OISD 141

FOR RESTRICTED
CIRCULATION
No.

DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS

FOR

CROSS COUNTRY HYDROCARBON PIPELINES

OISD STANDARD 141

First Edition, April 1990

OIL INDUSTRY SAFETY DIRECTORATE

Government of India
Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas

1
 OISD STANDARD - 141
First Edition
April 1990

FOR RESTRICTED
CIRCULATION
No.

DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS

FOR

CROSS COUNTRY HYDROCARBON PIPELINES

Prepared by

COMMITTEE ON
DESIGN AND INSPECTION OF
PIPELINES

OIL INDUSTRY SAFETY DIRECTORATE

2ND FLOOR, KAILASH
26, KASTURBA GANDHI MARG
NEW DELHI -110001

2
 NOTE

OISD publications are prepared
industry under Ministry of Petroleum
property of Ministry of Petroleum &
reproduced or copied and loaned or
written consent from OISD.
for use in the oil and gas
& Chemicals. These are the
Chemicals and shall not be
exhibited to others without

Though every effort has been made to assure the accuracy and
reliability of the data contained in these documents. OISD hereby
expressly disclaims any liability or responsibility for loss or damage
resulting from their use.

These documents are intended to supplement rather than

replace their prevailing statutory requirements .

3
 FOREWARD

The Oil Industry in India is 100 years old. Due to various

collaboration agreements, a variety of international codes, standards and
practices are in vogue. Standardisation in design philosophies and
operating and maintenance practices at a national level was hardly in
existence. This, coupled with feed back from some serious accidents that
occurred in the recent past in India and abroad, emphasised the need for
the industry to review the existing state of art in designing, operating and
maintaining oil and gas installations.

With this in view, the then Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas in
1986 constituted a Safety Council assisted by Oil Industry Safety
Directorate (OISD) staffed from within the industry in formulating and
implementing a serious of self regulatory measures aimed at removing
obsolescence, standardising and upgrading the existing standards to
ensure safer operations. Accordingly OISD constituted a number of
Functional Committees comprising of experts nominated from the industry
to draw up standards and guidelines on various subjects.

The present standard on Design and Construction Requirements

for Cross Country Hydrocarbon Pipelines was prepared by the Functional
Committee on Design and Inspection of Pipelines. This standard is
based on the accumulated knowledge and experience of industry
members and the various national and international codes and practices.
This standard is meant to be used as a supplement and not as a
replacement for existing codes and practices. It is hoped that the
provision of this standard if implemented objectively, may go a long way
to improve the safety and reduce accidents in the Oil and Gas Industry.
Users are cautioned that no standard can be a substitute for the
judgement of responsible and experienced engineer. Suggestions are
invited from the users after it is put into practice to improve the standard
further. Suggestions for amendments to this standard should be
addressed to the Coordinator, Committee on Inspection of Design and
Inspection of Pipelines, Oil Industry Safety Directorate, 2nd Floor, Kailash,
26, Kasturba Gandhi Marg, New Delhi-110 001.

This standard in no way supersedes the statutory regulations of

Chief Controller of Explosive (CCE), Factory Inspectorate or any other
Statutory body which must be followed as applicable.

4
 COMMITTEE
ON
DESIGN AND INSPECTION OF PIPELINES

List of Members
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Name Designation & Position in
Organisation Committee
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1. Sh.V.T. Karode Chief Engr. (P/L), OIL Leader

2. Sh.R.A. Shanbhag GM (Proj), IOCL (P/L) Member/

Leader *

3. Sh.Rao Rudravajala COM, IOCL (P/L) Member

4. Sh.S.K. Goyal DGM, ONGC Member

5. Sh.C.N. Char CE (C & M), ONGC Member

6. Sh.E.M Bhumgara DGM, (T&P/L), HPCL Member

7. Sh.R.K. Mulla COM (P/L), HPCL Member

8. Sh.R.K. Dhadda Manager (P/L), EIL Member

9. Sh.G.V.S. Saiprasad Sr. Manager (P/L), GAIL Member

10. Sh.K.K. Dutta Dy.CE (P/L), OIL Member

11. Sh.R.K. Baruah SE (M), OIL Member

12. Sh.M. Bhandari Jt.Director, OISD Member

Co-Ordinator
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
In addition to the above, several other experts from the industry contributed in the preparation,
review and finalisation of this document.

*(Took over as Leader w.e.f June/89 on Shri Karodes retirement from Oil India Ltd).

5
 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS
FOR
CROSS COUNTRY HYDROCARBON PIPELINES

CONTENTS

SECTION PAGE NO.

PART-I Liquid Petroleum Transportation Systems

1.0 Introduction, Scope and Definitions

2.0 Design
3.0 Materials
4.0 Dimensional Requirements
5.0 Construction, Welding and Assembly
6.0 Inspection and Testing
7.0 Operation and Maintenance Procedures
8.0 Corrosion Control
Appendix - A
Appendix - B

PART-II Gas Transportation Systems

9.0 Scope, General Provisions and Definitions
10.0 Materials and Equipment
11.0 Welding
12.0 Piping System Components and Fabrication Details
13.0 Design, Installation and Testing
14.0 Operating and Maintenance Procedures
15.0 Corrosion Control
16.0 Miscellaneous
Appendix - C

