Dep Trai Loi Tai Ai

LECTURE (CU)
LECTURE(CU)
COMPUTATIONALMECHANICS
(
(2cycle,MasterofScienceDegree)
y , g )
PauloPiloto
AppliedMechanicsDepartment
School of Technology and Management
SchoolofTechnologyandManagement
PolytechnicInstituteofBraganza
CURRICULARUNIT SYLLABUS
Subject:ComputationalMechanics.
CourseSpeciality:ConstructionandIndustrialEngineering.
Main Scientific area: Structures and Solid Mechanics (MSE)
MainScientificarea:StructuresandSolidMechanics(MSE).
Classes:60h/Semester:T(Theoretical)PL(PracticeandLaboratory).
Cycle:2(MasterdegreeofScience).
y ( g )
Year/Semester:1year/2nd Semester.
Learningoutcomesandcompetences:
UnderstandandapplyFiniteElementMethodformulation.
Tobeawareofbeamandbarfiniteelementformulation.
Understandandapplytwoandthreedimensionalelasticityformulation.
pp y y
Understandandapplyplateandshellfiniteelementformulation.
Understandandapplythefiniteelementmethodandthenumericalsolutions.
Learn to use commercial finite element software
Learntousecommercialfiniteelementsoftware.
Course
ou se co
contents
e s ((Extended
e ded version):
e so )
Chapter 1 Stages of the FEM. Bar finite element:
Introduction, advantages and applications of the finite element method (FEM). Basic concepts in matrix
analysis of structures. Types of analysis. Fundamental steps in the FEM. Phases of the method.
Mathematical model formulation. Discrete mathematical models. Static and dynamic formulations.
Stiffness matrix and element assembly. Continuous mathematical models. Variational formulation. Bar
element formulation. Matrix formulation of the element equations. Isoparametric formulation and
numerical integration.
Chapter 2 Finite element formulation:
Standard flowchart of a finite element code. FEM general methodology. Shape functions. Interpolation of
displacements. Displacement and strain fields. Stress field. Constitutive models. Solution of the FEM
equations.
i FEM convergence requirements
i andd error types. Optimal
O i l points
i forf stress calculations.
l l i
Chapter 3 Beam finite elements:
EulerBernoulli beam finite element. Timoshenko beam finite elements. Reduced integration and
alternative solutions for the shear locking problem.
problem
Chapter 4 2D and 3D formulations:
Two and three dimensional finite elements in elasticity. Finite elements formulation. Lagrangian and
Serendipity
p y elements. Numerical integration.
g Application
pp of p
plate and shell finite elements: Kirchhoff and
ReissnerMindlin theories.
Chapter 5 Computer Applications in Engineering.
Computational applications in structural (static, dynamic, instability), thermal and fluid flow problems,
using a commercial finite element code.
Assessment:
Final season (EF) and Appeal season (ER):
Distributed assessment with 4 working projects to be presented at classes (oral
presentations with power point slides,
slides with written reports in word format) with 80%
weight for final classification;
Final Exam with 20 % weight for final classification;
Labor students,
students with special statute,
statute may require full Examination during final and appeal
season, with 100 % weight for final classification.
Special season (EE):
Full Examination with 100 % weight for final classification.
classification
Language of classes: Portuguese and English
Bibliography:
Moaveni S., Finite Element Analysis, Theory and Application with Ansys, 2nd Edition,
Prentice Hall, 2003.
Onte E., Clculo de estructuras por el Mtodo de Elementos Finitos, Centro
Internacional de Mtodos Numricos en Ingeniera, Barcelona, 1995.
Zienkiewicz OC, Taylor RL., The finite element method. Vol.1: The basis. Oxford:
Butterworth, 2000.
Zienkiewicz
k OC, Taylor
l RL., The
h finite
f element
l method.
h d Vol.2:
l Solid
l d mechanics.
h Oxford:
f d
Butterworth, 2000.
Fonseca, E.M.M, Sebenta de Mecnica Computacional, ESTIGIPB, 2008.
FINITEELEMENTMETHODINTRODUCTION
FirstreferencetoFEM,since1940.
First reference to FEM since 1940
Basicallyconsistsofanadaptationormodificationoftheapproximation
methodsusedinengineeringandscience,suchas,Ritzmethod,1909.
UsuallyknownasamathematicalmethodforsolvingPDEpartialdifferential
equations,suchas,Poisson,Laplace,NavierStokes,andsoon.
Easy to program on computer codes:
Easytoprogramoncomputercodes:
Usinghighlevelprogramminglanguages,suchasFORTRAN,C,andsoon.
Considerasanadvancesolutionmethodinseveraldesignercodes
Commerciallyavailable:
Ansys,Abaqus,Adina,andsoon.
First book to be published:
Firstbooktobepublished:
1967,Zienkiewicz and Chung.
ProfessorZienkiewicz isoneoftheoriginatorsofthefiniteelementtechniqueand
hassincetheearly1960sdominatedthefiniteelementfieldinternationally
Specialawardsincomputationmechanics(bytheEuropeanCommunityon
p pp g g( ))
ComputationalMethodsinAppliedSciencesandEngineering(ECCOMAS)):
Prandtl andEulerMedals.
O.C.Zienkiewicz AwardforYoungScientistsinComputationalEngineeringScience.
FundamentalstepsintheFEM:
Basicsteps:
Engineeringapplications:
Linear,material/geometrynonlinear,
structuralanalysis(staticanddynamic);
y ( y )
Linearandmaterialnonlinearthermal
analysis(steadyandunsteady);
Linearandnonlinearcomputationalfluid
Linear and non linear computational fluid
dynamics(CFD);
Coupledanduncoupledanalyses;
Optimization.
O ti i ti
FiniteElementapproximation:
Dependentondomainanalysis.
finite element geometry:
finiteelementgeometry:
Badandacceptable.
Simplifyanalysis,usingsymmetryconditionson:
Geometry;
Loadingconditions.
Usual singularities:
Usualsingularities:
Materialbehaviour:crackingandcrushing;
Materialinterfaces:bondingconditions;
Geometrysingularities.
Levelofapproach:
Dependsonthephysicalsystem.
Afiniteelementisdefinedby:
Hisgeometry;
The node coordinates;
Thenodecoordinates;
Theinterpolationnodecoordinates;
Thenumberofdegreesoffreedom;
Thenodalvariablesdefinition(displacement,rotation,temperature,pressure);
h d l bl d f (d l )
Thepolynomialapproach;
Thetypeofcontinuitythatnodalvariablesshouldsatisfyinelementandboundary:
C0,C1,C2:
Iftheapproachingvariableandderivatives,aretobecontinuousovertheentireelement,
theinterpolationfunctionsshouldbecontinuousuptothedesiredderivativeorder.
(Importanttocalculatestressfield,thatdependsondisplacementderivatives).
Iftheapproachingvariableandderivatives,aretobecontinuousovertheboundary,the
Interpolationfunctionandhisderivativesuptothedesiredorder,mustdependona
unique way from the nodal variables
uniquewayfromthenodalvariables.
Prerequisites:
Applytheacquiredknowledgeandcompetencesof:
differentialandintegralcalculus;
g ;
numericalmethods;
Programming;
mechanics of materials;
mechanicsofmaterials;
solidmechanics.
UnderstandoralandwrittenEnglish.
M i t
MainstagesineveryFiniteElementAnalysis:
i Fi it El tA l i
Preprocessor:
Geometricmodelling(geometricprimitivesandothermodellingtools),followedby
mathematicalmodelling(meshnodesandfiniteelements).
Mathematicalmodelling(mesh:nodesandfiniteelements).
Materialbehaviour,Boundaryconditions.
Processor
Solver(direct,iterative,etc.)
Postprocessor
p
Allowstowatchtheresults.
Solution convergence:
Numerical approximation to exact solutions (analytical).
To assert convergence is to claim the existence of a limit, which may be itself
unknown. For any fixed standard of accuracy, you can always be sure to be within it,
provided you have gone far enough
Convergence happens when the discretization error becomes almost zero.
zero
2002Brooks/ColePublishing/ThomsonLearning
SOLIDMECHANICSINTRODUCTION
ConstitutiveLaws: A
Mechanical(GeneralizedHooke'sLaw):
InStiffnessForm.
InComplianceForm. A
Forisotropicmaterials(A);
Foranisotropicmaterials(B);
For anisotropic materials (B);
Fororthotropicmaterials(C).
1 yx
E 0 0 0 1 zx
E E 0 0 0

xx Ex Ey Ez
0 xx
1
0 0 xy zy
E E E C xx E
1
0 0

0
A yy

1
0
yy

Ey Ez
xx
zz E
0 0 x

E E zz yy xz yz yy
21
1
xy 0 0 xy
0 0 0
0 0 0 zz E x Ey Ez zz
yz
E yz xy 0
21 0 xy
1

