6702C SG Part2 Version1 - 1

6702C IP Routing
Course number: 6702C
Student guide
Part Number: ENT-6702C-001P2.01.10
Issue: 1.10
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Contents
Introduction............................................................................................................................3
Welcome............................................................................................................................ 3
IP Routing Overview............................................................................................................. 7
Introduction........................................................................................................................ 7
The function of routing...................................................................................................... 8
How an IP packet is forwarded through the network...................................................... 12
How routers work............................................................................................................ 15
IP addresses and IP Routing Tables.............................................................................. 22
Layer 2 or Layer 3 routing.............................................................................................. 31
Configuring routing on the ERS...................................................................................... 35
Characteristics of routing protocols.................................................................................37
Check your learning........................................................................................................ 40
Lesson summary............................................................................................................. 43
IP Forwarding and Static Routes........................................................................................45
Introduction...................................................................................................................... 45
IP Routing Table Manager.............................................................................................. 46
Static and default routes................................................................................................. 48
Route preference.............................................................................................................53
Lesson summary............................................................................................................. 61
Routing Information Protocol.............................................................................................. 63
Introduction...................................................................................................................... 63
Routing Information Protocol...........................................................................................64
Bellman-Ford algorithm................................................................................................... 65
Versions of RIP............................................................................................................... 67
Configuring RIP on the Ethernet Routing Switch............................................................79
Accept and Announce policies for RIP........................................................................... 85
Configuring RIP policies.................................................................................................. 90
Lesson summary........................................................................................................... 100
OSPF on the Ethernet Routing Switch............................................................................. 101
Introduction.................................................................................................................... 101
The routed enterprise network...................................................................................... 102
Basic components of OSPF.......................................................................................... 107
Types of OSPF Routers................................................................................................116
Types of OSPF networks.............................................................................................. 120
OSPF adjacencies.........................................................................................................122
OSPF interface configuration........................................................................................ 129
OSPF packet with message digest............................................................................... 136
Check your learning...................................................................................................... 139
Lesson summary........................................................................................................... 142
Advanced OSPF Features................................................................................................ 143
6702 IP Routing 2010. All Rights reserved

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Introduction.................................................................................................................... 143
Compare Routing Table and OSPF LSDB................................................................... 144
Network summaries....................................................................................................... 151
OSPF route policies...................................................................................................... 162
Virtual links.................................................................................................................... 168
Lesson summary........................................................................................................... 176
BGP4 Overview.................................................................................................................177
Introduction.................................................................................................................... 177
Border Gateway Protocol.............................................................................................. 178
BGP4 Concepts and Terminology.................................................................................184
Check Your Learning.....................................................................................................194
Lesson summary........................................................................................................... 197
Configuring VRRP.............................................................................................................199
Introduction.................................................................................................................... 199
Understanding Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol.....................................................200
The VRRP state machine............................................................................................. 207
VRRP advertisement..................................................................................................... 212
Configuring VRRP on a VLAN...................................................................................... 221
Lesson summary........................................................................................................... 227
IPv6 Overview................................................................................................................... 229
Introduction.................................................................................................................... 229
What is IPv6?................................................................................................................ 230
Differences between IPv4 and IPv6..............................................................................234
IPv6 header format........................................................................................................237
Deploying IPv6.............................................................................................................. 248
Lesson summary........................................................................................................... 253
Summary........................................................................................................................... 255
Wrap up......................................................................................................................... 255
Appendix - OSPF Packet Format..................................................................................... 257
Introduction.................................................................................................................... 257
OSPF packets............................................................................................................... 258
Appendix - BGP Packet Format....................................................................................... 273
Introduction.................................................................................................................... 273
BGP4 message format.................................................................................................. 274
Acronym List - Avaya Converged Campus...................................................................... 283
Acronym List - Avaya Converged Campus................................................................... 283
Acronym List - Converged Campus..................................................................................311
Acronym List - Converged Campus.............................................................................. 311
2010. All Rights reserved 6702 IP Routing

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IPv6 Overview
IPv6 Overview
Introduction
Lesson introduction
The purpose of this lesson is to provide an overview of the benefits and features of IPv6,
as well as describe the differences between IPv4 and IPv6, and the requirements for
implementing IPv6.
Lesson objectives
In this lesson, you will learn to:
List the benefits of IPv6

Identify the differences between IPv4 and IPv6
Describe the IPv6 header format
Describe how to deploy IPv6 in your network
Lesson duration
The duration of this lesson is 1 hour.

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IPv6 Overview
What is IPv6?
Why use IPv6?
Why use IPv6?
Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) is a new IP datagram protocol designed by the Internet
Engineering Task Force (IETF) to replace IPv4. IPv6 was developed to solve the inefficiencies
in IPv4 and to remedy two issues that were not addressed in IPv4, using larger address space
and better mobility support.
IPv6 incorporates:
Larger address space for global reachability and scalability

Auto-configuration and plug-and-play support
Better route aggregation
Integrated, embedded security with mandatory IPsec implementation
Flow labels for QoS support
Enhanced support for mobile IP and mobile computing devices
Simplified packet handling
Improved multicast support
Simplified header format for efficient packet handling
Hierarchical network architecture for routing efficiency
Support for widely deployed routing protocols
Elimination of need for network address translation (NAT)
Increased number of multicast addresses
IG note
Student July 2007 Internet Engineering and Planning Group - Meeting IPv6
Notes transition presentation by Mr. Randy Bush, titled IPv6 Transition &
Operational Reality.
He cited various myths including: IPv4 is running out, IPv6 transition is
easy,IPv6 eliminates NAT, and IPv6 reduces routing load.
He pointed out various must-dos for each area of concern (servers,
corporate, applications.) for future deployment of IPv6.

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IPv6 Overview
IPv6 new address
IPv6 new address
One of the most significant changes in IPv6 is that the address length is now 128 bits.
340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,211,456
38
(3.4 x 10 ) addresses (IPv4 = 4,294,967,296 addresses)
2
128
possible addresses
This solves IP address exhaustion.
1 million addresses per person on the planet
A typical Unicast IPv6 address offers the following:
64 bits for subnet ID, 64 bits for interface ID

Allows addresses to be permanently assigned to end devices (DSL, PDAs, mobile
terminals, PCs)

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IPv6 Overview
IPv6 terminology
IPv6 terminology
The following terms, listed below and shown in the following diagram, are used with IPv6:
Host
Neighbors
Bridge
Router
Intra-subnet Router
LAN Segment
Subnet
Network
IPv6 terminology illustrated

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IPv6 Overview
Ethernet II encapsulation of IPv6 packets
Ethernet II encapsulation of IPv6
The following diagram shows the Ethernet II encapsulation of IPv6 packets. The fields are:
IPv6
Extension Headers
Upper Layer PDU
IPv6 packet (46-1500 bytes)
Preamble (8 bytes)
DA (6 bytes)
SA (6 bytes)
Type (2 bytes, 86DD)
Payload
Frame Check (4 bytes)
Ethernet II encapsulation of IPv6 packets

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IPv6 Overview
Differences between IPv4 and IPv6

IPv4 and IPv6 feature comparison
Feature comparison: IPv4 and IPv6
The following table compares the features of IPv4 and IPv6.
Feature IPv4 IPv6
Address Length 32 bits 128 bits
IPSec Support Optional Required
QoS Support Some Better
Fragmentation Hosts and Routers Hosts only
MMTU Packet Size 576 bytes 1280 bytes
Checksum in Header Yes No
Options in Header Yes No
Link-Layer Address Resolution ARP (broadcast) Multicast Neighbor

Discovery Messages
Multicast Membership IGMP Multicast Listener (MLD)
Router Discovery Optional Required
Uses Broadcasts Yes No
Configuration Manual, DHCP Automatic, DHCP

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IPv6 Overview
IPv6 Packet Header
IPv6 Packet Header
IPv6 expands the options offered by IPv4 in the following ways:
IPv4 has 20 octets, 12 fields, including 3 flag bits and a fixed number of options.
IPv6 has 40 octets, 8 fields, and an unlimited number of chain extensions.
The following figure highlights the new functionality of IPv6, and also compares it to the
functionality of IPv4.
Functions of IPv4 and IPv6

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IPv6 Overview
IPv6 header format field description
IPv6 header format field description
Version: 4-bit IP version number, value = 6