6
 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS
FOR
CROSS COUNTRY HYDROCARBON PIPELINES
PART-I
LIQUID PETROLEUM TRANSPORTATION
SYSTEMS
1.0 INTRODUCTION, SCOPE AND
DEFINITIONS (B 31.4-CHAPTER I)
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Safety in petroleum installations and
pipelines comes through continuous efforts at
all stages and as such it can be ensured by
observing that installations and pipelines are
designed, constructed and tested as per
recognised engineering standards and they are
periodically inspected and maintained.
1.2 SCOPE
The minimum requirements for the design,
materials, construction, assembly, inspection,
testing and safety aspects of operation and
maintenance of piping transporting liquids such
as crude oil, condensate, natural gasoline,
natural gas liquids, liquefied petroleum gas
(LPG) and liquid petroleum products between
producers lease facilities, tank farms, natural
gas processing plants, refineries, stations,
terminals (marine, truck and rail) and other
delivery and receiving points shall be governed
by American National Standard Code for
Pressure Piping ASME/ANSI B 31.4 - 1986
Edition "Liquid Transportation Systems for
Hydrocarbons, Liquid Petroleum Gas,
Anhydrous, Ammonia and Alcohols" with the
following additions, exceptions and
modifications. All requirements contained in
the code ASME/ANSI B 31.4 shall be fully valid
unless cancelled, replaced or amended in this
standard. Only those clauses of Code
ASME/ANSI B 31.4, which are cancelled,
replaced or amended, are referred herein.
Clause numbers of Code ASME/ANSI B 31.4
are included in the parenthesis. Whenever any
reference is made to the ASME/ANSI B 31.4s
undermentioned clauses in Code B 31.4 or in
any other code incorporated into ASME/ANSI B
31.4 by reference, the undermentioned clauses
of this standard shall be referred.
For convenience 'ASME/ANSI Code B
31.4 herein after is referred' as 'B 31.4'.
7
Note: For the design, material, construction,
assembly, inspection, testing and safety
aspects of operation and maintenance of
'Submarine Pipeline Systems' the ' Rules For
Submarine Pipeline Systems', Det Norske
Veritas (DNV) 1981 shall be followed as
guideline standard together with established
industry practice. A 'Submarine Pipeline
System' by definition (Ref. DNV) is 'an
interconnected system of submarine pipelines,
pipeline risers, their supports, all integrated
piping components, the corrosion protection
system and weight coating'.
1.3 DEFINITIONS (400.2)
Following definitions are added:
a) High vapour pressure (HVP) pipeline - A
pipeline transporting hydrocarbons or
hydrocarbon mixtures in the liquid or
quasi- liquid state with a vapour pressure
in excess of 240 kPa (35psi) at 38 0C
(1000F).
b) Low Vapour Pressure (LVP) pipeline - A
pipeline transporting hydrocarbons or
hydrocarbon mixtures in the liquid or
quasi-liquid state with a vapour pressure
of 240 kPa (35psi) or less at 380C (1000F).
c) Multiphase fluids - Multiphase fluids means
oil, gas or water in any combination
produced from one or more oil wells or
recombined oil well fluids that may have
been separated in passing through
treatment/processing facilities. For the
purpose of this standard, multiphase fluids
are considered to be low vapour pressure
fluids.
d) On shore - Areas not covered by 'Offshore'
as defined in B 31.4 clause 400.2-
Definitions is defined as 'Onshore'. The
definitions of 'Offshore' as per B 31.4 is
reproduced hereunder for easy reference:
Offshore - Areas beyond the line of
ordinary high water, along that portion of
 the coast that is in direct contact with the
open seas and beyond the line marking
the seaward limit of inland coastal
waters.
e) Shall - The word 'Shall' is used to indicate
that the provision is mandatory.
f) Should - The word 'Should' is used to
indicate that the provision is
recommendatory as sound engineering
practices.
2.0 DESIGN (B 31.4 - CHAPTER-II)
2.1 DYNAMIC EFFECTS (401.5)
The following paragraph is added:
Other Loadings:
Unusual loadings such as those caused by
scour, erosion soil movement and slides,
installation forces, vortex shedding and other
phenomena shall be considered and provided
for in accordance with sound engineering
practice.
2.2 WEIGHT EFFECTS (401.6)
Live Loads (401.6.1)
Weight of water during hydrostatic testing
shall also be considered.
2.3 HVP PIPELINES - ZONE LOCATION
(ADDITIONAL CLAUSE)
Zone locations as described in this clause shall
apply only to HVP pipelines.
2.3.1 A Zone 1 location is an area extending
200 metre on either side of the centreline
of any continuous 1 km. length of
pipeline that contains 5 or fewer dwelling
units intended for human occupancy.
'Offshore' shall be considered as Zone 1
location.
2.3.2 A Zone 2 location is an area as defined
in clause 2.3.1 above that contains more
than 5 dwelling units intended for human
occupancy, or is a facility that contains
20 or more persons during normal use.
2.3.3 Each dwelling unit in a multiple dwelling
unit building shall be counted as a
separate unit.
2.3.4 When a facility creates a Zone 2 location
requirements, the Zone 2 area shall
8
extend at least 200 meter from that
facility.
2.3.5 While classifying the Zone locations,
due consideration shall be given to the
possibility of future development of the
area. If at the time of planning a new
pipeline this future development
appears likely to be sufficient to change
the zone location, this shall be taken
into consideration.
2.4 ALLOWABLE STRESS VALUES (402.3.1)
2.4.1 B 31.4 Clause 402.3.1 (a) is replaced by
the following clause:
The allowable stress value S to be used for
design calculations in B 31.4 clause 404.1.2 for
new pipe of known specification shall be
established as follows:
S = F X E X Specified Minimum Yield Strength
of the pipe in psi (MPa)
where
F = Design factor in accordance with Table 2.4
of this standard.
In setting design factor, due consideration has
been given to and allowance has been made
for underthickness tolerance and maximum
allowable depth of imperfections provided for in
the specifications approved by B 31.4.
E = Weld joint factor (in accordance with
B 31.4 clause 402.4.3 and Table 402.4.3)
Table 2.4
-------------------------------------------------------------
Pipeline Category F
-------------------------------------------------------------
LVP 0.72
HVP, Zone 1 0.72
HVP, Zone 2 0.576
-------------------------------------------------------------
Note: The allowable stress values given in
B 31.4 Table 402.3.1(a) shall not be valid
as the same shall stand modified for
different values of design factor (F) given
in Table 2.4 of this Standard.
2.4.2 B 31.4 clause 402.3.1(c) is replaced by
the following clause:
The allowable stress value S to be used
for design calculations in B 31.4 clause 404.1.2
for new or used (reclaimed) pipe of unknown or
ASTM A120 specification shall be established
in accordance with the following and limitation
in B 31.4 clause 405.2.1(c).
S = F X E X Minimum yield strength of the pipe
in psi(MPa)[24,000 psi(165MPa) or yield
strength determined in accordance with
B 31.4 clause 437.6.6 & 437.6.7].
Where
F = Design factor determined from Table 2.4 of
this standard.
E = Weld joint factor (See Table 402.4.3 of
B 31.4).
2.5 CORROSION (402.4.1)
The clause is modified as under:
A corrosion allowance on the design wall
thickness need not be made unless internal or
external corrosion is expected, nor is an
allowance required where a corrosive fluid is to
be transported or soil conditions are conducive
to corrosion, or both, provided the pipe and
components are protected against corrosion in
accordance with the requirements and
procedures prescribed in Chapter VIII of B
31.4.
Where there is a possibility of internal
corrosion taking place, a corrosion allowance
should be made. Such corrosion allowance
shall provide that the increase in wall thickness
is additional to the wall thickness requirement
for pressure. The allowance should be based
upon a specialist investigation of the corrosive
process involved and will also be influenced by
the required life of the pipeline.
2.6 PRESSURE DESIGN OF COMPONENTS
(404)
Straight Pipe (404.1)
Following requirement is added to B 31.4
clause 404.1.1:
The least nominal wall thickness (tn) for
steel pipe, as indicated in B 31.4 clause
404.1.1 shall not be less than the dimensions
indicated in the specifications for line pipe
approved by B 31.4. Further, pipe having a
D/tn ratio greater than 150 shall not be used,
where D = outside diameter of pipe.
2.7 BENDS MADE FROM PIPE (406.2.1)
B 31.4 clauses 406.2.1 (b) and 406.2.1 (c)
are cancelled and replaced by following:
9
The minimum radius of field cold bends
shall be as follows:
_____________________________________
Nominal Pipe size Minimum Radius of Bend
in in Pipe Diameter
_____________________________________
NPS 12 and smaller 21D
NPS 14 u/i 18 30D
NPS 20 and larger 40D
_____________________________________
2.8 MITERED BENDS (406.2.2)
A mitered bend is not permitted with the
exception of deflections upto 3 degrees that are
caused by misalignment.
2.9 VALVES (407)
B31.4 clause 407.1 (b) is cancelled and
replaced by the following:
Valves having shell (body, bonnet, cover
and/or end flanges) components made of case
iron or ductile iron shall not be used.
2.10 THREADED JOINTS (414)
Following paragraph is added:
Threaded joints shall not be used in
a) HVP pipelines
b) Buried Multiphase pipelines
c) Offshore pipelines
2.11 SLEEVE, COUPLED, AND OTHER
PATENTED JOINTS (418)
The following clause is added:
HVP Pipelines
Sleeve, coupled and patented joints shall not
be used on HVP Pipelines.
2.12 PROPERTIES (419.6)
Stress Valves (419.6.4)
Add the following para in B31.4 clause
419.6.4 (a) 'General'. Consideration shall be
given to the use of lower allowable design
stresses if there is the likelihood of repeated
stress changes giving rise to fatigue conditions.
2.13 DESIGN OF PIPE SUPPORTING
ELEMENTS (421).
Supports, Braces and Anchors (421.1)
2.13.1 Clause 421.1 (c) add as below:
Wherever non integral attachments,
such as pipe clamps and ring girders
are used, adequate precautions shall
be taken to prevent corrosion at or near
the contact points.
2.13.2 Clause 421.1 (d) stands modified as
under:
If a pipeline is designed to operate at
stress level of more than 50% of the
specified minimum yield strength of the
pipe, all connections welded to the pipe
shall be made to a separate cylindrical
member which completely encircles the
pipe, and this encircling member shall
be welded to the pipe by continuous
circumferential welds at both ends.
3.0 MATERIALS (B31.4 - CHAPTER-III)
3.1 LIMITATIONS ON MATERIALS (423.2)
Following clauses are added to B 31.4 clause
423.2.1
Notch Toughness Requirements (Additional
clause)
3.1.1 For steel pipe and associated steel
components in LVP pipeline systems of
all sizes and in HVP pipeline systems
smaller than 2" NPS, no proven notch
toughness shall be mandatory.
3.1.2 For steel pipe and associated steel
components in HVP pipeline systems of
2" NPS and larger, notch toughness
properties shall be specified based on
the design operating stress and the
lowest expected operating temperature.
3.1.3The lowest expected operating
temperature shall be taken lowest
expected operating or metal temperature
when the hoop stress exceeds 50
MPa(7000psi), having due regard to past
recorded temperature data, the minimum
fluid temperature that may occur, and the
effect of lower ambient temperatures in
the area.
3.2 STEEL (423.2.3)
Following clauses are added:
3.2.1 Carbon Equivalent shall be calculated
based on the formula given below:
10
CE = C + Mn + Cr+Mo+V + Ni+Cu
6 5 15
3.2.2 Additional test requirements shall be
specified as per Appendix-B of Part-I of
this standard for steel pipes
manufactured by Electric Resistance
Welding and/or Electric Induction
welding.
3.3 MATERIALS FOR SOUR MULTIPHASE
SERVICE (ADDITIONAL CLAUSE)
3.3.1 Definition:
NACE Standard MR-OI-75 'Sulfide Stress
Corrosion Cracking Resistant Metallic Materials
for Oil Field Equipment defines limiting
concentrations on hydrogen sulphide in the
fluid transported' for it to be considered as sour
service.
Note: While past experience has indicated this
to be the accepted minimum
concentration at which sulphide stress
corrosion cracking may occur, the
presence of other constituents in the
phases making up the multiphase fluid,
such as carbon dioxide in the gas and
salt in the water or larger amounts of
free water or gas, may cause problems
to occur at lower concentrations of
hydrogen sulphide.
3.3.2 General
In addition to these applicable
requirements of B31.4 and this standard, all
materials used in sour multiphase service shall
meet the following requirements.
3.3.2.1 Pipe, valve, fittings, flanges bolting and
other equipment exposed to or which
are necessary to contain sour
multiphase fluids may be susceptible
stress corrosion cracking and hydrogen
induced stepwise cracking and thus
due consideration shall be given to
material selection in design.
3.3.2.2 Materials for sour multiphase service
shall conform to the requirements of
NACE Standard MR-01-75, 'Sulphide
Stress Corrosion Cracking Resistant
Metallic Material for Oil Field
Equipment'. Depending upon the
service and the materials involved, the
Sulphide Stress Corrosion Cracking
(SSCC) and Hydrogen Induced
Cracking(HIC) tests should be
 conducted as per NACE standards
referred in Appendix A of this standard.
The acceptance criterias shall be based
on current established industry
practice.
3.3.2.3 Pressure containing components
(excluding pipe) intended for sour
multiphase service shall be fully
identified with a permanent marking.
3.3.3 Pipes made of cast iron, ductile iron,
bronze and other copper based
materials shall not be used in sour
multiphase service.
4.0 DIMENSIONAL REQUIREMENTS
(B31.4 - CHAPTER-IV)
All provisions of B 31.4 Chapter IV shall apply.
5.0 CONSTRUCTION, WELDING
AND ASSEMBLY (B31.4
CHAPTER-V)
5.1 LOCATION (434.3.1)
Following paragraph is added
The location of a new underground
pipeline, when running parallel to an existing
underground pipeline, should be at a minimum
clear distance of 5.0 meter from the existing
underground pipeline when heavy conventional
construction equipment is excepted to be
utilized. This distance may be reduced after
careful assessment of construction
methodologies. Such that it does not result in
unsafe conditions during construction. In any
case the minimum clear distance shall not be
less than 3.0 meter. These areas shall be
distinctly identified on ground during
construction.
No pipeline should be located within
15.0 meter of any private dwelling or any
industrial building or place of public assembly
in which persons work, congregate or
assemble, unless it is provided with at least 300
mm of cover in addition to that provided in
Table 5.3.3 of this standard.
5.2 HANDLING, HAULING, STRINGING
AND STORING (434.4)
The following paragraph is added:
Pipe shall not be strung along the right of
way in rocky areas where blasting may be
required, until all blasting is complete and the
area cleared of all debris. Material other than
line, pipe shall not be strung on the right of way
11
but shall be transported to site for use only at
the time of installation.
5.3 DITCHING (434.6)
5.3.1 Following is added to B 31.4 clause 434.6
(b)
The width of trench shall be such that a
minimum clear distance of 200mm for
trench normal soil and 300mm for trench
in rock is maintained between edge of
pipe and the trench wall at the bottom of
trench.
5.3.2 The following paragraph is added:
Pipelines shall be buried below ground
level, unless construction above ground
is found to be desirable for exceptional
technical, economic or topographical
reasons.
5.3.3 Minimum cover for Buried Pipelines
[Table 434.6(a)]
B 31.4 Table 434.6(a) stands cancelled and is
replaced by Table 5.3.3 given below.
TABLE 5.3.3
Minimum Cover for Buried Pipelines
____________________________________
Location Minimum Cover in meter
____________________________________
Industrial, Commercial 1.0 (2)
and Residential Areas
Stream, Canal and other minor 1.5 (3)
water crossings
Drainage ditches at roadways 1.0
and railroads
Rocky Areas 1.0
Uncased/Cased Road 1.2 (1)
Crossings
Railroad Crossings 1.4 (1)
Other Areas 1.0
------------------------------------------------------------
1. Cover shall be measured from the top of
road or top of rail, as the case may be.
2. Minimum cover for pipelines transporting
LPG and other HVP liquids shall be 1.2
meter of normal excavation in zone 2
areas.
3. In case of rivers/water bodie, which are
prone to scour and erosion, adequately
safe cover (minimum 1.5 meter) shall be
provided below the predicted scour profile
expected during the life time of the
pipeline.
5.4 BENDS, MITERS AND ELBOWS
(434.7)
Bends made from pipe (434.7.1)
5.4.1 Clause 434.7.1 (d) is modified as
follows:
The ends of each bent length shall be
straight and not involved any way in the
bending. The length of the straight
section shall permit easy jointing.
Tangents approximately 1 meter in
length shall be provided on both ends of
cold bends. A field bend shall not be
made within two pipe diameters of a
field weld, which has already been
made.
5.4.2 Pipes with longitudinal welds shall be
bent in such a way that weld lies in the
plane passing through neutral axis of the
bend which shall be installed positioning
the longitudinal weld in the upper
quadrants.
5.5 INSTALLATION OF PIPE IN THE
DITCH (434.10)
The following paragraphs are added:
Before lowering operations are
commercial particular attention shall be paid to
the suitability of the trench to allow the pipeline
to be lowered without the coating being
damaged and to give a reasonably even
support to the pipeline.
When already coated pipes are being
lowered, a complete check of the pipe coating
and field joint coating shall be carried out and
all damages repaired.
Wherever pipeline is laid under tension
as a result of an assembly error(for example
incorrect positioning of bends, either horizontal
or vertical), the trench shall be rectified or in
exceptional cases a new assembly shall be
carried out so that it fits the excavation and the
laying bed.
Care must be taken that during laying,
the deformation caused during the raising of
the pipe from the support does not exceed the
values for the minimum allowable radius of
elastic curvature, so as to keep the stresses in
the steel pipe and on the coating within safe
limits.
12
In laying parallel pipelines in the same
trench, the minimum clear distances between
the pipelines shall be 500mm.
5.6 SPECIAL CROSSINGS (434.13)
5.6.1 Water crossings (434.13.1)
The following is added:
Special considerations shall be required
for submerged crossing by pipelines of rivers
which are characterized by their perennial
nature, meandering course, steep and
potentially erodable banks, potentially scouring
bed, large erodable flood plain and wide water
course (high water mark to high water mark)
both during the design and installation of such
crossings.
For river crossing such as those described
and established as above the following
additional requirements are to be considered.
a) Hydrological and geotechnical surveys to
establish the river bed and water current
profiles to predict the behaviour of the
river with respect to change of course,
scour of bed and erosion of banks and to
obtain all other parameters related to
design and installation of such crossings.
b) The pipeline at such crossings shall be
installed with extra depth of cover. The
cover provided shall be adequate to
prevent exposure of the pipeline for the
entire design life of the pipeline.
c) To ensure the stability of the underwater
pipeline. It may be necessary to add
weight to sink and hold the pipeline in
position.
d) A heavier wall thickness pipe shall be
provided for the river crossing section.
e) A detailed stress analysis for the pipe
section for river crossings should be
carried out, taking into consideration the
effect of all loads during laying and it
shall be ensured that the stresses remain
within permissible limits in accordance
with B 31.4.
f) Whenever considered desirable, the
section of the pipeline corresponding to
the river crossing should before
installation be subjected to hydrostatic
pre-testing. However, the complete
pipeline corresponding to river crossing
shall be tested after installation.

