
the parry ."U **"Jr;trC';"t ;;*
a""bli:*:r rtend; iI *as "conf,using conrradic-
back the *iirri
in the struggle to bear
contradlctions with th "**"-'
donsamong the peoplef or

Tl*brricli'IinhendlingcontrndictionrinroclUrtccitywesotrtlirrdbychrirrHrt
Mao in 1957:
ourselnes and
,'Since they are different in nature, the contradictions between
theer ertqya n tlthecq rtrailiction s a mo n g t h e p e o p le mu s t b e re s o lv e ilb y < lif f e r e n t I
m ethods.so p u titbriefly,th for me r. o " . ma t t e ro f d ra win g a cat re a rit is t in c-
il';*J*' ad the latter rnatter o'f drawing a
tion betr,veen outsel""t
""i
clearclistinctionbetween'ightarrllwrong..
dicttorship r'"es t,no rnethods. Tonards the enemy'
The, people, d.**""tic it
"
it useg ttp rnathod odrdictatorship. . TorrrTds the PeoPbr .on the eontrary,
of democracry' '
uses th ncthod not of cbmpulsion but b,vo cliffer:ent
rnake a clear clistinction between these
Quite a few people fail to and the elEmy and thoae among
typs of conLadi"tior,r - those between ourselves
turo'
tii p"opl" - and' are prone to conftrs tte
still exist amsng the people of our
l&rry cliare not openly admit that contradictions
that are pushing otrl' society
country, althouglr it is thes e veta.contradictions
continrr to exist in a soci'alist
fornpard. Many do not aamlt thai contradictions
and lnssive when confronted
society, with ttE result aila if=V aie han'licappd society will grol t
with social contradictions; they clo not trndersUrd thaCsocialist
prcrrl d 'drr co[irct hrrd-
moa'a unibd and conrol,i&Ed throqh th c'earhlr
ling erd r^ccolving d ccrtredictionr'
 62
I
rh
I
?l:.grrlticr

F
of rq1xr.riry cornhr-nvolrttorrler ir orr of e rtrugh bGhryn
I

ourrlverani t! cnmy, r contrrrdJcticr bruran orsrlrr rnrl thrir.-y , .

Those with a Rightist way of thinking make no distinction between ourselves and
the ercmy and take the enemy for our onrn trnople. They regard as friends the very I
Persons whom the broad masses regard as enemies. Those with a 'tlefgl' way of
thinking rrgtrrfy contradictions between ourselves and the enemy to such an ex- i
t
#
bnt tlrt thay lrlr cc4r:in corrtrrdietiar.rrrans thr peqpb for qrrtribctiorrr
rith t'hr rrrnry erd ngrrd ra corntrrnvelrrtionrhr prrorr who rr ecb$r *
not corntcr-rvolutiqrarbs. Both thrrc viwr rrr wrong.,.
(Mao Tse-tung, I'On the Correct tlandling of Contradictions Among the Peopler"
SeleSted Readings, pp. 432-4781 \
l'

Many people outside China derry that it is possibtre to j"dg" wlrether or not the "gang of
fourt'and their associ,ates are guilty of "!ot5rg too far", of "confusing cortradictions
among the people forantagonistic contradichionsr" and therefore they rely on the denr.ur-
ci,ations made by the present leaders. Maqf of those who remaii today as leaders of tle
CCP, srrch as Yeh Chien?ing, Hsu Shi-yu, Li Hsien-nien, Wei Kuo-ching, and Su Chen-hua*
have rever led a struggle against revisionism. They have resisEd the struggtre all along,
consistently opposed revolution, and were severely criticized during the Cultnral Revolu-
tion, barely s qrcaking through by promising to mend their ways. Can ttse people jus-
tifiably criticize ultra-"I-eftism" or correctly differenti,ate between the revolutionary
proletarian Lft line and ultra-"Left" opportunism?

Those who say "There are no l,andlords, there are no capitalists . . whele is the botrr-
geobie? Where are the antagonistic contradicfions?rt are not to be trusted when they
i""u"" others of "confusing contradictions among the people for antagonistic contradictior
Tl.rosewho have never ]ed, but who have always :resisted, the mass struggle against re-
visionism are not to 6e trusted when they say the struggle to beat back the Right devia-
tiordst trend "went too far. rr ,l

We can be very sure that the pensons most capbl,e of corr'6ct1y identifying ultra-"I-cf tism"
are those seasoned in struggtre against Right opportrurism or revisionism" When Mao Tse-r
Chou En-lai, and IGng Sheng, three veteran revolutionaries who were among the vangnard
of the Cultural Revglution, who resolutely took the initiative to arouse the rnasses to
combat revisionismftridcized ultra-ttLe{:t'r tendencies and purged ultra-"Left'ists"
such as Wang Li fro* the Cultural Revoluf,ion Group, we knorl that they were not trying
to proect revisionism. When Chang Chrrn-chiao took the lead in oppraing th. dErr,l${
factionalist tactics among the Shanghai workersr organizations;. thr worlrr corld trutt
him because he had also led the workersr movement to qrerthrorn the revislonist p< nr
stnrcture in Shanghai- Horrever, when nevisionists who opposed the mass struggles from
the beginning such as Preng Chen, Liu Shao-chi, and Teng Hsi,ao-ping criticized ultra-"Lef
ism" and cl,aimed tlrere was "excessive struggtre", it is obvious tfiat they wer merely
grohctial rrvbbnirnr,

Itfr bov frorn rrcrnt bfogzrpliel ertichr itr th. nrHrrg Frviw thrt llrr Krcfcng.
tver played a l,eading role in arousing mass criticism of revisionism drrring the Culturat
Revolution. He was not involved in the central bodies at the tirne of the Cultr.rral Re-
voluhion, as were these other l,eaders.
 r the :[ : ]":J ltl'
j''{.1#
afJ:"{"i:t fo P*
ogists n :TJ':" ,'a :1,;'1T^T filffllTi try .illi" !{';
aicrto:-Yl" ;ryEFXff,
xon -chrnee "r, *'n:I.; " abrup ""o
*:."{t^ions
of the present leadert ":L
;; nirr.,, le' iatiunisr t:-ct"1'
'*,t" tt* ,-h* struggle r'" Br'reau of the.
rcflects ito;l^g
r$d:rr:i.al.i;""".,
"*l T"-:-:i,', .rf tlr pobtrtal
' rrnFiff .l- ,*orrinnu* q"itt-tdeclared that,'the Teng Hsia';-prng
,, :-:1:';:Tlil';;F 1fr';'* -f:.:l "
"T;:.''l':"*.
&".t*
hasbecr ore of
""or"li"i"
contradiction'
.
*l"oi"* itic contradiction
t "a'''!hen'!
se
pre ilr?:il..l;ffJ
:niTi:ii**Elhf;;j. -i:L##"fr'":l";-q,r
,#::i:;'.-."-.r#"I#t:f
rnarcrial #'S,H$f
$l*$#gp::ll
the-::-"j;;ieE
bewe.l
* f oreign *"*.i"[:
"_*:: (or, as they acurally
il'ia''-"*:Elr.ff
drrrt it
labor,

"nd
believe' no
Ty;i,ii*rHn"***S**;:;'y:t":n
to ont fePt
conEta*:;;
mTch"', It
v- clear
shu"'sbe
It should - tllilE sur"' *---

Iil*it"m ]'too
ior revisionisrn'

\-
9
U

.*
\
TA
] t\

\
I

t
N
 br
^.!

feirrrtr, ' "hurlurtrrrr lnd trcrrllty.rr Tlti. etttck slr not principlrd- It ver enti'
Marrcbt sl,ander, trying to pctrey th tuo-lirn rtruggtrr brtrren ttr probteriet rrd
bour3toirl rr a rimptra po$.r rtruggb brtwrcn pncrUtirr. Ttrir ir thr rerncr d
rttrck on th "gFng of fout''. Tln revirionictr etteck Chieng Chi^g for wenting to
corne rtempressLur!' for acbing like a'rqtnenr" fot wenbinghnr pictun telcn, for
cards, for not caring about Chairrnan Maors health, for being egotistical, conceiEil
arrogant, for pl,ayingfavorites, for being dictatorial, etc., etc., etc..

A lnrson's poUbical lirc may be teflected in the nray they live their life and hanafe sid
ations. But this is all "evidence" that reither we nor the hrrndreds of millions of Chirl
wcrtkers ahd pasants can confirm or derq/. It iL superficial and has no substance in Et
of thc mass struggle to crificize e:irolnoult political lirrs and fight for comrntlrirm. 3
To eccept the er3ument of the preqpnt leaders you mrrct firrt ot all .ccePt as trr* f
thrt the "ga.g of f orrr" were opporiunist, pornr-hungry careerigtr and that this was
the motiv. ir,-tt*it efforts to knock dourn capitalist-roadq,rs. If you donrt start withr
this idea, the attack on the "gang of four" doesntt holil together at all. Thus ttre vedr
essence of ttre attack on the'ig"rg of four" is Based on somethingwhich is absolutely
urwerifi,able, nour or in the future, to any of the Chinese masses or lvlarxist-kninistrf
foua
around the world. Similarly, their fantastic recent attempt to link the "gang of
to Kuomingtang reactionaries (PR #Ig, Lg77, pp. 36-37) bef ore and af ter the revolutir
excePf
and call them aU "Kuomingtang secret agents't is also.unverifiabtre for evetyolE
aplnrentH
those intirrrately connected with them (srch as Chairman lvlao, who was also
unaware of these "conrections"). We must not be misled by such attacks, but rattr
rrnderstand that major struggtres in the Party are twgr-lttte,"E,ggks and are noliticaif
in nattrre. They represent istruggle between the prcltretari,at and the borrrgebisie.

when chairman'Ivlao challenged the'rldft' opportunist 1irc of, Wang Ming in 1935 andbJ
the leader of thc Chirnse Commrrnirt Party, thie wes in qo way an "opportr'mist, po
hrngzrr ca:reerist,' action becausc Chairman Mao rcprernbd the correct lirc and Wa
,,Ief f,f &vietioru Thus all inrer-Party struggter must bc arnlyzed on the plarc of 4 ^
tical line. We carurot very easily jualge the subjecbive desires of the "Fng of four" I
what ;
is it rpcessa? for qs to do Eo. We must analyze what linel they relresent ard
cJ
lire those who oppose them :represent Political line must t the central aspct of
ti.ir*. ChaEFm;; Mao has faiili "Staternents should be basecl on facts and criticir
should center'onpolitics. " The fact that the revisionists divert the cent:aL aspec.
criticism to p"""o*f ritacks, rumors, and unverifiable padvate cotwersltions betwe
Chairrnan Mao and Chiang Chirg sen/es as a cover for ttir r^eal but covert attack
Menist-Leninist lire. It is a sigHl of their thorougtily bankrupt reviEionist lfute.

and chairrtran Hu
Two docunrents, chairman Maors on th Ten Maior Reletionshiqs
spech of Decetnber 2s, Lg76, "r.i6 b"i.g rtudied all orer China as the rnain theor
fotrd' gB #1, 1977r-p'-.6)'
documents in the campaign to criticize the "gFng of !*.
Mao nradn to the Poutil
On the Ten Maior ReLrtionshipg ie a slnectr ttnt ct i"to"t
socblitl elonlnic ut
Brrreau on April 25, 1956, et t;llc tinp the conrolidetion of th:
princignl aspe
was just b"ir.g comptreted. lt is a brilliant s;ncch thet outlircs,ten
Howcver, the clacs struggle in Chira at that tirrr wlt vetJ n
U,ritiir,g socialir*.
fercnt thrn today. TIE Feopbrt Commurct hrd not bccn hdltr thc Gncet l,rep. Fo
of 195S-1959had not yet occurred. No nrajc struggle egrinrt cepiteUrt-roed Et
had yet emerged. Chairman Mao speaks of, cotrnter-revolutionaries that cilttfl otrr
 o)

,,,.{..h by killing cattle, br.rrning grain, wrecking factories, stealing inf orma-
lvolyfon
..'j-fls, :,"dy:a*g-,u,q^t".""bionat? posters.. with the development and constr.,"iior, of social-
ism, the'f,orms tha't class struggle take have changed conslderably. In the struggle against
tteRight deviation in the 1957 socialist Education Movement, th; Great proletarian Cul-
tural Revolution' ttrc str_uggles to cribicize Lin Pi,ao and reng Hsiao-ping, it has been
3nf
ttt
i,l'clear aT,main target of the struggleof the proletariaiare nowrhe,,&rly
,. rrEons in autbdw ta "F":
. " The:re are numerous works of chairrnan
Hc Mao that profoturdly analyze this struggle as wellas the problems of socialist construc-
rl -r , , 2- ll

j.t

ir tionand revolution that the prol,eta:riat in china face today. The fact that the present
to larrnch a major campaign to study the 19s6 work only con-
.l Y.^U."S^T::,chosenr.instead,
,*.. ft* in have been trnwilling to accept the magnificent strides
:T,revisiorrists _chitt"
forward',T:that the Chinese Revolution has taken in the list 20 yeirs, particularly the
'i'
rr'r
Cdftrral Revolution. * .q\
la

Chairman Hua's s;rech, on the other hand, is definite$ of the present era, but it is.xell
iles not tell us arrything concrete about the present struggle. lt do.. more to confr.rse
than to clarify the nature of the struggle. Anyore readinf only this speech would end up
lcnolinglittle more than that th "gang of four" aqe an "ufhra:Right anti-party cliq'dwho
havenour been pr.rge{

Although the "gang of four'i are called "capitalist-roader.,, .r,j',,11tra-Righg.ists,,, the

spearheadof the attack is not directed atarqythingnear the capitalist roal or Rigit de-
viations. This is tnre_fo{ two-reasons: (1) Yao Wen-yuan, Chiang Ching, Chang Cl'n-chiao
andWang Hung-wen did not push a Right revisionist line and did to tt*,-capitagst
road. I\hver in their entire historT were arry'of them characberized "ot "U"!
by wanting to hang
onto the old ways or pushing to consolidate capitalist retrations in industrry or igriculture.
Theywere among vangqpld of the leaders dtrring the Cultrrral Revolution anJagain in
the current period-the
wele constantly arousing the masses in criticism and revolutionanr
struggle. (2', nt isionists a ref n if
ha

5:

We can predict with cArtainty, based on tlre nature of the camgnign against the ,,gang
of -l

four" and the complete reversal of t! vetdiqts of trast yearrs rd"ggL against TJng rtiao-
ping, thaE

fessigErl" arrrry. etp. etc. etc. The sp.."t*"a of their attadk is nqr aimed at the Ff a
andwill remain there becarrse they represent the borrrgeoisie and defend the
capitalist
*The publication in April, 1977, of Vol v of th. s.l"cted works of wr@.
re4e-lesz, rhe NewDemocra.tic ;;r of rhe"
:.1?::::" *"::1:::g:
revolubion- |13: .also":T":-f"om
The futune publication of vflume VI will cover ttre periJ-"i-*"]ri*
?t"gg*
af ter the consolidation
of socialism and the cultural Revolution. How the Hrra gorernment
edits these works may show their atbitude totvard those struggles.
 ' '*:! '.L 4fjr.#,rA:r, ts4ry

66

the two-lire struggqn-Chitra

eorne 1-opL i- th United Statee who have researched
the 'gt"g of foyrt were ul'tra-rIef fist6r'
superficially have declared that "It's tn'e - tcapitalist-roaihr'
Litg tbe names
not Right opportunists, but the chinese leader" "i. fa
and rultra-Right' to make it easier f or the chirese people to understand' " -Ignoring,
incorrect way to handle the
the moment, the flict that this would be a fundamentally
on the
tUO-tire struggp and educate the masses' we must here deal with the attacks
,,gang of four,, lir* ultra-"Leftist9, which make up the concrete substarrce of the cr
"s
ti"i"- put forr,vard by the present leaders'

,i

:tll

ir"
 f,i b7
.:;l
-

:+;:r *
;i:.,., ,
.ilii...t,'' ::
rri
i:r.:'-
ll l. cA DRES
+'
: k''
tii,ftreChinese Commtnist Party Conslitution stabs:
rt{; ':
t'The leadingbodies of the. Party at all levels shall be elected through demo-
$;,,
5r:
cratic consultation in accordance with the requirements'for successors to the
caus of the proletarian revolution and the principle of combinirig the old, the
.i..,
io; midill,e-aged, and the yotrrrg "
jl
WangHr.rng-wenput forth the Partyti reasoning for this principle in his speech on the
Party Congress in 1973:
i rgvi"lon of the Constitrrtion at the 10th National
:fi,',,t-- rWe must train millions of strccessors for the cause of froletarian revolution
'\ill,j
in the cours of rnass struggles. Chairman Mao said, lln order to guaranEe
that our Party and country do not change their colour, we'must not only have '
a cocect lip anil correct policies, bulmust train and br?tg up millions of srrc-
t As stated aborre,
. cessors who Will carry on the cause of proletarian revolution.
, those to be tiairpit are not just orc or two persons, but millions. Srxh a task
'
:. cannot be fulfilfed trrless the whole Party attaches importance to it- .
goth veteran and new cadres expressed thii determination to learn each othersl
aceordance
strong points Xnd werconre their orpn shortcomings. We- must, in
to the
with the five reguire rnents Chairman Mao has,laid do,rrnfor strccessors
persons from
cause of,Protretarian revolution lay stress on selecting otrtstanding
in leailing
among the workers and poor and lor,ver-middle peasants, pl,acing them
women cadres and
posts:at al,l levelsi;, Atiention must also be paid to training
minority nationafity cadles. " (88 #35-36' 1973) :

for the revolution

? rl

The ptranof the Party for training and selecting successors

is outlined in more detail:
,'We'must tray sbress on ptracing in leading posts at all trevels those outstanding
comrades who have been temp.;d in the movement of the Great Protretarian
struggle,
Cultural Revolution, hafe. tigtt tevel of consciousness of the two-lire
in various
dare to combat every unhealthy tendency, are qtalified and efficient
We must particularly lay Etress on
firelds and shil a great deal of enthusiasm.
pooorand"lo'ver-
setrecting the outianding el,ements from among the workers and
middle peasants, and pay attention io training women cadres and national minor-
rWise Old Mant elements
ity cadles. We must not sel,ect for leading posts those
who are sqbrrcrged up to\ the neck in their vocational pursuits; have nb interest
eg-
in politics and want to hurt no oners feelings. At the same time, we mugt
p""LUy watch out for selEish careerists, conspirators and double-dealers like
Khrrrshchon, and prevent strch bad elements from sneaking onto leading bodies
and rrsqrpini ttn ieadetship of the Parfy and the state at any trevel . . In trainingrttrree-
successor"io" the revolution we must correctly apply the principle of the
in-oner combination of the o1d, the middle-aged and the young.
( , Shanghair lgT4, P' 121)

their
This move was resisted at many levels by revisionists who wanted to maintain
dominance and complained that the new gnople were not smart enough orexperienced
..""qilF"qr!!
"cF.rsqclFeilsatir.#ff. !

