Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Academic conventions require that you acknowledge when you use ideas of others.
In most cases this means stating which book or journal articles the source of an idea
or quotation.
The Harvard system takes little time and space and is easy to use. There are two
aspects to learn: textual references and a list of references cited, given at the end.
This reference list at the end must list ALL the works you have cited in the text. NB:
The reference list is different from the bibliography, which should also be given at the
end, in which you list books and other materials that you have used as background
for your work but have not cited them in the text. A good example of this would be the
use of a general textbook of physiology for background information on the digestive
system in an essay discussing a specific disease of the stomach. The method used
for listing works in the bibliography list is the same as for the reference list.
Textual References
These are also called in-text references or citations. When you use another's ideas
you should immediately acknowledge your sources. Always give the surname of the
author and the date of publication. If you are referring to the general theme of a book
or journal article page numbers are unnecessary (but page numbers of books and
journals should still be given in the reference list at the end). Where you are directly
quoting an author (e.g. using marks) or referring to figures or data, page numbers
may be included. Examples follow.
Carlson (1981) obtained results which...
A recent study (Carlson 1990) ...
Soil layers below the well tip contribute relatively little water (Kozeny 1988, p. 223).
Kozeny (1988, p. 223) found soil layers below the well tip contributed little.
When volumes, sections or equations are needed often for technical or legal
reasons.
(Jessor 1989, vol. 2, p. 23)
(Jessor 1989, vol. 2, p. 23; vol. 3, pp. 20-41) The Key Point About Harvard
(Jessor 1989, sec. 2) Is to realise that it aims to help
(Jessor 1989, eq. 3) another researcher find the sources
you used. The guidelines presented
Two or three authors here will not cover all eventualities
(Jones & Hackett 1991) but should give you a sense of how
to help someone else find what you
Jones and Hackett (1991) theorised that... have found.
(Boyd, Smith & Eberle 1985)
Boyd, Smith and Eberle (1985) found...
Note: The ampersand (&) is used when the authors' names are in brackets.
Note: Names of all the authors must be given in the list of references.
Direct Quotations
Brief quotations (about 30 words or less) can be included in text. Use single quotations
marks.
Stewart (1982, p. 6) said: 'Engineers are vital to the survival of the planet'.
'Engineers are vital to the survival of the planet' (Stewart 1982, p. 6).
Lengthy quotations are given in separate paragraphs which are indented from both left and
right margins. No quotation marks are used. Citations are as above.
Editors
(ed. Kaufmann 1974)
... edited by Kaufmann (1974)
Newspapers
If authors are given use the principles already stated. If there is no author:
(Weekend Guardian 24-25 Jan. 1987, p.19)
Internet Sources
Either: Quote URL address of the page containing the cited information in the text.
E.g.: Student satisfaction with canteen food is increasing
(www.salford.ac.uk/catering.htm)
Or: Quote the author as above this is generally more helpful.
E.g.: Student satisfaction with canteen food is increasing (Smith 1999)
The internet URL would be given in the reference list in both cases see next pages for
advice on this.
Personal communications
Initials are included.
(Ayers, R.N. 1991, pers. comm., 2 July).
M.K. Larsen (1983, pers. comm., 1 May) said...
Unpublished Works
(Crowley, unpub.)
Crowley (unpub.) argues that...
Anonymous
On Travelling to London (1683) reveals this to be false.
This was not so in seventeenth-century England (On Travelling to London 1683)
Note: Do not use 'Anonymous' or 'Anon'.
Database
Manchester Architecture Database, Stanton Library,
AGRIS (database), United Nations Food and Agricultural Organisation,
The Bible
Psalm 23:6-8
List of References
At the end of your assignment, place a list of references cited in the text. Arrange this in
alphabetical order of author's surnames, and chronologically for each author where more
than one work by that author is cited. The author's surname is placed first, followed by
initials or first name, and then the year of publication is given in brackets e.g. (1984). If
the list contains more than one item published by the same author in the same year add
lower case letters immediately after the year to distinguish them. For example "(1983a)".
The title of the journal or book is given in italics when word-processed or underlined when
this is not possible.
So for books:
Surname, Initial. (Year), Title, Publisher, Publishing Companys Nearest Headquarters
(e.g. London).
It is helpful, but not required, to make the volume bold to distinguish it from the journal
name.
See the following examples for more details and for how to list other sources:
***** If you remain unclear on any of these points, ask someone! *****
Note that the main differences between the print format and the electronic format
are:
Specification of the type of medium, in square brackets. It should almost always be
[Online]
Full specification of the URL, which indicates the type of online medium, eg. WWW
(rarely ftp or gopher).
Specification of the date that the item was accessed, since electronic documents are
often updated.
An indication of the size of the document, eg. pagination if that is known; labelled part,
section, table etc; or size of the file.
Note: If you do not provide a reference list at the end of assignments for which one
is expected you may only receive 0% and be required to resubmit your work for a
maximum of 40%.
A more extensive guide is found in: Fisher, D., and Hanstock, T., (1998). Citing
References. Oxford: Blackwells. [...only 99p).
This guide to referencing was modified by Tim Duerden at the University of Salford from the material
available at http://hurricane.lamp.ac.uk/student/ref.htm which is in turn a reworking of material from
Bournemouth University which in turn originated from the University of New South Wales and before
that?