Traffic Class: 8-bit traffic class field, similar to type of service in IPv4
Flow Label: 20-bit flow label, used to identify traffic flow for additional control on
quality of service
Payload Length: 16-bit unsigned integer, length of the IPv6 payload
Next Header: 8-bit selector, used to identify the type of header immediately following
the IPv6 header
Hop Limit: 8-bit unsigned integer, decremented by 1 by each node that forwards the
packet. The packet is discarded if Hop Limit is decremented to zero.
Source Address: 128-bit address of the originator of the packet
Destination Address: 128-bit address of the intended recipient of the packet.
IPv4 and IPv6 Header Comparison
Feature IPv4 IPv6
Version Yes Yes
IHL Yes No
Type of Service Yes Changed to Traffic Class
Total Length Yes Changed to Payload

Length
Flow Label No Yes
Identification Yes No
Flags Yes No
Fragment Offset Yes No
Time to Live Yes Changed to Hop Limit
Protocol Yes Changed to Next Header
Header Checksum Yes No
Source Address Yes Yes
Destination Address Yes Yes
Options Yes No
Padding Yes No

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IPv6 Overview
IPv6 header format

IPv6 extension headers
IPv6 extension headers
IPv6 introduces the concept of extension headers, allowing greater flexibility to support optional
features.
If the optional extension headers are present, they immediately follow the header field.
Header extension properties include:
64-bit aligned, with much lower overhead than IPv4 options

There is no size limit; the only limitation is the size of IPv6 packet.
Extension headers are processed by destination node only. The only exception is the
Hop-by-Hop header option.
The Next Header field of the base IPv6 header identifies the extension header.
Header, 40 octets
Version
Traffic Class
Flow Label
Payload Length
Next Header
Hop Limit
Source Address
Destination Address
Next Header
Extension Header, variable length
Data Portion

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IPv6 Overview
Multiple extension headers
Header and extension header (Figure 2 of 2)
Multiple extension headers
When multiple extension headers are present in the same IPv6 packet, they occur in the
following order:
Hop-by-Hop header: Carries information that must be examined by all the nodes
along the delivery path. When present, the Hop-by-Hop option always follows
immediately after the basic IPv6 header.
Destination header: Carries additional information that can be examined only by the
destination node
Routing header: Used by the source node to list all the nodes the packet needs to
traverse on the path to its destination
Fragmentation header: Used by the source to indicate that the packet has been
fragmented to fit within the MTU size. In IPv6, unlike IP4, the end nodes (not the
routers) perform packet fragmentation and assembly, which further improves the
efficiency of the IPv6 network.
Authentication Header (AH) and Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP)
headers: Used in IPsec to provide security services to ensure the authentication,
integrity, and confidentiality of a packet

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IPv6 Overview
Values of the next header field
Values of the next header field
The following table shows the values of the next header field:
Value Header
0 Hop-by-Hop Options Header
6 TCP
17 UDP
41 Encapsulated IPv6 Header
43 Routing Header
44 Fragment Header
50 Encapsulating Security Payload
51 Authentication Header
58 ICMPv6
59 No next header
60 Destination Options Header

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IPv6 Overview
IPv6 address categories and types
IPv6 address categories and types
IPv6 provides three categories of addresses; each category has specific types associated with
it.
Unicast addresses
Global
Link local
Site local
Special addresses like Unspecified and loopback addresses
Compatibility addresses
Multicast addresses
No broadcast as in IPv4
Similar operation to IPv4
Anycast addresses
A Unicast address used for several devices to allow communication with the
device closer to the source
IPv6 address representation
IPv6 addresses are 128 bits long (16 bytes compared to IPv4's 4 bytes).
The 128 bits are divided into 8 blocks of 16 bits each.

Each set of 16 bits is converted into a 4-digit hexadecimal number divided by colons
"::"
The preferred format is xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx
Leading zeros can be removed.
0000 can be represented with a single 0.

Sequences of 0 blocks are represented by "::" and can only appear once in an
address.
IPv6 Address Prefixes
IPv6 prefixes indicate a network identifier or a fixed part of the address.
Prefixes are represented as address/prefix length.
Examples:
2001:10F2::/48 for a route prefix

2001:10F2:0:102F::/64 for a subnet prefix

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IPv6 Overview
IPv6 Unicast addresses
IPv6 Unicast addresses
A Unicast address is used to identify a single interface. A packet destined for a Unicast address
is delivered to the interface identified by that address.
There are four types of IPv6 Unicast addresses:
Global
Link-local
Site-local
Special addresses

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IPv6 Overview
Unicast Global Addresses
Unicast Global Addresses
Globally routable addresses (same as public IPv4 addresses)

Global routing prefix is used for the route prefix exchange external to the site.

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IPv6 Overview
Link-local Unicast addresses
Link-local Unicast addresses
The Link-Local Unicast address has higher 10 bits at 1111 1110 10 (FE80).
The prefix is FE::/10. A packet with a Link-local Unicast address is never forwarded
beyond a link by routers.

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IPv6 Overview
Site-Local Unicast Addresses
Site-Local Unicast Addresses
The Site-Local Unicast address incorporates Link-local Unicast parameters at the

first ten bits: 1111 1110 10 (FECO).
The FEC1::/10 is never forwarded outside of a site by routers.

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IPv6 Overview
IPv6 Multicast Addresses
IPv6 Multicast Addresses
As in IPv4, a multicast address is assigned to a set of interfaces belonging to different nodes.
A packet destined for a multicast address is routed to all interfaces identified by that address.
The IPv6 multicast address uses the FF00::/8 prefix.
The elements of a Multicast Address are illustrated in the graphic below. The elements include:
Flags - First 1-3 bits are reserved, 1 if temporary, 0 if permanent (well-known address
assigned by IANA).
Scope - Used to limit the scope of multicast address:
1: node local
2: link local
3: subnet local
4: admin local
5: site local
8: organization local
B: community local
E: global
Defined multicast addresses:
All-Nodes addresses
o FF01::1 (Node Local), FF02::1 (Link Local)

All-Routers addresses
o FF01::1 (Node Local), FF02::1 (Link Local), FF05::2 (Site Local)

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IPv6 Overview
Solicited-Node Multicast Addresses
Solicited-Node Multicast Addresses
The Solicited-Node Multicast address is formed by taking the low-order 24 bits of an IPv6
address and appending those bits to the well-known prefix FF02::1:FF00/104.
Therefore, the range of Solicited-Node multicast addresses is:
FF02::1:FF00:0000-FF02::1:FFFF:FFFF
For example:
For MAC 00-02-B3FF:FE1E:8329 + IPv6 address FE80::202:B3FF:FE1E:8329 the

corresponding Solicited-Node host multicast address is FF02::1:FF1E:8329.

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IPv6 Overview
Special addresses
Special Addresses
There are two types of special addresses:
Unspecified address
Loopback address
Unspecified address
0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0, called all zeros, can be abbreviated as ::
An unspecified address:
Indicates the absence of a valid address

Can be used as a source address by a host during the boot process when it sends
out a request for address configuration information
Should never be statically or dynamically assigned to an interface and should never
appear as the destination IP address
Loopback address
0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 can be abbreviated as ::1
A loopback address:
Is helpful in troubleshooting and testing the IP stack because it can be used to send
a packet to the protocol stack without sending it out on the subnet
Should never be statically or dynamically assigned to an interface

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IPv6 Overview
Deploying IPv6
IPv6 deployment
IPv6 deployment
IPv6 deployment requires it to coexist with IPv4 for some extended period of time.
A number of strategies have been developed for managing this complex and prolonged
transition from IPv4 to IPv6, including:
Deploying IPv6 over dual-stack backbones
IPv6 in IPv4 tunnels
Configured tunnels
Deploying IPv6 over dual-stack backbones

In dual-stack backbone deployment, all routers in the network maintain both IPv4 and
IPv6 protocol stacks. Applications choose between using IPv4 or IPv6, with the application
selecting the correct address based on the type of IP traffic and particular requirements of the
communication.
IPv6 in IPv4 tunneling
As shown in the following diagram, the entire IPv6 packet can be encapsulated in the IPv4
packet. Addresses used are based on the technique used for tunneling.
Tunnels can be between hosts, or between hosts and routers.

IPv6 in IPv4 tunneling
Configured tunnels
Configured tunnels allow you to connect IPv6 domains through an IPv4 network. This can also
be used for host communications.

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IPv6 Overview
For these tunnels, you need to manually configure tunnel end points.