that more and more

* Hsiao-ping do,rrngraded the rcw reailers and insisted
gn'ughr Teng
whotradbeen";;"/ Revolutiot
or theoldleaders "ilH; t""iai.t" orthecultr'*al
*f*n:.Itf-:;!HtfiI*:fff,Ttjj:
ffJ.Hf ,ttrffi #ffi f -.+;;;: i"'i"g "l}ff"T"
Revisionist
thatrevorutiort
andbringinsbackEtroseleaders:;:;i:+,l":i:"f;
,ff T;tt*T;trff
*.t'Un:fr:-"T::r'"":G
arways
* +il?li
t*ed thesdme'1t'!:i" i{: ii"t"
have rgiealongwith therevisionisttraitor
p'"Fd ir,:*:-:**,ffTJ;i;ilLff:rll""
"it"
H:i *#*Tff '
"t5i:1".i'ffi*"i
said:
p,eng Teh-huai i;;;"-chi

rgsgl t::t55Jf
"Af ter the Lushanconferencefof
.;ffS:',:ff"fr 5"";".H*T5T'.:lr*?:llE:',:tr"1';:tilil
E.loffe,u. d
iil
'-th:-"":-i:::*:
;li""'"
Michigan)
::ffiYry;':::,:r",11J@,
Moreto the Point, he said: wrrol{a;r1f'-::,1.n"*::, to P'engreh-
::":T.L"Jl,:,I*'1f;ersed onthbge. foreign coturtr:ica.
l
" l
noillicit relationswith
c^-.i *

;ui:fii i,1lk -^trnfri ca-

)
anti-Right struggr
an attempt to neglte the--Fins of.the
chairrnan Mao realized
this was pL,r"* of the 8th central com'
and Ju ; tgoz .t a# io.r,
af ter the Lushanconfer:ence
"-"* -
is
rnittee:
1ff ffi ..il1T3".iiiil1; q i l,u" i,,a;""
., e i andre-
licate and:rchabiUtate People. -This

;::[:.'3ff butfi"5
those who have been
"?
a"itt with carurot be so vindicated'
habilitated, "**J.,i- Two Ptenre)
au peopte.t' fgetrqPen
rehabilitate
we cannot vindicate and '1 ,-

only he
-ping tlied io euff i'e+3tre'sarrefthing,
of tn C-ulttrral Revo'uticn' , ,, ' ,
it with attackinjii"'f".1.?r
|ttr:nee-in-oneIrevolutionar Y treadingbodie;'
"
,rreng Hsi,ao-ping opposed:et:Tg t'p {
list--rlders and put ttcrh in important positions' '18
mustered *,""n"'r,;;lt1.pit idettg
in the speci,alage.ntswho hadteen
did his utmosr ro keep p"l,#"il
""rtl*rad-
?lg
a"r.t s.othev couldsut
dtrringthe Great
rif id as such -i*"o1,fo*,,
I
cia tosuppre
uro*lr**nt :Tiff*r.,' .1","-.pitalist-loaders
the struq 3 }qw ag e d b tF..p.o|l",ofthewholecountr
s*a*read;;4"";volutionarry i ti es toand
?aePingttheir ac ti vmasses
, restore c4pitalism, and directed;Lt oYt and attacked rpw and veteran
itoy
cadres. Usihg various pr:etexts' "tit^'"-qruaots line' and installt
cadres *to. p.rr.*;t" f ollo,tring;;k;; ""*'ottttiott"ry

atte
piao and conf'ciug that began in 1g73 war a serious
*part of the criticism of Lin At tY comnune tevel' for
emancipation of *;;; in chryse_
to further the "*Ltv' can do'n was deepercd throug
principle ,'Anyttir,g rran can do, a *"*i
instance, the " meant that men w
a woman can do' a tnan can do'rt which
struggle to mean' "Anything struggtre' So
These change-sdid not come withotrt
expected to wash'clothes "r,i "ook t*t' eliion"' but later t{tey
cadre lost their po"iti*t f or brniginf
wonrn
ti*.c
ncd'lr, i "pit"*t nrifiry Cldrr n.conrtr*:
v.rtr rrinrad end hrtd t-.:
Fdsir. R.viy. 1iil-ifr.-'1oayrEi4-Ch1..
't - -ttir irin3rtt*trt bt th P.tttlt ttr-
*otren againct rnen"r (eee ChiEa ReconEt:
for s.jvingt,divided the rnasses" 6y "ret;lfig
r., lt4
 69
1*:

in important positions those who oppose the Great Culttrral Revolution. They
$l neg3bed th principtre that leadingbodies atvarious 1eve1smust be a three-in-
one combination of the old, the ;ialille-aged and the young as advocated by
"
chairman Mao, and,they repressed rew forces, sowed discord in the relaiions
between the Party'and the nusss and undermined stability and r,mity.,,
(pR #lZ, 1976, p. 12)

Ilre present leaders continue the plqy of Teng Hsiao-ping, attacking the advancement
of rew cadre from the mass revolutionaqT'*orrements. Many articles refer to how the
*gangof four" disrupted the order of, things
b,y "rush pr.,-ofi.,ns ,, of new cadreq lnLl
oppoeing cepitalist-reders.
,.: .
''They Shc tglng of forrr] viggrotrly carried orrt lrush t=.t,riti.irg of rcw Frty
mernbers! and rrush promoting of eadresr , . tk 'gang of fourtistorted and
opposed the fiVe nequirenents laid dorrn by Chairman Mao f or revolutionary
successors and trndermired the principle of the three-in-one combination of the
the middle-aged and the young. " {pEt #49, 1976, p, 7\
.old,
yere obsessed by the desirc to tfenet out capitalist-roaders at al1 levels
- "They
and werthrour a laqge number of leading cadres in th Party, government, and
Army at tle central and local levels. . At the sann time, they demogogically
paid such complimen.taqy remarks to the youth as rgreat youn'g ment and rhereg
going against the tidet. Whitre doing all they could io win orr"i the young people
to thei:r: side and corrtipt them, the tgang of forrrr also worked hard r., disrupt
th e unit v of t h c i rtt rn ,f r[trr..n r-a dr.re. tp? t-7.1qTT. l l and 11)
/F
ltrartircl,c gs on, telkingaboutrtfectionalisrnf'as if it h.d nobasit i"polltleal lirc.
Itsauthor feebly tries to link the "qang of foud' to Trotsky on thi bacis th.t thcy neFl
"factionaliststt and "conspirators't, ignoring that Trotslcy oplxrsed Marxisnr-
Ieninism from bgth the Right and t-tre"Leff' whrle the "g""g tvur uppuru lrrr rirghL
ultra-t'Lef t", maintaining a "t
and the consistent pol,itical lire. Without discussing poE-
tical lir:, it is ueelegr tc discuss facfionalism.

Theconsolidation tT .* cutt'rral Rev<rlution was depen&nt .rn briqging the

"f .RTt "j
leaders of the nEsses into the l,eading bodies of the Parfy and siat.. This task had in
noway been complefed, and to vigorously "rushn' promote new cadres or to oppose ve teran
cadreswho were taken in by revisionist ideas was'no crime . . it was the eartyts priorify.
This dos not n'undermine" rrnity and the three-in-one combination, but prwia",
\ tt" basis
for it.

That this progressive poliry met with resistance is no surprise.

. the electing of leacting
cadresto both cenfural and local bodi,esis a matter of acutl struggle between
the two
!res. The present leaders are only showing which side of that siirggle they are
on.

llre Party Committee of the Tachai Production Brigade. firmly upheld the partyrs
plicies and attackd the revisionist fallacies about',hurtingveteran
cadres,, in an article
h China Reconstnrcts, Septembet, L976 (p, 14):

'tTeng Hsiao-ping, the arch r.mrepentant capitalist-roader in the party, attacked

and smeared class struggle and the two-line struggle waged
by o.rr party, saying
that it would hurt veteran workers and experi.nc.J cadres. This
openly negated
the great class struggles ald struggles between the two lines
carried out by
the Party, It was another big lie i!"g Hsiao-ping spread to
i

conf use the people. I

iT
 " 4!1'lr.t:'$4.4,10?,#rysiti{t:14): t.4a:*ri:i!4
:,1; ili$,,,' 11,:lSy*,1;rrt:'t'.*i,;u,*it

70

been temPered in th long re-

Nrorjt o o.r- ..d=.-, i,ncluding old'ones, have
witi Marxism-Leninism-Ivlao Tse-tung.thought.
volutionary struggles and educated
h'rt those exlrrienced oltl cailres
They want ,o *"ll- r,"vo1utio:r. We will tEver
carlT out chairmal Jvlaorsrevolu-
who are trlE revolulionaries if we resolutely t'rryo
H;;;;#';;;i;L*^. policies and correctly distinguish and handle the
the peopte and betueen the lnople and
different types of contradictions Pmong
the enenryJ
wi1l, the protretariat
By waging class strugglre and tl two-lirre struggle,
peasants hrrrt the handful d pople who oppose
and the poor and lo[er-middle
they will ard muet hurt re-
rgvolutiori? Experience in class struggle flls.ys
ti'" ettry, th capitalist-roaders'
visionism, capitalism, the bourgeoisl-within
Lin Pi'ao, Teng Hsiao-pin-g and other ring-
the restoration staged by Liu Shao-chi,
Is it right to hurt them? Strrely riglrt'
leaders p"o*oti1g ;1* opportunist'ftc. tho''sand times
or bad? Stlrely go9'
ten thousand times right! Is this good -ten
ionttirc- any sociagst ftvolution'"
good! Without such h,iting there

: l'
iiir,,t

li: r,
I i r)
't' '

:,,)i
i:i'rii
i' l' !

:a
'
i ;t|ir
i '. , -

: , 1:

rj
 ii

], GRASP REVOLUTION, PROMO']'E PROI)Ii(]TION

hv cfiar5r that t]re "ga.tg of four" disrupted prrxluclion in the rtame o1 revolutiorl l'r 'r
;ntral theme in criticism of 1hem. As we have seen |n thc stct'ions c'rntndustry antl
griculture, tb capitalist-roaders have their own methods of " i:rcrcasing production.'
hey always attack ctass struggle as disrupring productjon and choose to put production
lself in c.>mnrand inste.rcl of pr,,let.rrLrn politic's. Th-is woulci lt'a'l bo ttre consoliclation
I capitalist rel.rtions and the ultimate s'c4-gnrticrg-ql t-bl-gq,:-!lliitr'.

,he onlv way to tnrly liberate the productive f or,::e:sis througl', I <'ntirual revolutionar)'
proletarL'n
hange in the relations of prCIiuction, deepening collective c,rnsciottsne-ssand
The principle of " (irasp Rc:volufion, p;'rvnrrt'e Production" js ce:t-
It,,,,olutionary spirit.
:ral ln fr.rrthering socialist revolution and sociahst construction.

rf the (jt.P to guide the r:ultuxai

Ihe 16 points formulated bv the Cent'ral Corr.r;rittee
Revolution includes the f oilor"uing cleclaration:

,'The airn of the breat Prtrl.rtarran tlultr:ral Revolution is to revolutionize

to.rchieve greater, faster, better anci
g:oplest ideolopSl .rnclas <l c'(-)ns('quence
f aroused
rnorc econr>mical results in al.l t ields of work. If the masses are ully
on both the Cultrrral
and proper arrangerxenrs arc rnade, it is possible to carqy
Revolution and production without one hampering the other, while gEranteeing
high qr.raliry in all our work.
for the
The Great Proletarj,an C,ultural Revolufion is a powerful motive force
,Jevelopmenb of the social prorJuctive forces in our countrJ.. Any idea of c-ounte:"
pro-
p.sing the.Great ProleLarian tlultural Revolution to the development of
cltrt-tion is incorrect, "

l crpposed to producEion but is its motive

nr.',
ihis statenrent shows that revolution is
two are
,ur." a socialist societ.y-. Any Right or " L,eit" attempts to coulterPose the
- This des not mean that in sonre instances production may not be delayed to
,..orr".r.
should not seriously disrupt production and'
r,oldmeetings or reorganize, but that this
nroreimporiantiy, that revolution should not be put down on the pr"etext of "promoring
(hairman Mao has saiii: '
production." '

"ldeological rvork ancl politi<:aI work cl.r(r the gudr"lnte': for.rccomplishing economrc
.rnd technic.rl rvorl dncl sen,,.r the et..nttnri,.'trase. Ideolory and politics are the
co11rrnandcl:,ai'r* 5irul in ev.rrlLlrrng. i-cL)n(1t'ni(:and technical work are t'owrcl to go
lr()n* if w,r in thr least slack,,n !)ur idt'oiogical and polifrcal work. "
( I rotrr !)-Lf#5 I , 5 2, 1tr69i

the key
r.lhairnranM.ro tr"rs enrphasize.l rnclll| tttttcs Llr.rL,rnly l"ry takrng cl.-s5 strugglt"rs
contintraliy sr-rlving thr:
iink, deepening the criticisnr oi rt-:vjsionisn,.rrrcl capit-alism,and
gr"rtio.r 6f line and which rc'rad to follow can soc'ialist production develop in the right
jirection and with greater impetus: only in this way can all production problems, in-
way and only in this
cludingequipment, techniques, anci quality Lx. solvetl in th correct
economical results,
cay can industry be,.levelopt,C with grt,.tLt,r, f.tster, lptter and nlore
system and realizing the
,oiiaty est-abtishing an independent and corllprehensive indu-etrial
nrotlernization rrf socialist- industry a nr-ia gricuiture.
 tri ]Ll L' .1$ ti tc k' y i i nk, T' eng I{si ao-pi l g st - uck t o t he t k:
O ppOSi n p ' fh e r.r[::ts , r" rf:, ..rs :; rj t:!
of
, , i t tl r:e s n ,t i n J frr,.r .i rt' ,.,.a w tri tt,t.rl t .Jr.r bl ack c:ci t, JI)t i ' .rt ti ut cat ches n\ icc isd
i rrrtrxri al i sm. 'I his would ine-
good c a tr' , a t.rd n l n d e r\,j ,.l l s ti n,.-ti .rn bct.rmen i \' l arxi sm.rnd
l e a d fo th t: r;,,s ' i t.rl ts; 1' ,r,tj .rrr.dundernrj ne s.xi al i st pr* l ucti on.
iit " Ut y

Ie adt,jc rJ !l i r: L:LLILl* L'' rt'it'rt the enlirg cual:rcct line on n:volution and produ'
The curreni
tion. . Ltut theY gi.) '.rl f '" '.ii'

"\tt: a lc t) ; r i- ' ' ' { r r . r . . r t l r r ', . , r 1 r ) f ! ) r 'r l t i r r t i t v r , ' l ( t r c t . 's r . r t . r l i L i t r x rs, [EsL ', p r e sd l
" prc
.fn r .l 1 ' tttttr .:. .;r ii r r r r i : - i . r r t i t . i . r ( . ( ) t t \ t r - t r - 'r i t ( ) t l t t . '( l I t t l r . r t w t : c r rt' o p p t) 5 t]tl to
, ,,,,,, j l t t . 'r , . t i t r l . r l I . ) L ! t 'r , l *: l i l x . 'r . r L t 'l i ' t : t l t l t t t s r 't i
t h t ' tw tr t'e n :n t
r lt oi ! j- , r - ; . , t - , . 1., i.i '- i i f
't i t t : t r r - y . . r 1 .l l r i r c i r , r t . . t - i . v rt:r - - r t : c r ; s t w i l i l t f f o r ts b o Fr o m o te
Li- r jt L- { - , 1, . - .: t iir : , t . , r ". :Lr . , . . iL l r t .
, ' , ir t r :iiLt,r.-i.rr r ; 'r o L i v r s , they stt. revolution . r g " a i n s t p r o d u cti cn ,
pr * . lr ic LiLll- r .
'. , t . r u ; ; g l e t }r t ' s t r u g g l e f or p r o d u cti o n '
pc - r li' ; r c s . r { < r Lt i. , q . . . . ) r i 'r i l r i r . : ', r : l E s s 'r 1 " r i n s t
construction. They
and the clictato.!.:.ilip ol the proletariat against socialiit
\,{reruagdlr]sl pt',r':,JLj-nCi)rcducL'iorrand (:onstructioh' " (PR #48t L976' P' 12)

Srrch repeatetl .rccu>"rt .1rri not Ju'ectcJ onirl'.t ihe "g.lng of f .ur" but at the entir'
j...,r',s
which they say seriously disrupted
struggle Lo beat i-,.rt.kir',r llrglrt ie.,'i,rti.rnist tn:rr.l
,,.'llurt.,r,,c
pr(,ss.luring tir-rt ixri*l re ils 'r mttc-h'1iffe
ChiJurs prridu. tr,..rn" i(.i!{, r'r 1., firc
tO critiCiZt
stOry. A r:e11 f,:::altilt:: , :ri r'\dq,' .irticle w. tUvt' re'td about the nrovement-
.I.eng was ttl'rt tlre criticisrn lcd
6sr^ro-prutgan,..i,r . i :,.,i:i- Lite RigtrL .1.:\'iJtionisL tr('n(l
..t :--'r'
,irt:i'lt: .t[ltrul' inrlust:a' or agriculrun rcfels to t'he strl
to gieater pr,tlut. r-i,)ri.. i
as an inspiratrtn !u .'i.L:.iLrI i)r(\iuctive achjcvr'mt'-nt.,
An article, "Crit iciSm ot. Teng
r, --i ('hirrats industry, Commulication, and,Transport"
ping Spurs Vigorc,- ;n r1, .r1iitri1
(,PR:#19, l,),'cy :;!- t" :

,"lhe crjtir.i.:r- .:i 1',.,1gIlsi'ro-prnq gnii the anti-Right devhtionist struggle art
'Ihe outp
ui irr.,Lir
ir,.rw.t,rf r)i'r.'rs in irrt,rrr,.rting the tlt'r'elopmt:nt' e'rfproduction.
r i t : c 't r i c . p \ r l , r r , t - , r 'l r t 'n r i r '. r i l i 'r t i i i z e f , : , t c r 'l 1 , i r o tl , ttr r n - fc'r r o u
. l- , . r - ut lr , , ' li, , r ir l.
tt-' tlrt: t 't r t 'r l crutpttt v 't l t r : il tl x' tr t"tt:]ti tr c b
tttt:t-'IIsr ' l t l t l t ) l l r - r '| r t x l t n
c ( ' t lr r ' t t [ ,
ancl thc volunre of frssenglrs and fr e i p h t handlec
r ng anJ 1er - :Lr c ' r r ic s i n d u s t r i c 5
uErwardl
railwav and waterwalg ur thc first quarter ali registered an incnea*
12 xr'".t..q.,ti=J*ith th* s"*" period of last vear. The output of 13 majt
* r'rp?;;aagriculture increased by a big margin. Of the 29 prwi
[f,ffi
municipalities, lncl autonomiJus regions, 28 have increased industrial output u
big incre;r;es i;-'., nui-nlpr of cases. During this three rnonth period, an annul
pro<.lr-rctiori::.11;.r< rti -rf elo:"c to fwo rnillion tons of crude oil and 900 million c
.,,,.if iirti.r'.,ii i:d:j lrrrs ixren atided; rew oil pipelines are b.itg rapidly extel
rfl(r!.fr1
f:orirEur:lr rr..,vlv i,rr.i!l c<r,rlpits and f<>ur new sugar refinerir:s have gone into pr
t i on. Y[ 9r !.-,- rL -:' -r-t!g-t lgj-sf 9 -l!]-s, bg g n-d-9lfe--9!-d9,-"
-t ji-'-
Lic.tl.ts-u -i--\-:t: -iIrY -
(-hincs. 5ir-,t,1*,,r,,, t-s.rn.l shiptruilders used.leeds to criticize the revisionist
a
falla.:j*:, ;'r,rt t ir..\,.lr.llry' 'l'cngj IIsiao-pin5' such as servility to things f oreign
reiyinpl cirl sF^:..i,Li'ts t'o run factories. They have displayed tlc spirit of indt
gr;rcler"r<:e ,,r'.J s*,il-n,liance in turning out more and better steel and buildingl,
,,
and be tter vre,;,rls, .
 7:l