0 xz
0 0 0
xz 0 0 0 0 yz Gxy
E yz
21 xz 0 0 0 0
1
0 xz
0 0 0 0 0 z
E G yz
1
0 0 0 0 0
B zz Gxz
xx C11 C12 C13 C14 C15 C16 xx zx zy
C C25 C26 yy
C22 C23 C24 xx yz
yy 21 xy
D
yy
zz C31 C32 C33 C34 C35 C36 zz yy yyx xz xz
yz xy yx y
xy C41 C42 C43 C44 C45 C46 xy xx
zx
yz C51 C52 C53 C54 C55 C56 yz
zy
zz
xz C61 C62 C63 C64 C65 C66 xz x
Relationbetweenstrainanddisplacement(1storder,
x 0 0
linearstatics).
0 0
u,v,w
, , ((displacements).
p ) u v w y
xx yz
xx x z y 0 0
v L z
yy u w
yy u y xz 0
zz z y
z x
LU U v zz
w
u v

yz
z 0
w z xy x

xz y x 0
z x
xy
1 2 1
2
1
2

Relationbetweenstrainanddisplacement(2nd
p ( 2 x 2 x 2 x
1 2 1
2
1
2
order,geometricallynonlinearstatics).
2 y 2 y 2 y
xx 1 2 1 1
2 2
NL 2 z
2 z

2 z
yy u
zz
LU NLU U v
y z y z y z

yz
w
x z x z x z
xz

xy x y x y x y
Dynamicequilibrium:
xx yx zx
Fx u
x y z
xy yy zy
LT F M U

LT D F M U

Fy v
x y z
xz yz zz
Fz w
LT DLU F M U

x y z

Staticequilibrium:
xx yyx zx
Fx 0
x y z
xy yy zy LT F 0 LT D F 0
Fy 0
x y z
xz yz zz
Fz 0
x y z LT DLU F 0
Plane stress state: stress strain relation for isotropic materials:
This usually occurs in structural elements where one dimension is very small
compared
p to the other two, i.e. the element is flat or thin.
The stresses are negligible with respect to the smaller dimension as they are not
able to develop within the material and are small compared to the inplane
stresses.
xx xy 0 xx xy 0 1 0
Stress tensor. 0 0 E
xy yy xy yy D 2
1 0
1
Strain tensor. 0 0 0 0 0 zz 0 0 1 / 2
Constitutive
C tit ti Law.L
Plane strain state: stress strain relation for isotropic materials:
If one dimension is very large compared to the others, the principal strain in the
direction of the longest dimension is constrained and can be assumed as zero,

yielding a plane strain condition. 1 0
1
Stress tensor.
0
xx xy 0 0 E (1
( )

xx xy
D 1
(1 )(1 2 ) 1
Strain tensor. xy yy 0 xy yy 0
1 2
0 0 zz 0 0 0
0 0
Constitutive Law. 2(1 )
Thinplatetheory(Kirchhoff):
Thebehaviorofplatesissimilartothat
ofbeams.Theybothcarrytransverse
l d b b di
loadsbybendingaction.
ti
Straindisplacementrelation.
u 2w
2
xx x
2
x xx xy 0
w
yy v
z 2
yx yy 0

2 y y
2
xy u v 0 0 0
w
y x 2 xy

Stressdisplacementrelation.
2
xx 1 x 2
Ez
0 2
yy D 1 0 2
w
1 2 1 y
xy 0 0 2 2
2
xy

Matrixformulation
Matrix formulation
D zD Lw
Thin plate theory (Kirchhoff):
Plates undergo bending which can be represented by the deflection (w) of the
middle pplane of the p
plate.
The middle plane of the plate undergoes deflections w(x,y). The top and bottom
surfaces of the plate undergo deformations almost like a rigid body along with the
middle surface. The normal stress in the direction of the p plate thickness ((z)) is
assumed to be negligible.
Thin plate theory does not include transverse shear deformations.
w(x,y+dy)
w(x+dx,y+dy)
w/y
w(x,y) w(x+dx,y)
w/x
wz v y
u
x
Infinitesimal slice of a thin plate thickness:
Rectangular angles are preserved
Beforeloading Afterloading
Thickplatetheory(Mindlin):
Fzx
Straindisplacementrelation. Fzy
1 Fxy
1 0 0 0
1 Fyx Fxx
xx 1 xx Fyy
Fxz
0 0 0
yy 1 1 yy Fyz
E xx xy xz

0 xy yx yy yz
1

xy 1 0 0 0

2
yz 1 zx zy 0
0 0 0 0 yz

zx 2 zx
0 0 0 0
1
x y
E
2 xx z
1 2 x y
Stressgeneralizeddisplacementrelation.
Stress generalized displacement relation
E y x
yy z
1 2 y x
E y
xy z x
2 1 y x
E w
xz x
2 1 x
E w
yz y
2 1 y
Thickplatetheory(Mindlin):
Thetransversesheardeformationeffectsareincludedbyrelaxingtheassumption
thatplanesectionsremainperpendiculartomiddlesurface,i.e.,therightanglesin
p p p g g
theBPSelementarenolongerpreserved.
Planesinitiallynormaltothemiddlesurfacemayexperiencedifferentrotations
thanthemiddlesurfaceitself
AnalogyistheTimoshenkobeamtheory.
Displacementfield
Yield Criteria for Brittle Materials:
Maximum Principal Stress Failure Criteria:
Fracture will occur when tensile stress is greater
g
than ultimate tensile strength.
1 u
Yield Criteria for Ductile Materials:
Tresca Failure Criteria: Yielding will occur when
shear
h stress is greater than
h shear
h yield
ld strength.
h
1 3 y
or 1 3 y
2 2
von Mises Failure Criteria: Yielding will occur

when the von Mises stress is greater than yield
strength.
e
1
2

1 2 2 2 3 2 3 1 2 y
FRACTUREMECHANICSINTRODUCTION concrete
Concrete material should present yield surface
criteria:
Mohr Coulomb or Drucker Prager.
g F
S 0
fc
It must present also flow rules that may be
associated or not: t 0.25
Thi
This flow
fl rules
l defines
d fi the
h orientation
i i off plastic
l i c 0.9
strain. If this orientation is orthogonal to the yield
surface than is consider an associative rule.
f c 20 MPa
Continuous damage theory:
Continuum mechanics provides a mean of
modelling at the macroscopic level the material
damage that occurs at the microscopic level.
Damage criterion for concrete (Willam and
Warnkle, 1974). ) Cracks are treated as a smeared
band of cracks, rather than discrete cracks. The
presence of a crack at an integration point is
represented through modification of the stress-
strain relations, introducing a plane of weakness
in a direction normal to the crack face.
FRACTUREMECHANICSINTRODUCTION concrete
The failure surface is defined as:
1 a 1 a
a and a, are average stress components; 1
z f cu r ( ) f cu
Z is the apex
p of the surface ;
f cu = uniaxial compressive strength.
The opening angles of the hydrostatic cone are defined by
1 and 2 . The free parameters of the failure surface z
and r , are identified from the uniaxial compressive
strength (f cu), biaxial compressive strength (fcb), and
uniaxial tension strength (f t ).
)
TheWillam andWarnke (1974)mathematicalmodelof
thefailuresurfacefortheconcretehasthefollowing
advantages:
d t
Closefitofexperimentaldataintheoperatingrange;
Simpleidentificationofmodelparametersfromstandard
testdata;
Smoothness(e.g.continuoussurfacewithcontinuously
varyingtangentplanes);
y g g p );
Convexity(e.g.monotonicallycurvedsurfacewithout
inflectionpoints).
FRACTUREMECHANICSINTRODUCTION concreteinANSYS
The criterion for failure of concrete due to multiaxial stress state may be
represented by this inequality:
F is a function of the p principal
p stress state,, S is the failure surface and fc is the
uniaxial crushing strength. F
S 0
If the inequality is not verified: fc
There is no attendant cracking or crushing.
cr shing
Otherwise:
The material will crack if any principal stress is of tensile type, while crushing will
occur if all principal stresses are compressive type.
Failure by crackings is represented with a circle outline in the plane of the crack.
Failure by crushing is represented by an octahedron outline.
If the crack has opened and then closed, the circle outline will have an X through it.
Each integration point can crack in up to three different planes. TheUz first crack at an
Ux
integration point is shown with a red circle outline,
outline the second Uy crack with a green
outline, and the third crack with a blue outline. Crackplane green
blue
red
FRACTUREMECHANICSINTRODUCTION concreteinANSYS

n
green
blue
A total of five input strength parameters are
red
needed to define the failure surface as well as
an ambient hydrostatic
y stress state . ft=22.77 [MPa]
Ultimate uniaxial tensile strength (ft)
Ultimate uniaxial compressive strength (fc) E= 66.9 [GPa]
Ultimate biaxial compressive strength (fcb)

Ambient hydrostatic stress state (ah) fc0=44 [MPa] Unconfined
Ultimate compressive strength for a state of fcc=88 [[MPa]] confined

biaxial compression superimposed on
hydrostatic stress state (f1)
Ultimate compressive strength for a state of
uniaxial compression superimposed on
hydrostatic stress state (f2)
However the failure surface can be specified
p
with a minimum of two constants:
ft and f c.
The other parameters default: fcb=1.2
fcb=1 2 fc,
fc
f1=1.45fc, f2=1.725 fc.
PLASTICITY
Plasticitytheoryprovidesamathematicalrelationthatcharacterizestheelasto
plasticbehaviourofdifferentmaterials.
The main parameters during plastic analysis are:
Themainparametersduringplasticanalysisare:
Yieldcriterion(determinesthestresslevelatwhichyieldingisinitiated.For
complexstresstensors,thisfunctiondependsonseveralstresscomponents,which
may be interpreted as an equivalent stress)
maybeinterpretedasanequivalentstress).
Flowrule(determinesthedirectionofplasticstraining).
Hardeningrule(describesthechangingoftheyieldsurfacewithprogressive
yielding):
i ldi )
ISOTROPIChardening.
KINEMATICShardening.
Stress strain curves:

Stressstraincurves:
Forfiniteelementanalysiswithplasticity,whatwereallyneedisstressplastic
straincurve.
converttheEngineeringstressstraintotruestressstrain,usingequations.
TrueStraine=ln(1+E);E=engineeringstrain
Truestressss=S(1+E);S=engineeringstress
DIRECTSTIFFNESSMETHOD
Introductiontostructuralanalysis:
Structural Analysis
Cl
Classical
i lM Methods
th d M ti M
Matrix Methods
th d
Vit
Vitrual
lWWork
k Stiff
Stiffness b
by D
Definition
fi iti
Force Method Direct Stiffness
Slope Deflection
Trusses
Moment-Area
Beams
Trussanalysis:
Finiteelementstobeused:Bars.
Composedofslender,lightweightmembers.
Allloadingoccursonjoints.
No moments or rotations in the joints
Nomomentsorrotationsinthejoints.
AxialForceMembers(Tension(+),Compression()).
Stiffness:
Kij =theamountofforcerequiredati tocauseaunitdisplacementatj,with
displacementsatallotherDOF=zero
Afunctionof:
A function of:
Systemgeometry.
Materialproperties(E,A).
Boundary conditions (Pinned Roller or Free for a truss)
Boundaryconditions(Pinned,RollerorFreeforatruss).
NOTafunctionofexternalloads.
K=AE/L
Frommechanicsofmaterials(Strengthof K
AE
L
materials):
Elementstiffnessmaybecalculatedaccordingto:
y g
Springbehaviour:
f
F K K
vj X
Xe
Axialdeformationofastructuralelement(stress
anddeformationdefinitions): Ye
Fyyi uj
FL AE
F
AE L Lj
U
Internaleffort(normal)
Internal effort (normal) Fxi
vj
Localcoordinates
AE Li
N N i Ai Ei
L Li ujj
ui

Globalcoordinates
Nk
Ak E k
u j Cos v j Sin ui Cos vi Sin
Lk
vi
Li
U
DIRECTSTIFFNESSMETHOD v3
We can create a stiffness matrix that accounts for the u3
material and geometric properties of the structure
A square, symmetric matrix Kij = Kji
Diagonal terms always positive v1 v2
The stiffness matrix is independent of the loads acting on u1 u2
the structure.
structure
Many loading cases can be tested without recalculating the
stiffness matrix.
K11 K12 K13 K14 K15 K16 u1 R1
K21 K22 K23 K24 K25 K26 v1 R2
K31 K32 K33 K34 K35 K36 u2 R3
=
K41 K42 K43 K44 K45 K46 v2 R4
K51 K52 K53 K54 K55 K56 u3 R5
K61 K62 K63 K64 K65 K66 v3 R6
StiffnessbyDefinition
2DegreesofFreedom
Direct Stiffness
DirectStiffness
6DegreesofFreedom
DOFs3,4,5,6=0
UnknownReactions(tobesolved)includedinLoadingMatrix
StiffnessbyDefinitionSolutioninRED K11 K12 K13 K14 K15 K16 u1 R1
Direct Stiffness Solution in RED/YELLOW
DirectStiffnessSolutioninRED/YELLOW K21 K22 K23 K24 K25 K26 v1 R2
ThefundamentalProcedure: K31 K32 K33 K34 K35 K36 u2 = R3
CalculatetheStiffnessMatrix. K41 K42 K43 K44 K45 K46 v2 R4
DetermineLocalStiffnessMatrix,Ke. K51 K52 K53 K54 K55 K56 u3 R5
TransformitintoGlobalCoordinates,KG.
K61 K62 K63 K64 K65 K66 v3 R6
Assemble all matrices
Assembleallmatrices.
SolvefortheUnknownDisplacements.
UseunknowndisplacementstosolvefortheUnknownReactions.
CalculatetheInternalForces.
DIRECTSTIFFNESSMETHOD case1
Thematic exercise: L=2[m]
First, decompose the 50000 4
3
3
entire structure into a 4 3
3
set of finite elements. 6 5
Y
Build a stiffness matrix 4 2
6 5
for each element ((6 4 2
Here).
1
Later, transform all of 1 2
X1 1
the local stiffness
Y1 Y2
element matrices into X
1 2
global stiffness element
matrix. Element Node i Node j Angle
Assembly all the 1 1 2 0
element global stiffness
matrix. 2 2 3 90
Solve problem: 3 3 4 180
E=2.1E11 [N/m2] 4 1 4 90
A=0.001
A=0 001 [m2]
5 1 3 45
6 2 4 135
ElementStiffnessMatrixinLocalCoordinates:
RememberKij=theamountofforcerequiredati tocauseaunitdisplacementatj,
withdisplacementsatallotherDOF=zero.
p
Foratrusselement(whichhas2DOF),theaxialdisplacementasULandthe
internalforceasFinthelocalcoordinatesystem. Fj
K11 UL i K12 UL j Fi ULj
K 21 UL i K 22 UL j Fj
EA EA

L L ULi Fi
ULi
EA EA UL F
j j Fi LOCAL
L L
K21 K22
AE/LL
AE/
K11
AE/LL
AE/ K12
ElementStiffnessMatrixinLocalCoordinates(expandedtomatrixdimension)
YG
Vj
Ye Xe Lj
U
Uj
vj
Fyi
e
XG
uj
Fxi ui

vi
Li
U
ElementStiffnessMatrixinGlobalCoordinates
Relationbetweenlocalandglobaldisplacementvalues,usingangleof
inclination: Lj
U
u j U j cos( ) V j sin( )
vj
v j U j sin( ) V j cos( )
uj
ui
ui U i cos( ) Vi sin( )

vi U i sin( ) Vi cos( )
vi
Li
U
ui cos( ) sin( ) 0 0 U i
v
i sin( ) cos( ) 0 0 Vi

u
j 0 0 cos(( ) sin(
i ( ) U j
v j 0 0

sin( ) cos( ) V j
Relationbetweenlocalandglobaldisplacementvalues,usingnodal
coordinates: u l m 0 0 U
x x
Le y yi x j xi
l
i i j i 2 2
v V Le
j
i m l 0 0 i
y j yi
u j 0 0 l m U j l
v j 0 0

m l V j
Le
Elementstiffnessmatrixinglobalcoordinates:
K T K T
e e t
global local global local local global
l2 lm l 2 lm

K e
EA lm
e
L l 2 lm
m2 lm m 2
lm
global
l2

lm
l m2 l
lm m 2
Elementstressinlocalcoordinates:
U j Ui E U i
E e 1 1
Le L U j
Elementstressinglobalcoordinates:
ui ui
v
E l m 0 0 vi E i
e 1 1 e l m l m
L 0 0 l m u j L u j
v j v j
Structuresarecomposedofmanymemberswithmanyorientations
TheElementstiffnessmatrixmustbetransformedfromalocaltoaglobal
coordinate system.
coordinatesystem. cos( ) sin( ) 0 0 e e
sin( ) cos( ) 0

0
t

T
e e
e e T
K global K T
local global local 0 0
local global
local global
cos( ) sin( ) e e

0 0 sin( e ) cos( e )
Theloadvectormustbetransformedfromalocaltoaglobalcoordinate
system.
F T
e
global local global F e
global
LOCAL GLOBAL
Fj
vj
ULi uj
ULj
vi y
Fi ui x
Elementstiffnessmatrixinglobalcoordinates.
4 3 Element 1 Element 2
3 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 1
AE 0 AE 0 1
6 5 L1 1 0 1 0 L2 0 0 0 0

4 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
Element 3 Element 4
1 0 1 0
1 0 0 0 0
0
AE 0 0 1
0 0
AE 0 1
1 2 L3 1 0 1 0
L4 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 1 0 1
Element 5 Element 6
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
AE 21 1
2
1
2
1
2 AE 1 2 1 2 1
2
1
2
1 1
L5 1 1 1 1 L6 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Assemblingelementmatrices:
Eachelementmatrixmustbepositionedinrespecttotheglobaldegreeoffreedom
thatisrelatedto.
u1 v1 u2 v2 u3 v3 u4 v4
u1 Ke1+Ke5+Ke4 Ke1+Ke5+Ke4 Ke1 Ke1 Ke5 Ke5 Ke4 Ke4
v1 Ke1+Ke5+Ke4 Ke1+Ke5+Ke4 Ke1 Ke1 Ke5 Ke5 Ke4 Ke4
u22 Ke1 Ke1 Ke1+Ke2+Ke6 Ke1+Ke2+Ke6 Ke2 Ke2 Ke6 Ke6
v2 Ke1 Ke1 Ke1+Ke2+Ke6 Ke1+Ke2+Ke6 Ke2 Ke2 Ke6 Ke6
u3 Ke5 Ke5 Ke2 Ke2 Ke2+ Ke3+ Ke5 Ke2+ Ke3+ Ke5 Ke3 Ke3
v3 Ke5 Ke5 Ke2 Ke2 Ke2+ Ke3+ Ke5 Ke2+ Ke3+ Ke5 Ke3 Ke3
u4 Ke4 Ke4 Ke6 Ke6 Ke3 Ke3 Ke3+ Ke6+ Ke4 Ke3+ Ke6+ Ke4
v4 Ke4 Ke4 Ke6 Ke6 Ke3 Ke3 Ke3+ Ke6+ Ke4 Ke3+ Ke6+ Ke4
u1 v1 u2 v2 u3 v3 u4 v4
u1 1/L1+1/(2L5)+0 0+1/(2L5)+0 -1/L1 0 -1/(2L5) -1/(2L5) 0 0
v1 0+1/(2L5)+0 0+1/(2L5)+1/L4 0 0 -1/(2L5) -1/(2L5) 0 -1/L4
u2 -1/L1 0 1/L1+0+1/(2L6) 0+0-1/(2L6) 0 0 -1/(2L6) -1/(2L6)
v2 0 0 0+0-1/(2L6) 0+1/L2+1/(2L6) Ke2 Ke2 1/(2L6) -1/(2L6)
u3 -1/(2L5) -1/(2L5) 0 0 0+1/L3+1/(2L5) 0+0+1/(2L5) -1/L3 0
v3 -1/(2L5) -1/(2L5) 0 -1/L2 0+0+1/(2L5) 1/L2+0+1/(2L5) 0 0
u4 0 0 -1/(2L6) 1/(2L6) -1/L3 0 1/L3+1/(2L6)+0 0-1/(2L6)+0
v4 0 -1/L4 1/(2L6) -1/(2L6) 0 0 0-1/(2L6)+0 0+1/(2L6)+1/L4