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IPv6 Overview
IPv6 on different operating systems
IPv6 on different operating systems
IPv6 is available on the following operating systems
Microsoft Windows XP and Server2003
ping6
tracert6
netsh -> command line
Sun Solaris 8
Ifconfig
Netstat -p,-rn
Ping/traceroute/snoop ip6
IPv6 with Linux 2.2.x
IPv6 with FreeBSD 4.x
Operating systems support for IPv6
The following table shows the operating systems which support IPv6.

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IPv6 Overview
IPv6 applications
IPv6 applications
The following list shows applications for IPv6:
1. Streaming servers and associated players for IPv6 multicasting.
Video LAN VLC media player

o www.videolan.org/vlc/
Microsoft Media Server 9/ Media Player 9
o Media Server 9 allows, on the Enterprise edition, the creation of IPv6
multicast streams.
o [Media ever] http://www.microsoft.com then TechNet Home -> Products
& Technologies -> Windows Server 2003 -> Product Documentation ->
Getting Started -> Configuring Roles for Your Server.
o [MPlayer] http://www.microsoft.com/windows/windowsmedia/download
Digital Video Transport System [DVTS]:
o streaming servers and associated players
o www.sfc.wide.ad.jp/DVTS/
2. Music Sharing application
Three degrees => music sharing application

http://www.threedegrees.com/FAQs
3. Web Servers:
Apache Web server with IPv6 support
http://httpd.apache.org/docs-2.0/new_features_2_0.html
Microsoft IIS HTTP server with IPv6 support
http://www.microsoft.com/resources/documentation/IIS/6/all/techref/en-us/
iisRG_IP6_5.mspx
4. Useful Links
http://www.ipv6.org/v6-apps.html
http://win6.jp/

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IPv6 Overview
IPv6 Useful Links
IPv6 Useful Links
http://www.ipv6forum.com/ IPv6 Forum
http://www.rfc-editor.org RFCs
http://www.ietf.org/ID.html Internet Drafts
http://standards.ieee.org/regauth/oui/tutorials/ IEEE specs

EUI64.html
http://www.iana.org/ipaddress/ip-addresses.htm IP address standard org.
http://www.6bone.net/6bone_hookup.html 6bone
http://playground.sun.com/pub/ipng/html/ipng- IPv6 support

implementations.html
http://www.sun.com/solaris/ipv6 Solaris IPv6 Support
http://www.linux-ipv6.org Linux IPv6 Support
http://www.mircrosoft.com/ipv6/ Windows IPv6 Support
http://www.kame.net FreeBSD IPv6

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IPv6 Overview
Lesson summary
Lesson summary
In this lesson you learned to:
List the benefits of IPv6

Identify the differences between IPv4 and IPv6
Describe the IPv6 header format
Describe how to deploy IPv6 in your network

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IPv6 Overview

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Summary
Summary
Wrap up
Course summary
Course summary
In this course, you learned how to:
Describe how IP routing is implemented on an Avaya Ethernet Routing Switch

including how to use RIP and OSPF Protocols
Describe the advantages and use of Static routes, alternate routes and equal cost
multipath (ECMP) routes and how they are used in the network
Explain the operation of RIP and configure RIP advertising within a network
Explain how to configure an Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) network
Describe the characteristics of a multiple-area OSPF domain and describe how OSPF
adjacencies are formed
Describe the use of BGP
Describe the use of VRRP
Describe the benefits and implementation of IPv6

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Summary
End of course evaluation

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Appendix - OSPF Packet Format
Introduction
Lesson introduction
Introduction
The purpose of this appendix is to provide an Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) packet
format reference.
Lesson objectives
In this appendix, you will learn how to:
Describe OSPF packet types and format

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OSPF packets
OSPF packet types
OSPF packet types

OSPF packets are encapsulated directly in an IP packet without need for any transport, as
shown below.
DL header IP header OSPF packet
The area ID, checksum, and authentication are validated for every OSPF packet. If any of these
checks fail, the OSPF packet is dropped and an appropriate error is logged.
The Type field within the OSPF packet header indicates which type of packet is in the OSPF
packet data field. The following table explains the type codes for each packet type:
Codes for OSPF packet types
Type Code Packet Type
1 Hello
2 Database description
3 Link state request
4 Link state update
5 Link state acknowledgment
OSPF Packet Types

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IG note
Student Presenting This Slide: When talking about OSPF message detail, "type"
Notes is overused - OSPF message type, link state advertisement type, router
link types, as external link type.
This can be very confusing for students just learning this material.
Instead of just saying "a type 1" try using the descriptive name like "hello
message"or "router links advertisement".P>
It is easier for most students to relate a function to the descriptive

names.

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Hello packet
Hello packet
The following figure illustrates the Hello packet.
Hello packet
The OSPF Hello message is important because it enables routers to:

Discover each other
Decide whether or not to form an adjacency
Maintain adjacencies
The Hello message has the following as IP destinations:

224.0.0.5 (AllSPFRouters) on point-to-point and broadcast networks
A statically defined neighbor IP address on an NBMA network and across virtual links
The Hello message carries the following information:

Network mask associated with this interface
Hello interval specifying how often to expect the hello
Router priority of sender
Dead interval timer specifying how long the sender waits without receiving any hellos
before breaking the adjacency

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DR by IP address
BDR by IP address
List of all neighboring routers on network by router ID
IG note
Student Value Added: The options field is xxxxxxET, where the E flag indicates
Notes the router supports external routes in this area (not a stub area) and the
T flag indicates the router supports type of service routing (which is not
functionally supported in RFC 2178 any longer).

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Link State Advertisements
Link State Advertisements
The following figure illustrates LSAs.
LSAs
Each OSPF router maintains an LSDB for each area to which it is connected. From each
LSDB, the router constructs an SPF tree that yields the best routes from this router to all known
networks.
The LSDB consists of LSAs received by a router.
Sending updates
LSAs are sent to adjacent routers in a link state update message (OSPF message Type 4).
During the formation of an adjacency, a router requests a link state update when it notices that
its database does not match that of a neighbor.
A link state update consists of an OSPF header and a string of LSAs. Each LSA has its own
header indicating the router generating the advertisement.

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Acknowledging receipt
Acknowledging receipt
A router acknowledges the receipt of an LSA (contained in a link state update message)
by returning a link state acknowledgment (ACK) message. This acknowledgment message
contains the link state header of each advertisement that was received.
A link state acknowledgment message can serve as a means of grouping multiple ACKs, but
implementations may acknowledge one LSA per message.
LSA header
LSA header
Highlights of an LSA are as follows:
The link state type, link state ID, and advertising router fields uniquely identify the
LSA.
The sequence number is the primary means for identifying the more recent instance
of particular LSAs. The router originating the advertisement sets the sequence
number. Every time it reissues the advertisement, it increments the sequence
number. Therefore, higher sequence numbers indicate newer LSAs.
If the sequence number of two received LSAs is equal, the one with the larger
checksum is considered the most recent. This is an arbitrary tiebreaker since it is not
possible to determine which is correct from the content. The age is not calculated into
the checksum.

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IG Note
Student Max age for a link state advertisement is one (1) hour (3600 seconds).
Notes The originating router should re-advertise every half hour (1800
seconds) to reset age.
In LSDB, any LSA whose age is much > 1800 is likely aging out and
may not be valid but is still used in the SPF tree calculation. When age
reaches 3600, it is no longer being used in calculations but remains in
LSDB until its demise is flooded through the area.

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Router LSAs
Router LSAs
Every OSPF router generates a router links advertisement. It is sent to every other OSPF
router in the area and describes the routers links in that area. This advertisement is a basic
description of a routers network connections within that area.
The router links advertisement describes four types of network connections:

Point-to-Point (Link Type 1) The local end of a numbered
point-to-point network type.
Transit (Link Type 2) A multi-access network with

more than one router on it.
Stub (Link Type 3) A multi-access network with

no other routers on it, or
a numbered point-to-point
network.
Virtual link (Link Type 4) Configured as a virtual link.
When a router links advertisement is received from every OSPF router in the area, you have
almost enough information to build an SPF tree. Collectively, the LSAs contain almost enough
information to piece together the network topology.
Sample router links advertisement
The following figure shows a sample router links advertisement.
Sample router links advertisement

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IG note
Student V bit Terminates a virtual link, E bit External Router (ASBR), B bit ABR.
Notes

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Network links advertisement
The following figure illustrates a network links advertisement.
This advertisement describes a transit network (multi-access network with more than one router
on it).
A network links advertisement has the following characteristics:
Contains a list of only those routers connected to the transit network, with each router
being identified by its router ID
Flooded to all adjacent routers within the same area
Originated by the DR of the transit network

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Type 3 and type 4 summary LSAs
Type 3 and Type 4 summary LSAs
The following figure illustrates a summary links advertisement.
Summary links advertisement
Summary LSAs are Type 3 and Type 4 LSAs. Area border routers originate these types of
LSAs. Summary LSAs describe inter-area destinations.
Type 3 Summary LSAs are used when the destination is an IP network. In this case, the LSA's
Link State ID field is an IP network number (if necessary, the Link State ID can also have one
or more of the network's "host" bits set). When the destination is an AS boundary router, a
Type 4 Summary LSA is used, and the Link State ID field is the ASBR's OSPF Router ID. Other
than the difference in the Link State ID field, the format of Type 3 and 4 Summary LSAs is
identical.
Type 4 LSAs contains information about the ASBR along with the "gateway" or ABR to use to
get to the ASBR.
Network mask - For Type 3 Summary LSAs, this indicates the destination network's
IP address mask. For example, when advertising the location of a class A network
the value 0xff000000 would be used. This field is not meaningful and must be 0 for
Type 4 Summary LSAs.
Metric - This is the cost of this route, expressed in the same units as the interface
costs in the Router LSAs.