5.6.2 Crossing of or by Utilities
(Additional Clause)
5.6.2.1 A minimum clearance of 300mm shall
be maintained at the point of crossing
and the utility or pipeline shall be
installed at a uniform depth for the full
width of the right of way, provided that,
where it is not practicable to obtain the
above mentioned clearance special
design and construction shall be used.
5.6.2.2 A clearance sufficiently large to avoid
electrical fault current interference shall
be maintained between the pipeline
and the grounding facilities of electrical
transmission lines.
5.6.2.3 Interference with, or from, other
systems through the application of
cathodic protection shall be dealt with
by mutual action of the parties
involved.
5.6.2.4 When laid parallel to , along or near
underground power and/or
communication cables, conductors or
conduit, underground pipes shall
maintain a horizontal clearance
between vertical planes through the
adjacent external surfaces on the
pipelines and cables, conductors or
conduct, or structures of the
underground utility of at least 300 mm.
Where these clearances cannot be
maintained, extra precaution shall be
taken to ensure the maximum possible
clearance and to prevent future
contact. If pipelines and
communication and/or power utilities
share the same trench, the above
horizontal clearance shall be
maintained with the pipeline preferably
at a lower level.
5.6.2.5 A minimum separation of 3.0 metre
should be maintained between pipeline
and transmission tower, footings,
ground cables and counter poise.
Regardless of separation, consideration
should always be given to lightning
fault current protection of pipelines and
safety of personnel.
5.6.3 All crossings shall be made in such a
manner that the angle between the
centerline of the railway, highway, river,
stream, canal or utility being crossed
and the centerline of the pipeline shall
13
be as close as possible to 90 but in no
case less than 45.
5.7 BLOCK AND ISOLATING VALVES
(434.15)
Following requirements are added for HVP
pipelines:
5.7.1 Requirements of Mainline valves for
piping systems transporting LPG as
given in B 31.4 shall be fully applicable
to all piping systems transporting HVP
liquids.
5.7.2 Valves shall be installed outside cities,
towns and villages at the transition from
Zone 1 to Zone 2. In Zone 2 the
maximum spacing between valves shall
not exceed 12 K.M.
5.8 PUMP STATION, TANK FARM AND
TERMINAL CONSTRUCTION (434.20)
5.8.1 Location (434.20.2)
The following paragraph is added:
Minimum distances from property lines
and road allowance limits to buildings and
equipment etc. shall meet the requirements of
OISD Standard 118 "Layouts for Oil and Gas
Installations".
5.8.2 Pump Station, Tank Farm and
Terminal Piping (434.20.5)
All HVP piping and components shall be
designed to Zone 2 stress levels as defined in
this standard.
5.9 AND WORKING TANKAGE STORAGE
(434.21)
Underground Storage (Additional Clause)
Prior to design and construction of an
underground storage chamber, an engineering
and geological investigation shall be carried out
to determine the feasibility of such a system at
the proposal site. Such chambers shall be
constructed and operated in accordance with
GPA Publication 8175, Method for Underground
Storage of National Gas Liquids
5.10 ASSEMBLY OF PIPING COMPONENTS
(435)
Auxiliary Liquid/Petroleum or Liquid
Anhydrous Ammonia Piping (435.5)
 The requirements covered in this clause
B31.4 shall be fully applicable to HVP pipelines
also.
6.0 INSPECTION AND TESTING
(B31.4-CHAPTER-VI)
6.1 TYPE AND EXTENT OF EXAMINATION
REQUIRED (436.5)
Construction [436.5.1 (b)]
The following paragraphs are added:
6.1.1 Field pipeline coating shall be applied
on a properly prepared surface and
visually inspected during application.
Any cutting or removal of the coating
shall be promptly and carefully
repaired.
6.1.2 Yard-coated pipe shall be examined
after field bending to ensure that the
quality of the coating has not been
impaired.
6.1.3 Additional precautions such as double
coating, rock shield, selected backfill,
and ditch padding shall be taken where
conditions are such that damage to the
pipe coating could occur.
6.1.4 If moisture is present on the surface of
the pipe, no coating materials shall be
applied.
6.1.5 Unless special procedures can be
taken, no coating shall be applied when
the ambient temperature might have a
detrimental effect on the coating either
during or after application.
6.2 TESTING (437)
6.2.1 General (437.1)
The following paragraphs are added:
All sections which have been previously
hydrostatically tested viz. road/rail crossings
and river crossings shall be retested alongwith
the completed mainline sections.
A gauging pig shall be passed through
the pipeline to prove the internal diameter of
the entire line. The gauging plate shall have a
diameter of 95% of the internal diameter of the
pipeline.
When water is used as the test medium,
inhibited water, i.e. water to which suitable
14
doses of corrosion inhibitors are added
depending upon quality of water, shall be used.
6.2.2 Test Pressure (437.4)
Hydrostatic Testing of Internal Pressure
Piping (437.4.1)
Following amendment is made to B31.4
clause 437.4.1(a). The duration of hydrostatic
proof test shall be minimum 24 hours.
Following requirement is added for HVP
pipelines.
For Zone 2 HVP pipelines, the minimum
pressure for hydrostatic proof test shall be 1.4
times the internal design pressure and the
minimum pressure for leak test shall be 1.1
times the internal design pressure.
6.2.3 Acceptance of Test (Additional
Clause)
The test is successful when the pipeline
has withstood the strength and leak tests and
during the test period there is no observable
drop in pressure that cannot be accounted for
by temperature changes.
6.2.4 Termination of Testing (Additional
Clause)
The pipeline shall be slowly
depressurized at a moderate and constant rate.
During dewatering, care shall be taken to
properly dispose the discharging water in order
to avoid pollution, damages to fields under
cultivation and/or existing structures and
interference with the traffic.
6.2.5 Pre- tested Pipe (Additional Clause)
Pipe used for making repairs shall be
pre-tested to a pressure equal to or greater
than the original pipeline strength test pressure.
6.2.6 Preservation of Pipeline (Additional
Clause)
If the pipeline is to be preserved for a
specified duration before it can be
commissioned, the pipeline shall be completely
filled with water with sufficient quantities of
corrosion inhibitors depending upon the quality
of water and the period of preservation and at a
suitable pressure.
6.3 COMMISSIONING ADDITONAL
CLAUSE)
6.3.1 Commissioning shall consist of
displacing the hydrostatic test water
from the pipeline by pumping in the
liquid to be transported. Batching pigs
or spheres shall be used not only to
minimize mixing at the interface but also
to enable the progress of the interface to
be followed.
6.3.2 In cases where the water has to be
cleared from the pipeline before
commissioning because of possible
chemical or physical action between the
water and the liquid to be transported,
the pipeline shall be first drained and
then dried as thoroughly as possible.
After drying, the pipeline shall be filled
with the liquid. Care shall be taken to
clear pockets of water from valves and
fittings.
6.4 RECORD (437.7)
The following is added as an additional
requirement
Pipe Book
A pipe and welding book shall be
maintained for all projects. The purpose of the
pipe book shall be to indicate and maintain as a
permanent record the exact position in the
pipeline of each pipe length and each pipeline
material like valves, scraper traps, bends,
flanges, and other fittings installed in the
project. Each item shall be recorded by its
identification number. Location of each weld
including weld number, welder number, type of
welding and electrode, weld treatment and
details of equipment used for radiography shall
be recorded in the pipe book.
7.0 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
PROCEDURES (B31.4-CHAPTER-
VII)
All provisions of B 31.4-Chapter-VII shall apply.
8.0 CORROSION CONTROL (B31.4-
CHAPTER-VIII)
8.1 PROTECTIVE COATING (461.1.2)
a) The following is added to clause 461.1.2 (a)
of B 31.4:
Coatings shall electrically isolate the
external surface of the piping system from
the environment.
b) The following paragraph is added:
15
All joints, fittings, repairs and tie-ins
shall be coated with a material compatible
with the existing coating.
8.2 CATHODIC PROTECTION SYSTEM
(461.1.3)
The following paragraphs are added:
a) Existing Bare Pipelines Systems
Investigation shall be made to determine
the extent or effect, of corrosion on existing
bare pipeline systems. When these
investigations indicate that continuing
corrosion will create a hazard, corrosion
control measures or other remedial action
shall be undertaken.
b) Cathodically Protected Pipeline
Systems Temporarily Out of service.
Cathodic Protection system shall be
maintained on any pipeline that is
temporarily out of service.
8.3 ELECTRICAL ISOLATION (461.1.4)
The following is added to clause 461.1.4 (b) of
B 31.4
Whereas such insulating devices are
installed, they shall be properly rated for
temperature, pressure, electrical
properties, and shall be resistant to the
commodity carried in the pipeline
systems.
8.4 TEMPORARY CATHODIC PROTECTION
SYSTEM (ADDITIONAL EQUIREMENT)
When considered necessary a temporary
cathodic protection system with sacrificial
anodes shall be installed to ensure adequate
protection of pipeline from external corrosion
from the time the pipeline is laid in the trench
till the permanent cathodic protection system is
commissioned.
The temporary C.P system shall
preferably be installed simultaneously keeping
pace with the pipeline laying/installation work
and shall be monitored periodically.
ANSI B31.4 APPENDIX-A
The following is added to B31.4 Appendix-A
List of numbers and subjects of those
standards and specifications, which do not
appear in the text of B 31.4, but may be of
informational benefit. B.1 Reverse Bend Tests