Introducingboundaryconditions:
Eliminatelinesandcolumnswheredisplacementsareknown(method1)
Solvetheremainingsystemofalgebraicequations.
Solve the remaining system of algebraic equations.
0.67677 0.17677 -0.5 0 -0.17677 -0.17677 0 0 0 3

4 3
0.17677 0.67677 0 0 -0.17677 -0.17677 0 -0.5 0
6 5
-0.5 0 0.67677 -0.17677 0 0 -0.17677 0.17677 0 Y
0 0 -0.17677 0.67677 0 -0.5 0.17677 -0.17677 0 4 2
-0.17677 -0.17677 0 0 0.67677 0.17677 -0.5 0 0

-0.17677 -0.17677 0 -0.5 0.17677 0.67677 0 0 0
1
1 2
0 0 -0.17677 0.17677 -0.5 0 0.67677 -0.17677 50000
0 -0.5 0.17677 -0.17677 0 0 -0.17677 0.67677 0
X
0.67677 0 0 -0.17677 0.17677 0

0 06 6
0.67677 01 6
0.17677 -0.5
0 0 0
0 0.17677 0.67677 0 0 0
-0.17677 -0.5 0 0.67677 -0.17677 50000
0 17677
0.17677 0 0 -0.17677
0 17677 0 67677
0.67677 0
METHODSFORINTRODUCINGBOUNDARYCONDITIONS
Method1:
Assumingthefollowingsystemofequations
fi representexternalforcesorreactionsatprescribeddisplacements.
p p p
Assuminganynodalknowndisplacement,forexampleu2=2.
k11u1 k12u2 k13u3 ... k1nun f1
k u k 22u2 k 23u3 ... k 2 nun f2
21 1
k31u1 k32u2 k33u3 ... k3nun f3
. . . . .

k n1u1 k n 2u 2 k n 3u 3 ... k nnun fn
Eliminatethelineandcolumnnumberassociatedwithprescribeddegreeof
freedom,andmodifysecondmemberofeachequationaccordingto:
k11u1 k13u3 ... k1nun f1 k12u2
k u k u ... k u f k u
31 1 33 3 2n n 2 32 2

. . . .
k n1u1 k n 3u3 k3nun f n k n 2u2
Solvetheequationnumberthatcorrespondstoeachprescribedvalue:
f 2 k 21u1 k 22u 2 k 23u3 ... k 2 nun

METHODSFORINTRODUCINGBOUNDARYCONDITIONS
Method2(Penalty):
Assumingthefollowingsystemofequations
fi representexternalforcesorreactionsatprescribeddisplacements.
p p p
Assuminganynodalknowndisplacement,forexampleu2=2.
k11u1 k12u2 k13u3 ... k1nun f1
k u k 22u2 k 23u3 ... k 2 nun f2
21 1
k31u1 k32u2 k33u3 ... k3nun f3
. . . . .

k n1u1 k n 2u 2 k n 3u 3 ... k nnun fn
Multiplytheelementfromdiagonalcorrespondingtotheknownvariableandalso
theindependentmember,asshown.
k11u1 k12u2 k13u3 ... k1nun f1
k u
21 1
10 20 k 22u2 k 23u3 ... k 2 nun
10 20 k 22u 2
k31u1 k32u2 k33u3 ... k3nun f3
. . . . .

k n1u1 k n 2u 2 k n 3u 3 ... k nn un fn
TheequationthatcorrespondstospecifiedDOF,allowtoconclude:
The equation that corresponds to specified DOF allow to conclude:
10 k
20
22 2
u 10 20 k 22u2 u2 u 2
PRACTICE CASE1
PracticewithANSYS.
Specifyfilemanagement;
Filtertheanalysis(structural).
Specifymethodofapproximation:
Specify method of approximation:
P=increaseprecisionofpolynomials,increasingdegreeofinterpolationfunctions.
H=increasingprecisionwithmeshrefinement,holdingdegreeofpolynomial.
PRACTICE CASE1
Specifyfiniteelement:
LINK2DSpar.
Real constants:
Realconstants:
Everythingthatisconstantduringsimulation.
ISTRN(Initialstrain).
AREA(crosssectionarea).
AREA ( i ) ISTRN
L
Materials:
Steel:Homogeneous,isotropic.
PRACTICE CASE1
Modelling: Geometric modelling using primitives (keypoints andlines):
Modelling:Geometricmodellingusingprimitives(keypoints and lines):
Keypoints bycoordinatesinactivecoordinatesystem;
Linesmaybecreatedusingendkeypoints;
Meshsizeselected,usinglinedivisions;
Useappropriatecommandtomeshthegeometry.
Impose boundary conditions.
Imposeboundaryconditions.
1 3 5
2 4 6
PRACTICE CASE1
Preparingthesolution:
Windowforboundaryconditionsinputs(displacement).
Plot boundary conditions (Plot CTRL).
Plotboundaryconditions(PlotCTRL).
Windowforboundaryconditionsinputs(loads).
Commandtostartsolution.
d f l h
Endofsolutionphase. 3 5
2 4
PRACTICE CASE1
P t
Postprocessor:
Displacementcontour;
Vectordisplacementresults(nodal);
Axialloadinmembers,usingElementTable.
Axial load in members, using Element Table.
For the Element submitted to axial load, knowing that w1=2 [m], w2=1 [m],
thickness t=0.125 [m], Length L =10 [m] and Load P=1000 [N].
Determine the vertical displacement at nodes 1,2,3,4,5.
w w1
A y w1 2 y t
L
Cross section area (A) Length (li) Elastic Modulus(Ei)

Element (ei) Nodes
[m2] [m] [N/m2]
1 12 [A(y=0)+A(y=2.5)]/2=A(el1)=0.234375 2.5 10.4x106
2 23 [A(y=2.5)+A(y=5)]/2=A(el2)=0.203125 2.5 10.4x106
3 34 [A(y=5)+A(y=7.5)]/2=A(el3)=0.171875 2.5 10.4x106
4 45 [A(y=7.5)+A(y=10)]/2=A(el4)=0.140625 2.5 10.4x106
Solutionmethod:
First,decomposetheentirestructureintoasetoffiniteelements.
Buildastiffnessmatrixforeachelement(4Here).
Build a stiffness matrix for each element (4 Here).
Assemblyalltheelementglobalstiffnessmatrix.
Element 1
Element 2
Element 3
Element 4
Stiffnessmatrixforeachelement
Ai 1 Ai E
keq 2
L
k1 k2 k3 k3
K 1 K 2 K 3 K 4
k1 k2 k3 k3
k1 k1 k 2 k 2 k 3 k 3 k 3 k 3
k1 k1 0 0 0 u1 0 0 0 0 0 u1 0 0 0 0 0 u1 0 0 0 0 0 u1
k 0 k 0 0 0 0
1 k1 0 0 0 u2 k2 u2
0 0 0 u2 0 0 0 0 0 u2
2

K
1G
0 0 0 0 0 u3 K
2G
0 k 2 k2 0 0 u3 K
3G
0 0 k3 k3 0 u3 K 4G 0 0 0 0 0 u3

u4 0 0 0 0 0 u4 0 0 k3 k3 0 u4 k4
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 k4 u4
0 0 0 0 0 u5 0 0 0 0 0 u5 0 0 0 0 0 u5 0 0 0 k4 k 4 u5
Assemblyalltheelementglobalstiffnessmatrix.
K G K 1G K 2G K 3G K 4G
k1 k1 0 0 0
k k1 k 2 k2 0 0
1
K G 0 k2 k 2 k3 k3 0

0 0 k3 k3 k 4 k4
0 0 0 k4 k 4
Applyboundaryconditions.
Solve the algebraic system of equations for u2 u3 u4 and u5
Solvethealgebraicsystemofequationsforu2,u3,u4andu5.
Solvethefirstequationtocalculatereactionforces.
k1 k1 0 0 0 u1 R1 u1 0
k
1 k1 k 2 k2 0 0 u 2 0 u 0.001026
2
0 k2 k 2 k3 k3 0 u 3 0 u3 0.002210 m

0 0 k3 k3 k 4 k 4 u 4 0 u 0.003608
4
0 0 0 k4
k 4 u 5 P u5 0.005317
VARIATIONALMETHODS
Energymethods:
Commonapproximationinsolidmechanicstobeuseinfiniteelementanalysis;
Externalforcescausedeformationintotheelement.Duringdeformation,thework
External forces cause deformation into the element. During deformation, the work
developedbyexternalforcesissustainedbyelasticenergy.
Totalpotentialenergy()isequaltotwoparts:

Deformationenergy;
Deformation energy;
Theenergycorrespondingtotheworkdevelopedbyexternalforces.
p U W
VARIATIONALMETHODS
Minimumpotentialenergytheorem:
Assuminganyvirtualdisplacement(u)tothedeformedconfiguration,satisfying
thecinematicconditions,theenergyvariationwithrespecttothisdisplacementis
gy p p
equaltozero(Minimumenergy).
p U W
0 U W
u u u
Deformationenergy,dependsonstressstainfield.
U .dv
volume
U E .dv
volume
Workdevelopedbyexternalforces,dependsonthedisplacementfield.
W u F
VARIATIONALMETHODS(BARELEMENT)
Todeterminetheequilibriumconfigurationofauniformbarsubmittedto
externalloading:
Adisplacementfieldisrequiredtosatisfytheminimumpotentialenergy.
p q y p gy
Thepolynomialapproximationmaybethesimplestsolution:
n
u ( x) ai x i a0 a1 x a2 x 2 ... an x n
i 1
For example assume 1st orderapproximation:

Forexampleassume1 order approximation:
u ( x) a0 a1 x
Inmatrixformulation:
a0
u ( x) 1 x
a1
Thepolynomialapproximationmaybethesimplestsolution(cont.)
Displacementfieldisvalidfromnodei tonodej.
Letsapplythissolutiontonodei
Lets apply this solution to node i (x
(x=0)
0)andtonodej(x
and to node j (x=Le).
Le).
a0
ui 1 0
a1
a
u j 1 Le 0
a1
i x j
Groupbothexpressionintoamatrixformulation: Le
ui 1 0 a0
a

u j 1 Le 1
Letsassumethatnodedisplacementarewellknownandtrytofindnodal
parameters(a0anda1),invertingthesolution:
1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 a0 1 0 ui
1 Le 0 1 0 Le 1 1 0 1 1 1 u
Le Le 1
a 1 / Le 1 / Le j
Substitutethenodalparametersintotheassumed1storderdisplacementfield.
Theinterpolationfunctions(Ni,Nj)willappear.
The interpolation functions (Ni, Nj) will appear.
Thosefunctionsarealsocalledshapefunctions,becausetheymaybeusedfor
interpolatethegeometrycoordinates.
a0
u ( x) 1 x
a1 1
1 0 ui Ni Nj
1 x u
1 / Le 1 / Le j 0
i x j
x x ui Le
1
Le Le u j
ui
Ni Nj
u j
MINIMUMPOTENTIALENERGYMETHOD
Apply the minimum potential energy method to a bar finite element,
assuming:
Displacement
p field:
ui
u ( x) Ni Nj
u j
Strain field (constant values are expected over the entire element, because the
derivatives of those interpolating functions are constant values):
d dN dN j ui
( x ) u( x ) i
dx
dx dx u j
Virtual strain field: dN i

dx

u j
d
( x) u ( x) ui
dx dN j

dx
Apply the minimum potential energy method to a bar finite element,
assuming:
U W
E .dv
volume
u F
E .dv
volume
u F
Th
The existence
it off only
l one finite
fi it element
l t (total
(t t l volume
l equall to
t one finite
fi it element
l t
volume): N i
Le x N i N j ui
A E ui u j .dx u F
N j x u
x
x
0 j

Le N i N i Le
N i N j
.dx .dx
0
x x 0
x x ui
ui
u j EA Le u F
N j N i Le
N j N j u j
.dx .dx
0 x x 0
x x
Applytheminimumpotentialenergymethodtoabarfiniteelement(cont.)
Thestiffnessmatrixforbarelementwillappear.
Le 1 1 Le
1 1
.dx 0 Le Le .dx ui
EA 0Le Le Le F
L 1 1 L
Le
1 1 u j
.dx 0 Le Le .dx
0 Le Le
1 1
Le u F
Le i

i
1 u j F j
EA
1

Le Le
Applytheminimumpotentialenergymethodtoabarfiniteelement(cont.)
Assumingmoreelementsovertheentirevolume,theassemblingisnecessary.

dV ...dVe
Total
Volume
El
Elements
t
Volume
Element

Assumedifferentexternalload,suchas,distributedload.Inthiscase,thevirtual
workduetodistributedload,maybecalculatedaccording:
W b( x). u dve
Le
Le
Ni
b dx. u
0
Nj
MINIMUMPOTENTIALENERGYMETHOD case1
Assume ONE finite element to mesh this structural element, of uniform cross
section area A, constant elastic modulus (E), submitted to the loading
conditions.
Assume the following interpolating functions.
The expected FE solution is:

Applyingtheminimumpotentialenergy:
Thealgebraicsystemis:
The algebraic system is:
AE AE L
L R b ( )
L u1 2
AE AE u2 L
P b( )
L L 2
Imposingboundaryconditions:
U1=0
SolvingsystemofONEequation:
Solving system of ONE equation:
bL
P L
u2
2
AE
Solutioninsidefiniteelement: bL
P L

u ( x ) 1 1 1
x x u x x 0 x 2

L L u2 L L u2 L AE

AssumeTWOfiniteelementtomeshthisstructuralelement,ofuniformcross
sectionareaA,constantelasticmodulus(E),submittedtotheloading
conditions.
Shape functions for each element:

Shapefunctionsforeachelement:
Theexpectedsolution:
Assemblingstiffnessmatricesandloadvector:
AE AE
( L / 2) 0
K111 K121 0 ( L / 2)
K K 211 1
K 22 K112

K122
AE
( L / 2)
AE

AE

AE
( L / 2) ( L / 2) ( L / 2)
0 K122 2
K 22
A
AE A
AE
0
( L / 2) ( L / 2)
Recallvirtualworkduetodistributedload:
u1 R bL / 4

u2 bL / 4 bL / 4
u P bL / 4
3
SolveAlgebraicsystemofequations,usingMAPLE13symbolicManipulator:
>restart;with(linalg);
>with(LinearAlgebra);
h( l b )
>K:=Matrix(2,2,[[AE/((1/2)*L)+AE/((1/2)*L),AE/((1/2)*L)],[EA/((1/2)*L),EA/((1/2)*L)]]);
>F:=Matrix(2,1,[[(1/4)*bL+(1/4)*bL],[P+(1/4)*bL]]);
> B :=MatrixInverse[GF27](K);
>B: MatrixInverse[GF27](K);
>U:=B.F;
Solutionfordisplacement:

0
L 3

F P 4 bL
2 EA
L
2 P bL
2 EA
ReactionSolution:
R ( P bL)
Analyticalsolution:
1 bx 2
u ( x) ( P bL) x
EA 2
ConvergenceanalysisforthecaseofconstantbandP=0.
Analyticalsolution:
1 bx 2
u ( x) ( P bL ) x
EA 2
ComparisonofdisplacementsolutionforFEAwith1and2FE.
Continuousmembers:
Linearinterpolatingfunctionstoapproximatesolutionforacolumninafourstory
buiding.
g
Approximateelementsolution,linearly.
u e c1 c 2Y
Displacementfieldisvalidfornodei tonodej.
u ui in Y Yi u i c1 c 2Yi
u uj in Y Yj u j c1 c 2Y j
Letsassumethatnodedisplacement(ui,uj)arewellknownandtrytofind
nodalparameters(c1andc2),invertingthesolution:
u iY j u jY i u j ui
c1 c2
Y j Yi Y j Yi
Solutionforelementdisplacement(1st order):
u iY j u jY i u j u i
u
e
Y
Y j Yi Y j Yi
[Moaveni]
Theinterpolationfunctions(Ni,Nj)willappear(inglobalcoordinates).
The interpolation functions (Ni, Nj) will appear (in global coordinates).
Yj Y Y Yi
u
e
u u j
Y Y i Y Y
j i j i
Yj Y Yj Y
Ni
Y j Yi l
Y Yi Y Yi [Moaveni]
Nj
Y j Yi l
u N i ui N j u j
e
u N i
e ui
N j u N u
e
u j
Theinterpolationfunctionsmaybedeterminedinlocalcoordinates:
Substitutionofvariables: Y Yi y (0 y l )
Yj Y Y j Yi y y
Ni 1
l l l
Y Yi Yi y Yi y
Nj
l l l
y
Ni 1 y
l Nj
l
y 0 Ni 1
y 0 Nj 0
y l Ni 0
y l Nj 1
N1 =1 N2 = 0 in node 1
N1 = 0 N2 = 1 in node 2
N1 + N2 = 1
Applytheminimumpotentialenergymethodtoabarfiniteelement:
1 1

Le Le ui Fi
1 u j F j
EA
1

Le Le
Assemblethesolution.
K G u F
VARIATIONALMETHODS(BARELEMENT) case4
Determine vertical displacements in each story of a four
story building.
29E6lb/in2
Determine stress at elements, knowing that EE=29E6lb/in
e A=39.7in2
1 39.7 20 E 6 1 1
K e K 1 K 2 K 3 K 4 AE
1

l 1 1 1.5 12 1 1
1 1 0 0 0 F1 R
1 1 1 1 F 50000
0 0 2
K G 6.396 E 6 0 1 1 1 1 0 F3 50000
F 50000
0 0 1 1 1 1
4
0 0 0 1 1 F5 60000
Displacements:
u1 0
u 0.03283
2
u3 0.05784
u 0.07504
4
u5 0.08442
Axial stresses determined from:

E u j ui 1 5289 2 4029 3 2771 4 1511 lb / in 2
e
l
VARIATIONALMETHODS(GENERALELEMENT)
Minimumpotentialenergytheorem:
p U W
0 U W
u u u
AssumingtheinterpolatingfunctionsNi,Nj
u e N i ui N j u j
Strain field:
u ui
N i ui N j u j N i N j
u
N u B u
dy dy dy j dy
Internall energy EQUALS externall work:

k
u w E .dv
volume
u F K u f
K B DBd f N bd
T
T

Solution:
u K 1 f D DBu
VARIATIONALMETHODS(BEAMELEMENT)
Henky Mindlin Theory:
(x
Longitudinaldisplacement:u )
Vertical displacement : W (1st mainvariable)

Verticaldisplacement:W(1 main variable)
Transversalcoordinate:y
Sectionrotation:(2nd mainvariable)
w
Hypotheses: u ( x, y ) u ( x) ySin ( x)
Rigidy bodyintransversaldirection;
body in transversal direction; W ( x, y ) W ( x) y1 Cos
C ( x)
Crosssectionremainsplaneandnotwarped;
Beforedeformation,crosssectionnormalisorthogonal;
Additionalhypothesistosmalldisplacements(Lineartheory)
Duetosmallrotations,sen()
Due to small rotations sen()>()
>(),whilecos()
while cos()>1
>1
Axialdisplacementdependoncrosssectionrotation. u ( x, y ) u ( x) y ( x)
W ( x, y ) W ( x )
VARIATIONALMETHODS(BEAMELEMENT)
Euler Bernoulli theory:
Longitudinaldisplacement:u
dW
Vertical displacement : W (main variable)
Verticaldisplacement:W(mainvariable) /dx
Transversalcoordinate:y
Sectionrotation:W(derivativeofmainvariable)
w
Hypotheses:
Rigidy
g y bodyintransversaldirection;
y ;
Crosssectionremainsplaneandnotwarped;
AfterandBeforedeformation,crosssectionnormalisorthogonal;
Additionalhypothesistosmalldisplacements(Lineartheory)
Duetosmallrotations,sen()>(),whilecos()>1.
, ( ) ( ), ( )
Axialdisplacementdependontransversaldisplacement. u ( x, y ) u ( x) yW ( x)
W ( x, y ) W ( x )
VARIATIONALMETHODS(EULERB.BEAMELEMENT)
Todeterminetheequilibriumconfigurationofauniformbarsubmittedto
externalloading:
Adisplacementfieldisrequiredtosatisfytheminimumpotentialenergy.
p q y p gy
Thepolynomialapproximationmaybethesimplestsolution:
Forexampleassume3rdorderapproximation(Hermite polynomial,C1type):
W ( x) b1 xb
b2 x 2b3 x 3b4
x
dW ( x)
b2 2 xb3 3x 2 b4
dx
Z
Inmatrixformulation.
b1 Wi Wj
i j
W 1 x x 2 x 3 b2
2

3
b X
W
0 1 2 x 3 x i j
b4 Le
Expandtonodaldegreesoffreedom 1 0 0 0
b1 0 0 i
W
Wi 1 0 0 0 b1 b 3
1 0
b 2 2 3 1 i
i 0 1 L2

0 0 2
b3 e
Le L2e Le W j

W j 1 Le L2e L3e b3
b4 2 1 2 1
j 0 1 2 Le

3L3e b4
3
L2e L3e
j
L2e
Le
e po y o a app o a o ay be e s p es so u o (co )
Theinterpolationfunctions(Ni,Nj)willappear.
Th f i l ll d h f i b h b df
Wi 3x 2 2 x 3 2x 2 x 3 3x 2 2 x 3 - x 2 x 3 Wi
N 4 1 - L2 L3 x - 2 2 3 2
W 1 e Le i
N N2 N3
i
N 4 e L Le Le Le L
N1 N 2 N 3
e e
x W 6x 6x
2
4 x 3x 2 6x 6x2 2 x 3x 2 W j
x x x j 2 3 1 2 2 3 2
j Le Le Le Le Le Le e L Le j
3x 2 2 x 3
1
Le
N1 1 - 2 3
Le Le
2x 2 x 3
N2 x - 2
Le Le Le
3x 2 2 x 3
N3 2 3
1
Le
Le Le
- x 2 x3
N4 2
Le Le
Le
Apply the minimum potential energy method to a beam finite element,
assuming:
U and V mayy be represented
p byy null displacement
p variables;;
U W
U Dt
Vol Vol

x 0 0 x 0 0

xx 0 0 0 0
y y W i
yy U 0
zz 0 N 1 N 2 N 3 N 4 i
z V z 0
0 0 0

x x x x
jW
xy
2 0 W 0 W
2 yz y x y x j

2 zx 0 0
z y z y
0
0

z x z x
Wi

W 6x 6x2 4 x 3x 2 6x 6x2 2 x 3x 2 i
2 zx x 2 3 1 2 2 3 2
x Le Le Le Le Le Le e
L Le W j
j
Applytheminimumpotentialenergymethodtoabeamfiniteelement(cont.):
Theworkofexternalforces(F concentratedforces,q distributedforces).
W Fk k q k U W
Sup Sup
n Le 3 x 2 2 x 3
Fk k N Fk 1 2 3 dx
k 1
k 0 Le Le
Wi x3
Sup Le 2
2x
x dx
Le L2e
Le
i 0
q N1 N2 N3 N 4 q dx Wi i W j j q Le
W j 3 x 2 x dx
k 2 3
0 L2e
Sup 0
j L3e
Le
2 3

2 dx
x x
Le
q[N/m] P [N] M [Nm] 0 Le
i j i j i j
Le Le Le Le Le
qL e 2 P/2 P/2 3M /(2 Le ) 3M /(2 Le )
qL2e 12 PLe / 8 PLe / 8 M /4

qL2e 12 M 4
U W
U W Dt Fk k q k
Vol Sup Sup
Wi Wi

N 1 N 2 N 3 N 4 i t N 1 N 2 N 3 N 4 i
Vol x x x x W j D x x x x W j dVol

j j
Le 3 x 2 2 x 3
1 2 3 dx
0 Le Le

Le
2x 2 x 3
x 2 dxd
0 Le Le n
Wi i W j j q Le W W j N Fk

2 3 i i j k
3 x 2 x
dx

k 1

0 Le 2
Le
3
Le
2 3

2 dx
x x
L
0 e Le
Le 3 x 2 2 x 3
N 1 1 2 3 dx
x 0 Le Le
N Wi Le 2x 2 x 3
2 x 2 dx n
x N 1 N 2 N 3 N 4 i 0 Le
N D
Le
dVol q Le N Fk
x x x x j 3 x 2 x dx k 1
2 3 k
3 W
0 L2e
Vol
x j L3e
N 4 Le
x 2 3

dx
x x
L
Le
2
0 e
Wi

K e i Fe
W j
ji
12 6 Le 12 6 Le
2
6 Le 2 L2e
EI 6 Le 4 Le
K e 3
Le 12 6 Le 12 6 Le

2
6 Le 2 Le 6 Le 4 L2e
VARIATIONALMETHODS(TIMOSHENKOBEAMELEMENT)
Bending moment and shear are defined according to figure.
Axial stress variation in y is linear (exact solution).
Shear stress will be constant in yy (approximate solution).
The polynomial approximation may be linear, because the main variables are
independent.
Most FE software use beam elements from Timoshenko beam theory, which
includes deflection due to shear strain, as well as that due to bending strain and
rigid body motion.
If the length of a beam is short (similar to its depth) then this assumption leads to
better results.
Th Timoshenko
The Ti h k finite
fi it element
l t may revertt to
t a EulerBernoulli
E l B lli finite
fi it element
l t if the
th
shear area (crosssectional area used to find shear deformation) is not specified
by the user.
Normalstress Shear stress(approx.) Shear stress(exact)

VARIATIONALMETHODS(TIMOSHENKOBEAMELEMENT
Tosolvetheproblemofshearstressdistribution:
Thedeformationenergyshouldbecorrectinaccordancetothetheory,considering
theshearstressequalto:
q
xy G xy
Shearshouldbedeterminedinaccordance:
Shear should be determined in accordance:
V A G xy A*G xy
Where istheshapefactorandA*isthereducedarea.
dependsonthecrosssectionarea.
Interpolatingfunctions:
Assumelinearfunctionforbothmainvariables.
Displacement field:
Displacementfield:
b
w( x) b1 b2 x 1 x 1
b2
b
( x) b3 b4 x 1 x 3 Z
b4 Wi
i j
Wj
Assumenodaldisplacementvariables:
d l di l i bl X
W
i j
Le
wi i