- Page 269 -
AS-external LSAs
AS-external LSAs
AS-external LSAs are Type 5 LSAs. These LSAs are originated by AS boundary routers, and
describe destinations external to the AS.
AS-external LSA
AS-external LSAs usually describe a particular external destination. For these LSAs, the Link
State ID field specifies an IP network number. AS-external LSAs are also used to describe a
default route. Default routes are used when no specific route exists to the destination. When
describing a default route, the Link State ID is always set to DefaultDestination (0.0.0.0) and the
Network Mask is set to 0.0.0.0.
Network mask - The IP address mask for the advertised destination. For example,
when advertising a Class A network, the mask 0xff000000 would be used.
bit E - The type of external metric. If bit E is set, the metric specified is a Type
2 external metric. This means the metric is considered larger than any link state
path. If bit E is 0, the specified metric is a Type 1 external metric. This means that
it is expressed in the same units as the link state metric (that is, the same units as
interface cost).
Metric - The cost of this route. Interpretation depends on the external type indication
(bit E above).
Forwarding address - Data traffic for the advertised destination is forwarded to this
address. If the Forwarding address is set to 0.0.0.0, data traffic is forwarded instead
to the LSA's originator (that is, the responsible ASBR).

- Page 270 -
External route tag - A 32-bit field attached to each external route. This is not used
by the OSPF protocol itself. It may be used to communicate information between AS
boundary routers.

- Page 271 -
NSSA-external LSA
NSSA-external LSA
NSSAs are defined in much the same manner as existing stub areas. To support NSSAs, a
new option bit (the N bit) and a new type of LSA (Type 7) are defined. The N bit ensures that
routers belonging to an NSSA agree on its configuration. Similar to the stub areas use of the
E bit, both NSSA neighbors must agree on the setting of the N bit. If the routers do not agree
the OSPF neighbor adjacency is not formed.
Type 7 LSAs are used to carry external route information within an NSSA. Type 7 AS-External
LSAs have virtually the same syntax as the Type 5 AS-External LSAs with the obvious
exception of the link-state type.
There are two major semantic differences between Type 5 and Type 7 LSAs, as follows:
Type 7 LSAs may be originated by and advertised throughout an NSSA; as with stub
areas, NSSAs do not receive or originate Type 5 LSAs.
Type 7 LSAs are advertised only within a single NSSA; they are not flooded into the
backbone area or any other area by border routers, though the information that they
contain can be propagated into the backbone area.
NSSA-external LSA

- Page 272 -

- Page 273 -
Appendix - BGP Packet Format
Introduction
Lesson introduction
Introduction
The purpose of this appendix is to describe the BGP4 (Border Gateway Protocol) Packet
Format
Appendix objectives
In this appendix, you will learn how to:
Identify the BGP message fornats

- Page 274 -
BGP4 message format

BGP4 message format
BGP4 packet format
BGP4 packet format
BGP Header
The BGP header is used for authentication, loss of synchronization, message type, and
keep-alive.
Marker
If message type is 1 (BGP Open msg) or if authentication is not being used, the Marker field is
all 1's.
If message type is other than 1 and authentication is being used, the value of the Marker field is
computed as part of the authentication process.
The Marker field is also used to detect loss of synchronization between Peers.
Length
Total length of message including the 19 octets of Header. (Range = 19 - 4096)
Type
1 = Open
2 = Update
3 = Notification
4 = Keep Alive
A Keep Alive message is simply a BGP Header (19 octets). Keep Alive messages are sent
at an interval of 1/3 the negotiated Hold Time. If the Hold Time = 0, then Keep Alives are not
exchanged.

- Page 275 -
Open Message - BGP Type 1
Open Message - BGP Type 1
Negotiates BGP operating parameters between Peers. If Peers do not agree on parameter
values, a BGP Notification message is sent and new Open messages are exchanged.
Version
BGP version # (3 or 4). Used in negotiation.
My AS
Autonomous system # of AS where Open message originated.
Hold time
Max # of seconds that may elapse between the receipt of successive Keep Alives &/or Updates.
Negotiated between Peers. Smallest value wins. Value can equal 0, 3, or a higher #, because
the Keep Alive timer must be 1/3 the Hold Time.
BGP ID
BGP router identifier, similar to OSPF's Router ID. ID must match a real IP address configured
within the BGP router.
Optional parameters
This field may contain a list of parameters where each parameter is displayed as <Type /
Length / Value>.
The most commonly used optional parameter is Authentication (Para Type 1) which is used to
authenticate the other BGP Peer.
The minimum length of an Open message is 29 octets, which includes the BGP Header.

- Page 276 -
Update Message - BGP Type 2
Update Message - BGP Type 2
Advertises dead routes to be withdrawn from service. Advertises only one route per Update,
the route's attributes, and a list of networks reachable through that path.
Unfeasible routes
Total length (octets) of Withdrawn Routes field.
A length of 0 = no withdrawn routes & no Withdrawn Routes field in

message.
Withdrawn Routes
A list of IP address prefixes of routes being withdrawn from service. Each IP prefix has the
following format:
Where:
Length: Length of IP Addr Prefix field in bits.

Prefix: IP Address Prefixes followed by trailing bits to complete the full octet.
Total Path Attribute
Total length of Path Attribute field in octets. A length of 0 = no Network Layer Routing Info
(NLRI) field is in this Update message.
Path Attributes
Path attributes are described in the next section.
Networks (NLRI) (Network Layer Routing Info)
List of IP address prefixes reachable thru this route. Length of 0 = the prefix matches all IP
addresses. Each IP prefix has the same format shown in the Withdrawn Routes field <Length /
Prefix>.

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Update Message - Path Attributes
Update Message - Path Attributes
The Path Attribute field lists all path attributes being used for the advertised BGP route
shown in the NLRI field. Path Attributes use the format: Type, Length, Value (T,L,V).
Attribute Type
Consists of Attribute Flags + Attribute Type Code
Attribute Flags:
Optional bit (Bit 0) - 0 = Well Known, 1 = Optional Whether attribute is recognized
by all BGP Speakers or not.
Transitive bit (Bit 1) - 0 = Non-Transitive 1 = Transitive Whether attribute may or
may not appear in the description of a route.
Partial bit (Bit 2) - 0 = Complete 1 = Partial Determines if attribute is passed
unmodified or not passed at all to BGP Peer especially if attribute is optional
(unrecognized).
Extended Length bit (Bit 3) - 0 = 1 octet 1 = 2 octets If E = 0, 3rd octet = Length of
Data; If E = 1, 3rd & 4th octet = Length of Data
Bits 4-7 are unused
Attribute Type Codes:

1. ORIGIN (Type.Code 1) Well-Known, Mandatory
Indicates the source of the route as:
Value Meaning
0 IGP NLRI is internal to the AS that inserted this route.
1 EGP NLRI is learned via EGP.
2 INCOMPLETE - NLRI learned by other means. (RIP,
OSPF, static route)

- Page 278 -
2. AS_PATH (Type.Code 2) Well-Known, Mandatory Sequence of AS path segments

that a packet must cross to reach a final destination. Each AS path segment has the
format:
Path Segment Type is:
Value Path Segment Type
1. AS_SET - unordered set of autonomous systems a route in the UPDATE message

must pass through.
2. AS_SEQUENCE - ordered set of autonomous systems a route in the UPDATE
message must pass through. Local AS adds its number to the left-most position of
the AS sequence.
Path Segment Length is the number of ASs in the Path Segment Value.
Max length = 256 ASs.
Path Segment Value is 1 or more AS numbers where each AS # = 2 octets.
3. NEXT_HOP (Type. Code 3) Well-Known, Mandatory IP address of the border router

that will be the Next Hop in the AS path. It is always an interface located in another
AS. Not modified for IBGP.
4. MULTI_EXIT_DISC (Type Code 4) Optional, Non-Transitive Multi exit disc (MED)
is used to choose between multiple exit routes to the neighboring AS. MED with the
lower value is preferred.
5. LOCAL_PREF (Type Code 5) Well-Known, Discretionary A 4 octet value that is
set within an AS between IBGP speakers to influence what exit point to take out of
the local AS if multiple routes exist. The path with the higher preference number is
preferred.
6. ATOMIC_AGGREGATE (Type Code 6) Well-Known, Discretionary Used to inform
other BGP speaker that a less specific route was selected.
7. AGGREGATE (Type Code 7) Optional, Transitive Contains the last AS number
that formed the aggregate route followed by the IP address of the BGP speaker the
formed the aggregate route.