, rr.ltionaloutput of coal dressed ::o.rl, L'unrx,llingfootcrq,t,.rnd ti.u, newly.rcided production

i;uciry have all surpassed one-fourth of the lnnr-ral plan in lire f irst quarter. Af ter liber-
':.rnsuch an all-around leap fonuard in the f irsL qr-rarter has rart:l-r, taken place.
More
,:r major coal mines, including Kailan and f'atung, have made outstanding
';0 achievem enEs.
.' ;,etroleurn industry, which has alwa'' s pub proletarian politics in comnrancl and
developed
highspeed, is 'tdvancing in g:ant strides in the anti-Right c"ler,,iationiststruggle.
The
:,:hingOiL[itlld lr'1" {-Ldfillt'rl statt' production plans every rrronL}r*inr.r, tlrt. treginning of the
rr'.tndhit "rn.rll-tirne higlr in L,\,crv one,'ot- its nrajor (,conor6it. .lrrtl tt,c.lrntt..lI 11 u.t..rs.
''ricrs in st'vt'r'rl =tct'l planLs [r.rvt'shr.,urrrt:volutionar:v
tiarinl,in l,rrxltr<.ingin,lustrial
.rrts.rnclequipnretrt u'hich fornrerll' hacl to ['rc importecl. Thesc. in..iuclr:doii pipxrs, high-
:,'';sur(rboiler tubcs, alloy steel for hvdraulic supporting tuirts arrd steul plate,s lor ship-
;iiing.
' ,rkers o1' the Shanghai flutung Shipyard went all out in l-,uilding the .:.,,000-L-on ocean-going
,.it'ii[er lqzbg-tl which was launched at the cnd of March. T]rc 'l'alien*Ilungchi Shigyard
,ril bwo 24,000 -ton oil lankcrs in t-he 1irst quart-er. IL rer:e nll',, ,,,lripleted an6 launched
of schedulc an oi1 tanker of nrore than 2r:, i)00 f-ons. Dr-rring Lhis pcriocl the shiEyard
'ar.l
:.,J prodttce,'cl ('hin"r's f irst 1tl, t)0() h.
ir. rrrain engine lor a vesscl o[ Lhc i0, (]00-ton class,
,lseloqtterttll' r-ut'trtitrg'l't'ng llsi.ro-pinp1's scrviliry to L[ings 1-or.,ign dlrtl c:.rpritu.rl.rtj.nism.
'ltmospltcrt' rrl grL:.lt l)ul-Prrsr'1 ttltrt's:, rrr'(:\'ilils,llong the railwa), lin..,s lrtt'ntl irrg ..1,,r,r-
*.rral thous.ttr.l kilonrctres urclcr the [).:king, ilarbin, and Sian anci Otlrer r.rLiw.rv l-ureaus.
',;rking in tht'cotrtrnun.ist sfVlc Jnrl Js rrr.rstt-,rsof the cor.rntn,, railwav workrrrs fultilted
::r state- tr.tlrsirorL irlan ahe.rciof schcclr,r.lc.rn(isct a new record t:or tftc Iirst quarter.
'k irasscs.trt: the rcal herot.'s
"rnci fht' nrotive force in propelling histo:rr L'orward. Not
.':rgago, lln' .rrclr unrepxrntarrt capitalist-rirerier in the par!,, Terng,Hsiao-ping claimed he
r.r>ctllexlxjrt wiro "knows how to .lo econonric: work" and he deckeci himself out as a
-;aviour"clainring that nolhing coulcl l,t'clone without him. This is of course ridiculous.
:: lhe first qu.:rtt:r of this year, t'he sitr.ntion in Chinats industrial production wirs ex-

This jron elad evidence sh,,wc tLr.rt'l'eng Hsia.'-ping was far trtrm "t:apable" of
'knowi.rrghtrra.'
to do econL)nrir w.,rk" apd refutes outright his lie that Chi-ruts econo-
front was I'in a complete mess". The
rric arch unrepentant capitalist-roader in
rhe Party Teng Hsiao-ping once declared: tLetrs not have any mo.re criticism of
lhe theory of productive.f orces. If criticism goes on, production will not go up.t
ln Teng Hsiao-pingrs view, the Cldnese peoplc criticrze the 'theory of proJuctive
iLrrccsr as if they clo noL w<rnt to bt>ost pr"uld<:tion and regarci ilfl1loht who makes an
,llorl to develop prtxluction as pr.r<:ticirr;' tire 'Lheqry r-ll pro<Juctive f orcds. I IIere,
ieng flsiao-ping was delifer.rtely crt:.rLinp,c:t,nl-tisiep ancl c.rlling whitc l-&rck and
:lack whi L.:.
)o:s the criticism of thc 'theorl' 01 pr1r;1111. tiv' Ior(]cs' nrean there is po neecl to
jcvelop production? This is Teng Ilsi.ro-ping's Lrick of muddling the waLers
to
,rchievehis treac-'herorr.spurposc. t)ur I)art1,has l.rways paid great attention to
.'conomicwork.rn.l the dcvelopnrenL ot pr','tluctiv! lorces. Since the fotrnding of
few China, Ch.rirrrr.rn M.ro has l:orrrrul.rtecl l'or us L'he great prin,:iple of (,r.rsping
Revolution and Pronroting Production and dr"rwn up a series of concrete lines an,l
poiiciesfor developing production which l'r.rvehelped us to win great victories in
socialist economic construction. To brril.l Chrna into a powerf ul modern socialist
country before the end of Ehc centurv is.r I'Itr:trrrint clrawn up for us hy (-hairnran
)lao, and htrndrc.l-sof t''rillions of pt'ople .rre now workjng h.rrd to achievc that goa1.
Thosewh.r whrf ixd up t-lre Right dr:r raLi,'rri st at temprt to rc\:er:r{, l ()rrc(,.t verclit ts
 74

w?re trtiking tr'Lough their h.r t and viciously attacking our Frrty saying,
'It only
talks a'rrout politrcs but not economics, it only taiks about ncvolution
but not
,...rio-" I il'hi,s j.s .rn autrageous lie!
ir-*l
'ihe aim of criticizing the
^ 'theorryof productive forcestis p:reciselyfor de-
tc.loping '-lhinari; socialist producl-ive forces and consolidating the
dictatorship of
tlt.: 1'1'1111,Lariat. 'l'he dilferr:nce betweerr r"rsand 'feng tlsia"-pi"g
is not whether
'rr llclt sltottld ilevelop production.rnd achieve the f-our modernizations (of agri-
"v,'
t'.rl bur:t, iltiust-rt , na tiorurl defense antl scir:nce and technologl) but which
orieita-
: i.urt.rnLltirrt' we alc to foll<rw to achievr-r Ehis. In essence, the qr-estion
is whether
tl',e iurirz-modernizations to be achieved will be socialist or capitalist
in nature.r,

Anartici.i'-.@(pub1ishedinPeking)ofthe4thqrra.rterof1976gave
further - Dncre'..-evider',cc that the struggle to critipize Teng ltsiaojping stimulated-in-
stead df rurm;i production during the first half of 1976 (complete figu:rcs
are notyet
avaiiabi.r lr;r tiic second !,:1f ). Total valtE of industrial production during th eirslnaf
of l97a jrtcr.ase,l 7Yo, as compared withthe same period of 1975. Of the g0 main indus-
trial pr'-'',1ucLs, rjJ made a substantial increase. The output of,,crude oil, coal, and electric
Po\rer:rlrfEsse,rl the figures set m tlp state plan of the first half of 1976. The hanrest
of surr,r,,*r tr(:ps and sprrng rice hrt an all-fime high

Anarticle rn Eeking&_y:9.! #3, L977 tp. 7) gives more up-to-date l9TSachi,evenpnts

in the ljrrrgJ industry. it says the 1976 state plans for prodrrcfion of crude oil, gas,
and otii.:r r"rra'ior;r:tro-i:hemicals were al1 svgrfulfilled, oil and gas prodrrction out-
stripprng i97i ievels by iJlYoand l17or:espectively, withlcw exploration, &illing, and
constrr.ctj,-,1 rroving swii'tly ahead. Coal miners also werfulfilled state production plans
and the str1-e plans f o.. new capital construction and tunnelage fotI976.
 t\

Anotherarticle, in Paking Revi,ew*7r 1977, stated that 1976 saw the carrying out of
farml,and capital constnrcfion on an unprecedented scale and that total grain output
ruraerrd all prcviorr y.als cbrpic the cartlrqrrbr, drrught, end rerly froat.

lre&5 nou trll ogt d tro riibr of tbis mouthr, chiming fint thrt d-
11 prrnt
;f"a of fourn and their ,,excesss', in th struggtrr to beat back the Rtht ibvirEiani.t
.1botepd poirrtion, ht rt. dt r.mr tirrr rtrtia drt lrrrtr rr{ Htrtrirl
;,.i
production in general increased substantielly in 1976. So we are faced with two different
itories, one prsnted before the purgp, c-laiming that tt ca.mpai-gnto criticize Teng
Hsi,ao-pingstimulated prodrrcbionrand the other, since the prrrgp began, claiming that th
anti-Righi campaign sabotaged production The objective fiicts sho'v that production in-
creased in everT sector of the Chinese econorrly. -{
The cqrrent leadersr clamdr.rring about "setbing nevolution aginst production" is nothing
rEw . . itts the sarne garbage as has been used all along to fight against putting revolution
and the prol,etari,at in command. Going back to the Great Proletari,an Cultural Revolution,
we see that thy were rrsing the sarne tactic:

prgtext of ttaking firm hold of

',At tlrc beginning of the movement, they used the
prodrrctiorri to *pr.r" the revolution and oppose taking firm hold of revolution.
When we workers of the revolutionary :rebel groups wanted to rise up in revolution,
tsabotaging prodrrctionr. Did they really want
they . tagged us with the labe1 of
tottake fir; hold of production'? No, tley just wanted todefend their posif,ions
and attempted to otrstruct our revolution. We exposed their schemes and rose up
Rebel
bravely in rebellion. " (from the January U, 1967, Decl,aration of the Workers,r
Headqr:arters in Shanghaiendorsed by th Central Committee of tte CCP)
13. CLASS STRUGGLE IS THE KEY LINK

The most important principle that rnakes lvlarxism-Leninism-Mao Tse-tr,rng thought

tlifferent from revisionism is the principtreof continuing cl,assstruggle and the per-
marnnce of revolutiori during the entire perid of socialism r.mderthe dictatorship of
ttre proletariat. Chairnran lVlao said:

"Will there still be need for revolution a hundred years from norp? Will there
still be rped for revolution a thousand years from norrr? There is always reed for
rgyslytion. There are always sections of th" people who feel themselves op-
' pressed; jr.urior officials, students, workers, gnasants and soldi,ers donrt like
bigshots oppressing them. T\tts wlry they want revolutioru" (gB #21, 1976, p.9)

Ttrese words portray the positive proletari,an approach to revolutionary struggle. The
protetariatrs main weapon is class struggtre and every must be a firm ad-
"orttror*i"t
vocaE of uninterrugbd levolution Tlr cepitelitt-roadcrs in China, lilc th. capialict
hre in the Unibd States, will not disappear on their wn but must be attacked and
draggecl out. t

"AU genuirc Mancists are always full of confidence and Plunge into the fiery
. revolutionaqy struggles to create a bright future througlr fighting. Evading
contradictions and wearlying of stnrggle are not part of the mental outlook of
IVlar:cists. " (B #34, I976, P. 14)

,rlvlarrcism consists of thousands of truths, but they allboil dor,tn to orre'sente

t It is right,to rebe| . . And from this truth the:re f ollor'vs resistance, struggle,.
the fight f br socialism. " (Chairman Mao as quoted in The
t
ism, Wheelwright and McFarl,are, MR Press, 1970)

In 1963, Chairrnan Mao warned that if class struggtre and the dictatorship of the prole-
tari,at were f orgotten t I

,,. . tb\-it would not be long, perhaps only several years, or a decade, or
several deFadesat most before a coturter-revoluf,ionary restoration on a
national scale would inevitably occur, the Mancist-Ininist Party would trn-
doubtedly become a revisionist party, a fascist par$, and the whole of China
would change its color. "

Therefore, th key link of the CCP lirc has been class struggtre, the chi,ef task being
fighting revisionism and consolidating the dictatorship of tlre proletariat through con-
tinual revolution. .

The qtrstion of cl,ass struggle was central in l,ast yearrs struggtre to beat back thc
Right devia tionis t trend:

ttaking the three directives as the key linkt was dished up

"The programme of
l,ast summer with ulterior motives by that unrepentant capitalist-roader fTeng
 77

Hsiao-pind' tt is a distortion
of chairman Mao's instructions
directives on prolobing by putting his
stability and unity and on pushing
fonryard on Par with the directive the national economy
studling an dictatorship of the proletariat
and combattitg 3n
and p:revenbing revisionis*,
i"t"ribing all three as rthe key link
for all workr. Chairrnan Mao,:recently pointed
out, ,titrat rtaking the three
tives as the key linkt! stability direc_
ana ur,lty i"
class struggle is the key link and class struggle;
""t T:ur.,*riai'g-orf ,This
everytiir,g else hinges on ic. . person
Seng)des not grasp class struggle. . t*r i.,r.t
referred to this as the key link.
His theme of rwhite cat, black
iia,i ;";r ;; disrincrions berween imperialism
and Marxism.r,' (pR #14, 1976, pp. 3_5)

comrade Enver Hoxha, First secretary of the party of Laborbf.Albania, has also said:
"The modern revisionists with the swiet revisionistr
ir, tnltead claim that cl,ass
struggle dies.otrt with the liquidation of
the exploiting classes. This is a fraud
designed to didarm the working class and
1u11i t to sleep, to open the way. to the
:restoration of capitalism. This has been most clearly proved in
and the other former socialist countries, the soviet union
where the new capitalist bor.rrgeoisi,e
has come to power. " (from comrade Hoxhars
::eport to the 7th party congr-ss,
November, L976, Section l)

A11revisionists from Brezhnev a" Hsiao-ping see revolutionary

T:"q strruggle by fhe pro-
letariat as ultra-t'Lef tist'i, and talk Jbout the aying out of class struggle and advocate
a "peaceful transition to communism,l What
trcj reaffy want is,peaCful restoration of
capitalism' The proletariat seeks order and unity under socialism.
to carry out uninterrupted They r.'rite the rnarry
revolution and tioirl-"r,ts for socialist construction.
-ars
see it as a force

tiott' of cottr"t' teuitioni" bv qh" o"ol"t.ri"t i, det"r*irr.d bn,

Uu at" o"oletariat is aimed
at their destrrrction destruction of thei, id;t;. JE' tariat has nothing to
fear from class str
f! tas a world to sai
't
Revisionists deny that there are contradictions
in the partyr contradictions.prodrced
the classes in the nt"tt. by
They attack the two-line struggle
in the party (that aims to
weed them out) saying that it
"creites contradictions,,,as if those contradictions
already exisit' Typical of all these revisionist didn,t
attacks on the proletariat,s class struggle
:il ::L1f;:'r$ff "gangor rour": rheva*ack rhemrepearedry
ror caising
:fiffi:,the
Anarti c1,ei"@#6,Lg77,1a.ued,,ExposingW angHt,rng.wen,sschemetoThrorry
china into Disorder", exPoses the revisionistst
uneasiness li tt,e?ace of class struggle:

"In a word, he was bent on_stitti.g up trouble

in the whole country. wherever
his sinister hand reached there
dlotd.r. wang H,ng-wen not only made a
'^,"r
mess of things in various localities
but also created disorder in various
organs under central authorities and leading
tried to split the parf central committee.
 At a meeting on planning work comrened by the State Cormcil, he
personallY care
ouf to stir up troubleand secretlyinstigEd his henchrnen to olnn up a surprise
tthereare quite many capitalist-roaderst the centlal in
attack, clamouring that
department in charp of the economY. "

An article in Peking,Review #8 (p. 9) gave another example::

,,. . In 1976, the 'Fng of fourr called its own tune in criticizing Teng Hsiao-ping'
aqain and made trouble. At a meeting
pokecl their noser Lto chekiangfpovince]
last Febr'/, Wang Hung-wen-utd
convened by the Party Central-Committee ,
glouP many times to stir up trouble and
chang chun-chiao went to the chekiang
by name ' '
. attack several leading comrades of the pr'ovincial Party committee
of fourr ordered f ollo'trers
Through its secret liaison centre in Peking, the 'gang
tcapitalist-roadersr at variow
in Chekiang to instigate th masses to dig ou
into chaos."
levels. Th-"us,the piovinc" *'as''otce a$n thrown

proverbial prinee who caused trouble

Another article comgnred the "gng of four" toa
and said : 'tUnless the four Pests are done away wits
for the rulers of an ancient ayrrasti
the country will have no lnace' "
,
answer ' it is a revisionist 1i'e' It is a 1ie to negate class
" Peace" is not a Marxist " peacef ul" restoratii
struggle,attackcommunistrevolutionariesandlnvethewayfora
of capitalism. :

purF talked of class struggle',they advocaB

When the Chinese press before the October
in every'factory'
;;';; ,."r a"r-s, to dear with rear probrems and iontradicrions
ebout it in a revol,tionary vrgoro's wa:y thrt affecd
cornnrur," end schoor. Thcy talkcd
eYcr]orrt' lives.dllectlY.
;
lFinrt thl "glng of fot'r'"
Whcn thc ncw hrderc call cr thr pople of Chirt to struggh
managelg .|'" (*"'s faut'ry, fighting rnaterdi
they do not mean fightingcaprtalist-roader
fighting the bourgeois anti-worker, and' I
incentives or br.rreaucraq/. They do not mean
ot fighting senrility io fot?ig" ttiing-s. Struggle against- tlc
l=asanr ideas in educatior, the-
,,capitalist-roader', ,'garg of foL" is in no way connected to the struggle apinst
of
factorT, commune, and school. srnrggle against the "gang
";;i;il;;;et"..,r.ry against "disorder' and for "peace" (and is presented in that
four,, is basicatrystruigle
way to the chinese p,e,.,ple). Struggle against the "gang of four" is basicatly struggle
against tftr cless struggle of te prolctarirt

,,The culrent main thcrrr, or key link, is to grakr a thorouglr 3rp$6urg d critfu,ht
we can keep to the gen
of the ,ga.g of f otrrr. when this key link is grasped firmly, fonce the
order.
eral orientation of the struggle and get all work done in proper
Party corn'
principal contradiction is graspd, all problems can be readily solved.r
mittees at various levels have a verry clear r.rnderstanding of thf ideology."
-rri (PJ ts, 1977,1p. c7l
I
79
il
Emphaeizing th top-dorvn natr.r::e of this particular"class t:l"ggl-"_',. tk article said that
I g1p partj *"-b"rr and the people must be educated in the Tlee Main Rules of Discipline
call on the Chinese people to. .
fii the Peoplets Liberation Army, and went on to

T ,'. . rally most closely rowrd the Party Central Committee headed by Chairman
Hga, closely follor^r its strategic plans, obey its orders in all our actions, work
with one heart and one mind, *arch in step, f irmly grasp the key link of thorough-
I 1y exposing and criticizing tlre tg3r,g of forrr,r and strive f or new victories in bring-
ing about great order across the land. "
Check it out for yourselves, comrades. Th PR. China Rectrnstructs. and China Pictorial
il before the purge were brimmingwith the class struggle and proletarian nevolution. These
against the'rgang
sarr magazines since the purge limit "class struggle" to the sfrugqle
of four,' ind the spearhead of the attack is against revolution itscif.
il

tU{f 'il + i',$

Il{: t! .f"'if. A"f {i
..' .:' "- \r .],t.tq{ - { ,
tr ' $ ' 0r
i ,{ r ' iln i( 6{ JPi ra
, r : j t \ , t 4 c f r i 'r i , }i f , F v | f * '
rc{ .!. ': r !, a ,1.* . 1t(- i s F- I
tt s s i r , +? ! : . +9 A X t t -
Lr **{$ . i . i . {5 , g r f r t t . *
i \ e 4 a . *r . *F i r a *o
*! A r Q a P *r 4 t t & i tq.r" t
l r '4 4 r . - r . n-t{ a;a./,.
a--.1. attta.t &rjil
O {: kEa-t rlFrl-t*
{**6 ^ *+, $ n r . . {i *: - r I$

I
I

Mural depicting big-characler poster BOMBARD THE HEADQUARTERS

written bY Mao Tse-tung, August 5, 1966
 g0

L4. GOING AGAINST THE TIDE

The two-line struggle in the chinese comm,nist party has been long
times erroneous trends have taken hold and and compl,ex. Many
the Party has suffered'through many setbaclu
It is irevitable that erroneotrs trends will
surface and at tirnes gain favor.