DIN Reverse bend tests shall be performed

on the pipe piece cut from the crop end from
30670 Polyethylene Sheathing of Steel the front end of the first length and the back
Tubes and of Steel Shapes and end of the last length produced from each coil.
Fittings. The specimen shall be 100mm to 115mm long
and shall be reverse bend tested in accordance
30672 Corrosion Protection Tapes and Heat with procedure given below and Figure B.1.
Shrinkable Sleeves- Coatings made
from Corrosion Protection Tapes and
Heat Shrinkable Sleeves for
Underground Pipelines.
AWWA

C203-86 Standard for Coal-Tar Protective

Coatings and Linings for Steel Water
Pipelines-Enamel and Tap-Hot
Applied.
BSI

BS 4146 Specifications for Coal-Tar Based Hot

1987 Applied Coating Materials for protecting
iron and Steel, including suitable
Primers where required.
NACE

TM-01-77 Testing of Metals for Resistance to

Sulphide Stress Cracking at
Ambient Temperatures. a) Selection of Mandrel

TM-02-84 Testing of Metals for Resistance to The reverse bend test shall be carried out
Stepwise Cracking. with a mandrel, who radius(R), width(A) shall
be calculated for any combination of diameter,
Name and address of the organisation wall thickness and grade with the formula.
whose standards and specifications appear
above. A = 2R = 1.4 (D-t) t
------------- -t
DIN: Deutsches Institute for Normung e(D-2t)-1.4t
Obtainable from:
Foreign Standards Distribution where, D - Outside diameter of pipe
Beuth Verlag GmbH t- Wall thickness of pipe
Burggrafen Strasse 4-10 1.4 - Peaking factor
D-1000 BERLIN 30 e- Strain

BSI British Standards Institution Minimum values of 'e' shall be as follows:

2, Park Street, Grade of Steel Min 'e' value
London : WIA 2BS -------------------------------------------------------------
Telephone : 01-6299000 ASTM A53 B 0.1425
Telex : 266933 ASTM A 135 B 0.1425
API 5L B 0.1425
AWWA American Water Works Association API 5L X-42 0.1375
6666 West Quincy Avenue, API 5L X-46 0.1325
Denver, Colorado 80235 API 5L X-52 0.1275
-------------------------------------------------------------
APPENDIX - B (ADDED APPENDIX)
b) Procedure
ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR
ELECTRIC RESISTANCE/ELECTRIC The mandrel is to be plugged into the
INDUCTION WELDED LINE PIPE specimen, with the weld in contact with
16
mandrel, to such a depth that the angle of
engagement between mandrel and specimen
reaches 600 (see Fig. B1). If the combination
of diameter and wall thickness of pipe, and
radius of mandrel is such that the angle of
engagement does not reach 60, the mandrel
shall be plugged into the specimen until
opposite walls of the specimen meet.
c) Acceptance Criteria
A specimen which fractures completely prior
to the specified engagement of mandrel and
specimen, or which reveals cracks and ruptures
in the weld or heat affected zone longer than
4mm, shall be rejected. Cracks less than 6mm
long at the edges of the specimen shall not be
cause for rejection.
B.2 Micrographic and Hardness
Examination
17
A test specimen shall be taken across
the longitudinal weld from one length of
finished pipe from each lot of maximum 50
lengths from the same heat manufactured from
the same process.
These specimens shall be polished and
etched for micro-examinations. The
examinations shall provide evidence that heat
treatment of weld zone is adequate and there is
no untempered martensite left.
The Manufacturer shall make hardness
measurements on each specimen as indicated
in Fig. B.2 in accordance with ASTM E-32.
The maximum difference in hardness between
base material and any reading taken in the heat
affected zone shall be less than 80 points
Vicker's HV10.
18
 PART-II
GAS TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS
9.0 SCOPE, GENERAL
PROVISIONS AND
DEFINITIONS
9.1 SCOPE
The minimum requirements for the
design, fabrication, installation, inspection,
testing and safety aspects of operation and
maintenance of gas transmission and
distribution systems including gas pipelines,
gas compressor stations, gas metering and
regulation stations, gas mains and service
lines upto the outlet of the customer's meter
set assembly shall be governed by American
National Standard Code for Pressure Piping
ANSI/ASME B 31.8-1986 Edition "Gas
Transmission and Distribution Piping Systems"
with the following additions, exceptions and
modifications. All requirements contained in
the Code ANSI/ ASME B 31.8 shall be fully
valid unless cancelled, replaced or amended
in this standard. Only those clauses of Code
ANSI/ ASME B31.8 which was cancelled,
replaced or amended are referred herein.
Clause numbers of Code ANSI/ ASME B 31.8
are included in the parenthesis. Whenever
any reference is made to the ANSI/ASME B
31.8's undermentioned clauses in Code B 31.8
or in any other code incorporated into ANSI/
ASME B 31.8 by reference, the
undermentioned clauses of this standard shall
be referred.
For convenience, "ANSI/ ASME Code B 31.8"
hereinafter is referred as 'B 31.8'.
NOTE : For the design, material, construction,
assembly, inspection, testing and
safety aspects of operation
maintenance of 'Submarine Pipeline
System' the 'Rules For Submarine
Pipeline Systems' Det Norske Ventas
(DNV) 1981 shall be followed as
guideline standard together with
established industry practice. A larger, Notch toughness valves shall
'Submarine Pipeline System' by
definition (Ref. DNV) means 'an
interconnected system of submarine
pipelines, pipeline risers, their
supports, all integrated piping
components, the corrosion protection
system and weight coating'
19
9.2 PIPING SYSTEMS DEFINITIONS
(803)
General Terms (803.1)
The following definition is added:
On shore-Areas not covered by 'Offshore' as
defined in B 31.8 clause 803.17 is defined as
'Onshore'. The definition of 'Offshore' as per B
31.8 is reproduced hereunder for easy
reference:
'Offshore-Areas beyond the line of ordinary
high water, along that portion of the coast that
is in direct contact with the open seas and
beyond the line marking the seaward limit of
inland coastal waters.'
10.0 MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT
(B 31.8 CHAPTER-I)
10.1 MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT (810):
Following is added to Clause 810.1
When the maximum design
temperature exceeds 120 deg.C (250 deg. F),
particular attention shall be given to the tensile
properties of the material to ensure that the
derating for temperature specified by Clause
841.11 of B31.8 is adequate.
10.2 Operating Conditions, Temperature
and Notch Toughness
Requirements (Additional Clause):
10.2.1 For steel pipes smaller than 2" NPS
and steel valves, fittings and flanges
smaller than 2" NPS, proven notch
toughness properties are not
mandatory.
10.2.2 For steel pipes and associated steel
components of size 2" NPS and
be determined to provide protection
against fracture initiation and
propagation. Notch toughness valves
(minimum absorbed energy valves)
shall be specified based on the design
operating stress and the minimum
design temperature.
10.2.3 The minimum and maximum design
temperatures shall be determined as
follows:
a) The minimum design temperature shall be
taken as the lowest expected operating
pipe or metal temperature when the hoop
stress exceeds 50 MPa (7000 psi), having
due regard to past recorded temperature
data and the minimum gas temperature
that may occur. The minimum design
temperature shall take into account the
effect of lower air or ground temperatures
in the area.
b) The maximum design temperature shall
be taken as the highest expected
operating pipe or metal temperature,
having due regard to past recorded
temperature data and the possibilities of
higher temperatures occurring.
10.3 MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS (813)
Following is added to B 31.8 clause 813.2
10.3.1 Carbon Equivalent
Carbon Equivalent shall be calculated based
on the formula given below:
CE = C + Mn + Cr+Mo+V + Ni+Cu
6 5 15
10.3.2 If steel pipe is intended to be heated
during fabrication and/or installation,
the effect of the time-temperature
relationship on the mechanical
properties of the pipe shall be
determined and taken into
consideration.
10.3.3 Additional test requirements shall be
specified as per Appendix B of part I
of this standard for steel pipes
manufactured by Electric Resistance
Welding and/or Electric Induction
Welding.
10.4 REQUIREMENTS FOR SOUR GAS
SERVICE (ADDITIONAL CLAUSE)
10.4.1 Definition:
NACE standard MR-01-75 "Sulphide Stress
Corrosion Cracking Resistant Metallic Material
for Oil Field Equipment" defines specific
conditions, which a gaseous hydrocarbon shall
be considered to be sour.
20
Note: While the limiting conditions defined in
NACE standard MR-01-75 for
considering gaseous hydrocarbons as
sour is the normally accepted minimum
concentration of hydrogen sulphide at
which material problems occur, the
presence of other constituents in the
gas stream, such as CO 2 and Salts in
water, may cause problems at occur at
lower concentrations of hydrogen
sulphide.
10.4.2 General
In addition to the applicable requirements of
B 31.8 and this standard, all materials used in
sour gas service shall also meet the following
requirements.
10.4.2.1 Pipe, valves, fittings, flanges, bolting
and other equipment exposed to or
which are necessary to contain sour
gas may be susceptible to Sulphide
Stress corrosion cracking and
hydrogen induced step-wise cracking
and thus due consideration shall be
given to material selection in design.
10.4.2.2 All materials used in sour gas service
shall conform to the material
requirements of NACE standard MR-
01-75, "Sulphide Stress Corrosion
Cracking Resistant Metallic Material
for Oil Field Equipment". Depending
upon the service and the materials
involved, the Sulphide Stress
Corrosion Cracking (SSCC) and
Hydrogen Induced Cracking (HIC)
tests should be conducted as per
NACE standards referred in
Appendix-C of this standard. The
acceptance criteria shall be based on
current established industry
practices.
10.4.2.3 Pressure containing components
(excluding pipes) intended for sour
gas service shall be fully identified
with a permanent marking.
10.4.2.4 Cast iron line pipe shall not be used
to convey sour gas.
11.0 WELDING (B 31.8-CHAPTER-II)
Carbon equivalent (CE) wherever referred in
this chapter, shall be calculated based on the
following formula:
 CE = C + Mn + Cr+Mo+V + Ni+Cu
6 5 15
12.0 PIPING SYSTEM COMPONENTS
AND FABRICATION DETAILS
(B31.8 CHAPTER-III)
12.1 VALVES AND PRESSURE
REDUCING DEVICES (831.1)
B 31.8 Clause 831.11(b) and(c) are cancelled
and replaced by the following:
Valves having shell (body, bonnet, cover
and/or end flanges) components made of cast
iron or ductile iron shall not be used in gas
piping systems.
Note:- Manufacturing standards for cast iron
valves viz. MSS-SP-70, MSS-SP-71
and MSS-SP-78 referred in B 31.8
clause 833.11 (a) stand cancelled.
12.2 EXPANSION AND FLEXIBILITY (832)
12.2.1 B 31.8 Clause 832.1 stands cancelled
and is replaced by the following:
"This section is applicable to both above
ground and buried piping and covers all
classes of materials permitted by this
standard. Formal calculations shall be
required where reasonable doubt exists as to
the adequate flexibility of the piping".
Note : For the purpose of this standard,
'unrestrained' means that the pipe is
able to strain along its length, move
laterally, or both. Pipe that does not
meet both of the above requirements
is referred to as 'restrained'. Typically,
long straight lengths of buried pipe
and above ground pipe on closely
spaced rigid supports are classified as
restrained, whereas buried pipelines
adjacent to bends or unanchored end
caps could be regarded as restrained
or unrestrained, depending on specific
circumstances.
12.2.2 Following clauses are added to B 31.8
Section 832 "EXPANSION AND
FLEXIBILITY"
12.2.2.1 Expansion calculations are
necessary for buried lines if
significant temperature changes are
expected. Thermal expansion of
buried lines may cause movement
at points where the line terminates,
changes in direction, or changes in
21
size. Unless such movements are
restrained by suitable anchors, the
necessary flexibility shall be
provided.
12.2.2.2 Means of providing Flexibility
If expansion is not absorbed by
direct axial compression of the pipe,
flexibility shall be provided by the
use of bends, loops, or offsets or
provision shall be made to absorb
thermal strains by expansion joints
or couplings of the slip joint, ball
joint, or bellows type. If expansion
joints are used, anchors or ties of
sufficient strength and rigidity shall
be installed to provide for end
forces due to fluid pressure and
other causes.
12.3 COMBINED STRESS
CALCULATIONS (833)
B 31.4 clauses 833.1, 833.2, 833.3, and 833.4
stand cancelled and are replaced by the
following:
12.3.1 General
In addition to satisfying the requirements of
clause 841 of B 31.4, it may be necessary to
calculate the longitudinal, axial, and bending
stresses, the torsional stresses, the hoop
stresses, the stress interactions and the
reactions at significant points in the system.
In calculating these stresses and reactions and
the effects of various loadings on the piping
the designer shall use established
fundamental analysis methods.
12.3.2 Loading Considerations
12.3.2.1 Consideration shall be given to the
stresses and reactions caused by,
but not necessarily limited to the
following loadings.
(a) Internal pressure;
(b) Thermal expansion and contraction;
(c) Differential support movements;
(d) Self-weight and gravity dead loads;
(e) Static wind loads and static fluid loads. ]
12.3.2.2 In addition to the requirements of
Clause 12.3.2.1 above, consideration
shall be given, where applicable, to
 the service conditions to which the
pipe and support system are to be
subjected. Consideration shall also
be given to, but not necessarily
limited to the effects of the following
additional loadings:
(a) Overburden loads;
(b) Live loads;
(c) Buoyancy;
(d) Dynamic and seismic loads;
(e) Cyclic and vibratory loads including the
effect of Stress Intensification. Factors on
the fatigue life of components);
(f) Internal pressure fluctuations;
(g) External hydrostatic pressure (including
collapse, wave loadings and all significant
fluid loads to which a submerged line
might be submitted);
(h) Geotechnical loads (including slides,
differential settlement, loss of support,
and thermal effect of the pipeline on soil
properties).
12.3.3 Stress Values
12.3.3.1 General:
There are fundamental differences in loading
conditions for the buried, or similarly
restrained positions of the piping and the
above ground portions not subject to
substantial axial restraint. Therefore, different
limits on allowable longitudinal expansion
stresses are necessary.
12.3.3.2 Restrained Lines:
The net longitudinal compressive stress due
to the combined effects of temperature rise
and fluid pressure shall be computed from the
equation:
SL = Ea (T2-T1) - v Sh
in which,
SL = The longitudinal compressive stress,
psi(MPa)
Sh = Hoop stress due to internal fluid pressure,
psi (MPa)
T1 = Temperature at time of installation
degrees F(degrees C)
22
T2 = Maximum or minimum operating
temperature degrees F(degrees C)
E = Modulus of Elasticity of steel, psi (MPa)
a = Linear coefficient of thermal expansion,
inch per inch per degree F (mm per
mm per degree C)
v = Poisson's ratio = 0.30 for steel
Note that the net longitudinal stress becomes
compressive for moderate increases of T2 and
that according to the commonly used
maximum shear theory of failure, this
compressive stress adds directly to the hoop
stress to increase the equivalent tensile stress
available to cause yielding. This equivalent
tensile stress shall not be allowed to exceed
90 per cent of the specified minimum yield
strength of the pipe, calculated for nominal
pipe wall thickness. Beam bending stresses
shall be included in the longitudinal stress for
those portions of the restrained line which are
supposed above ground.
12.3.3.3 Unrestrained Lines:
Stresses due to expansion for those portions
on the piping without substantial axial restrain
shall be combined in accordance with the
following equation:
SE = Sq. Root of (Sb2 + St2 )
Where,
SE = Stress due to expansion.
Sb = Sq. Root of{ ( i 1 M1)2 + ( i0 M0)2}/Z
= equivalent bending stress, psi (MPa)
St = Mt/2Z = torsional stress, psi(MPa)
M1 = Bending moment in plane of member (for
members having significant orientation,
such as elbows or tees, for the latter
the moments in the header and branch
portions are to be considered
separately) in.lb. (N.m)
M0 = bending moment out of, or transverse,to
plane of member, in lb. (N.m)
Mt = torsional moment, in lb. (N.m)
ii = stress intensification factor under
bending in plane of member (B 31.8
Appendix E)