- Page 279 -
Notification Message - BGP Type 3
Notification Message - BGP Type 3
Sent when an error condition is detected.
BGP connection is closed after Notification message is sent.
BGP connection must be restarted with a new Open message.
Error Codes Subcodes
1 = Message Header Error 1 = Connection not synchronized

2 = Bad Message Length
3 = Bad Message Type
2 = Open Message Error 1 = Unsupported Version Number
2 = Bad Peer AS
3 = Bad BGP ID (Router ID)
4 = Unsupported Optional Parameter
5 = Authentication Failure
6 = Unacceptable Hold Time
3 = Update Message Error 1 = Malformed Attribute List
2 = Unrecognized Well-Known Attribute
3 = Missing Well-Known Attribute
4 = Attribute Flags Error
5 = Attribute Length Error
6 = Invalid Origin Attribute
7 = AS Routing Loop
8 = Invalid Next Hop Attribute
9 = Optional Attribute Error
10 = Invalid Network Field
11 = Malformed AS Path
4 = Hold Timer Expired
5 = Finite State Machine Error
6 = Cease
There may be more than one subcode with each error code.

- Page 280 -
Keep Alive Message - BGP Type 4
Keep Alive Message - BGP Type 4
Keep-Alive messages are simply BGP Headers with a BGP Type=4.
Choosing the best BGP path
Prefer path with lower preference.
If MED is enabled, for paths from same AS, prefer path with the lower metric.
Prefer path with better origin (in order: BGP, IGP, EGP, Incomplete).
Prefer lower AS path weight.
Prefer path from lower BGP Identifier (Router ID).
BGP Message Flow
Peer BGP Msg Exchange Peer

State State
Idle Idle
Connect TCP session opened --->
# TCP session ACKed Connect
OpenSent BGP Open (ver = 4, my_AS = 1, Hold Time = 90) --->
# BGP Notification (ver = 4, Hold Time = 60) Idle
Connect TCP session opened --->
# TCP session ACKed Connect
OpenSent BGP Open (version = 4, my_AS = 1, Hold Time = 60) --->

- Page 281 -
Peer BGP Msg Exchange Peer

State State
# BGP Open (version = 4, my_AS = 2, Hold Time = 60) OpenConfirm
OpenConfirm
BGP Keep-Alive --->
# BGP Keep-Alive Established
Established # BGP Update (down networks, path/network list) --->
# BGP Update (down networks, path/network list) Established
EstablishedBGP Keep-Alive --->
# BGP Keep-Alive Established
# BGP Notification (Cease) Idle
Idle TCP session dropped --->
# TCP session dropped Idle
Each BGP Update advertises a single path (AS_PATH) with associated destination network(s)
(NLRI). Multiple Updates can be encapsulated inside a TCP packet, or the Update message can
be appended onto a BGP Keep-Alive which is encapsulated in a TCP packet.
BGP Keep-Alives are sent every 1/3 Hold Time interval.
TCP ACKs are often sent after BGP messages (not shown in this example).

- Page 282 -

- Page 283 -
Acronym List - Avaya Converged Campus

Acronym List
ABR - Area Border Router
ACE - Access Control Entity - One of the filter rules that make up an ACL
ACG - Access Control Group - A group of several ACLs
ACL - Access Control List - An ordered list of filter rules or ACEs
ACT - Access Control Template
ADAC - Auto Detect Auto Config
AES - Advanced Encryption Standard
AP - Access Point
ARP - Address Resolution Protocol
AS - Autonomous System
ASBR - Autonomous System Border Router
ASIC - Application Specific Integrated Circuit
ATM - Asynchronous Transfer Mode
BCP - Bridge Control Protocol
BPDU - Bridge Protocol Data Unit
BFM - Backplane Fabric Module
BGP - Border Gateway Protocol
BMC - Backplane Module Controller
BMC - Baseboard Management Controller - An FPGA device on the R module
CAN - Chassis Area Network
CANA - Configurable Auto-Negotiation Advertisement
CAPEX - Capital Expenditures
CFI - canonical field indicator
CIDR - classless inter-domain routing
CLIP - Circuitless IP
CLI - Command Line Interface
CLUE - Centralized Look Up Engine
CP-limit - Control Plane Limit
CPU - central processing unit

- Page 284 -
CRM - Customer Relationship Management

CS5 - Class Selector 5
CWDM - Coarse Wave Division Multiplexing
DHCP - Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
DiffServ - Differentiated Services
DMLT - Distributed MultiLink Trunking
DoS - Denial of Service
DPC - Direct Program Control - An FPGA device on the R module
DPC - Distributed Processing Controller
DSCP - DiffServ Code Point
DVMRP - Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol
DWRR - Deficit Weight Round Robin
EAP - Extensible Authentication Protocol
ECMP - Equal Cost Multipath
EF - Expedited Forwarding
ELAN - Emulated LAN
EPM - Enterprise Policy Manager
ERP - Enterprise Resource Planning
ERS - Ethernet Routing Switch
ES - Ethernet Switch
ESM - Enterprise Switch Manager
FAST - Flexible Advanced Stacking Technology
FCS - Frame Check Sequence
FDB - Forwarding Database
FEFI - Far End Fault Identification
FFAD - Fast Fabric Access Device
FOQ - Feedback Output Queue
FPGA - Fast Path Gigabit Adapter
FPGA - Field Programmable Gate Array
FPI - Fast Packet Inspector
FRU - Field Replaceable Unit
FSWIP - Fast Switch Processor

- Page 285 -
GBIC - Gigabit Ethernet Interface Card

GMT - Greenwich Meantime
GUI - Graphical User Interface
IANA - Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
ICMP - Internet Control Message Protocol
IEEE - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
IETF - Internet Engineering Task Force
IGAP - IGMP Authentication Protocol
IGMP - Internet Group Management Protocol
IGP - Interior Gateway Protocol - Distributes routing information between
routers that belong to a single autonomous system (AS).
InLif - Input Logic Interface
IOM - Input Output Module
IP - Internet Protocol
IPFIX - IP Flow Information Export
ISP - Internet Service Provider
IST - Inter-switch trunk
IPX - Internetwork Packet Exchange
JDM - Java Device Manager
Kbps - Kilobits per second
LACP - Link Aggregation Control Protocol
LAG - Link Aggregation Group
LAN - local area network
LANE - LAN Emulation
LCP - Link Control Protocol
LIS - Location Information Service
LQM - Link Quality Monitoring
LSDB - Link State Data Base
mA - milliamp
MAC - Media Access Control
Mbps - Megabits per second
MBS - Maximum Burst Size
MDA - Media Dependent Adapter

- Page 286 -
MDI - Media Dependent Interfaces

MIB - Management Information Base
MLL - Multicast Link List
MLT - MultiLink Trunking
MMF - Multimode fiber
MPPS - million packets per second
MSTP - Multiple Spanning Tree Groups
MTBF - Mean Time Between Failures
NACK - Negative Acknowledgement (used for protocol hand-shaking)
NEBS - Network Equipment Building System
NIC - Network Interface Card
NLRI - network layer reachability information
NNCLI - Avaya Command Line Interface
NNI - Network-to-Network Interface
NSNA - Avaya Secure Network Access
NSSA - Not-So-Stubby Area
NTP - Network Time Protocol
OAM - Operations, Administration, Maintenance
OctaPID - Octal Port Interface Device
OOB - Out-of-Band
OPEX - Operating Expenditures
OSPF - Open Shortest Path First
OSM - Optivity Switch Manager
OUI - Organizational Unique Identifiers
PCAP - Packet Capture
PCMCIA - Personal Computer Memory Card International Association
PCR - Peak Cell Rate
PD - Powered device
PDU - Protocol Data Unit
PGM - Pragmatic General Multicast
PHB - Per Hop Behavior
PID - Protocol ID
PIM - Protocol Independent Multicast