The history of the struggle to defend

the prol,etarian revolutionary line has been one of
heroicly "goittg against ihe tide". Premiei chou En-lai said while
Parly congress in 1973: "when a wrong the 10th
tendency surges tourards us"aaressir,g
like a rising tide,
we must not fear isolation and must dire
to go aginst the tide and brave it through.,,
(PR.#35-36i 1973, p. 21)

chairman Mao Tse-tr''rg has reneatl{!.and continuously

shown the spirit of going agains,
J
the fide in leading the P-arty a^gainst-l0'itrajorerroneous
lines in its history. ln 19sg,
chairrnan Mao went against tr6 riae to lead the mass
movernent of the Great r.""p ro"f
. lecr he bravely led the nEsses and Pargr cadres to rise
up in rebellion against the
revisionist lin of Liu shao-chi that had gained plominance
i.
'l: . in ir,e party. In 197s l,. orre .
again called on the m3Sses and the Party cadreJ to struggle
t.
against the Right a".ri"ti*ird
trend that was b.itg stirred up ry revisionist elements within
I the party t; *;;r;;L
ii correct verdicts of the Cultural Revolution.

I
1:
i' ,,

I The principle of democratric centraUsm is the basis,for

ii
t:
Marxist-Leninist parties. This
i,' insures "unity of will and iron discipline as werl as freedom
and ease of mind and liveli- ,
agails.tthe tide, is absotutely
essenri,ar
to pr.-J_
T1];-- ll"1'-"..lnt::l'^'^-.3-t- ". 3l:g
t Partv of china, origrnally publishedby the e""pffiurrra
l:

Et'
i ',
l;i ..' l

{i, ,
1974:
I
l lt :
"To persist in implemenfing the Fartyts basic lio", |e must have the revolutiona.*
of goingagainsr the bide. Goingagainst rhe bide means
:, i ; i :liti! firmt ;;il;;;I
+j j : Marxism and struggling:resolutely.g"LJ opport,nism, revisionism'#;u-;";1
ila

ll
ous trends- on the internationar rever, thigmeans struggring;g";;l;;;ur,,l
i:
i ' i ''
I
revisionist and all reactionaqr counter-cur:rents; internally,
|::: It i-"r,; il.1',fr[F
oPPortui-t lines, all non-proletarian ideologi,cal trends. -ey
tf!
{l persisting in follor
ing the Partyts basic lirc, we rTyill ss3tainly iace all kinds
i'
oi .tt".lo on the part
I
of reactiona'ry t""ttds, both inside and outside
the party and both inside and outsiri
the corxrtry' This is wtry we must in all circumstar,..t""*"-
.i.."-t-aded, con
tinuously carry out investigation and analysis
of the prevailing sitr.ration in the
class struggle, and clearly grasp thlt one tendency
covers another, exhibit the
proletarian spirit of going against the tide,
firmlv implement chairman Maors r
volutionary line, and struggle against all eroneous
lines and tendencies which are
opposed to the socialist orientation, and which threaten the nevolution"
Chairman Mao teaches us that
"Goingasainst tle tidr" ic: M:*ia|_r^-
L rv rE I y . r tI

::"5:iT:^'^Tf
to the oppression _':y11"*i:""?
and :?"r, ofth9 ereat"si "1a"". rt wantsto put anend
rv ys L srt st
the domination the-bor.rrgeoi"i",
hasten the fall of the o
world in order to establish commwtist society,
.id this revolution itself is a glc
ous acfion which goes against the tide. A11
teichers of the proletarian revolutior
 EI

se:i/ed as models in going against the tide. Throughout their lives, Marx and
Engels rever stopped fighting against those who held up the banners of so-called
tsocialismr, and they
confronted all reactionarJ trends of thought and their re-
presentatives and, with the heroic attitude of fearless proletarians, waged tit
for tat struggle. The struggles of Lenin and Stalin against all brands of oppor-
tr'urism and their representatives is also a model of the spirit of going agginst
the tide. Chairrnan Mao is the represdtative and teacher of or:r Party and he has
imbr.red it with the spirit of daring to go against the tide and persisting in the
correct line. Chairrnan Mao has not only . . in the 10 two-1ine struggles within
the Farty. . confronted all the right and "Left" opportunist trends of thought
with all the enerry and couragp of a proletarian revolutionary, and has many times
defeated the opportunist lines, but he has also stood up in tire'international com-
mrrrrist movement against the cor:nter-current of modern revifibnism represented
by the Swiet revisionists. He has defended and developed Mancism-Leninism and
a
glven us brilliant examptre of what it means to go against the tide. Thus, it is
tlrrough going against the tide that Ma:rcism-Leninism was born and has developed.
It is also through going a,gainst the tide that the cause of the revolution, led by
the political party of the proletariat, progresses continuously.
To go against the tide, one must first of all dare to do so. When the line is in
qr.cstion, when the cverall sitr.ration is at stake, a real commrlnist must act in
the common interest and dare to go against the tide without b"irg afraid of being
removed from his positions, expelled from the Party, put into prison, shot or
divorced. Communists Stand for the interests of the large majority of the people
of China and the world. In order to slick to the Partyts basic line, they must dare
to persist along the right path, dare to brave storms, to be entirely devoted to
the common welfare, and to march heroically f onpard. Only.the complete absence
of selfish motivations enables a person to be fearless. When a wrong tendenqy
surges towgrds us like a rising tide, the only way to be able to stick to the positions
of thc protretari,atand resolubely struggle against this eroneous trend is with pro-
letarian revolutionary audacitl,and a mind free from atl fear. If a;:erson behaves
in a selEish fashion, always thinks of his o\rn personal inte::ests, always weighs
what he may lose and what he may EFh, if he is afraid of anything and everything,
then he will be r.nrable to face up to and gppose the erroneous trend, or to defend
the proletarian revolutionary line of Chairtran Mao. In order to develop this re-
volutionary spirit of goingagainst the tide in the struggle, each member of our
Party must draw inspiration fqom the brilliant examples of going against the tide
which have been provided by the grcat tevolutior.ary teachers.
To goagainst the tide, the qr"nstion is not only whether or nota person dares to
do so, but also whether or not he is capable of detecting the erroneous trend. The
class struggle and the two-line struggle in the era of socialism are extremely
complex, and when it happens that orc tendency co/ers another, mar{y comrades
are not sufficiently careful. At the same time, those who are hatching plots and
intriges deliberately attempt to present false appearances and fish in troubled
waters, making it even morie difficult for us to detect them. However, the
erroneous lines and tendencies have an objective existence, and, according to the
viewpoint of dialecbical materialism, all that is objective is knor,r-able. If our eye-
sight is not good enough, we have to make use of the microscope and telescope of
 )2

stuity the
Mancism-Leninism-Mao Tse-trrrg thought. If we assiduously
Mao' if we take an active
Mar:<ist-Leninist classics and the wc'G of chairnan
world view, we
part in practical struggle, and if we consciously transform our
g".i*11y imprwe J11trability to clistinguish both trrr Mar:cism from sham
""r, ahe co:irect line from the incorrect line. Thus armed, when an erroneous
and
we will not let
trend cornes up, we will be able to have ctrear opinions and ideas,
ourslves be fooled by appearances and we will b able to struggle coulagirusly
against it.
is
T-o'goagainst the tide, it is notenough simply tobe firmly principled, it
principles, clistinguish between the
also necessar? to correctly aPPly political
ttre largest
correct line and the irrcorrect line, and pay attention to uniting
era of
numbr of people. The class struggle and the two-line struggte in the
are exUemely complex . . it is eaqy to confuse the contradictions
"6.i.ti"- among the people; and
between oursetves and the enrrrywith the contradictions
To go against the tide
it is not possible to see everything clParly at a glance.
and that we,distinguish btrten the
:iequiles that we implement a corrlct policy
To go against th fi'lC, we must also reslnct
different types of contradictions.
and nesl-cting the tlisciplfue
the discipline of the Party. Going against the.tide
goilt ire aimed"at presenring tl correctness of
of the Party are inseparable.
of goingagainst the
the partyrs 1ine. tnil is wl1y, whenwe exhibit the-spirit
in order to gr'rafanhe the full
tide, we must al,so respect proletarian discipline,
and principles'
impl,ementation of the Party's correct political lire

l.

'^ffir
')l
:a. '
i i"

" l, rl
lr }: ', i
t; !
., l.i" ,ii
.
# rtr'
il
!:i ::
?rt.:
6t ;:
l'
'i "

s!l
I:-
F;

fri
f
,',
i.

W
:i/412',;2
.z

S-=*
 ].5" WHO SPLIT THE PARTY AND INTRIGUEDAND CONSPIREDTO USURPPOWER?

l The central theme in the anti-four campaign is that they:

rr. . carried out sectarian activities to split the Party, they plotted tire-
lessly to'werthrournlarge numbers of leading Party, gq/ernment, and arrfly
comtades in the central organs and various localities and usurp Party and
staE leadership. During the period when Chairman Mao was seriously ill and
af ter he passed away they lar.rnchedeven more frantic attacks on the Party in
a hasty attempt to usurp the supreme leadership of the Parfy and state. "
(Wu Teh, slnech of Oct. 24, PR #44, t976, p. 13)

The book A Basic Understanding of the Communist ParW of Chila explains:

qr\

The Farty Constitution states that the comrades must adhare to the principles
{ isionism- r.rnitino and not soli
These three prineiples
constitute the norm which enables us to distinguish tt correct line from the
incorrect line' ' of these three principles f ormulated bD'chairman Mao on what
to ilo and what not to do, the most fundanrental is to practice lVla:ocismand not
revisionism. A lnrson who practices lvlarxism and not revisionism and se:rrres
tle.interests of the vast rnajority of the population of China and the world with
aU his heart recessarily works for unity .td ir olnn and aborreboard; a person
who practices revisionism and se:nres the minority of elements of the exploiting
classes irnvitably works for splits and engages in intrigrrs and conspiracies"
For orrer 50 years, the struggles inside our Party between the Marxist-Leninist l

lirc represented by Chairman Mao and the various opportunist lines have always r
in the fhal analysis been wer the qtcstion of whether to practice lvlarcism or I

revisionism. " (p. 57)

;fl Obviously somebody "carried out sectari,an acbivities to split the hrty, plotEd to
orerthror tratg" numbers of leadin[ comrades and usnrp Party and state leadership" "
To determirc who split pnd conspircd we must first determine the most important
il qtrstion: Who practiced revisionism and who practiced Mancism?
't

Stmggling against anti-Marxist trends in the Party is very clearly not splitting the
t Party; it is strengthening it. The.nature of the struggle tobeatback tlre Right de-
viationist trend was describd in an article in PR #12, 1976(p. 13):

fr "The present struggle against the revisionist line in China is a continr.ration

and deepening of the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution. It is an inevitable
reflecbionwithin the Party of class struggle and the struggl,e between tworoads
going on in society. Representing the interests of the overthrourn Landlord and
capitaUst ctrasses and of the new borrrpoisi, the Parfy [prsons in polrer taking
the capitalist road are always looking for an opportunity for a trial o'f strength
with the revolutionary people in a vain attempt to restore capitalism in China.
This will naturally be counter-attacked by the Party and the people.of the whole
country.
 0a
From the very beginning, the cwnent struggle against
the revisionist line has
been proceeding in an organized way rrnder it- uJa""ship
of party organizations
' at all levels. It will stimulae the study of lV1arxis*-i"r,ir,irm_Mao
Tse_tung_
by the people of the whole raise the consciousness of china,s
llyll-
800 million PeoPlein continuing th"o,-iry,
wrder socialism, firiltheir en-
thusi'asm for socialist revolution and "evolution
construction, promot progress in the
political, economic, and cultr.rral fields, enhance
.tauiUty and trnity and con-
solidate the dictatorship of the proletiriat still
furthei so that china continw
to advance triumphantly along chairman Maors revolutionaf
line.,,
The struggte to beat back the Right deviationist
trend and remwe capitalist-roaders
like Teng Hsiao-ping from p*"" *"" not an.attempt
to split the party; it was not an ,.
intrigrx or a conspita"y. It was an olpn, aboveboard
Mancist-r-eninist ,'nss movemen
led by Mao Tse-turg to rectify the Pirty, strengthen
the dictatorship of the prolerar!
and continLe on the sociaUsb road..

To back up their charggs of "spUtting, intrigtiingand contpiringr,, tle present teaders

say that the I'gang of four" stirred up the tto"""r proriici,al party leaders,
"g"inst
created literary and art works that attack capltaUsl-roaders, and launched attacks
against central Party and government leaders in central planning
rneetings. They also
"latgrched slanderous attacks in the matter of foreign trader" ,,!ent their henchmen in
to cause problems and attack responsible leaders in many communesf
'triea ao jo.^r.-
. work teams, " "plotted to organize a political morement and study
campaigns in ttr
arrfiy to roverthrour the bourrpoisierr" etc. etc. etc. The present
leaderslrjto
"intrigrring and conspiring" with open and abweboard mass struggle. "onf_u
Bringing qrrsti
out into the open and arousing the masses to cribicize, struggle, a"d transf orm :tre trr
essenHal elements of class struggle in China. U
the rla
t:ti
ufion
! : ,;,:
i ; ' r;
The :revisionists consistently oppose rnass mwement", eJr they themselves
com. *d-
i't ' attacL In the eatly l960ts, in :reaction to tle anti-Rightist campaign laurched
i , ' . i: by Ch..
tt' Mao af ter the Lushan conference of 1959, Liu Shao-chi dernanded-tha1a11party
i, i"O*
I
tions Sulty of "Lef fist" mistakes:
t:
1,

T 'r. - lttt5t promptly rectify them and shall not be alloured to carry out srrch ex_-
i;
cessive.struggle. They should follow a set of norrnal standards of inner-part
i struggle trhat have been formed long ago in orrr party.,,
E. Joffe, U. of Michigan) @,
Teng Hsiao-ping said dr.rring the sarne period:
rrln the past few years
we have carried but rnany lerge-rcab morrennnts. . It ..
not good to have a movenrcnt evety day.
"
%mr)
Mass struggle is not the tool of t\ revisionists, for
they are incapable of rnaintainj..
the longterm suPPort of the massi. Th"y try to rally baclorard
Jctors of the massl
arowrd them in defensive rnruvers once they are the
subtct of the aG;;-.f;
morrement, such a-s tlrey did drrring the cultural Revolubion,
forming student and wor.-
conbingents to defend the status quo. This is e:<actly what they diil"when
they came
 Right deviationist trrend in 1976' On
r.rrderattack during the struggle to beat back the
attempted to use a massive memor-
;;;t 5th, a handful of supporters of Teng Hsi,ao-ping
Peking to whip up suPPort f or thir revision-
ial for Chou En-Iai in Tien An Men SqtareL incident' within hor'rrs
ist line and turned the event into a violent counber-revolutionary
denognce the reactionaries who had
of the incident, masses of workers came out to
the correct proletarian lirc and
plarunedthe cor:nter-revolutionary incident and support
attempt. They rna-rchedall night and
the struggtre to beat back the Right devi,ationist
(peoptgs' Dailv) published the editorial
into the rcxt day. The rcxt day, Renmin Ribao
ilFirmly lfuep to the General Orientation of the strugglef:

,,we should study conscientiously anil be clear about the nabure of the current
it. If we do not study' we are
struggle ancl the guriting principies and policies for
liable to lose o,,'tuti1gs and be taken in. The r:nrepentant Party capitalist-
[t""e) is ttc.q"J:il representative of the bourpoisie. His revisionist
"*J."
ptogr a mme ,hisre vlslo lttstlfup ' a n d h is re a c f io n a ? : % t ' . a lrd d e e d s a re a c o n By
- dir-
restoraf,ion'
centrated embodiment of the desi:re of the borrrgeoisie?br
a penetrating exposure
ecting the.slnarhead of the struggle at him and making
wrong poutical
and critici*;;; ;rrn1be able ti-aistlnguish betwee., tigttt and
vic-
li1es, unite upwards of 95Yo of the cadles and masses, and win still greater
a
tories in th counter-atE;kagainst the Right deviationist.wind- If we keep
firm gt':lp on this point, tk enerrryrs s'ct**e to switch the general orienta-
"lit"
ti onofthestru g g tewiubebro u g h t-revolutionary
t o t o t a lb a n k ru p t c y .
I{ is impcrative to heighten oul' vigilanca' .Being a serious class
&oi*tt*titt attempt is bound to
struggle, the coturter-attack apinst tF rytht
iio.,.' class enemies at home and abroad'
meet with rabid.resislanc" .nd?it"uption
necessaa? to sfrengthen treader-
particularly the bourgeoisie in the Party' It is
deviationist struggle is being
ship wer the mwement. T'lre current anti-Right
Part! cominittees at various levels'
conducted under the 'nified leadership of
not orpnize fighting grotrPs
We should not estabtish inter-unit ties. We should
in the masss and rely on them" We
or gang up in factions. We should have faith
and duped by rumors and do ideologi-
should educate the few peopL who are misled by
cal work well among tF*, Lt us unite and advance along the course indica@d
Chairman Mao!
and splitting activities of theRight!
unite and f ollow party leadership ag3inst rhe rumors
i"tloo'n".ri,"*t and of the Chirese Press of the f,ime'
. . this was the message of the
Bu:reau of the Central Committee n..t and cle-
Two days af ter the incident, tfre Poiitical
has becorne one of antagonistT
clared rhat,,the problem of reng;;;:nilrg -":T:diction"'
a unarumous
dismissing him d;* a[ his pbtt! within and outside the Party' This was
splitting, intrigrre:1q and conspiring by the
decision. The decision was not the result of to defeat
';i
il ,,gerg of f our. ,, It was the result of Chairrnan Mao t?-tr'urg uniting the rnarry
-,
at that Political Bureau meeting
the few. Obviorrsly, hourever, there were;lpresent
jtn,'l-rrr, who did not consider tF['t-Ey were in antagonistic contradiction with
f^nJ
But clid they raise their voices in dissent?
Teng Hsiao-ping, or that he should be remored"
"they Br'reau"
No, *rot.a-Lanimously along with the entire Polieical
nor Yeh chien-ying' nol arry of the
Hua Kuo-feng said nothing. Neither did Li Hsien-ni,en
last yearrs struggle*o beat-back' the ''.
others who are nou, so free and loud in criticizing in ar:resting
Mao had die and they had strcceeded
Right clevi,ationist wind. Until lChairman
 in one sweeP th "gang of four" and the rest of the most important leaders
of the strul
to beat beck the Right deviationist trend, the present leadeis kept up the
pretense of r
porf,ing the struggte.

obviously, after the backfire of the counber-revolutionary political

incident at Tien An
Men Square, ttre revisionists returned to back rooms to do their
"criticizing.,r
The rnevisionists cannot wage principtred struggfe because the truth and
the will of tle
pople are not with them. They must engage ih Ues, intrigrrs, and conspiracies, their
main goal b"i"g to split the Party, supprrcts the Marxist-Lninist revolutionary forces,
and usr:rp Party and state poutet. Af ter tlre death of Mao Tse-trrng Last year,
the cru
treadcrs switched the. general orientation of the struggle and directel6 the spearhead of
attack at the "gFng of four" instead of Teng Hsiao-ping, The campaign to deepenttr
criticim of Teng and the Right deviationist attempt abruptly etded a'd ha" beei swept
aside by a new campaign against the fouf that in substance criticizes Lef t tendencies.