io = stress intensification factor under
belonging out of, or transverse to,
plane of member (B 31.8 Appendix E)
Z = section modulus of pipe, inch 3(mm 3)
The maximum computed expansion stress
range, SE without regard for fluid pressure
stress, based on 100 per cent of the
expansion, with modulus of elasticity for the
cold condition, shall not exceed 0.72 times the
specified minimum yield strength of the pipe.
The total of the following shall not exceed
the specified minimum yield strength, S.
a) the combined stress due to expansion, SE.
b) the longitudinal pressure stress.
c) the longitudinal bending stress due to
external loads, such as weight of pipe and
contents, wind etc.
The sum of the longitudinal stresses due to
pressure, weight, and other sustained external
loadings shall not exceed 0.75 time the
allowable stress in the hot condition (ref. B
31.8 clause 841.11, (SXFXT)
The sum of the longitudinal stresses produced
by pressure, live and dead loads, and those
produced by occasional loads, such as wind or
earthquake, shall not exceed 80 per cent of
the specified minimum yield strength of the
pipe. It is not necessary to consider wind and
earthquake as occurring concurrently.
Stresses due to test conditions are not subject
to the above limitations. It is not necessary to
consider other occasional loads, such as wind
and earthquake, as occurring concurrently with
the live, dead and test loads existing at the
time of test.
12.3.4 Following correction is made in B 31.8
clause 833.5
R' = CsR when Cs is between 0.6 to 1.0
12.4 SUPPORTS AND ANCHORAGE FOR
EXPOSED PIPING (834)
Attachment of supports on Anchors (834.5)
The following sentence is added to B 31.8
clause 834.5 (b)
23
Due consideration shall be given to the
effect of such attachments on possible fatigue
failures and local stress concentrations.
12.5 PRE-OPERATIONAL STRESSES
(ADDITIONAL CLAUSE)
It is desirable to limit stresses during pre-
operational manipulation of the pipe so as to
avoid damage that might impair the operability
of the line. The designer shall ensure that pre-
operational stresses are controlled and that
they are non-injurious to the pipe.
Consideration shall be given to, but not
restricted to, the effect of the following pre-
operational loads:
a) Transportation and stockpiling of the pipe;
b) Stringing, coating and wrapping, and
laying.;
c) Backfilling;
d) Loads imparted by construction traffic;
e) Field bending;
f) hydrostatic test pressure loads
(particularly when the pipeline is
constructed as an above grade installation
or is buried in unstable soils).
13.0 DESIGN, INSTALLATION AND
TESTING (B 31.8 CHAPTER-IV)
13.1 GENERAL PROVISIONS (840.1)
The following clause is added to B 31.8 clause
840.1 (a):
The selection of design for pipeline system
shall be based on the following evaluation of
the properties and required flow rate of the
fluid to be transported, together with the
environment in which the pipeline is to be
installed.
a) Sweet or sour natural gas, single or
multiphase flow conditions, vapour phase
LPG.
b) Operating pressures and temperatures.
c) Gathering system, transmission system,
distribution system, or service lines;
d) Onshore or offshore pipeline.
13.2 POPULATION DENSITY INDEX
(840.2)
 Other areas 1.0 (2)
The following is added to B 31.8 Clause
840.2 (b) (4) Class 4 Locations. (1) The above mentioned minimum cover
requirements shall be valid for all class
A Class 4 location ends 220 metre from the locations.
nearest building with 4 or more stories above
ground. (2) Minimum depth of cover shall be
measured from the top of pipe coating to
13.3 STEEL PIPE DESIGN FORMULA the top of undisturbed surface of the soil,
(841.11) or top of graded working strip, whichever
is lower. Fill material in working strip shall
The following is added to B 31.8 clause not be considered to add to the depth of
841.11: cover.

Corrosion Allowance: (3) Cover shall be measured from the top of

road or top of rail, as the case may be.
A corrosion allowance on the design wall
thickness need not be made unless internal or (4) In case of rivers/water bodies, which are
external corrosion is expected, nor is an prone to scour and erosion, adequate safe
allowance required where a corrosive fluid is cover (minimum 1.5 metre) shall be
to be transported or soil conditions are provided below the predicted scour profile
conducive to corrosion, or both provided the expected during the life time of the
pipe and components are protected against pipeline.
corrosion in accordance with the requirements
and procedures prescribed in Chapter VI of B
31.8 13.5 CLEARANCE BETWEEN PIPELINES
OR MAINS AND OTHER
Where there is a possibility of internal UNDERGROUND STRUCTURES
corrosion taking place, a corrosion allowance (841.143)
should be made. Such corrosion allowance
shall provide that the increase in wall Following clauses are added to B 31.8 clause
thickness is additional to the wall thickness 841.143
requirement for pressure. The allowance
should be based upon a specialist 13.5.1 In laying parallel pipelines in the same
investigation of the corrosive process involved trench, the minimum clear distances
and will also be influenced by the required life between the pipelines shall be
in the pipeline. 500mm.

13.4 COVER REQUIREMENTS FOR 13.5.2 The location of a new underground

PIPELINES (841.142) pipeline, when running parallel to an
existing underground pipeline should
Table for cover requirement for pipeline in B be at a minimum clear distance of 5.0
31.8 Clause 841.142 stands cancelled and is metre from the existing underground
replaced by the following: pipeline when heavy conventional
------------------------------------------------------------- construction equipment is expected to
Location Minimum cover in be utilized. This distance may be
meter reduced after a careful assessment of
------------------------------------------------------------- construction methodologies, which do
Industrial, Commercial and 1.0 (2) not result in unsafe conditions during
Residential Areas construction. In any case the
minimum clear distance shall not be
Drainage ditch, Canal, Nala, 1.5 less than 3.0 meter. These areas shall
small, rivers and other minor be distinctly identified on ground
water crossings during construction.