- Page 287 -
PIM-SM - Protocol Independent Multicast - Sparse Mode

PIM-SSM - Protocol Independent Multicast - Source Specific Multicast Mode
PoE - Power over Ethernet
POS - Packet Over SONET (Synchronous Optical Network)
PPS - packets per second
PrPMC - Processor PCI Mezzanine Card
PSE - Power sourcing equipment
PVC - Permanent Virtual Circuit (statically allocated AAL2 or AAL5 channel)
PVID - Port VLAN Identifier (used on the stackable ERS to define VLAN
membership)
QFI - Quad Fabric Interface
QoS - Quality of Service
RADIUS - Remote Authentication Dial-in User Services
RFI - Remote Fault Identification
RIB - Routing Information Base
RIP - Routing Information Protocol
RMON - Remote Monitoring
RMT - Remote Mirroring Termination
ROI - Return on Investment
RPS - Redundant Power Supply
RPSU - Redundant Power Supply Unit
RSMLT - Routed Split MultiLink Trunking
RSP - Route-Switch-Processor
RSTP - Rapid Spanning Tree
RTC - Real Time Clock
RTM - Routing Table Manager
RP - Rendezvous Points
RPF - Reverse Path Forwarding
SAM - SSL Acceleration Module
SCP - Secure Copy
SCR - Sustained Cell Rate
SDM - Service Delivery Module
SERDES - Serializer/deserializer

- Page 288 -
SF - Switch Fabric
SF/CPU - Switch Fabric/CPU
SFP - Small Form Factor Pluggable
SLPP - Simple Loop Prevention Protocol
SLT - Single Link Trunking
SMF - Single mode fiber
SMLT - Split MultiLink Trunking
SNA - Systems Network Architecture
SNAP - Standard Network Access Protocol
SNAS - Secure Network Access Switch
SNMP - Simple Network Management Protocol
SPT - Shortest Path Tree
SSF - Silicon Switch Fabric
SSH - Secure Shell
SSL - Secure Sockets Layer
SSM - Source Specific Multicast
SSMLT - Single Port SMLT
STG - Spanning Tree Group
STP - Spanning Tree Protocol
SLVAN - Stacked VLAN
TBPS - Terabits per second
TCG - Technical Configuration Guide
TCI - Tag Control Information
TCO - Total Cost of Ownership
TCP - Transmission Control Protocol
TDR - Time Domain Reflectometer
Telco - Telephone Company
TFTP - Trivial File Transfer Protocol
ToS - Type of Service
TPID - Tag Protocol Identifier
TPS - Threat Protection System
TTL - Time to Live (used to determine the life of an IP packet)
UBP - User Based Policies

- Page 289 -
UBR - unspecified bit rate

UDP - User Datagram Protocol
UNI - User-to-Network Interface
UTC - Universal Time, Coordinated
VBR - Variable Bit Route
VCT - Virtual Cable Tester
VID - VLAN ID
VLACP - Virtual Link Aggregation Control Protocol
VLAN - Virtual Local Area Network
VLSM - Variable Length Subnet Mask
VoIP - Voice over Internet Protocol
VRF - virtual router and forwarder
VRRP - Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol
WAN - Wide Area Network
WAP - Wireless Access Point
WLAN - Wireless Local Area Network
WRED - weighted random early detection
WSM - Web Switch Module
XFP - 10 Gigabit Small Form Factor Pluggable
Acronym
Definition
ABR Area Border Router
ACE Access Control Entity - One of the filter rules that make up an ACL
ACG Access Control Group - A group of several ACLs
ACL Access Control List - An ordered list of filter rules or ACEs
ACT
- Access
Control
Template
ADAC
-
Auto Detect
Auto Config
AES
- Advanced
Encryption
Standard

- Page 290 -
Acronym
Definition
AP - Access
Point
ARP
- Address
Resolution
Protocol
AS - Autonomous
System
ASBR
- Autonomous
System
Border
Router
ASIC
- Application
Specific
Integrated
Circuit
ATM
- Asynchronous
Transfer
Mode
BCP
- Bridge
Control
Protocol
BPDU
- Bridge
Protocol
Data
Unit
BFM
- Backplane
Fabric
Module
BGP
- Border
Gateway
Protocol
BMC
- Backplane
Module
Controller

- Page 291 -
Acronym
Definition
BMC
- Baseboard
Management
Controller
- An FPGA
device
on
the
R module
CAN
- Chassis
Area Network
CANA
- Configurable
Auto-
Negotiation
Advertisement
CAPEX
- Capital
Expenditures
CFI
- canonical
field indicator
CIDR
- classless
inter-
domain
routing
CLIP
- Circuitless
IP
CLI - Command
Line Interface
CLUE
- Centralized
Look
Up Engine
CP-
limit
- Control
Plane
Limit

- Page 292 -
Acronym
Definition
CPU
- central
processing
unit
CRM
- Customer
Relationship
Management
CS5
- Class
Selector
5
CWDM
- Coarse
Wave
Division
Multiplexing
DHCP
- Dynamic
Host Configuration
Protocol
DiffServ
- Differentiated
Services
DMLT
- Distributed
MultiLink
Trunking
DoS
- Denial
of Service
DPC
- Direct
Program
Control
- An FPGA
device
on
the
R module
DPC
- Distributed
Processing
Controller

- Page 293 -
Acronym
Definition
DSCP
- DiffServ
Code
Point
DVMRP
- Distance
Vector
Multicast
Routing
Protocol
DWRR
- Deficit
Weight
Round
Robin
EAP
- Extensible
Authentication
Protocol
ECMP
- Equal
Cost Multipath
EF - Expedited
Forwarding
ELAN
- Emulated
LAN
EPM
- Enterprise
Policy
Manager
ERP
- Enterprise
Resource
Planning
ERS
- Ethernet
Routing
Switch
ES - Ethernet
Switch

- Page 294 -
Acronym
Definition
ESM
- Enterprise
Switch
Manager
EPM
- Enterprise
Policy
Manager
FAST
- Flexible
Advanced
Stacking
Technology
FCS
- Frame
Check
Sequence
FDB
- Forwarding
Database
FEFI
- Far
End Fault
Identification
FFAD
-
Fast Fabric
Access
Device
FOQ
- Feedback
Output
Queue
FPGA
-
Fast
Path Gigabit
Adapter
FPGA
-
Field Programmable
Gate Array

- Page 295 -
Acronym
Definition
FPI -
Fast Packet
Inspector
FRU
-
Field Replaceable
Unit
FSWIP
-
Fast Switch
Processor
GBIC
- Gigabit
Ethernet
Interface
Card
GMT
- Greenwich
Meantime
GUI
- Graphical
User Interface
IANA
- Internet
Assigned
Numbers
Authority
ICMP
- Internet
Control
Message
Protocol
IEEE
- Institute
of Electrical
and Electronics
Engineers
IETF
- Internet
Engineering
Task Force

- Page 296 -
Acronym
Definition
IGAP
- IGMP
Authentication
Protocol
IGMP
- Internet
Group
Management
Protocol
IGP
- Interior
Gateway
Protocol
- Distributes
routing
information
between
routers
that belong
to a single
autonomous
system
(AS).
InLif
- Input
Logic
Interface
IOM
- Input
Output
Module
IP - Internet
Protocol
IPFIX
- IP
Flow Information
Export
ISP
- Internet
Service
Provider
IST - Inter-
switch
trunk

- Page 297 -
Acronym
Definition
IPX
- Internetwork
Packet
Exchange
JDM
-
Java Device
Manager
Kbps
- Kilobits
per second
LACP
-
Link Aggregation
Control
Protocol
LAG
-
Link Aggregation
Group
LAN
-
local
area network
LANE
-
LAN Emulation
LCP
-
Link Control
Protocol
LIS - Location
Information
Service
LQM
-
Link Quality
Monitoring
LSDB
-
Link State
Data Base
mA - milliamp