The present leaders have.not only dramatically ended tlre campaign to beat back the Rigi
deviationist trend and deepen the criti&m of Terr! Hsiao-ping, but they make the rnain
point of th criticism of the "gang of fotrr" their rotre in it. They are not only attackj
its manifestations and tle way it was handled; they are attacking itr very e ssence, its
gpneral orientation. By backhandedly defending Teng Hsiao-ping and by reinstitutinghil
policies, they are sying that th entire anti-Right campaign was basically wrong. T1*
main treaders of that campaig it the universities, the schools, the commurs, the fac.
tories, the militia, the cultural rnedia, and the Central Committee have been removed,
puBed, or arrested.

Was the struggle to beat back the Right devi,ationist trend "fabricated" or wrong in
general orientaticn? Was Teng Hsiao-ping an arch un:relrntant capitalist-roader who
intended to restore capitalism or wa3 he a responsible revolutionary commrrnist comra&
who was victimized by the "gat B df fbr.r"? Who is follorpin! the prol,etari,an ::e
lirn of lvlao Tc-tr.urg?

The prrsent lce&rs mry citr e fw instrrrctionr of Chri:rnrrn llao to thc 'Frg of, fou/
tht in a mcne or less comradely way crlficizr eon of thir tactics, but in rur way
criticize ttpir gpr-ral orientation or tlnir basic political lirn (eheck tLm out,
They can also sey'thf t th. foutr "t*-nsnted Chairrnan Maor" twirted and oppoeil his in'
rtrtrctsiongrtr and basicelly opposed him. Thit is veay ea.y to .ay norr bhat hr ir &ad, ad
ff;r thtt hir clont rrgocirtrr, ircluding his perranrl eecntaqy, al- under arnrt.
I

Thr frct is th.t Chrirrnen Mao could vcry easily heve lewrched a campeign to criticizr
$
the 'rgang of for.rr. " If they were as dangerous and :revisionist as th present leaders sal
they were, it is very strange that he did not do exactly th.t 'But Chairrnan Mao dider
the opposite - he launched a campaign to beat back the Right deviationist trend and cri-
ticize Teng Hsiao-ping. This cannot be and isnrt denied by the lresnt leaders. |
Chairnr
IVIaors differnences with Teng wen irreconcihble; tlny were antlgcrirtic, diffcrencrr d
oricntetion and besic political tir:. Obvioudy th: besic politicel tirn d Chrirrd!
-gpt-rrl
tro errd thrt d tb pnnnt l,ceirr ir rnry *irFfrnnt and that ir rlff diili hd to.nii
urtil tE did in cder to rcvere the struggb he hrd launchcd.
 67

The political line of the present

leaders is essentiarly the same as tha,t of
and he has problably been active behind Teng Hsiao-ping
the scenes in the entire struggle. The Right
viationist wind that he stirred up has de-
turned into a hurricane and his plot to
and prrrge his "ctrasserEmies" has seize po\/er
been realized. The revisionists have
seized contror of
andits natr'reh"' ,,o*changed.
rt is nowdominated
:ff :'Jilffit"r}:?rfrn: by
Revisionists inside commr'mist parties
must use Mancist language to cover
visionist ideologr' The revisior,i=tr in the sorirt up their re-
union still todayuse Marxist
ology to co'er up their::evisionism. termin-
Liu shao-chi, Lin piao, .rrd'T".,g
too. But . . Hsiao-ping did,

"The most essential political characteristic

of the caf,talist-roader in the
Party is that they push the revisionist
iir," cling to the capitalist road.
In analyzing them we must first
and foremost".,a grasp this characteristic
from tfrlvlweoint and
of political rin" g"t
of their essence.,,
B*2S, 1976, p. 8) " "lea"La"rstanding

Tlu prcsent leaders in china still

ure Marlost langragp to write their
the principles of Mao Tse-tturg artic.les and retrnet
such as "class striggie is the key ,,continuing
volution r'mder the dictatorshii rink,,, the re_
of t\ prole;il; ,putting
they talk about srudying Marxism and poritics in command,,, etc. and
iraise MaoTse-tun!.' rhi. confuses many peoplb
who see only words and ire,not familiar
enough.,ritt tf," history and nature
struggle in china' similarly, of the two_line
those not inf oimed as to the
soviet union may be fooled by the history of the struggle in the
use of Marxistlang'age by the
support for national liberation struggles, new Ezars, their taik of
and thei', apparent reverence for
not be fooled by words; they are r-enin. we must
tv" particularly
"h"i-p.
the essence 6f the nature of the clmryign ".,u;;; caref ul to find out what
against therrgSng of four,, is and what the actual
practice of tlie new leaders is in
tne aifierelt sectors of Cnirr"r. sociefy srrchas
trade' uterature and art, education, foreign
industry, and agriculture. we
that the pnesent govetnment writes must read the articles
and ,,ot tay to co-f o"t ourselves
ficial phrase-mongering'we -analyticaliy
must ,,,rd"rsLnd
in super-
where the spearhead of attack is ained.
";.;iy
The re*isjonists, t-houghchey try t.'.. ,,r*t"',1-,1r, ,r"'
u, t exprse themseh es. Thus, althuugf,
Khrushchev portrayed himsetf as a
strong stalinist for fwo years uf ,u,. stalinrs
order to restore capitalism he had to expose death, in
himself and denounce stalin. And the soviet
rer"isi.nists' for all the Marxist wtrrds
they use, hd'e had t<, put orrt oprnly
Eheories to defend their prat tice. revisionist

Not only will the present govetnment

in chind have t, expose ir-s rer
and more but it will have fo islonlsL li'e nr(,re
continuarly resort to intrigue
people in order to try to maintaincontrol. and conspiracy against the
Ali bourgeois g*.rrr-.nts
and conspi"""y because they must be govern-
represent the interests of the
ffi:""ff.-trigue few vs.
16. WlrY WERE TIIE REVISIOMSTSABLE TO SEIZE POWER?

Chrirrnan Mao wac alwayr aw.rp that so long ar the trancforrnation from a morrcy

rrOur corrntry at prerent practices a commodity sycbm; the wage qyetem

ir
urcqtnl, too, as in the E grade wagg scale and go fortlr. Under the dictator-
ship of the prol,etariat errch things can otly bc negtriced @oteUmirnbd).
'Therefbrne, if people lil Lin Piao corre to porrer it will be quiE eaay for
them to rig up ttp capitaliat syctem. That ie wty we should do more read-
i"g of Mancbt-Lninist worke. "" (Iltao Tee-tung, as quoted in "Ererci"i"g
All-Rorrnd Dictatorahip wer the Bourgeoisirer, distributed by Books New
China, N. Y. , N. Y. )
'rA worker-cadre like nc hae deep claes sentirrents for tle Farty and Chair-
rnan Mao ag well as exlnri,ence in my work, titrt simptre claee sentirtenta can-
not nplace coneciousrege in the struggle between the two lirer and ptrre
practical exprienc caturot repl,ace Mar:ciem-I-cninism. " (!1gt!,11 11f$
on "&ercoming Empiricishr" P]B#43, L9721

U 1| td. brr blid bitir in *! nrfg br-rrhipr tsrrrrvirinirtr cr r* lrrr

= plFtr1l3n--r---r--- hr=r n-15t
-f,tF.fui- -r-r:-
g9 tfcc$fo rr&ntrad -
tfr. Fhcipbr d Ir*xirm-bninirm-lho - Tr-tutg th"u$t
're-
*t rf, rqCpp.d to &f.nd dr allctrtcrhip d tb proleteriet rgrinrt eny
viriqrirt chief tan w.lving "ned flags" to defeat the reil flag
-
Thc people of Chirn have learnd through tnany stnrggler the rpceseity of, having
feith in the Party. Hourevcr, to prevent revirionicm it ic rnc'essar7 for the rrneces
end lower trcvel cadree to be able to necognize revisionirrn within the Party ro thcy
cen|rrrcb tln r=volutionery pinciple of "goingagainrt the ti&.S'
tion 66tw6n feith in ttr Party l,ea&rship erd "going againet tlt tide" ir qe thrt can
Th. cqrtrrdic-
G
!
i
osrly bc nrolved by irrcreering the thec^cticel understattditg of tlE rnaosas to a very
h&h &gre.. L
r
Thir it wtry the nvisionirts rlrnyr complain when Loftirtr inriet an grving prrcity
to policical cdrrcetion in th: faetciel, commutni, army, and rchool^r. Chang Chun-
chiao and Yao Wenltan, two of the "Fng d foud' who were devobd to &velcping 3tud)
crrnpaignr emong the rnas6cr, considered that thc rnajor problem in thftd{;tgFoupr '
wee degnilence on lnrsoral exlnrierrce incbad of inegrating thir erryeriinccarith the
crcperierrce d the entire revolubionary morrerrrnt They wers accuscd of ttcriticizitg
empiricirm as a co\rer for dogrnatism". Whrt the revisionictc really feated war the
drveloprtcnt of theoreti,cal r.ur&retardi"g by the rnaeee..

Ttre politi,cal concciousrnee d th flfr h Chim ir certainly ar higlrly &veloEnd ar

||t d rqy pqb in tfi. ?cl+ a- to tl& oqrtfru ln enrd rrvolutJcr,
II Frtrt'Lrilrt*trr rnai! lh. GFrt h*tadrl culffi{lilC+{nArf b u
lfntilUr5ff\f &iltil+tr g{qell6dlg1 l}r*rtir, -Thnrn nt*r$ rprpr
SfF.ioiLT E-'nrla trnrirt tb firtpfFt trbovrr, bnt tlry rrr &ianrly rt
r!-.f+-i+ p1pnd !l pvrlrtrt it
 l9

This is the underlying reason the revisionists were able

to seize power in China.
But there are also EErny lnrticular :reasons wtry the seizure of porrrr took place
when
it did' The rnajor factor was the death of chairrnan Mao
Tse-tr:ng in september of
1976' He had g.ttid:d-the chirese people in revolution for
more than rotrr decades and
had constantly led them in combatbing revisionism. His death was an incalculable
loss for the revolutionary forces in china and a tremendous gain for the
reactionary
forces' Because the chinese people so greatly loved and
resftcted chairman Mao,
the Right could not have taken Por^,er lor,g as he was alive without ipstituhing a
reign of military teror "o
that was beyond dl"i" capability. They had lqwait
he died so they could misuse his name to aid in the usurpahion
of power. The'n;il
p'rge
and mass arrests b"g"n less than a month af ter chairman
Maors death.

chairman lvlao was n1t t!. only great Chirese leader that
has died recently. of the I
ten nrembers of the standing committee of the Political Bureau of the central
CommitEe of the Commrmist Party of China, the leading rl
body in china, f our othp-
ltt.t !u&n d:11 l:16:
.k"g 6t't.q Chu Tch, T"rg pi-wu and
Premrr chou ln-ler. Thece tradc &aEirc in rtrcclssion lef t china without several
of her most capable and farsighted vebran leaders.

i1
TengHsieo-Ping w.s removed inApril, before Maors death, and thir left only fo,r
members of the original ten member standing commitbe"
his death in september:
Chang Chun-chiao and Wang Hung-wen, two of th "it"t
"g.rg of four,,, and yeh Chien-ying
arul Li Teh-shen, both militaqr commanders. It was at this point that th revisionists
made their mote ahd a:rested wang and Chang as well as yao wen-yr:an
and Chiang
ching and rnany other top Party and state leaders. This means that the Standing
commitbe af br thc october Purge ras compored of only
two of its original ten
nrrqbr$' (with the direppeatance of Liu Po-chcng,
either as a regult of the purge or
of eiokress, the entire Political Bureau, compos,ed
of 22 members inJanrrary, 197d, hac
norr been reduced to eleven. ) '. , r

To carry out the line of continr'ral

in sjages, chairman Mao hdd ::ecognized
the protracted nattrre tt "","i"1i"i
s,truggle and the pou/er that
f
leared torrrards revisionism "ehfrv" th forces that
had. ri" a-ia not attempa a. purge the party of all those
elenents but follorl".d t}. strategr of uniting
tro to oppose the few and tried
to irolete tle moat dangerour el,eicnts,
likc Teng -"r,y
Hsiao_ping.
I'cading hoplers Liberation Army (Pr.A) comman&rs,
such ac Defens Minirter yeh
chienaing and commanders Hsu shih-yu and chen
Hsi-rien, played a central role in tt
coupdcretet in'octobr. The political stagrn*y oi thc prJ 1e&rship wes one of
tfr crntrel caurr d the ability o,f the ,.erririor,irts to take
power.
 \

90

Xn
,N ,{ The Cultural Revolution never took place ina complete way inside the PLA. Discipline
and the maintenance of hierarchy and authority in the armed forces in order to be pre-

q.)l'l pared for f oreign attack was at that time considered too important to risk arousing
i ..rr criticism-struggle-transformahion
their commanders antl the policies in the
movement among the soldiers to criticize
Army. In general, revisionist-leaning
'.r'\
commanders were not purged or transformed.

The treasonous actions of Defense Minister Preng Teh-huai in 1959, of regional PLA
commanders during the Culttrral Revolution, and of Lin Piao in I972, dramatized the
danger of isolation of the Army from Party control. This critical principle is ex-
ptaitea in an article in PR #5, 1975:

,,Adherance to the Partyrs absolufe leadership over the Army is an immutable

always
ftgrdamental principle for building a new fype peoplers arrrqr. There has
been a fierce struggle ,,vithin or.rr Parfy between the two lines, centeringaround
Arrny.
the question of upfiotai"g or opposing the P3rty's leadership orer the
ro us.rrp the military porer of the proletaliat, the botrrgeois careerist Lin Piao
the Party.
made no bones about publicizing the fallacy that the gun commands
rotr principtre is that th Parfy'comrnands the gun,
,, chairman Mao has taught us:
pa.rty. r. . Historical expr-
\l and the gun must ,,.u.,. be allor,ved to command the
tt Army has always been a
Lr,." tei.s us that the struggle wer control of the
a matter of principle of
serious class struggle tta t*"-tine struggie.. This is
failure of the revolution and
paramount importance concerning the success or
of state, tthe arrny is
the destiny of the people. Rccording to Mancist'theory
and retain state
the chief .o*pon"n-t oi state pourer; whoever wants to seize
t (Mao Tse-trrng ProblerFs of war and strateqy
pq^,er mus.t have a strong army.
wer tir
The most fr:ndamental thing in upholding the Partyrs absolute leadership
Whether we
Army lies in firmly implementing the Party's lvlarocict-Leninist line-
i:
i.
the Army is an impt
should carry out educaiion in ideological and polieical lire in
i:

l;
tant ql*sdtn of principle of whether we should'practice Marxism and build the
Army in the image of the proletari,at. To ensune implementation of the Partyts
of proletari,an
correct line in tL Rrrrgr, it is imperative to r:nf o1d a'struggle
ideas a4lrst non-pro1e tarian ideas'
During tt= tirtotical period of socialism, the PLA, if itts to give full play to
I
its role as the pillar of the proletarian dictatorship, must be armed with the
party's basic line and, together with the people of the whole country, take par
in the struggle of criticizing the bourgeoisie, revisionism, and the ideolory of
the exploiting classe s.

In 1973, in order to break down "mountain-top strcnrghold" sectionalism grorring in the

pLA, chairman Mao rotated 8 of the ll regional PLA commanders and in the process t
had. PLA nemk
lost the position of prorincial Party- secretaries that many of them
and the PLA commanders played les
ship in the Central Committee was greatly reduced
Mao Tse-tung. l'Ie'
of i role in the Party leadership in general. (Stephen U'halley, Jr. ,
Viewpoints press) In Janr.rary,Ig75, Vice-Premier Chang Chr.rn-chiao (one of the "gut-
of the C'en'
of fo,rr") was appointed by the Central Committee to the post of Di::ector
Arrrry, to
eral political Department of the PLA, the top liason of the Party to ttc
and fight
carry out political education and political work among the PLA commanders
!_

I 9l

I Evidently Changrspolitical work in the Army caused the revisionists to feel seriously
threaErEd. In Peking Review #lO, !977, the author of anarticle titled "Ferreting Out
'the Bourgeoisiein the Arrnyt . AnotherrGang of Forr'Schenre" complains bitterly
I that poHtical movencnts 'rcause turmoil in the Army" and should not be tolerated:

". . i trusty of the tgang of fourr in the Army popped up and, r.nder their in-
structions, rushed from one unit toanother in the Peoplets Liberation Army
holding meetings calling for the writing of literary works on the tbourgeoisie
in th arrrryr and the tcapitalist-roaders with red tabs and red starsr' clamouring
that the task of wribing about the tstruggle against the capitalist-roaders in
the armyr had rhistorically fallen on our shoulders.' He loudly. averred that there
were rindeed several capitaUst-roaders, all big oresr in the AAnTy and that this
was an racute, life and death struggler in which rrisks were inevitablet. . pne of
the tgattg of fourlsr trumlntersJ went to a PLA r.rnit and talked nonsense: rThere
are the two-line'struggle and the bor:rgeoisie in the Party. This is even mo:re
so in the Armyt, . They also attempted to encourage ultra-democracy in the
Arnry and tried to egg rank-and-file cadres and fighters on to investigate the
qestion of the tbourgeoisie in the armyr in their su;nrior organs, so as to
rferret out tle capitalist-roaders
in the Armytin order to make a b:reakthrough
, and then proceed to create confusion in the whole Army.
In accordance with Chairman lvlaors instruction - dontt meddle in the affairs of
theArmy- the Party CC and the CPC Military Commission clearly stipulated in
- the spring of 1976 that the Army should be kept stable. Historical experience . .
has proved thatan important condition forensuring that the Arrny be strong in
fighting po$rer is to rnaintain a high sense of organization and discipline in the
Army which obeys orders in all achions. The tgang of f ourt inay have held sway
briefly in their plot to overthror,v the tbourpoisie in the Arrryt but last Octoberrs
thnnderbolt drove them into the graves they themselves had dug. . "