Drainage ditches at roadways 1.0 No pipeline should be located within

& railroads 15.0 metre of any private dwelling, or
any industrial building or a place of
Rocky areas 1.0 (2) public assembly in which persons
Uncased/Cased road crossings 1.2 (3) work, congregate or assemble, unless
Railroad crossings 1.4 (3) it is provided with atleast 300 mm of
24
 cover in addition to that provided in
clause 13.4 of this standard.
13.6 CASING, REQUIREMENTS UNDER
RAILROADS, HIGHWAYS, ROADS,
OR STREETS (841.144)
Following is added to B 31.8 Clause 841.144:
Pipeline, casing pipe and vent pipes
shall be at least 1.2 metre away (vertically)
from aerial electrical wires and shall be
suitably insulated from underground conduits
carrying electric wires on railway land.
13.7 FOLLOWING IS ADDED TO B 31.8
CLAUSE 841.15:
Design and construction of gas pipelines
crossing Railroads, Highways, Roads or
Streets shall be done in accordance with the
provisions of "Recommended Practice for
Liquid Petroleum Pipelines Crossing Railroads
and Highways" API RP 1102 and applicable
clauses of B31.8 and this standard.
13.8 BENDS, ELBOWS AND MITERS IN
STEEL PIPELINES AND MAINS
(841.23)
13.8.1 B 31.8 Clause 841.231 (b) and
841.231(c) are canceled and replaced by the
following :
The minimum radius of field cold bends shall
be as follows:
_____________________________________
Normal Pipe Size Minimum Radius of
in Bending in Pipe
Diameters
_____________________________________
NPS 12 and smaller 21 D
NPS 14 u/i 18 30 D
NPS 20 and larger 40 D
_____________________________________
13.8.2 Following clauses are added to B
31.8 clause 841.231.
13.8.2.1 The ends of each bent length shall
be straight and not involved anyway
in the bending. The length of the
straight section shall permit easy
jointing. Tangents approximately 1
metre in length shall be provided on
both ends of cold bends. A field
bend shall not be made within two
pipe diameters of a field weld, which
25
has already been made. Tangent
lengths should not be reduced in the
field.
13.8.2.2 Pipes with longitudinal welds shall be
bent in such a way lies in the plane
passing through neutral axis of the
bend which shall be installed
positioning the longitudinal weld in
the upper quadrants.
13.8.3 B 31.8 Clause 841.232 is cancelled
and replaced by the following:
A mitered bend is not permitted with
the exception of deflections upto 3
degrees that are caused by
misalignment.
13.8.4 The following sentence is added to B
31.8 Clause 841.233.
Field-cut segments of elbows NPS 12"
and larger are not recommended.
13.9 MISCELLANEOUS OPERATIONS
INVOLVED IN THE INSTALLATION
OF STEEL PIPELINES AND MAINS
(841.25)
13.9.1 Handling, Hauling, and Stringing
(841.251)
The following paragraph is added:
Pipe shall not be strung on the Right-of-Way
in rocky areas where blasting may be
required, until all blasting is complete and the
area cleared of all debris. Material other than
line pipe shall not be strung on the Right-of-
way but shall be transported to site for use
only at the time of installation.
13.9.2 Installation of Pipe in the Ditch
(841.252)
The following paragraphs are added:
Pipelines shall be buried below ground
level, unless construction above ground is
found to be desirable for exceptional
technical, economic or topographical reasons.
Before lowering operations are commenced,
particular attention shall be paid to the
suitability of the trench to allow the pipeline to
be lowered without the coating being damaged
and to give a reasonably even support to the
pipeline.
 When already coated pipes are being
lowered, a complete check of the pipe coating
and field joint coating shall be carried out and
all damages repaired.
Wherever pipeline is laid under tension as a
result of an assembly error (for example,
incorrect positioning of bends, either
horizontal or vertical), the trench shall be
rectified or in exceptional cases a new
assembly shall be carried out so that it fits the
excavation and the laying bed.
Care must be taken that the deformation
caused during the raising of the pipe from the
supports does not exceed the valves for the
minimum allowable radius of elastic curvature,
so as to keep the stresses on the steel pipe
and on the coating within safe limits.
The width of trench shall be such that a
minimum clear distance of 200mm for trench
in normal soil and 300mm for trench in rock is
maintained between edge of pipe and the
trench wall at the bottom of trench.
13.10 WATER CROSSINGS (ADDITIONAL
CLAUSE)
Special considerations shall be required for
submerged crossing by pipelines of rivers
which are characterized by their perennial
nature, meandering course, steep and
potentially erodable banks, potentially
scouring bed, large erodable flood plain and
wide water course (high water mark to high
water mark) both during the design and
installation of such crossings:
For river crossings such as those described
and established as above, the following
requirements are to be considered:
(a) Hydrological and geotechnical surveys
to establish the river bed and water
current profiles, to predict the
behaviour of the river with respect to
change of course, scour of bed and
erosion of banks and to obtain all
other parameters related to design
and installation of such crossings.
(b) The pipeline at such crossings shall
be installed with extra depth of cover.
The cover provided shall be adequate
to prevent exposure of the pipeline for
the entire design life of the pipeline.
(c) To ensure the stability of the
underwater pipeline, it may be
26
necessary to add weight to sink and
hold the pipeline in position.
(d) A heavier wall thickness pipe shall be
provided for a river crossing section.
(e) A detailed stress analysis for the pipe
section for river crossings should be
necessary taking into consideration
the effect of all loads during laying
and it shall be ensured that the
stresses remain within permissible
limits in accordance with B 31.8 and
this standard.
(f) Whenever considered desirable, the
section of the pipeline corresponding
to the river crossing should, before
installation, be subjected to
hydrostatic pretesting. However, the
complete pipeline corresponding to
river crossing shall be tested after
installation.
13.11 CROSSING OF OR BY UTILITIES
(ADDITIONAL CLAUSE)
13.11.1 A minimum clearance of 300mm shall
be maintained at the point of crossing
and the utility or pipeline shall be
installed at a uniform depth for the full
width of the right-of-way, provided
that, where it is not practicable to
obtain the above mentioned
clearance, special design and
construction shall be used.
13.11.2 A clearance sufficiently large to avoid
electrical fault current interference
shall be maintained between the
pipeline and the grounding facilities of
electrical transmission lines.
13.11.3 Interference with, or from, other
systems through the application of
Cathodic Protection shall be dealt with
by mutual action of the parties
involved.
13.11.4 When laid parallel to along or near
underground power and/or
communication cables, conductors, or
conduit, underground pipes shall,
maintain a horizontal clearance
between vertical planes through the
adjacent external surfaces of the
pipelines and cables, conductors, or
conduit, or structures, of the
underground utility, of at least 300mm.
Where these clearances cannot be
maintained, extra precaution shall be
taken to ensure the maximum
 possible clearance and to prevent
future contact. If pipelines and
communication and/or power utilities
share the same trench the above
horizontal clearance shall be
maintained with the pipeline
preferably at a lower level.
13.11.5 A minimum separation of 3.0 metre
should be maintained between
pipeline and transmission tower
footings, ground cables and counter
poise. Regardless of separation
consideration should always be given
to lightning fault current protection of
pipelines and safety of personnel.
13.11 6 All crossings shall be made in such a
manner that the angle between the
centerline of the railway, highway,
river, stream, canal or utility being
crossed and the centreline of the
pipeline shall be as close as possible
to 90 deg. but in no case less than 45
deg.
13.12 TESTING AFTER CONSTRUCTION
(841.3)
13.12.1 General Provisions (841.31)
B 31.8 Clause 841.31 stands modified as
follows:
a) All Pipelines, mains, and service lines
shall be tested in place after
construction, except as provided for in
(b) below.
b) Tie-ins
For pipelines intended to operate at
hoop stresses of 30% or more of the
specified minimum yield strength
pretested pipe shall be used in tie-in
sections and for those sections where
in-place testing is not practicable.
13.12.2 Test Required to Prove Strength of
Pipelines and Mains to Operate at
Hoop Stresses of 30% or More of the
Specified Minimum Yield Strength of
the Pipe (841.32)
13.12.2.1 The following paragraphs are added
to B 31.8 Clause 841.321
All test assemblies used in testing shall be
fabricated and installed in accordance with
provisions of B 31.8 covering permanent
assemblies and fabrications.
27
For all buried and submerged piping, the
test pressure shall be maintained for a period
of 24 hours after temperature stabilization and
stabilization of surges from pressurizing
operations. The test pressure for above
ground piping and offshore platform piping
shall be maintained for a minimum period of 4
hours, during which time the piping shall be
inspected for leaks.
All sections, which have been previously
hydrostatically tested viz. road/rail crossings
and river crossings, shall be retested along
with the completed mainline sections.
A guaging pig shall be passed through the
pipeline to prove the internal diameter of the
entire line, the guaging plate having a
diameter of 95% of the internal diameter of
the pipeline.
When water is used as the test medium,
inhibited water, i.e. water to which suitable
doses of corrosion inhibitors are added
depending upon quality of water, shall be
used.
13.12.2.2 B 31.8 Clause 841.322 (a) and
814.322 (b) stand cancelled and
are replaced by the following:
Pipelines and mains located in class 1 and
class 2 location shall be tested with air, gas or
water to at least 1.25 times the maximum
operating pressure. Testing, wherever
practicable, shall be by means of water rather
than a gaseous medium. Where a gaseous
medium is used, the test pressure shall not
exceed 1.25 times the maximum operating
pressure. Sour gas shall not be used as a test
medium.
13.12.2.3 Following is added to B 31.8 clause
841.322 (c):
Compressor station, regulator station and
measuring station gas piping, including the
piping connecting the station to valving
employed for isolating the station from the
pipeline and designed in accordance with
Type-C construction (Design factor = 0.5) shall
be tested to atleast class 3 location test
requirements.
13.12.2.4 Following is added to B 31.8 clause
841.322 (d):
Where testing of offshore platform gas piping
and pipe riser cannot be accomplished
separately from the main offshore pipeline, the
piping components shall be pretested to
atleast 1.4 times the maximum operating
pressure, provided that all final welds are
inspected in accordance with the provisions of
B 31.8 and all such piping is retested with the
main offshore pipeline to class 1 location test
requirements.
13.12.2.5 B 31.8 Table 841.322 (e) 'Test
Requirements for Pipelines and
GENERAL NOTES:
mop = Maximum operating pressure (not
necessarily the maximum allowable
operating pressure)
dp = design pressure
tp = test pressure
This table brings out the relationship between
test pressures and maximum allowable
operating pressures subsequent to the test. If
an operating company decides that the
maximum operating pressure will be less than
the design pressure, a corresponding
reduction in prescribed test pressure may be
made as indicated in the pressure Test
Prescribed, Minimum, column. However, if
this reduced test pressure is used, the
Maximum operating pressure cannot later be
raised to design pressure without retesting the
line to the test pressure prescribed in the
Pressure Test Prescribed. Maximum,
column. See B 31.8 clause 805.214, 845.213
and 845.214.
NOTE:
28
Mains to Operate at Hoop
Stresses of 30% or More of the
Specified Minimum Yield
Strength of the Pipe' stands
cancelled and is replaced by Table
13.12.2.5 of this standard.
(1) For exceptions, see B 31.8 clause
841.322 (d)
(2) For definition of terms S, D, t, E and see B
31.8 clause 841.11 (a).
13.12.2.6 B 31.8 Clause 841.323 (c) is
cancelled and is replaced by the
following:
In such cases an air test to 1.25 times the
maximum operating pressure shall be made
and the limitations on operating pressure
imposed by Table 13.12.2.5 of this standard do
not apply.
13.12.2.7 Records (841.327)
B 31.8 Clause 841.327 is cancelled and is
replaced by the following:
The operating company shall maintain in its
file for the useful life of each pipeline and
main, records showing the procedures used
and the data developed in establishing its
maximum allowable operating pressure.
The record shall contain at least the
following information:
(a) Time and data of Test;
(b) Pipe Specifications of sections under test;
(c) Elevation profile and the location of the
test section and testing points, if
applicable;
(d) Testing medium used;
(e) Test pressure at lowest elevation;
(f) Test duration;
(g) Pressure and temperature recording
charts, if applicable;
(h) Pressure-Volume chart, if applicable;
(i) Location of leaks or failures and
description of repair action taken.
13.12.2.8 Acceptance of Test (Additional
Clause)
The test is successful when the pipeline has
withstood the strength test, and during the test
period there is no observable drop in pressure
that cannot be accounted for by temperature
changes.
13.12.3 Termination of Testing (Additional
Clause)
The pipeline shall be slowly
depressurized at a moderate and constant
rate. During dewatering, care shall be taken
to properly dispose the discharging water in
order to avoid pollution, damages to fields
under cultivation and/or existing structures
and interference with the traffic.
13.12.4 Pre-tested Pipe (Additional Clause)
Pipe used for making repairs shall be pre-
tested to a pressure equal to or greater than
the original pipeline strength test pressure.
13.12.5 Preservation of Pipeline (Additional
Clause)
If the pipeline is to be preserved for a
specified duration before it can be
commissioned, the pipeline shall be
completely filled with water with sufficient
quantities of corrosion inhibitors, depending
upon the quality of water and the period of
preservation, or with a non-flammable, non-
toxic gas and at a suitable pressure.
13.13 CONTROL AND LIMITING OF GAS
PRESSURE (845)
29
Maximum Allowable Operating Pressure for
Steel or Plastic Pipelines or Mains (845.213)
Consistent with Table 13.12.2.5 of this
standard the following exception is made to B
31.8 Clause 845.213(b):
For determination of maximum allowable
operating pressure (for steel lines) based on
test pressure column no. 5 of Table 13.12.2.5
of this standard shall be referred to.
13.14 VALVES(846)
Location of valves (846.2)
Transmission Valves (846.21)
The following clause is added:
Notwithstanding the foregoing provisions of
this clause, sectionalizing block valves
equipped with automatic closing devices
should be provided for sour gas pipelines in
order to minimize the volume of hydrogen
sulphide that could be released in the event of
a pipeline failure.
13.15 PIPE BOOK (ADDITIONAL CLAUSE)
A pipe and welding book shall be maintained
for all projects. The purpose of the pipe book
shall be to indicate and maintain as a
permanent record the exact position in the
pipeline of each pipe length and each pipeline
material like valves, scraper traps, bends, and
flanges and other fittings installed in the
project. Each item shall be recorded by its
identification number. Location of each weld
including weld number, welder number, type of
welding and electrode, weld treatment and the
details of used equipment for radiography
shall be recorded in the pipe book.
14.0 OPERATING AND
MAINTENANCE PROCEDURES
(B 31.8 - CHAPTER-V)
All provisions of B 31.8 Chapter V shall apply.
15.0 CORROSION CONTROL (B
31.8 CHAPTER-VI)
15.1 COATING REQUIREMENTS (862.112)
The following clause is added to B 31.8
clause 862.112 (b)
Coatings shall:
a) Electrically isolate the external surface of
the pipeline system from the environment;
b) Have sufficient adhesion to effectively
resist underfilm migration of moisture;
c) Be ductile to resist cracking;
d) Have a strength or otherwise be protected
to resist damage due to normal
handling (including concrete coating
application, or river weight
installation, where applicable) and soil
stress;
e) Be compatible with cathodic protection
system.
15.2 ELECTRICAL ISOLATION (862.114)
The following clauses are added:
a) This clause shall not take precedence
over recognized electrical safety practices
and codes.
b) Where insulating devices are installed to
provide electrical isolation of pipeline
systems to facilitate the application of
corrosion control, they shall be properly
rated for temperature, pressure, and
electrical properties, and shall be resistant
to the commodities carried in the pipeline
systems. These devices shall not be
installed in enclosed areas where
combustible atmospheres are likely to be
present unless precautions are taken to
prevent arcing. (After refer Clause 15.4 of
this standard)
c) Pipeline system shall be installed so that
the belowgrade or submerged portions are
not in electrical contact with any casing,
foreign piping systems or other metallic
structures. This shall not preclude the use
of electrical bonds where necessary.
d) Provision shall be made to prevent
harmful galvanic action at below-grade or
submerged connections between copper
and steel piping.
Consideration should be given to:
i) Installing an insulated coupling or
insulating gasket set between the copper
and steel, or
ii) Protecting the piping with an insulating
coating material to provide a spatial
separation of not less than 0.5m between
bare copper and steel.
30
15.3 ELECTRICAL CONNECTIONS AND
MONITORING POINTS (862.115)
15.3.1 The following paragraph is added to B
31.8 Clause 862.115 (b)(1):
Where a higher current carrying capacity is
required, a multistrand conductor shall be
used and the strands shall be arranged into
groups no larger than No.6 AWG. Each group
shall be attached to pipe with a separate
charge. Attaching test leads directly to the
pipe by other methods of brazing is prohibited.
15.3.2 The following paragraph is added:
When a thermit welding process is used for
electrical lead installation on pressurized
pipelines, precautions shall be taken to avoid
possible failure of the pipeline during
installation due to loss of material strength at
the elevated welding temperatures. Where a
thermit welding process is not deemed
suitable. Consideration shall be given to other
methods of installation.
15.4 ELECTRICAL INTERFERENCE
(862.116)
Following is added to B 31.8 Clause 862.116
Electrical Interference-Alternating Current and
Lighting.
15.4.1 Fault Current Interference
Fault current interference shall be taken
into consideration.
NOTES:
a) Fault current resulting from lighting or
upset conditions of electrical facilities
could result in serious damage to
coating and pipe wall and danger to
personnel. These adverse effects may
occur where a pipeline is close to the
grounding facilities of electrical
transmission line structures, sub-
stations, generating stations or other
facilities that have high short circuit
current-carrying grounding networks.
b) Where a buried pipeline system is close
to grounding facilities, remedial
measures may be necessary to control
the effect of these fault currents in order
to reduce the resultant rise in potential
gradient in the earth near the pipeline
system to an acceptable level.
15.4.2 Induced Potential Interference
 Pipelines paralleling alternating current Cathodic Protection systems shall be
electrical transmission lines are subject to maintained on any pipeline system temporarily
induced potentials as well as the effects out of service.
mentioned in Notes to Clause 15.4.1 above.
15.6 TEMPORARY CATHODIC
a) When studies or tests show that PROTECTION SYSTEM
alternating current potentials will be or (ADDITIONAL CLAUSE)
are being induced on a buried pipeline
system, devices shall be installed to When considered necessary, a temporary
reduce these potentials to a tolerable Cathodic Protection system with sacrificial
level. anodes shall be installed to ensure adequate
protection of pipeline from external corrosion
b) When such pipelines are under from the time the pipeline is laid in the trench
construction, or when personnel are in till the permanent Cathodic Protection system
contact with the pipelines, special is commissioned.
precautions shall be taken to nullify the
possible effects of induced alternating The temporary cathodic protection system
current potentials. shall preferably be installed simultaneously
keeping pace with the pipeline
15.4.3 Safety Requirements laying/installation work and shall be monitored
periodically.
Following precautions shall be taken:

a) Employ blowdown connections that will

direct the gas away from the electric 15.7 INTERNAL CORROSION CONTROL
conductors; (863) General (863.1)

b) Install bonding across points where the
pipeline is to be separated and maintain
this connection while the pipeline is
separated;
c) Make a study in collaboration with the
electric company on the common
problems of personnel safety, corrosion,
electrical interference and lighting
problems.
15.5 EXISTING INSTALLATIONS (862.2)
The following clauses are added:
B 31.8 Clause 863.1 is deleted and is replaced
by the following:
15.7.1 Any gas whose water dew point is at all
times below the minimum pipeline
operating temperature is considered to
be non-corrosive, unless tests or
experience indicate otherwise.
15.7.2 Any gas whose water dew point
exceeds the minimum pipeline
operating temperature is considered to
be corrosive, unless tests or
experience indicate otherwise.

15.5.1 Existing Coated Pipeline Systems
Cathodic Protection shall be applied and
maintained on all existing coated pipeline
systems.
15.5.2 Existing Bare Pipeline Systems.
Investigations shall be made to determine
the extent or effect of corrosion on existing
bare pipeline systems. Where these
investigations indicate that continuing
corrosion will create a hazard, corrosion
control measures or other remedial action
shall be undertaken.
15.7.3 Any gas containing hydrogen sulphide
or carbon dioxide whose water dew
point exceeds the minimum pipeline
operating temperature is considered to
be corrosive, unless tests or
experience indicate otherwise.
15.7.4 Any gas containing hydroten sulphide
or carbon dioxide whose water dew
point is maintained below the
minimum pipeline operating
temperature by dehydration, or is
suitably inhibited, is considered to be
non-corrosive, unless tests or
experience indicate otherwise.

15.5.3 Cathodically Protected Pipeline 16.0 MISCELLANEOUS (B31.8

Systems Temporarily out of Service CHAPTER-VII)

31
All provisions of B 31.8 Chapter VII shall
apply. AWWA
C203-86 Standard for Coal-Tar Protective
ANSI B 31.8 APPENDIX-C Coatings and Linings for Steel Water
Pipelines-Enamel and Tape-Hot
List of numbers and subjects of those Applied.
standards and specifications which do not
appear in the text of B 31.8 but may be of TM-02-84 Testing of Metals for Resistance to
informational benefit. Stepwise Cracking.

Following is added to B 31.8 Appendix-C Name and address of the organisation whose
standards and specifications appear above:
DIN
30670 Polyethylene Sheathing of Steel DIN Deutsches Institute fur Normung
Tubes and of Steel Shapes and Obtainable from:
Fittings. Foreign Standards Distribution
Burggrafen Strasse 4-10,D-1000
30672 Corrosion Protection Tapes and Heat BERLIN 30
Shrinkable Sleeves-Coatings made
from Corrosion Protection Taps and BSI British Standards Institution
Heat Shrinkable Sleeves for 2, Park Street,
Underground Pipelines. London: WIA 2BS
Telephone : 01-6299000
Telex : 266933

BSI AWWA American Water Works Association

BS-4146Specifications for Coal-Tar BasedHot 6666,West Quincy Avenue,
1987 Denver, Colorado 80235.
Applied Coating Materials for
protecting Iron and Steel, including
suitable Primers where required.

32
33