- Page 298 -
Acronym
Definition
MAC
- Media
Access
Control
Mbps
- Megabits
per second
MBS
- Maximum
Burst
Size
MDA
- Media
Dependent
Adapter
MDI
- Media
Dependent
Interfaces
MIB
- Management
Information
Base
MLL
- Multicast
Link
List
MLT
- MultiLink
Trunking
MMF
- Multimode
fiber
MPPS
- million
packets
per second
MSTP
- Multiple
Spanning
Tree Groups

- Page 299 -
Acronym
Definition
MTBF
- Mean
Time
Between
Failures
NACK
- Negative
Acknowledgement
(used
for protocol
hand-
shaking)
NEBS
- Network
Equipment
Building
System
NIC
- Network
Interface
Card
NLRI
- network
layer reachability
information
NNCLI
- Avaya
Command
Line Interface
NNI
- Network-
to-
Network
Interface
NSNA
- Avaya
Secure
Network
Access
NSSA
-
Not-
So-
Stubby
Area

- Page 300 -
Acronym
Definition
NTP
- Network
Time
Protocol
OAM
- Operations,
Administration,
Maintenance
OctaPID
- Octal
Port Interface
Device
OOB
-
Out-
of-
Band
OPEX
- Operating
Expenditures
OSPF
- Open
Shortest
Path
First
OSM
- Optivity
Switch
Manager
OUI
- Organizational
Unique
Identifiers
PCAP
- Packet
Capture
PCMCIA
- Personal
Computer
Memory
Card International
Association

- Page 301 -
Acronym
Definition
PCR
- Peak
Cell
Rate
PD - Powered
device
PDU
- Protocol
Data
Unit
PGM
- Pragmatic
General
Multicast
PHB
- Per
Hop Behavior
PID
- Protocol
ID
PIM
- Protocol
Independent
Multicast
PIM-
SM - Protocol
Independent
Multicast
- Sparse
Mode
PIM-
SSM
- Protocol
Independent
Multicast
- Source
Specific
Multicast
Mode
PoE
- Power
over Ethernet

- Page 302 -
Acronym
Definition
POS
- Packet
Over SONET
(Synchronous
Optical
Network)
PPS
- packets
per second
PrPMC
- Processor
PCI Mezzanine
Card
PSE
- Power
sourcing
equipment
PVC
- Permanent
Virtual
Circuit
(statically
allocated
AAL2
or AAL5
channel)
PVID
-
Port VLAN
Identifier
(used
on
the stackable
ERS
to define
VLAN
membership)
QFI
- Quad
Fabric
Interface
QoS
- Quality
of Service

- Page 303 -
Acronym
Definition
RADIUS
- Remote
Authentication
Dial-
in
User Services
RFI
- Remote
Fault
Identification
RIB
- Routing
Information
Base
RIP
- Routing
Information
Protocol
RMON
- Remote
Monitoring
RMT
- Remote
Mirroring
Termination
ROI
- Return
on Investment
RPS
- Redundant
Power
Supply
RPSU
- Redundant
Power
Supply
Unit
RSMLT
- Routed
Split MultiLink
Trunking

- Page 304 -
Acronym
Definition
RSP
- Route-
Switch-
Processor
RSTP
- Rapid
Spanning
Tree
RTC
-
Real Time
Clock
RTM
- Routing
Table
Manager
RP - Rendezvous
Points
RPF
- Reverse
Path Forwarding
SAM
-
SSL Acceleration
Module
SCP
- Secure
Copy
SCR
- Sustained
Cell
Rate
SDM
- Service
Delivery
Module
SERDES
- Serializer/
deserializer
SF - Switch
Fabric

- Page 305 -
Acronym
Definition
SF/
CPU
- Switch
Fabric/
CPU
SFP
- Small
Form
Factor
Pluggable
SLPP
- Simple
Loop
Prevention
Protocol
SLT
- Single
Link Trunking
SMF
- Single
mode
fiber
SMLT
-
Split MultiLink
Trunking
SNA
- Systems
Network
Architecture
SNAP
- Standard
Network
Access
Protocol
SNAS
- Secure
Network
Access
Switch

- Page 306 -
Acronym
Definition
SNMP
- Simple
Network
Management
Protocol
SPT
- Shortest
Path
Tree
SSF
- Silicon
Switch
Fabric
SSH
- Secure
Shell
SSL
- Secure
Sockets
Layer
SSM
- Source
Specific
Multicast
SSMLT
- Single
Port SMLT
STG
- Spanning
Tree Group
STP
- Spanning
Tree Protocol
SLVAN
- Stacked
VLAN
TBPS
- Terabits
per second
TCG
- Technical
Configuration
Guide

- Page 307 -
Acronym
Definition
TCI
-
Tag Control
Information
TCO
- Total
Cost
of Ownership
TCP
- Transmission
Control
Protocol
TDR
- Time
Domain
Reflectometer
Telco
- Telephone
Company
TFTP
- Trivial
File Transfer
Protocol
ToS
- Type
of Service
TPID
-
Tag Protocol
Identifier
TPS
- Threat
Protection
System
TTL
- Time
to
Live (used
to determine
the
life
of
an
IP packet)

- Page 308 -
Acronym
Definition
UBP
-
User Based
Policies
UBR
- unspecified
bit
rate
UDP
-
User Datagram
Protocol
UNI
- User-
to-
Network
Interface
UTC
- Universal
Time,
Coordinated
VBR
- Variable
Bit Route
VCT
- Virtual
Cable
Tester
VID
- VLAN
ID
VLACP
- Virtual
Link Aggregation
Control
Protocol
VLAN
- Virtual
Local
Area Network

- Page 309 -
Acronym
Definition
VLSM
- Variable
Length
Subnet
Mask
VoIP
- Voice
over Internet
Protocol
VRF
- virtual
router
and forwarder
VRRP
- Virtual
Router
Redundancy
Protocol
WAN
- Wide
Area Network
WAP
- Wireless
Access
Point
WLAN
- Wireless
Local
Area Network
WRED
- weighted
random
early detection
WSM
-
Web Switch
Module
XFP
- 10 Gigabit
Small
Form
Factor
Pluggable

- Page 310 -
Acronym
Definition

- Page 311 -
Acronym List - Converged Campus

ABR - Area Border Router

ACE - Access Control Entity - One of the filter rules that make up an ACL
ACG - Access Control Group - A group of several ACLs
ACL - Access Control List - An ordered list of filter rules or ACEs
ACT - Access Control Template
ADAC - Auto Detect Auto Config
AES - Advanced Encryption Standard
AP - Access Point
ARP - Address Resolution Protocol
AS - Autonomous System
ASBR - Autonomous System Border Router
ASIC - Application Specific Integrated Circuit
ATM - Asynchronous Transfer Mode
BCP - Bridge Control Protocol
BPDU - Bridge Protocol Data Unit
BFM - Backplane Fabric Module
BGP - Border Gateway Protocol
BMC - Backplane Module Controller
BMC - Baseboard Management Controller - An FPGA device on the R module
CAN - Chassis Area Network
CANA - Configurable Auto-Negotiation Advertisement
CAPEX - Capital Expenditures
CFI - canonical field indicator
CIDR - classless inter-domain routing
CLIP - Circuitless IP
CLI - Command Line Interface
CLUE - Centralized Look Up Engine
CP-limit - Control Plane Limit
CPU - central processing unit

- Page 312 -
CRM - Customer Relationship Management

CS5 - Class Selector 5
CWDM - Coarse Wave Division Multiplexing
DHCP - Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
DiffServ - Differentiated Services
DMLT - Distributed MultiLink Trunking
DoS - Denial of Service
DPC - Direct Program Control - An FPGA device on the R module
DPC - Distributed Processing Controller
DSCP - DiffServ Code Point
DVMRP - Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol
DWRR - Deficit Weight Round Robin
EAP - Extensible Authentication Protocol
ECMP - Equal Cost Multipath
EF - Expedited Forwarding
ELAN - Emulated LAN
ERP - Enterprise Resource Planning
ERS - Ethernet Routing Switch
ES - Ethernet Switch
ESM - Enterprise Switch Manager
FAST - Flexible Advanced Stacking Technology
FCS - Frame Check Sequence
FDB - Forwarding Database
FEFI - Far End Fault Identification
FFAD - Fast Fabric Access Device
FOQ - Feedback Output Queue
FPGA - Fast Path Gigabit Adapter
FPGA - Field Programmable Gate Array
FPI - Fast Packet Inspector
FRU - Field Replaceable Unit
FSWIP - Fast Switch Processor