w j j
Interpolatingfunctionsinlocalcoordinatesorinnaturalcoordinates:
x wi wi
N1 1
w( x) 1 1
Ni N j
Le w j w j 2x 2
1
x i i Le
N 2 1
1
( x) 1 Ni N j 2
Le j
j
Displacementfield:
Axialdisplacementduetobending: u ( x) y ( x)
Transversaldisplacement:
Transversal displacement: w( x) w( x)
Rotation: ( x) ( x)
Strainfieldwhichproducesstrainenergy:
u ( x)
Normalstrain: xx y
Shearstrain: x x
dw du dw u dw
xy (x)
dx dy dx y dx
Stressfield:
( x)
xx E xx E y
x
dw((xx)
xy G xy G ( x)
dx
Apply the minimum potential energy method to a beam finite element:
U W
Thedeformationenergyshouldconsider: U W
Normalstraininxdirection;
Shearstrainin
Shear strain in y
y direction.
direction. U dv
Vol
xx xx xy xy dv
Voll
xx xx xy xy dv
Vol
Approachingvirtualstrainfieldandalsotherealstressfieldindiscreteformat:
d dN i dN j i
xx y ( x) y
dx dx dx j
d dN i dN j wi i
xy w ( x) Ni N j
dx dx dx w j j
( x) dN i dN j i
xx E y E ( y )
x dx dx j
dw( x) dN i dN j wi i
xy G ( x) G N i N j
dx dx dx w j j
Approachingvirtualstrainfieldandalsotherealstressfieldindiscreteformat,
using: t
Assumingnodalvariables:
g wi i w j j
Anexpansionforvectordimensionshouldbeapplied.
wi wi

dN i dN j i dN i dN j i
xx y 0 0 xx E ( y ) 0 0
dx dx w j dx dx w j
j j
wi wi

dN i
i
xy G N j
dN i dN j dN
xy
j
Ni Nj i
Ni
w j
dx
dx dx

dx w j
j j

Thedeformationenergymaybecalculatedindiscreteformat:
U xx xx xy xy dv U W
Vol
Thedeformationenergymaybecalculatedindiscreteformat: U W
0 wi
dNi
dx dN j i
wi i w j j E y 0
dNi
U y dv
0
0
Vol dN dx dx w j
j j
dx
dNi
dx wi
N
dN i dN j i
dN wi i w j j G
i
Ni N j dv
Vol
j
dx dx w j
dx j
N j
Assuming any virtual nodal variable wi i w j j consistent with

Assuminganyvirtualnodalvariable,consistentwith
boundaryconditions.
0 dNi
wi dx wi
dNi
Le
dNi dN j i Le N dN dN j i
U E y 2 dA dx 0 0 dx G dA dN
i i
Ni N j dx
0 dx w j
0 A dN dx 0 A* j dx dx w j
j j dx j
dx N j
Itisnotnecessarytousenaturalcoordinates,becauseintegralsmaybe
It i t t t l di t b i t l b
calculatedexactly.
Thedeformationenergymaybecalculatedindiscreteformat: U W
dNi 2
0

dNi
N i dN i dN j dN i
N
j
0 0 0 dx dx dx dx dx
dNi
2
dNi dN j wi wi
Ni N j
dN
0 0
dx dx i Le *
Ni dN i
Ni 2
Ni j
i
Le
dx
U EI 0 dx GA
dx dx
dx
0 0 0 dN j
2
dN j dNi
wj 0 dN j dN j wj
0
dN j dN i dN j
2
dx dx N i
dx N j
j
0 0 j

dx dx

dx dx dx N dNi N N N dN j
j j i j Nj
2

dx dx
1 1 1 1
L
0 0 0 0 2 Le 2
1 1 i
w e
wi
0 1 L 1 L
0 L
e
e
Le i * 2 i
U EI GA 3 2 6
1 w j
e
0 0 0 0 wj 1 1 1

0 1 0 1
j L 2 L 2 j
e e

Le Le 1 Le 1 Le

2 6 2 3
GA* GA* GA* GA*

Le * 2 Le 2
e
* * *
GA EI GA L GA EI GA L
2 e

6
K e *
Le 3 2 Le

GA GA* GA* GA*

Le 2 Le 2
* * * *
GA EI GA L GA EI GA L
e
e
2 Le 6 2 Le 3
SameprocedureasfortheBernoullibeamelementprovidesthefollowing
stiffnessmatrix:
Toavoidshearlocking,amixedinterpolationapproachmaybeused,orinstead
arigorousderiveinterpolatingfunction:
THEMATICEXERCISEWITHEDElas2D
http://www.cimne.com/tiendaCIMNE/MenuSoftEdu.asp (freedemoversion).
Simplysupportedbeamwithtwofiniteelements,submittedtomidspanload.
Materialdefinition;
Material definition;
Boundaryconditionsdefinition;
Stiffnessforeachelement,inglobalcoordinatesystem.
THEMATICEXERCISEWITHEDElas2D
Element1 Imposingboundaryconditions:
Element2 Deformedshape:
Transverseinternal effort:
Assembling
Bendingmomenteffort:
THERMALANALYSIS 2D
Thermalbalance:
e a ba a ce
Heatfluxin/outwithrespecttoinfinitesimalarea;
Internalenergyvariation;
ThelawofHeatConduction,alsoknownasFourier'slaw,statesthatthetimerate
Th l fH C d i l k F i ' l h h i
ofheattransferthroughamaterialisproportionaltothenegativegradient.
in out U U C dz.dy.x
T
t
T T T T T
z dy.x dy.x dz
z z z z dz z z dz z z z z z
T
z dz.dy. x
z z z
Y
y+dy
T
y dy.dz.x y
y y y
dy
2T 2T T
2 2 C
y z t dz Z
x
z z+dz
THERMALANALYSIS 2D
Boundaryconditions:
Y
Dirichlet:prescribedtemperature:
Cauchy:heatflux(convection,radiation):
Cauchy: heat flux (convection, radiation):
conveco

T
. j
y
T
z
4 4

.k n.dL Tg TL Tg TL n
di
radiao

dL

Z
Perfectcontactbetweentwoadjacent
elements / materials:
elements/materials:
n12 Y
T1 T1 T2 T2

.nx .ny

.nx .ny

n21
y z y z
conveco

A n dV A n12 dV A n21 dV 0
radiao
Z
V V1 V1
THERMALANALYSIS 2D
WeightedResidualMethod:
Ifthephysicalformulationoftheproblemisdescribedasadifferentialequation,
thenthemostpopularsolutionmethodistheMethodofWeightedResiduals
p p g
Fortheenergyequilibriumequation(simplifiedformat): L T * U 0
AssumeTasanapproximationtotemperature. L T U 0
Assume asweightingfunction.Thenumberofweightingfunctionsequalsthe
Assume as weighting function The number of weighting functions equals the
numberofunknowncoefficientsintheapproximatesolution.Thereareseveral
choicesfortheweightingfunctions:
Galerkins
G l ki method,theweightingfunctionsarethesamefunctionsthatwere
th d th i hti f ti th f ti th t
usedintheapproximatingequation.
( y, z).L(T ) U .dv ( y, z ).L(T ) U .dVe 0

V ele Ve
THERMALANALYSIS 2D
Weakintegralformulation:
Increasesweigthingfunctiondifferentiability;
ReducesTemperturedifferentiability
Reduces Temperture differentiability
T T T
( y, z ).
) .

z . z C t .dVe

dV 0
ele Ve y y
( y , z ).
) div (V

) .dVe ( y , z ) C
T
t
dVe 0
ele Ve ele Ve
T
div V dVe V grad dVe ( y , z ) C dVe 0
ele Ve ele Ve ele Ve t
T
V n dSe V grad dVe ( y , z ) C dVe 0
ele Se ele Ve ele Ve t
T T T T

ny

nz dSe 0,

,

,

,

dVe
ele Se y z ele Ve y z x y z
T
( y, z ) C dVe 0
ele Ve t
THERMALANALYSIS 2D

4 3 3
Temperture approximation:
nne
ele
Ti N i
T
1 2

1 2
i 1
Geometryapproximation
nne
y yi N i
i 1
nne
z zi N i
i 1
Localcoordinatesystem(naturalcoordinates)shouldbeusedtofacilitate
Local coordinate system (natural coordinates) should be used to facilitate
numericalintegration.
N
1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
4
Galerkine approximation:
T N i .Ti Ti .N i
nne nne
i 1 i 1
THERMALANALYSIS 2D
Solutionforintegrals,introducingJacobian:
Involume:
Inboundary:
In boundary:
f ( y, z ).dy.dz f y , , z , detJ .dd
Ve Vr
y z
2 2
Se f ( X ).dS Sr f X , . .dSr
S
S
Jacobian ofcoordinatetransformation,fromNaturaltoCartesian:
Assumingtheinterpolatingfunctiontogeometry.
z y nne N i nne
N i
z zi yi
z
y
z nne N i
zi J nne
i 1 i 1

N i z N i
nne
i 1 yi
y
i 1
i
i 1

Forplanarelement,theJacobian determinantisnumericallyequaltothearea
ofthefiniteelement.
of the finite element
l j
i k
THERMALANALYSIS 2D
Numerical integration:
Gauss method:Innumericalanalysis,aquadrature ruleisanapproximationofthe
definiteintegralofafunction,usuallystatedasaweightedsumoffunctionvalues
g y g
atspecifiedpointswithinthedomainofintegration(Gausspoints).
Mintegrationpointsarenecessarytoexactlyintegrateapolynomialofdegree2M1
Lessexpensive
p
Exponentialconvergence,errorproportionalto 1 / 2 M
2M
NewtonCotesmethod:(Lessused).
M
M integrationpointsarenecessarytoexactlyintegrateapolynomialofdegree
integration points are necessary to exactly integrate a polynomial of degree M1
M1
Moreexpensive
4 3
4 3
1 2
1 2
11
f , .d .d w .w . f ,
npg npg
i j i j JohannCarlFriedrichGauss,(17771855)
1 1 igauss 1 jgauss 1 Germanmathematicianandscientist
THERMALANALYSIS 2D
Numericalintegration:
Exampleofintegrationinonedimension.
1 n
f f W
1 np 1
i i
f
f np 1
f np 2
np 1 np 2
1 1
Wnp 1 Wnpp 2
THERMALANALYSIS 2D
Solution:
Systemofalgebaricequations.