There ate three questions involved hert - democratic centralism, class struggle, and Party
control over the Army. The principl,e of democratic centralism is the basis for disciplire
Army.
-- and unity in th Centralism is more emphasized in the Army than in other aspects
of Party life (see Chairman IVIao, SelectedReadinrs. p. 150). Ultra-dcmocracy is an
ultra-"I*ft" devi,ation that must be combatted within the Army. Hov,rever, to Minisler
of Defense Yeh Chien?ing and his revisionist cohorts, any anti-revisionist poUtical
study in th Army or arqf criticism frcrm the rank and file are ,,ultra-democratic,'. In
order to protect their revisionist Line they oppose democracy to centralism and label
any efforts to practice democratic principles in the Army as "undermining stabilify,
-
discipline, and r:nity. " This is in direct contradiction to the thesis of democratic cen-
tralism as explicity outlined by Chairman Mao in 1962:

'rBoth inside and outside the Party there must be a full democratic 1ife, which
rneans conscientiously putting democratic centralism into effect. We must
conscientiously b.i.g questions out into the open, and tret the masses s;nak out.
Even at the risk of b"itg cursed we should still let them slnak out. The result
of their curses at the worst will be that we ar:e thrown out and cannot go on
doing this kind of wck - demoted or transferred. What is so impossible about
that? Wtry should a 1=rson only go up and never go dorrn? why should one only
 nt
work in ore ptraceand never be transferred
to another? . .
Now there are some comrades who are afraid *
of the rnissgs initiating discussion
and putting fon"rard ideas which differ
from those of the leaders anibading or-
ganizations' As soon as problems
are discussed they suppress the activism
the masses and do not others to speak out. TLis ;;titude is extremely
of $
eviL Democratic centralism "1y*
is writte;into our party constitubion and state
constitution, but they dontt apply it.
have really committed mistaker oe tr*
caust then we should seek the opinions
comrades, we are revoluhionaries. If we
kind which are harmful to the peoplefs
of the masss and of comrades and car:7
tr
out self-examination. .
what is centralism? First of all it is a

achieved' This is called centralizedLification.

stand probrems, if they have idcas but have not
centralization of correct ideas, on the
' basis of which r'nitv of understanding, n"u"t;;;;; L**r,a and action are
If people still do not under-
expressed them, ..;*;;;
f
but sbill have not vented their horp can centralized trnification be es-
tabushd? If there is no democracy "rrg"",
we cannot possibly sumrnarize exlnrience
cornectly' If there is no-democracy, if idels *
not from the masses,
it is impossible to establish a good tit=, go& g"r*tal "o-ir,g
aruil specific policies and
methods' . without democracyr you have-no iuidersta"ain!-"e
dorpn belo'rr; the sittstion-will be unclear; you will be unautJ to collectryh"; i" rrpp.r*,g
opinions from all sides; there can be no commurrication srrfficient
between top and bottom;
top-level otgans of treadershipwill depend on one-sided
and irrcorrect rnaterial
to decide
issrrs, thus you will find iCaffri.curt to avoid b"irg subjectivist; it wiu
be impossibtre to achieve trtc centralic6.
. If we f.it-;" ;omote democracy in
full measure, then will this centralism and this.
unification be trrr or f,alse ?
wiu it be real or empty? wiu it be cor:rect
* i";rl"."ti"ot"o,''se it must be
false, and inco:rect.,, (quoted in Schram, p. 160_164)
"*n1:
In the article abouj the Army (PR #10, lg77i
the revisionists dcny the rccessity for
poutical struggle in the Arntrr. Eor them,
itts Inonsenser-to say-that there are bourgeois,
revisionist, capitalist-,road elernents in trc Arrwr
that the trro-r* sbuggle is a
struggle that may have sorne place in the Party
u"i a"eir,itely muei be kept out of the
Army' * This can only create the conditions
for revisionis- io breed unchecked.
Anti-revisionist poli+ical edtrcabion des not r:ndermirc
disciplire, uity, and stability
in th Army but providqs the only cor:cct basis
for them. n .;t the struggtre
against revisionism from taking hold in the er*yr-ttc
""
revisionists claim that chairman

*The two-line
struggle in the Pr.A Ul
Building a soviet-style professionalF,army
long history and has centered around these
" u"l
tnasses and lnrficipates in prodrction;-advoc"ti";
. peoplers army which lns close tjres
isses;
to the I
r
I
that,,weap""" a""ra" everythind, and
wanting to b'y fo:neign military technolocy
standing that soldierst political conscio*L""
imposed from above vs. disciplftE that
,r-. ptlcirrg soldie'rs .b;;
i" f
_ibciding factor
weaponry and r'rder-
in war; disciplire i
k
comes from democzakc centralism and gives full
j

scolE to initiative from the soldier masss;

the purely military vie*point vs. putbing
Ietarian politics in comrnand; and allouring pro- *
tLa"rny io b.corrc an indetrnndant force
strictly enforcing the leadership of the party. , vs.

-{
 93

of the Army" (a1-

something to the effect of "donrt meddle in the affairs
Mao instrtrcted It is
they clon,t quote hlm or tell whenor towhom he gave the "instruction")'
though so much in contradic-
Mao would have ever st*i an order
higtrly doubtful that chairman in i929:
Rt*y which he himself f ormulated
rion ro tle parfyrs general line for the
a number of
is ve1' higTy developed among
"The purely military viewpoint as follows' These comrades
comrades in the ned Arrry. li t*tiflsts"iiself
r cgatdm ilitaryaffairsa n d p o liticsa s o p P o s e d t o e a c h o t h e ra n d re f u s e t o
means of accomplishing political
recognize that military affairs are only one
tasks. .
the departments of the
Hence, organizafionally, these comrades subordinate
RedAr r r r y doin g p o liticalworkto tho s e d o in g m{ it a rv I . * la n d p u t f o rwa rd
slogn ,,I-; e"*y Headqtrarters handl,eJutside matteis'r' ' As a result'
the
are abandoned' Thr:rrnethods of cor-
both propaganda and organizational work
tf- Lt
rection are as follops: dttt "tUtt""t At th"
4t t'i"*ooittt'
de'ttcD"the th"o" utd b*"k do*'
"ation- th"-Il*r,tr of ooffiEil.rd ott"hit*
,"*" at*.. of of f ice-rs arul
"u*ir,"t" *1fu
.* * tf t t d"* r. . lG sffy if*-t"U *-" +.t-'teining-
" " Party-organizabions
e the
*.n . . eto.rr" th"-. loq"lF"=*:l the Red Arqry
und tl* lGilo-f loatt pouti"tl pquer'-to criticize
il tt" R.d e"r*
itt"u U," p"tq'u rn*ffiti*fv itL"a t" *l4igc-ttss lltlUlanr-@ "
- R""o1,rtion of December rTg2g, for the
9th Party Congress
(Mao:lx,rti.r,
of the 4th Red Army" emphasis added)
cri-
pLA commanders feel themselves to be leaders "beyond
It seems the revisionist cuf:ntattack
Army arerrnot tobe meddled in.li lllreir
ticism,,, that the affairs of the
,,gang of four" is one *ot" exposure of their hatred of Manism-Leninism-
against tte
Mao Tse - tr.utg thought.
. t-
tramlllg-
,,gang are charged with using political edrcation to oppose military
The of four,, to oppose
pLA. This charge is as *r;;J"d;l ir* charge_rhat :h:y used revolurion edu-
in the development' Political
to opposintz[ect'al
production * ,o"i"rrt-consciousrress Both ideolo-
are a dialectic, .. ."" revolution and production'
cation and military training afrlr. However'
training r"ilai ga strong revolutionaty
gical and milita:? "rr" "r.ir"r-i, training' The revisionist
can lead to
only corre"a poU'ri"a' eduladon "*".a -nit"ty in the Arrrry
in the Army are to be gxpected io oppoJfoHii".t
- -They "a".ldon
commanders
witf *il;; l"ai"i"g' must oPP-oTpolitical edrrcation
saying that it alrfer"s positions'
lin in th Army ai protect their
in order to poo-ou a revieionist
re-
to ful1y understand the danprs of
The qtestion of the pr.A must be studied in depth
that revisior,irts had consolidated their
visionism in a revorutionary arrfiy. The fact was a
not challenged theircontrol earlier
forces within the PLA and that the Lef t had
potribl" of the Army in capitalist res-
serious unde::esbimation by th Party of the "oG
of four" tried to pull off a coup dretat
toratioru It also makes the claim that the "Fr.g pou/er grorls out of the barrel
even more r.urbel'ievab1e.As Chairman Mao said: "Political arrrry' "
state Power must have a strong
of a gr.ur',and ,rar6/onewho wants to seize and hold
I The revisionists diil, and that is wtry they wer"e able
to seize po\/er so rapidly and effectively'

&
 17. THE OCTOBER PURGE

Proletarian Cultural
The October purge shared nothing in common with the Great
trend in either object
Revolution or the-struggle to beal back the Right devj,ationist
revolut'iontlry
or rrcthod. In thc previous great two-linc strugglegrtlre metho<i was the
up.surtF of the *urro, of workers and pcasants, and the object was deepening thc 5rrli-
In the October
tical education of thc masses and continuing the socialist revolution.
before the
puge, on the contrarT, hundreds of leading cadre were alrested two weeks
people were called, by what
masses wele even inforrned of what was going on. Then the
was lef t of the Party, to come to mass rallies to "celebrate the greatvictory".

In the Great proletarj,an Cultural Revolution and the struggle to beat back the Right
dev1ationist trend, there were few arrests. The revisionist chief tan, Liu Shao-chi,
was finally deposed, but never arrested, in Octobgr of 1968, af ter more than two
yearb of the. greatest mass movement against revlsionism that the world has ever
,..r,. The arch unrepentant capitalist-roader, Teng Hsiao-ping' was only removed,
and never arrested, six months af ter*the struggle to beat back the Right deviationist
trend b"ggr. The present leaderstexcuse for the mass arrestg was that the "Bang of
four,, wei-e planninga cotrp d'etat. . a feeble excuse (in light of the fact that they
a military
had noarmed force-to strnak of) that senred to cqyer for the actual event -
coup dretat pulled off by the present leaders.

coup"
The peking Review since the purge has said very little about the "attempted
of tffig of lour". No details of their "plan' have come out, except that it in-
volved ideological conditions by writing articles, making movies, and "stir-
"i""Iir,g four" were de-
ring up the masses". Neither has the manner in which the "gang of
Peking Review.
feated or the events of early October been made very clear in the
Ho,'ever, a pamphlet called The Rise and Fall of the Garlg of Four (originally'published
in Seventies. a Hong Kong magzine sympathetic to the Chirese government)
leaders
ir ' ; which has been *idply distrfuuted in the United Siates to defend the present
i; and attack the',g".g of fourr'r gives a somewhat clearer pictrrre of hour the struggle
,li in october dev.lJp"J. Af ter admitting that " the chinese niwspapers give us little
i;. : events
!l,' enlightenment on-[he 'gang of forrr's]l p1ot", th author goes_or] to.say that the
of tlre
T
in october developed or.1 oi a struggtre over the srrccession of the chairmanship
Party:
' pf srrccessiorl , of course, had to come from the
',The ultimate decision
r.

October (!h meeting-it of the Central Committee'

t.
'
Af ter m6!r death, *." impossible f or him fita xuo-I""d to refuse the
with both
chairmansitip; ttt alternative was to hand it over to Chiang Ching
hands.
The authorexplains that th struggle was one between Hrra Kuo-fengand Chiang Chitg
.and represented a struggle between two political lines. T'lre present leaders now repeat
constantly that Hr.raKuo-feng was Chairman Maots personal choice as his successor to
the Party chairmanship. If this is brre, it was a very carefully guarded secret until
Maors death (and until af ter the subsequent purge)! Huats selection as Acting Premier
in February of 1976 set him up, rather, for the premiership, since it is completely
unprecedented for both posts to be held by the same person.

The p:retext for the pr:rge and the manner in which it was carried out are described
in The Rise and Fall of the C,ang of Four in the following manner:
"On October 4, the tgang of fourr used their pen-nam, Liang Hsiao, to publish
the essay tForever Act According to the Principles Laid Dourn by Chairman Maor
in Guangming Ribao. In it they stated that 'to alter the prirrciples laid
 )5

do,trnby Chairrnan Mao is anti-Marxist, anti-sociaiist. It's against the great

theory of the continuing revolution r.nder the dictatorship of the proletariat.
any revisionist chieftariwho dares to alter the principles laid down by Chairman
Mao will not corne to a good end.r The essay also raised the qrrstion of ho,rrto
select someonto rsucceed the greatly talented one who has died.t . .
Htra Kuo-feng, after reading the article, reportedly told some people in the
Politbso that this was a signal for attack Yeh Chien-ying was of the opinion
that rthe f our pests should be eliminated, t Tttey gdeo."denlly set about carry-
ing out this plan. On October 6r. Hua suddenly calLed a meeting of the Politburo.
The four people were arrested on the spot. Their proteges were rounded up the
same evening On the morning of October 7, Keng Piao, head of the International
Liaison Delnrtment of the Party Central Committee, took over the Peoplers
83jb, the Hsinhua News Agency and the radio station. Tko.ops were sent to
Tsinghua University, Peking University, and Hsiaochinchr.ran1at Tientsin where
the rgang of fourr maintaired strongholds. Hsu Shih-yu proceeded to the Nan-
king Military Rpgron to assume temporary control of Shanghai. The Central
Committee sent Su Chen-hua, Ni Chih-fu, and Peng Chr:ng to take orer the posts
held by Chang Chur-chiao, Yao Wen-yr.ran, and Wang Hung-wen in Shanghai.
Shenyangwas also temporarily ptracedunder army control. The whole thing was
so neatly executdd that a Yugosl,avnewspapercalled it 'the most clear-cut and
beautiful political battle in the modern history of mankind..r"

The author congratulates Itruafor his "poUtical courage and clecisiveness.'r He could
just as well have congratulaLed him for his cunning in carrying out a well-pl,anned con-
spiracy. This is what is described. Instead of allouring the qrrstion of succession and
futtrre political line of ttc Party to be decided in open debate at the Thiril P[,enar1ySession
of the Central Committee of October 7th (ttre first meeting of the Central Committee since
January, 1975), the revisionists independently decided it by a military coup the day
before the meeting.

It is impossible to determine howtnarry leadingcadre have been Puged, removed from

their posts, or arrestep. A very incomplete list gathered by one-here-one-there
method includes, besidei Yao Wen-yuan, Chiang Ching, Chang Chun-chiao, and Wang
Hr:ng-wen: the Minister of Education, Chou llgng-pao, the Vice-Minister of Education
and head of Tsinghua University Chih Chun, the leaders of tJre Worker-Propaganda
Teams in Peking, Tsinghr.ra, and many other universities and schools, Chang Ti,eh Sheng'
a hero of the rcvolution in edrrcatlon, along with 30 other leaders of Tiehling Afuricul-
tural College and marry other student leaders as well as leachers in other schools, tlre
Minister of Culture Yu Hui-yr.urgand the Vice-Minister of Culture as wellas marry
writers and :rrtists, the head of H'sinhua (New China) News Agency, Editor of blrrllg
Ribao (FeoptretsDailv, offici,al organ of the Central Committee), the editors of Honsqi
(&edJla s,- th httytl ttreoretical journal), and Hsrbhshi Yu Pipan (Studv and Criticism, a
Shanghaitheoretical journal), the heads of Pekingrs radio and T. V. stations as well as
many other reporters of newspaprsr magazines, and radio and T. V. stations in ChfuE'
(lhairman Mao and Chiang Ching's daughter, Mao _Yr:an-hsin,Chairman IVLrotsnephew
and personal secretary (in charge of all appointments and documents) as well as the
Party Secretary of the Pro'vince of Liaoning, the Minister of Public Health, Liu Hsiang-
ning, the Minister in Charge of Plrysical Culture and Sports, Chuang Tse-tung, the
Minister of Foreign Affairs, Chiao Kuan-hua, 15 ambassadors to foreign countries (re-
called, we don't know for what purpose), leaders of the Shanghaiand PekingWorkers
 militiars throughout the country (who
Militia and, we assurne, leaders of the pop1e's
paruy and Municipar leaders in shanghai and at
had no ready access to arms), the six top
nine military leaders in Yunnan
least the two top Party leaders in Yunnan as well as
Parfy Committee, the Depufy
Province, the Second Slcretarly of Liaoning Provincial
Sec:retary of the Anhwei
provincial.Parfy Committee, the First Party Secretary of Kwangst
Autonomous Region, lrhd Director of Public security in Peking, workers and leaders
Peking, the
and party .o*-it-tue members in many factories in shanghai, wuhan, and
of the changchorr Railway Bureau,
central chinese Railroad (including the entire leadership
China, and Party committee members
the largest in China), and many otier cities th:oughout
from reports in N' Y. Times, Wegb:
in many communes. (This partial listing is gatherld
in Peking
jrylgll-Pfrtt, the 8ggly-lvlolln!;rin News' Qggent Sceng' and various references
llcview.)

bodies such as the Central Committee

The purge f irst took place in the c:ntralrle,6ding
L977 (p. 9) , explained
;.l

Peking Review
and the various ministries of tlre state council.
t1 '

!r .#16,
arrests:
5r'
.[i that the Central Committee af ter the original
L. ,,. . took effective measures to seize back the leadership usurped or controlled I
t i: '
i, 1.
; the prob-
i the 'gang ot four' in the fields of propaganda, culture and education and solve
which were dorninated by the tgatg of fotrrt or
lems-in ihor. areas and departments
tsecond National Conference ontrearning
affected by their sabotage; and ca1led the
and will soon
from Tachai in AgricultLlre' and a number of other important conferences
f Taching in IndusEn/.
call the'National Conference on Iearning rom "'

and most
The purge is continuing across China in an attempb to isotrate the strongest
have been cal1ed on
resolute leaders from the masses. The two major conferdnces that
the agricultural ancl industrial fronts, under the guise of "Learning from Tachai" anci
,,Leaining from Taching' have been important events in.carrying out the "rectification."
and light industry have '
These, alo.g with lower-level conferences on railroad, petroldum
present leadership in the various in-
as their central goal consoli<lating control of the
dustrial and agricultural fronts by re-organizing the 1ocdl l'eadership and remwing their
from Taching in Indusbryr" held in
opponents. In the "National Conference on Learning
gave this description of the
May, L977, yu Chiu-li, Vice Premier of the State Council,
goals of the "rectif ication" in Progress:

,,This job the gangof f:trr'Ihas notyetbeen taken

fthe r'emoval of thetfollowers of
y73, in a few localities and units mainly because the leadership
up in a satisfactorl,
there either fails to grasp the key link or is encumbered with personal concerns
.l.d theretore fainthe.rrted and hesitant in tction. In some case-s' the leading conl-
radesthemselr,'escionothavecleanhandsandrmOreoveltarereluctanttOrTlaKea
the Party and to the masses ' ' The
clean break with the gang and tell everhthing to
measures in the light of the
higher lbading bodies concerned must take effective
units as soon as possible so that
concrete situatj.on to solve the problems in these
situation.
they can rapidly catch up with our present excellent
provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions' as
The parby .o'.-itt.es of the
analyze and study the leading
well as the departmcnts concerne.l, should seriously
The Parby committees of the
bodies of the enterprises under their administration.
concerned
provinces. munici.palities and autonomous regions and the departments
 ,)7

problems in their leading

should directly help those enterprises whrch have many
without delay' Speical at-
bodies and quickly ,o1,r. these problems one af ter another
enterprise'
;;;i;;" be pqid to selecting and appointing the two top leaders in each
the leading bodies of key
This year-.rit
*" fjrst of all aJ a gooi-job of consolidating
-.rrt affect the national economy as a whole. " (PR #22, L977, pp.72-13
enterprises which
and p. 19)