- Page 313 -
GBIC - Gigabit Ethernet Interface Card

GMT - Greenwich Meantime
GUI - Graphical User Interface
IANA - Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
IEEE - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
IETF - Internet Engineering Task Force
IGAP - IGMP Authentication Protocol
IGMP - Internet Group Management Protocol
IGP - Interior Gateway Protocol - Distributes routing information between
routers that belong to a single autonomous system (AS).
InLif - Input Logic Interface
IOM - Input Output Module
IP - Internet Protocol
IPFIX - IP Flow Information Export
ISP - Internet Service Provider
IST - Inter-switch trunk
IPX - Internetwork Packet Exchange
Kbps - Kilobits per second
LACP - Link Aggregation Control Protocol
LAG - Link Aggregation Group
LAN - local area network
LANE - LAN Emulation
LCP - Link Control Protocol
LIS - Location Information Service
LQM - Link Quality Monitoring
LSDB - Link State Data Base
mA - milliamp
MAC - Media Access Control
Mbps - Megabits per second
MBS - Maximum Burst Size
MDA - Media Dependent Adapter
MDI - Media Dependent Interfaces
MIB - Management Information Base

- Page 314 -
MLL - Multicast Link List

MLT - MultiLink Trunking
MMF - Multimode fiber
MPPS - million packets per second
MSTP - Multiple Spanning Tree Groups
MTBF - Mean Time Between Failures
NACK - Negative Acknowledgement (used for protocol hand-shaking)
NEBS - Network Equipment Building System
NIC - Network Interface Card
ACLI - Avaya Command Line Interface - now ACLI Avaya Command Line
Interface
NNI - Network-to-Network Interface
NSSA - Not-So-Stubby Area
NTP - Network Time Protocol
OAM - Operations, Administration, Maintenance
OctaPID - Octal Port Interface Device
OOB - Out-of-Band
OPEX - Operating Expenditures
OSPF - Open Shortest Path First
OSM - Optivity Switch Manager
OUI - Organizational Unique Identifiers
PCAP - Packet Capture
PCMCIA - Personal Computer Memory Card International Association
PCR - Peak Cell Rate
PD - Powered device
PDU - Protocol Data Unit
PGM - Pragmatic General Multicast
PHB - Per Hop Behavior
PID - Protocol ID
PIM - Protocol Independent Multicast
PIM-SM - Protocol Independent Multicast - Sparse Mode
PIM-SSM - Protocol Independent Multicast - Source Specific Multicast Mode
PoE - Power over Ethernet

- Page 315 -
POS - Packet Over SONET (Synchronous Optical Network)

PPS - packets per second
PrPMC - Processor PCI Mezzanine Card
PSE - Power sourcing equipment
PVC - Permanent Virtual Circuit (statically allocated AAL2 or AAL5 channel)
PVID - Port VLAN Identifier (used on the stackable ERS to define VLAN
membership)
QFI - Quad Fabric Interface
QoS - Quality of Service
RADIUS - Remote Authentication Dial-in User Services
RFI - Remote Fault Identification
RIB - Routing Information Base
RIP - Routing Information Protocol
RMON - Remote Monitoring
RMT - Remote Mirroring Termination
ROI - Return on Investment
RPS - Redundant Power Supply
RPSU - Redundant Power Supply Unit
RSMLT - Routed Split MultiLink Trunking
RSP - Route-Switch-Processor
RSTP - Rapid Spanning Tree
RTC - Real Time Clock
RTM - Routing Table Manager
RP - Rendezvous Points
RPF - Reverse Path Forwarding
SAM - SSL Acceleration Module
SCP - Secure Copy
SCR - Sustained Cell Rate
SDM - Service Delivery Module
SERDES - Serializer/deserializer
SF - Switch Fabric
SF/CPU - Switch Fabric/CPU
SFP - Small Form Factor Pluggable

- Page 316 -
SLPP - Simple Loop Prevention Protocol

SLT - Single Link Trunking
SMF - Single mode fiber
SMLT - Split MultiLink Trunking
SNA - Systems Network Architecture
SNA - Secure Network Access
SNAP - Standard Network Access Protocol
SNAS - Secure Network Access Switch
SNMP - Simple Network Management Protocol
SPT - Shortest Path Tree
SSF - Silicon Switch Fabric
SSH - Secure Shell
SSL - Secure Sockets Layer
SSM - Source Specific Multicast
SSMLT - Single Port SMLT
STG - Spanning Tree Group
STP - Spanning Tree Protocol
SLVAN - Stacked VLAN
TBPS - Terabits per second
TCG - Technical Configuration Guide
TCI - Tag Control Information
TCO - Total Cost of Ownership
TCP - Transmission Control Protocol
TDR - Time Domain Reflectometer
Telco - Telephone Company
TFTP - Trivial File Transfer Protocol
ToS - Type of Service
TPID - Tag Protocol Identifier
TPS - Threat Protection System
TTL - Time to Live (used to determine the life of an IP packet)
UBP - User Based Policies
UBR - unspecified bit rate
UDP - User Datagram Protocol

- Page 317 -
UNI - User-to-Network Interface

UTC - Universal Time, Coordinated
VBR - Variable Bit Route
VCT - Virtual Cable Tester
VID - VLAN ID
VLACP - Virtual Link Aggregation Control Protocol
VLAN - Virtual Local Area Network
VLSM - Variable Length Subnet Mask
VoIP - Voice over Internet Protocol
VRF - virtual router and forwarder
VRRP - Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol
WAN - Wide Area Network
WAP - Wireless Access Point
WLAN - Wireless Local Area Network
WRED - weighted random early detection
WSM - Web Switch Module
XFP - 10 Gigabit Small Form Factor Pluggable

- Page 318 -

Copyright 2010 Avaya Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Avaya and the Avaya Logo are trademarks of Avaya Inc. and may be registered in certain
jurisdictions. All trademarks identified by , TM or SM are registered marks,trademarks,
and service marks,respectively, of Avaya Inc. All other trademarks are the property of their
respective owners.

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6702C IP Routing

Course number: 6702C

Part Number: ENT-6702C-001P2.01.10

6702 IP Routing 2010. All Rights reserved

2010. All Rights reserved 6702 IP Routing

In this lesson, you will learn to:

List the benefits of IPv6

The duration of this lesson is 1 hour.

6702 IP Routing 2010. All Rights reserved

Why use IPv6?

Larger address space for global reachability and scalability

2010. All Rights reserved 6702 IP Routing

IPv6 new address

IPv6 new address

This solves IP address exhaustion.

1 million addresses per person on the planet

A typical Unicast IPv6 address offers the following:

64 bits for subnet ID, 64 bits for interface ID

6702 IP Routing 2010. All Rights reserved

IPv6 terminology illustrated

2010. All Rights reserved 6702 IP Routing

Ethernet II encapsulation of IPv6 packets

Ethernet II encapsulation of IPv6

Ethernet II encapsulation of IPv6 packets

6702 IP Routing 2010. All Rights reserved

Differences between IPv4 and IPv6

Feature comparison: IPv4 and IPv6

The following table compares the features of IPv4 and IPv6.

Feature IPv4 IPv6

Address Length 32 bits 128 bits

IPSec Support Optional Required

QoS Support Some Better

Fragmentation Hosts and Routers Hosts only

MMTU Packet Size 576 bytes 1280 bytes

Checksum in Header Yes No

Options in Header Yes No

Link-Layer Address Resolution ARP (broadcast) Multicast Neighbor

Multicast Membership IGMP Multicast Listener (MLD)

Router Discovery Optional Required

Uses Broadcasts Yes No

Configuration Manual, DHCP Automatic, DHCP

2010. All Rights reserved 6702 IP Routing

IPv6 Packet Header

IPv6 Packet Header

IPv6 expands the options offered by IPv4 in the following ways:

Functions of IPv4 and IPv6

6702 IP Routing 2010. All Rights reserved

IPv6 header format field description

IPv6 header format field description

Version: 4-bit IP version number, value = 6

IPv4 and IPv6 Header Comparison

Feature IPv4 IPv6

Version Yes Yes

Type of Service Yes Changed to Traffic Class

Total Length Yes Changed to Payload

Flow Label No Yes

Fragment Offset Yes No

Time to Live Yes Changed to Hop Limit

Protocol Yes Changed to Next Header

Header Checksum Yes No

Source Address Yes Yes

Destination Address Yes Yes

2010. All Rights reserved 6702 IP Routing