Hua Kuo-feng, pre-

t the "National Conference on Learning from Tachai in Agriculture",
Premier of the State Cotmcil, and Chairman
:nt Ctrairman of the Central Committee,
of four" and
i the Militarry commission, called for the conbinued criticism of the "P-ang
and went on to sayi'
ire"rectif icationtt to be the "central task for t977 r'r

,,plans have been made at th.is conference f or Parfy consolidatlon and rec-
The central Committee is goingE htulch a mo/e-
tification in the countryside.
throughout the Party at an opportune
ment of Party consoliclation and r:ectification
On the basis of ideological educition, we should conscien-
moment next year.
probtem of varying degrees of impurity
tiously, resolutely, and carefully solve'the next year'
work . ' At an approprjate time
in ideolory, organization, and style of and autono-
peoples, c;#:;;s'should be held in the prwinces, municipalities'
and democrahic consultation' comrades
mous regions, and af,ter fu1l discussion fbrth by chairman
*""r"ots set
who neet the five requi:cements for wortlry
and have their ggnuine support should
Mao, maintain close links with the masssr old'
leading bodies composed of the
be elected into Revolutionary Committees, more active role
rhe middle-a*d, and the yoilg, wlrich shoul'dbe 1o.p]:I "
"LUfga
(PR #!, LE77' pp' 40-41)
leadershlp of the Party: "
nnder the centtalized

plan a complete rcorgaya.tion and nrectification" of the

It,s obvious the present leaders
the masses at a local level'
parfy at all levels'and a re-election of all the leaders of by
shows how the continued purge is takingplace'
Anarticle in Pekinq Review #!0, 1977, and rec-
the Centerlrotrnd the co,ntry to carry out "criticism
sending work t""*lfto*
d.f ica tion" :
have given top
committees in all provinces, prgfectures and counties
"Party
priority to this task fto criticize the 'gan! of four'] of paramor:nt importance'
and cadres have been sent'to
Numerous work teams made up of off ice workers the
members have been'dispatched 9o
the cor.rntryside. Some 400'000 work-team and Fukien
Anhwei, szechuan, shansi
rural areas in the five provinces of Honan,
alone since the beginning of the year' "
China where the new
are among f ourteen provinces in
The f ive prwinces rnentioned here ln Honan the Army
admit having serious problems in consolia.iir,g their cont.rol. (the largest
leaders
take over the administr.rtion of the chlngchc'w Railroad Bureau
was sent in to
in to various cities'
jt'rction in the cotntry)t in Fukien t2' 000 soldiers were sent
railroad quell distrrr-
offices, schools, and neighborhoods to
rural villages, mines, govelnment of civil war" by
has teen described as in'ra state
bances, and the situati-on in $,vezh'an
the new leaders.
-fr

1
eri

According to the bourgeois pness, Peking Radio broadcasts have reported that PI"A
troops have been sent to Chekiang, Kiangsu, Fuki,en, Szechuan, and Kungtung pro-
vinces to put dgm disturbances, and have battled peoplest militia r.rnits in Chekiang
and Kiangsu prwinces, resulhing in hundreds of deaths (Rockv Mt. News. Feb. 24,1977\,
According to other reports, intense confUct wer the continuing purge has also occurred
in Hupeh, Hopeh, Ki,angsi, Htnan, Anhwei, Shensi, Shansi, and Liaoning prwinces
(from Chineseradio broadcasts as cited by the N.Y. Times of December 25r30r31r1975'
and Jarr. 4, L977).

Tle"rectification", which took ptraceat f,irst only in Pekingand Shanghai, and

partioulariy in the central leading bodies, has by nriw progressed to local levels. It is
a process that is mee ting strong resistance. The work teams and the arrry are
the two main f orces in the campaigt tq gonsolidate revisionist pourer.

We have little information as to the names of the replacemerrts in the ministries and on
a local level, and less as to the history of gfureplacemenbs- Houever, those we do knor
about f ollo,v a consistent lnttern. Su Chen-hua, *1o repl,aced Chang Chun-chiao as First
party Secretary in Shanghai, was a top Parfy leader before the Cultural Revolution but
was criticized during that Revolution and was not admitted to the 9th Central Committee.
He was readmitted to the 10th Central Committee in 1973along with Teng Hsi,ao-ping.
The new Minister of Culture, Hua Shan, is a journalist who was criticized during the
Cultr:ral Revolution. An Ping-sheng, new Party Secretary in Yunnan prwince was for
10 years depufy to Wei Kuo-ching, one of the remaining members of the Political Bureau
who was Party Secretary of Kwangtrrng prorrince. Both violently suPPressed the Red
Guards at the outset of tte Cultural Revolution. An Ping-shengrs new Deputy'Secretary
and Vice Chairman of the Yunnan Prwince Revolutionary Committee, CBn Pei Hsien,
was the Parfy Secre'tary of Shanghai before the revisionist Pourer strrrcture there was
overthro,,rn in the Cultural Revolubion. In the accounts of the January Storm in Shanghai i
on can read about his exploits to try to beat back the Rebel Workersr Movement during
the Cultgral Revolution and to defend his revisionist cligrr which ruled Shanghai. The
former Railway Minister and close associ,ate of Teng Hsibo-ping, Wan Li, who was :emoved
in the spring of 1976, is now reported by the bourgeois press to be Minister of Light
Industry. The Railway Ministry is no,rrn:n by Tuan Chunai, who was remo/ed during the
Cultural Revoluti8lifor promoting revisionist policies as head of the Ministry of Farm
Equipment.

Apologists for the rrew governmentemphasize the "mistakes" nnadeduring the Cultural
Revolution and say thes are now b"ing "corrected. " Considering the gercral pattern of
the changeorer in leadership now taking place, it seems more likely the present leaders
consider tle entire Cultural Revolution a "big mistake". Many of the remainin$ members
of the PoUtical Bu.reau, srrch as Yeh Chien-ying, Hsu Shi-yu, Su Chen-hu, Wei Kuo-ching,
and Li Hsien-nien resisted the Cultr.rral Revolution all the way along.

Let us make it clear thatwe have nothingagainst puBes, r:eorganizations, and rectifica-
tions of parties, if it is done to help build socialism, clean out the capitalist-roaders,
and consolidate the dictatorship of the proletariat. Butwhat is the pur?o* of this
"rectification"? To clean out leaders that uphold MArxism-Leninism, consolidate the
dictatorship of the bor.rrgeoisie,and restore capitalism.

t,
 99

The fact that millions of people came-to

the gigantic ralli,es that were held to',celebrate
the victory oner the teFng of fotrr' and
Hua', comr'inced many people that
the "gang of four". must be wrong an! "uppor?--d"irrn".,
it des shotrrthat the Right can mobilize
peoPh in china in ite support, eipecialyfuaight.
whe-nii t,,"" party pourer in its traias. The
definitely has some pull with a sector Right
of the chinese ;nople, as it demonstrated
bihng huge contingpnts of workers and in mo-
students to fight the Rebels in the cultural
Revolution' [n some cibies, srrch as shanghai,
they mobilized many hundreds of tho'sands
of workers in such opport,nisbi,cally-na*Ja
as the ,rscarlet Guards to de_
fend lvlao Tse-t'ngThought" "o"lin'g"nt"
tofigirt ttre nebei.lia the goals of the.ctrlr.ral Revolution.
They caused much confwion and rnlrly outnumbered
the iebels in sonre cases, sr:ch as in
wtrhan. The struggle drrring the cultural Revolution
was no simple bne-sided battle.
once again, in April of 1976' the Right rnade a viol,ent
shour of Ering to rally
rE55gt of peoptreto demonstrate in support of Teng Hsiao-ping."t""r,g;
Even in these anti-
Farty demonstrations, tliey ralliea hunaleas of
thousands of peopb, and nor,rrthat they
have Farty control, itrs not surprising at al.l that they
can mobilize millions. The fact
that several million of chinats 800-mirJion people came out
in support of the new gq/ern-
ment is not decisive in deciding which lirc is right, or who
wil ultirnately win.
Given the fact that the Pr-A is in the hands of the Right and
that it was used to defend
the takeover, it is not srrrprising that the opponents oe tn"
purge did not come out into
the stteets in rnassive demonslfations or pt""t"" the walls
*itt"uig"haracter postrers.
The struggle will norp be a protracted struigle, not a
rnatter of a week of demonstrations
or factory takeovers. strateg/ that ilie chinese communist revolutionaries nou,
-The
follorr must be determined carefrttv uv them, given the situation that is developing
in
China.
 t0o

1E . HE RE D S TA R WI L L RI S E A G A I N I N CHI NA

"If the Right stagp an anti-communist

coup dletat i1 china, I am strre
know no peace either and their they will
rule will *ort probably be short
will not be tolerated by the revolubionaries, lived, because it
*r.,o the interests of the
people making up more than ".pr.sent
90% of the population.,,' (clairman Mao, as quoted
chou En-lai in his speechto tie 10th parry congress,
l;iit'*r lg7g. . pR #3s,

In order.to victoriously wage class struggle the proletariat

must have its own party
based on Marxism-Leninism-Mao Tse-tung thought and the leadership of this
p.rty'*rrt
be in the hands of the proletariat and fo{ow. the revolutionary proletarian 1ine. without
this the proletariat will become dividecl and debilitated and will be r:nable
to lead the
masses of people towards communism and a classless sociefy.

The natr:re of a parly is determined not by the fact ihat revisionists

exist within it,
but by whichelement is dominant - the proletariat o1 the bourgeoisie,
The proletari,an
party must be resolutely defended while the revisionist bo1rrgeJis
elements in it must be
firmly combatted. However, the natr:re of the parfy change-s completely
if the bor"rr-
geoisie usurp Pou/er in it and become the dominant force,
th" tasks oe tn" proletarian
revolutionaries also completely change . : "-rd

In the soviet union, when the proletariat's parfy was criminally usurped by the Khr.ushchev
revisionist clique, it became the task of the Soviet proletariat to overthroil the p"rty
and the new bourgeois State and once again institute the dictatorship of the proletar;at.

Drrring the history of the ccP, opportunist elements

have gained leading positions in the
Parfy and have misdirected the Parfyts policies and
causedLemendous setbacks. Beuween
1927 and 1935, the'three Leftlines" prevailedandcaused tremendous setbacks. These
inner-parrvq' struggles represented the sfruggle between
the proletSriat and bhe bourgeosie
but at that time the principal front of strulgle was
the armed sbuggle between the com-
,i
t, . P1ud91 botrrgeoisie, the rich landlords and the imperialists on the one hand and the rnzrsses
of chinese peasants ard workers, 1ed by the cominunist party,
on the other. since libera-
tion, the principal front.of the struggle between the proletariat and the bor.rrgeoisie has
shif ted to within the Parry ancl this ,*L"r the revisionist f orces within thc party
particularly dangerous.' since liberation, the
struggles against the bor.rrgeois headqnarters
of IGo IGtgand Jao shu-shih, of Peng Teh-huai, of r.i"
s#o-chi, of Lin,.piroand of reng
Hsiao-ping have been particularly intense struggles.
A11 of these leaders had achieved
control of a large portion of Parfy and state po*"".
However, neither they nor the various
opportunists before liberation were able to
out a wholesale purge of the party or con-
solidate their control, and when the struggles "."ry
intensified, a1l of ih"*, one after another,
were defeated.

However, today Ehe revisionists have carried

out and are,carrying out a Right-wing ptrrge
bhe Parfy the magnitude of which has never been of
seen before. They have consolidated con-
Erol of tlre rnost important bodies in china.
There obviously is and there is bound
to continue
 100

and between the

to be struggl,e within the central leadingbodies, in the loca1 leading bodies
deEermined that the
central and 1ocal bodies. However, we believe that it has already been
Parfy of China and its
revisionists have seizedand co4solidated control of the Communist
proletarian character has been changeil.

The Chinese Marxist-Leninist revolutionaries may choose, to the extent possible, to stay
harder and
within the CCP and wage struggle there, but it is likely that this will become
harder. Op"n debate will be difficult, too. Clandestine organizations and then a new CCP
There
will have to be forrped and the struggle will eventr.ally have to be armed and violent.
is no alternative but to form a new Comm..nist Party of China to lead the proletari'aL. :
i

When the anti-Party revisionist renelade Pteng Teh-huia, who was Minister of Defense, l

treasonously tried to lead the PLA away from the line of Chairman Mao in 1959 in an
attempt to usurp Party and state power, Chairman Mao declared: "In that case, I will
go to the countryside to lead the peasants to ovelthrorry the government. If those of
you in the Liberation Army wonrt follow me, then I will go and find a Red Army, and
organize another Liberation Army. rl
Fut I think the Liberation Army would.follow Fne.
(from Chairman Mao Talks to the People, ed. Schram, Pantheon, Ig74l
The Party and the PI"A kicked out Preng Teh-hui and followed the correct line in 1959,
but norp the opposite has happened. The revisionists have consolidated control of the
Party, the state, and the Arm3r.

The revisionists, in their attempt to restore capitalism, inevitably will have to reverse
the nany advances of the Cultural Revolution, attack and root up the socialist rew
things, increase the divisions between the workers and managers, isolate themselves
from the masses and rely mor"e and more on top down authorify in order to rr,rn the
e@nomy. As they develop mot and more capitalist forms, the econorqf will become
more anarchic and will stagnate and become crisis-ridden, as has aLready happenedin
the soviet union. They can increase wages to try to btry off a section of tlre Chinese
workers and pnasants through material incentives. But their policies are bound to
create moLe and more contradictions between themselves and the 1nople, and these
contradictions will inevitably lead to their dopnfall.

The Chinese have the advantage that they have been through the greatest and most
massive revolution the world has ever seen and have been through the Great Proletarian
Culttrral Revolution and over two decades of socialism. They have millions of communist
cadres experienced in Marxist-Leninist theory and making revolution. We will r.urdoubteti'
1y seeranoth'er great Chinese revolution that will. forge more thanever the Chinese
groplest iron det?mjnation to carry through the revolution to communism.

On the eve of the October purp, the Parfy Committee and the poorand lower middle
;:easants of the Tachai, Production Brigade declared:

,,We must always remember the Partyts bisic 1ine, get a thorough understanding
of Chairman Maors teachings that the bourgeoisie is right in the Communist
parfy, and set our minds for a long struggie against the capitaHst-toaders.
Whoever engages in restoration and retrogression will have a rebellion on his
hands! . Todayts Tachai grew out of struggle. Given the course set by
Chairman Mao for combatting and opposing revisionism, we shall struggle no
matter how many and how great the storms and stresses that lie before us. "
(PR #41, Oct. 8, 1976, p. 22\

A few days before Chairman Maors death, Peking Review carried an article, "Proletar-
ians are Revolutiondry Opeimists. " The article seri/es as an inspiration to Chinese re-
volutionaries in their struggle to regain power in China:

"If the capitalist-roadersr plot to usurp Party leadership and seize state power
is not exposed and smashed in good time, there will be a.dictatorship of the
bourgeoisi,e over the proletariat; and if thir revisionist line is not criticized,
the gainsg[ the revolution achieved by the proletariat both in the superstructure
and in the e.conomic tase will be lost. . The declining classes are like a giant tree
which has losL its life and is rotten to its foundation. lffuever, they will not re-
treat from.the stage of history of their accord
o\Arn but will carry on a death-bed
struggle to protect their lives with every possible means. An old system will
Ue Uuriea only af ter many reverss for a fairly long historical period. In the
past, the r"eplacement of an old system by a new and the triumph of a rising
class over a decadent and declining class invariably took place af ter a long and
tortuous struggle. This is the case with the revolutions in the past in which
one exploiting system replaced another. The proletarian revolution which aims
at completely eliminating the bourgeosire and all other exploiting ctasses and all
exploiting systems will of course take much lonpr time and will go through rnany
more twist-s and turns and reverscs.
 102

Chairman lVlao has pointed

out:

ffi"#::{*r
tttt
Dorr*
-
caeitall"t-roaa.i
good-heart"d ";11?
rha ar*.!r^r.!_-
gs
ll"dd'
it is inevitable that .
tionaqvrranks shoul!"o*t"dilTong
ut the ilrusion that the revoru-
n*. "r*"ffiG
and
"uttr*",, the revorutionary road shoulcrbe ab-
to *h';-t-t*rL.,
;*:::3."rT?:tlt: wirh twists and rurns, they

;!:rn:iii::i:r.k"f*iff
becomede-

eshima E or"r"1"
.ym;r*r,xi.lr:t*:;1fu
rorces.
,
il';:ff ii.:.*jt -strperficial
way of thinking is to a g:reat subjective,
:ili?i:ltrtr, :.rt**.;
cannotdistinguistr ttie J"*""t "*t*, and lnelsrded; they
r"o* tr-upp""-".i
secondaryaspect of things., the main aspect from the
s. rL,. ""u
*evir" 1"y "*ry""-"r""." struggre ,r* futtue of
";"iiv i"fl*"..a-'u, |ssimisei" ";;
ia.., spread
lf#in:oprnent' by *r"
In spib of the fact that
our struggle against the
prgtracted and tortuous botrrgeoisie in the party will
and that'tt**;" be
th. d.d" of capitarist restoration
*JT*lfr
and
theproletariat
H:f is *::t^ ; +;; ;.L;' n geoisieisdoo me drorail
bounat" t
",r".*i;""J'*'::::HfffiT''ii::T*".i?:
of historicaf a".,r.i[nent
. ,The
:::f1T"Ol general ar^--l t . . . surF?occ;a- ^? !L^ -1I ,
--

(PR #36, Is76) .t (IV[aoTse-t*g,

-V

l03

19. .^III-AT ARE TI1E DUTIES OF MARXIST-LENIMSTS AROUND THE WORLD

IN THE FACE OF THIS GREAT SETBACK?

The seiztrre of the Parfy and state in China by the revisionists is without a doubt the
greatest setback for the proletariat in China and around the world since the revisionist
seized po$rer in the tybt Union af ter the death of Comrade Joseph Stalil

The proletariat around the world has lost an important ally and leader in its struggles
against imperialism, social-imperi,alism, and capitalism in gpneral. We have losiin
important teacher in how to continue socialist revolution and socialist construcbion after
the sei2r:re of state Power by the proletariat. We have lost ogr principal leader in the
struggle against modern revisionism.

Many Marxist-Leninists around the wqrld do not want to accept this. Ivlanywould
rather close their eyes and have blind fafbh that the Chinese, no matter what scientific
analysis shows, are still headed on the socialist road. This does not change the setback;
it only aggravates and supports it. [n order to move forward, we must ao^Iyr. what
has happenedand wtry it happened, and resoLutely strpport the Chinese who a::e engaggd
a.
in th struggle to rectify the situation.
l',
i;
The geiaue of porer by the revisionists in the Sqriet Union set the worldwide eommurist
i.. il movement back decades. But the refusal to recognize this fact by many comm'nist par-
ii r:
';..!- fies aror'lnd the world, and their consequent consolidation arorrnd the revisionist line, set
r: . i : back the communist movement decades morie. In the United States as in many.other
; il)
t ,, i, corrntries, only within the last decade have some of us'b."1 able tobecome clearabout
f,q!lir
the danger of revisionism and begin to build a new commurrist party.
ai

{. f.,
i ;.i{
I ,ii Nottrwe have more ex;:erience behind us and we cannot afford to lose another decade in
1{
Si,ji
recognizing the seizure of porver by the revisionists in China. j We must not contjnue to
r '4
i
support the revisionists in their suppression of the Mandst-Leninist revolutionary
EI *i: forces in Chfura!
lilitl ,

!
Mat'rywould like to siy, "Maybe the revisionists have taken potrerand maybe they haven't,,
we'Il know in a few years. "
li:
b1_ h-
G'
Comrades, the facts of the two-line struggle in China are all the:e in front of you to
I be studied right no,u! Laziness or ref usal to study and analyse the sitr.ration is one symp-
tom of closing your eyes in order not to face the truth!

There are rnany Marxist-Leninist organizations in the United States that look at the
Chinese line before and the Chinese lire after the purge as one and the sann thing and
they have gotten themselves all tied up in supporfing two contradictory lines. 1.te
october League (M-L), f or example, congratulabd the ccP for the removal of
Teng
Hsi,ao-ping in the spring of L976with these words:

The present struggle against the Right deviationist wind, which has targeted
the line of Teng Hsiao-ping, is a good example of the character of these two-
line struggles, been targeted throughout this struggle as the re-
lenglas
presentative of the old and newly emerged bourgeoisie in China
. . Teng Hs1ao-
 104

ping and all capitaUst-roaders oppose the task of continuing the class struggle
trnder the dictatorship of the proletariat. " (c1ass strusgle, spring, l9i6j

Norvthe oL objectively congratulates the CCP for pr.rging Tengts critics, for discon-
ti"uitg the struggle against Teng Hsiao-ping, and backhandedly defending tri*. What will
they say if Teng is brought back into official power? Last year the oL used yao Wen-yuan,s
arbicle "On the Social Basis of the Lin Piao anti-Party Cliqtre" as an item for study among
their cadres. Now thatarticle is calledrranti-Party" by the new Chineseleaders
1in #SOr-p.tS
L976). The OL still proudly presents the film "Breakingwith Old Ideas"f apparently sn-
awere that it has been denorrncedby implication as 'ranti-Farty and coturter-revolutsionary,,
by ttE present Chircse governncnt.

As a ::esult of their repl,acing blind faith f or scientific analysis, 'the October Leag.e
naively considers that the puge of the "g3tg of foud' was part oFthe same tradition
as the ptrrge of Teng Hsiao-ping and the struggle to beat back the Right deviationist
attempt! '

The October Leagr,e is by no means al.one. In fact, the majority of lVlarxist-Leninist

organizations in tlp USA have come out in support of the new leaders and the purge.
fhese organizations nour have an r.mprincipled and inconsistentview of the class struggle
in China. They supported the struggle to beat back the Right deViationist wind last year
and tlds year ttrcy support the complete reversal of that struggle. Oppoctunistically,
they side with whichever line comes out on top in the two-line struggl,e.

To come up with Marxist-Leninist analysis is not as easy as echoing whoever is editing

the Pekine Review at a certain time. If the Peking Review is presenting a correct
analvsis now. then last vear when the " gane of f our" and their lupporters wene editing itl
it was incorr?ct! Either one has to denonnce the line presented tast vear (along with the
films and articles representinLit). as the new Chinese leaders have done. and then rnake

last vear (alons with the films and articles supportins it) and clenounce the presenf CCP
line and the current leaderst usurpation of power. To do amrthing else is eclectic. r,rrr-
principled. and anti-Mancist. 't

Chairrnan Mao has said:

"Either the East wind pi'evails qrer the West wind, or the West wind prevails
wer the East wind; the::e is no room for compromise on the qr,esfion of the
two lines, " ( Wheelwright & McFarlane, MR
Press)

t\
It is not a qlestion of whether China is "takinga more moderate path" or that maybe the
present leadership is 'ra Uttle revisionist but still basically on the socialist path, as
"
some people in the USA (principa.lly tlre editors of the Guardi,an) would have us believe.
There are always revisionists and :cevbionist trends within i p"tty, but the qtesfion is:
Which is the dominant force in the Party - Marxism-Leninism or revisionis.m? Who is
exercising the leadership -jf;robtariat or the bourgeoisie?

^It ls possible that by now the oL, recently declared

{ . tr !

"communist iarty M-L,,, has been

informed of the "new verdict" and has discontinued showing
this brilliant film. The film
is no longer advertised in Hell as it was r.rntil a few m-onths ago.
 ot
of the proletariat of the world and the importance
china has long been the vanguard organizations
If the Marxist-Ieninist
U" *tt"'ti,,.'utta'
the question of China ..nnot
no'tr put f orward by the present Chinese leaders'
in the USA continre to fotlow the line
themselves' as the cPUSA and many communist
they will r:ndoubtedly become revisionist
the revisionist line of the communist
parties around the world have done in following
of productive
party of the scviet union. They will find themselves echoing the "theory
1ine, class struggle, and urinterrupted revolution'
forcesr,,and a"no*,"lng ti-r"
-u"r by the present Chinese
The criticisms of the ';gang of f our" now being put fon'rrard
USA abrcady closely parallel many of the criticisms
leaders and repeated by'many in the
put forward to denounce Mao Tse-tr:ngand the
the Soviet revisionists have consistently
enfi:ce Chinese revolution.
t
and the capitalist
r L^
Press
nr es s
The commr:nist Party of tlre united states
^r ^L- - ^- r ^r - i l al i ql -

china. The revisionists and the capi-

have the same verdict on the recent events in
has finally come toher senses! They
talists join together in one chorus to siy:''china
is idealistic and,impractical, Mao Tse-tung
say Marxism-Leninism-Mao Tse-tr:ng thought
was a zealot, an unrealistic "ultralett" idealistand that the Great Proletarian Cult'ral
They aocl'aim the new revisionists in China
Revolution was an irresponsible adventr:re.
culture' indusbry' agriculture
and their moves to change Chinats policies in education,
In fypical capitalist fashiont they claim
and foreign trade to be more "prac-tical".
not workers and lnaSants' and that in-
that education's p*pot. is to Lain "experts",
material incentive capitalist
dustry has tobe iun-by,,experts,, ona profit motive,
workers in command' In fypically
basis - not based or, piol"tarian politics with the
Thirdworld country
imperialist fashion, ihey clamor.rrthat it is only "practical'fora
on its o'rrn strength'
tit<e Ctrlna to sell its oil and bqy foreign technolory - not.rely
and revisionists around
A11 these claims, along with those of the Chinese revisionists
interests' To defend commu-
the world, are base{ on bourgeois mentality and capitalist
Mao TEe-twrg, we must rpsolute-
nism, as setforthby Marx, Engels, Lenin, stalinand
We must defend
ly and thoroughly reje5t this realoning of capitalistic "pracfidality".
of nutting ttre prole-
the workersr and n"uJhtrr right to edulation and the correctness
t"rlrt and the pealantry and iroletarian politics in command of industry and agricultr.rre.
We must defend the correctness of an underdevlopd socialist coqntry relying on its own
strength while making foreign technoloy subsidiary, ad thoroughly reject the comprador-
bo,rrgJois ideas blx+t the imperialists impose on the Third World nations. We must defend
the Chinese proletalan arE and throughly reject the capitalistic "freedom'r in art to create
revisionist, feudal, an'dcapitalist progrganda.

and anti-China to criticize and attack the revisionists

It is not counter-revolutionarry
and a ina to the
in China - i

china, in its 2E years of liberation, has brought socialism to the most advanced
stagerideologicaily, that the world has ever sen" It created new ways to combat re:
visionism and pulproletarian politics in command. It showed us ho^' to mobilize
Lhe masses and socialist revolution aginst revisionism in the period of
"oid.,"t us hol to put the workers in command of the factories, peas-
socialism. It showed
Party and
ants in command of the communs and the proletari,at in comrnand of the
 IU b

manqal and mental

hegwe rnment.
-
he gorernmenr'
r.t showed u5 PracElcdr
i.-:1": i ::ffi :'::l ffi
weJ
&:l;:"Jl'-T;*:
.*.i.rr1tul.
Tf:
These lessonS
cannot

rbor,thecitv and
l
.T :::?::{:* x{*mr;-.!fr ih
,1";;;; iv' theract tlrl!,:H:t:Hl';
ural
he
'
atP

Revo

H,:::T:.$"fm;=::*i*}i'*#tr;s'
danger
oangs: than
"T'.rit
we maY
jif
Ihe lesson ot Ene,'=:.:^":-:; have
t
i!,:3,-#:i
rrro re j*
""alized
and thertore musL
its hea6'..ttt-':^tj-r.i
LE !veb'--,,-o1"-
we can took
aruunia, as
t"rf""t
;erlous
#i*"',=il:;Aryi*i:#:
solurelyroorhanona'rT:il::L:*:#f."f
*l*r..r"t it raises
"sr:ec;atry
;:'#"JTll.:x*rffi
;f:o fiuF "J;it';';;;*:::fi
pvv----
rs,",,a-*
leade JX :yfl4*1il"tr'*ri?.4*".{r.::'nsa11'ver
,:Yi"li:ilff
;;'i;;;;'!he'ry
nrr*r- fiol than
a::iy:X.';"lT
.;"ff
everr Jou wrLx
Ji,'.lffiffi "q
'":-:--]..,
J.'"' a
,r.--* nd
and carrying on
carryingon
'",.1J'=-*"*'1'-iT"::onsallover
X.!,ll;"tlF:[i'ffi#
the world :' ::::;;.o tr"lt.-g thought!
'.i1'.?Jl1
Marxism-Lenuusr

BRIGHT' TITE R()AD IS TORTUROUS

THE FUTURE IS

china StudY GrouP

57 Squth Bannocx
*nu.t, Coloradb 80223
usRI
* Yi::1tlJl",,rT
written
revised,
slightlY
 ,
; lol

RE S O URCE S

we present this study to Ma:rcist-Leninist comrades

in the interest of furthering debate
and stu:ly about the two-line struggle in china. There
are many qrcslions we have not
dealt with in oH: among the.m the division between tmnand countryside
I, and the
movements which -*nhave been launched tonarrour itr,suchas the May 7th Road;
the struggle
of women f or eqr:ality j the qrrestion of the national minorities
trcfu position in the
autonomous regions and the central organs; a compl,ete analysis"nd
of the two-line struggle
in the Pr'A and its role in the seizure- of power by the
the question of Lin
his Rightand "r,eft" errors and the movement to""ririJ"ts;
criticize him; the qr.esaionof
lho'
foreign affairs, the superpowers, the 2nd World, th Third World,
and international
proletarian sfrategy. we have tried to deal with some of
the mostimportant d.omestic fro'
in the'two-1ine struggle of the l,ast twoyears, those issr:s that
have come upconsis-
tently in the reports in the ps}:lg Re",ieq, esSncially during the struggle
tobeatback
the Right deviationist trend and since ihe,p.oge of octoberi tgle.

we began this study because we were deeply disturbed about

trre possitle significance of
octoberrs purgF. The :esearch we have done so faf is limited,
b-ut we are convinced
from the materials so far available to r.rsthat fr.rrther study will only
confirm more
clearly the conclusions presented. As the revisionists
thelr pourer in china,
they will r'rndoubtedlyhave to become more and more bold "or,"tlid.t"
in presenbing their revisionist
line in order to carqy out their programs
We are continuing to carefully obsenre the process in China
and a:ce involved in further
researching the above qrrestions. We plan to write a contintration
of this study that
will include the qtestion of women as werl as the furthdr
changes in policies .r,a u."i"
tin that the revisionists wirl undoubtedly continre to rnakri. Lnyor*
who is inte:rested
in receiving a coFy of succeeding documents should write
to us - and let ns knour if you
a:re undertakirg similar studies.

Tlre present study wilJ inevitably contain errors and t

inadeq*"L". we welco-
tions and criticisms from all readers. Listed here are "o"*"-
a,number of books and articles
that were among our most usef ul sources. Suggestions
fot furthe:r
- ;-- reading will be
appreciated,

The basic resourc+fpr this study has been two magazines published in china:
peHne Review,
January, 1975, ,. to lylayrrl977(weekly), and
Janr:ary, L976, t<j ilIay, 1977 (monthly) @,
These rnagazines a:re.both availabtrefrom ciina Books
and periodicals:
2929 24th St., San Francisco, California 94110
210West Madison St. , Chicago, Illinois 60606
125 Fif th Ave. , lrbw york, U. y. 10003

Feking Review is published in Engrish, Faench, spanish,

It contains ltEny articles which exlrin the Jalnrese, and Gerrnaa
line oi tt. chinese communisJp"rl."a
the current struggles. As we have said in the
body of this paper, the editcship of
these maqazineschaned in October of 1976. pR *eZ,
of November-December' 1976, and
't976,-ane tho firet ire.p" which @
present leaders. rrcpresent *E lim oi tt=
 tu {

W e re com m endth e fo11opin g a rticlesfro m@, f o rs p e c ia 1 s t u d y :

rfMarx, Engels and Lenin

on the Dictatorship of the Proletariat: Questions and
Answers" 12 parts, pR #40-51, L1TS(also available in booklet form
from Books New
China, 53 E. Broadway, N. y. , N. y. 10002)
"constitution of Peoplers Reprrblic of china; s;neches to the second plenary
-!! Central
Session of the 10th Commitber'f by ctnng Chr:n-chiaoand chou En-trai,
PR #4, 1975
'rSlreechesby Chou En-lai and Wang Hung*wen to the 10th party Cong:ress,,pR #3S-
36, 1973
"Advance victoriously Along chairman Maors Line in Army Buil.ding,,, Eg #s, 197s
"On the Soci,alBasis of the Lin Pi,aoAnbi-party Cliqlrcr,r yao{en-yuan, pR #10r1975
(also available in Stu{I Program f or Lenints State and Revolution, o"tol""
Leagrr,
Box 5597, Chicago, IU. 60d80)
"Smalland Medium-sized Industries play Big Roler'' pR #45, lgTS
f'Betrpeencadres P""r"nts'r and'social.ist New peasantsr,, pR #40, #4r, rgTs
"rd
"Fundamental Differences between the Two Lines in Educationr,' pR #lo, 197d
"Criticizing the Program for Cagitalist Restorafionr" pR #13, 19Z6
"An Endless Florp of Srrccessors to the Cause of Proletari,an Revolution" and "A
Dynamic Cotrnty Farty Commitber" pR#26, #27, 1976 ,'
"Inner-Party Struggle and Party Developmentr" pR #34, 1976 !

"Comments on Teng Hsiho-pingts Economic Ideas of the Comprador Bor:rgeoisie,"

PR #35, 1975
"Working Class Occupyingand Transforming the Sulnrstructurer" PR #37, 1976

The foll.orring artictres contain the major attacks against the ,,gang of four,,: j
i
j

"The tGangbf Fo,.rrt: A Scourge of the Nationr,' EE #4g, Lg76

i
i
t

"Strrech by Chairrnan Hua, " Pt #1, lgZT

"Premirer chou in the Great cultr.rral Revolutionr" pR#4, Lg77
"A Component Part trf the tC-tg of Fourtsr Plot to Usurp Party and State Power:
What was their aim in calling for tcre6tilrg lierary works on the struggle against
capitalist-roaders?t' PR #5, Lg77 t
"Ho1t the rGangof For.rrfUsed Shanghaias a Baser', and "ExposingWang Hung-wents
Scheme to Thror,vChina into.Disorder" pR #6, !g77
"Study Documents Well and Grasp IGy Link" pR #g, 1977
"Chang Chr:n-chiaoTampers with Chairman Maots Educational Policy" p A, #g, 1927
"Mechanizaf,ion: Fundamental Way out for Agriculture" pR #9, 1977
"Foreign Trade: wtf the rGang of For:rr created confusion" pR #9, 1972
"Ferreting Out tthe Bourggoisie in the Armyr - Ancther tC,a.g of Fourr Schemer,,
PR #10, 1977
"Vice Premier Yu Chiu-lits Report', PR #22, 1977

Serious Struggle in Scientific and Technical Circles" PR #16, 1977

"Grasp the IGy Link in Rwrning the Countrry WeIl. . " PR #lE, l97Z
 tol

we recommend the fonor,ving books for backgror.'rd

information:

originally ptrblished by

l-^-u- h n
r:::"t.- r.xql_i,,s
;E-il;effil'ffiffi ,svq Lll,alS

ijJ p3 j*- I 1;,

or lJ^T:}tu:-l
theccp. rr li, wri*eneo"
was icp
i" a"p*,irc L ;" principle
IJ; fi';;";riiT " s
::1-t'fny1s
parfy building)

Works of Mao Tse- Fo:cign LangrragesPress, Peking

.(availablefrom China Books, ZgZgZ*ttsAE Calif. 94U0)
The follo,r'ing articl,es are especi,ally usef ul:
i On Contradiction, p. 85 A
g r-et the whole *:*. u"iF iight to Accomprish its Tasks, p. 38
!l
t The Probtrem of combathirg "r,aErrorieors Tendencies within al-'";;; p. 352
t
i Preserre the Style of plain Living and Hard Struggle, p.
On the Feoplest Democratic Dictatorship, pi 371
362
t
lr on the correct Handling of contradictions A*orrg the peoptre
$; speech at the ccp's Nationar conference on proftgnda , p. 432
E-: l wo"rr''b. ago
f;
Lt:

l-
Foreign Languages press, peking, 1976
! (also avaitrable from Books
i.
:
L
I',
8",,,"
t);;

:.:. Pantheon, 1974 , sttrart Schramr ed.,

i.r .
t t]:
The follonring articles are espcially usef ul:
F:; Talks at Clungtu: Against Blind Faith in l-earning,
,. n

i':i
p. [3
TAlk at an Enlarged central work con-ference:
tt.t:r. on oe*ocratic centralismrp. l5g
tI speech at the 10th prenum of the gth central
.l Lq committree, p. rgg
ttl Talk to Leaders of the Cent:e p. 253
li.l ,
bi Talk at the First prenum of the 9th centrar,
F* commit &e, p. zg2
iH
IT m to AS
I iIJi
George Thomson,
fl China Policp-Study Group, 52 Parli,artrent Hill,
London, IrIW3 2Tj, Eng,,1972
ftf
Ii" Ther,!*-Sat q"-""\ti"" i" qLnre, JoanRobinson, penguin Books, 1969
t:
gl*'3._:HT^1::.::.,::r-:L.9*ry:1 d""i;;;, -rr*
I; ai;r orMay 16, rr rYkly
t1
{'
!' :"?*i :P Tj:::*:.'' rvr""""g"ro Au shanghai
th:16 loTq", peopre)
i: , Jean Daubier, VintaBe, N. V. , N. y.
I
Ir: ,Lg74
::;. James Feck, Victor Nee, editors, pantheon, 1973
ii El.sieco[.ier, MonthlyReviewpress,0e73)
fr iffi f\::t
iGile, chls. Betttreheim,MR press,f
Paul Sweezy, Charles Bettl,eheim, MR press,
l97l
s been di t Union (Red Pa x;s #7
Revolubionary Commtrnis t Party, rntr, Merchandise IVIart, Chicago, nL 60654
"o*
 Iro

Nicolar'r:;,Lj.berator Press, Rox 7128,

The Restoratioryf Capitalism in the uSSR, Martin
I
ihi""go, Illinois 60580 .
New China, Inc.1I977
The Rise and Fa11 of the "Gang of Four''rr-Hsin Chi, Books

Exercisine A11-Rorlrtd Dictatorship oyer the Bourq?oisie. chang chun-chiao,

Books New China, 1975