Ti B J 0

t 1 t

0 1
J B . detJ .dv.T j
ele Vref
z y
2 2
Ti N N N .dS . Tg
k

s s
i j j k
ele Sref
z y
2 2
Ti
ele
N N N
Sreff
i j j k dS .Tk
s s
z y
2 2
Ti N N N .dS . Tg
j k
s s
i j rad k
ele Sref
z y
2 2
Ti N N N dS .Tk
j
s s
i j rad k
ele Sref
Ti N C
i N j . detJ .dV .Tj
ele Vref
RET Tn SOLU p CAPTn

THERMALANALYSIS 2D EDPoiss
Thermalanalysisintwodimensions:
Imposedtemperatureforinputandoutput.
Imposednullheatfluxattheotherboundary.
Imposed null heat flux at the other boundary.
Usingisoparametricfiniteplaneelements
T=20 [C]
4
T=200
T 200 [[C]
C]
2
4
8
Usign EducationalEDPoisson
Educational ED Poisson
Assemblingmatrix:
Twofirstelements:
Allelementswithboundaryconditions:
105
Post Processing:
Heat
Flux
THERMALANALYSIS 2D ANSYS
Thermalanalysis:
Steadystateconditions:
Thermalconductivematerial:Steel(Kxx
Thermal conductive material: Steel (Kxx=Kyy=45
Kyy 45[W/m2K])
[W/m2K])
Sixfiniteelements:Plane55(Isoparametric)
4nodes
1degreeoffreedompernode
1 degree of freedom per node
T=20 [C]
4
T=200 [C]
2
4
8
Session file from ANSYS: Important to recover and manually change inputs
SessionfilefromANSYS:Importanttorecoverandmanuallychangeinputs.
/BATCH
/COM,ANSYSRELEASE7.0UP2002101022:30:2010/09/2003
LESIZE,ALL,,,1,,1,,,1,
/input,menust,tmp,'',,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1
CM,_Y,AREA
/GRA,POWER
ASEL,,,,1
/GST ON
/GST,ON
CM,_Y1,AREA
/PLO,INFO,3
CHKMSH,'AREA'
/GRO,CURL,ON
CMSEL,S,_Y
/REPLOT,RESIZE
!* /POST1
!*
MSHKEY,1 /EFACE,1
/NOPR
AMESH,_Y1 !*
/PMETH,OFF,0 LSTR,2,7
MSHKEY,0 PLNSOL,TEMP,,0,
KEYW PR SET 1
KEYW,PR_SET,1 LSTR
LSTR,7,12
7 12
!*
* /EFACE,1
KEYW,PR_STRUC,0 LSTR,3,8
CMDELE,_Y !*
KEYW,PR_THERM,1 LSTR,4,9
CMDELE,_Y1 PLNSOL,TF,SUM,0,
KEYW,PR_FLUID,0 LSTR,9,13
CMDELE,_Y2 /EFACE,1
KEYW,PR_ELMAG,0 LSTR,5,10
!* !*
KEYW,MAGNOD,0 MPTEMP,,,,,,,, LSTR,10,14
/AUTO,1 PLNSOL,TG,SUM,0,
KEYW,MAGEDG,0 MPTEMP,1,0 LSTR,1,2
/REP !*
KEYW,MAGHFE,0
KEYW,MAGHFE,0 MPDATA KXX 1 45
MPDATA,KXX,1,,45 LSTR
LSTR,2,3
2 3
APLOT /VSCALE,1,1,0
KEYW,MAGELC,0 K,1,0,0,0, LSTR,3,4
FLST,5,5,5,ORDE,2 !
KEYW,PR_MULTI,0 K,2,2,0,0, LSTR,4,5
FITEM,5,2 !*
KEYW,PR_CFD,0 K,3,4,0,0, LSTR,6,7
FITEM,5,6 PLVECT,TF,,,,VECT,ELEM,ON,0
/GO K,4,6,0,0, LSTR,7,8
CM,_Y,AREA /EFACE,1
!* K,5,8,0,0, LSTR,8,9
ASEL,,,,P51X !*
/COM, KGEN,2,P51X,,,,2,,5,0 LSTR,9,10
CM,_Y1,AREA PLNSOL,CONT,STAT,0,
/COM,Preferences for GUI filtering have
/COM,PreferencesforGUIfilteringhavebeensettodisplay:
been1set to display:
/AUTO
/AUTO,1 LSTR, 13, 14
LSTR,13,14
CHKMSH 'AREA'
CHKMSH,'AREA' /EFACE,1
/COM,Thermal /REP LSTR,11,12
CMSEL,S,_Y !*
!* FLST,3,2,3,ORDE,2 FLST,2,4,4
!* PLNSOL,TF,X,0,
/PREP7 FITEM,3,6 FITEM,2,10 /GO
MSHKEY,1 /EFACE,1
!* FITEM,3,7 FITEM,2,3 D,P51X,,200,,,,TEMP,,,,,
AMESH,_Y1 !*
!* KGEN,2,P51X,,,,2,,5,0 FITEM,2,14 FLST,2,3,1,ORDE,2
MSHKEY,0 PLNSOL,TF,SUM,0,
ET,1,PLANE55 FLST,3,2,3,ORDE,2 FITEM,2,1 FITEM,2,9
!* /EFACE,1
!!* FITEM 3 9
FITEM,3,9 AL,P51X
AL,P51X FITEM 2 11
FITEM,2,11
CMDELE Y
CMDELE,_Y
FITEM,3,10 FLST,2,4,4 !*
CMDELE,_Y1
KGEN,2,P51X,,,,2,,4,0 FITEM,2,11 /GO
CMDELE,_Y2
FITEM,2,5 D,P51X,,20,,,,TEMP,,,,,
!*
FITEM,2,15 LSWRITE,1,
/PNUM,KP,0
FITEM,2,3 FINISH
/PNUM,LINE,0
AL,P51X
/PNUM,AREA,0
....
/PNUM VOLU 0
/PNUM,VOLU,0
/PNUM,NODE,1
/PNUM,TABN,0
/PNUM,SVAL,0 /SOL
/NUMBER,0 /STATUS,SOLU
.... SOLVE
FINISH
Post Processing:
Heat
Flux
Fl
INTERPOLATINGFUNCTIONS1D
Linearfunctions(globalcoordinatesystem)
Determinetemperaturedistributioninaonedimensionalfin,forthepositionsX=4
andX=8[cm].
[ ]
Assumingthemeshandtemperatureatnodes2and3.
Assume:
Linearbehaviour.
Li b h i T2=41CT3=34C
T c1 c 2 X
e
Toknowtemperatureatnodes:
Ti
T N i N j
e
T j
Temperatureovereachfiniteelement:
Temperature over each finite element:
XjX
T
e
Ti X X i T j
X X X X
j
Solution:
i j i
54 42
T X 4 41 34 36 .3 C
52 52
10 8 85
T X 8 34 18 24 .4 C
10 5 10 5
Quadraticfunctions(globalcoordinatesystem)
Increaseaccuracyofsolution.
Assume :
Assume:
Quadraticbehaviour:
T e c1 c 2 X c3 X 2
Ti c1 c 2 X i c3 X i
2
T Ti X X i
Tk c1 c 2 X k c3 X k
2
T Tk X X k
T Tj X X j T j c1 c 2 X j c3 X
2
j
Temperatureovereachfiniteelement: Ni
2
X X j X X k
l2
T e N i Ti N j T j N k Tk
N j 2 X X i X X k
2
Ti l

T e Ni Nj Nk
T j 4
N k 2 X X i X X j
T l
k
Cubicfunctions(globalcoordinatesystem)
Increaseaccuracyofsolution.
Assume :
Assume: [Moaveni]
Cubicbehaviour:
T e c1 c 2 X c3 X 2 c 4 X 3
Ti c1 c 2 X i c 3 X i c 4 X i
2 3
T Ti X X i
T Tk X X k Tk c1 c 2 X k c 3 X k c 4 X k
2 3
T Tm X X m Tm c1 c 2 X m c 3 X m c 4 X m
2 3
T Tj X X j T j c1 c 2 X j c 3 X
2
c4 X
3
j j
Temperatureovereachfiniteelement: 9
Ni X X j X X k X X m
T N i Ti N j T j N k Tk N m Tm
e
2l 3
N j 3 X X i X X k X X m
9
Ti 2l
T

T e Ni Nj Nk Nm j
N k 3 X X i X X j X X m
27
2l
Tk 27
Tm Nm X X i X X j X X k
2l 3
LAGRANGEINTERPOLATINGFUNCTIONS1D
Lagrange interpolation functions (global
[Moaveni]
coordinate system)
Advantage
g to increase accuracyy of solution.
Advantage of no need to determine nodal
parameters .
Assume :
To generate shape functions of an (n1) order
polynomial.
If n=3, polynomial order=2.
If n=4, polynomial order=3. [Moaveni]
Shape functions determined in terms of product of
linear functions:
N x
xx
n
j
i
x x
j 1( j i ) i j
Interpolating function at node i takes value equal to

1 and 0 at other nodes.
Lagrangeinterpolationfunctions(globalcoordinate
system):
Assumen=3;;
polynomialorder=2
Nodei
N i N1
X X 2 X X 3 X X 2 X X 3 2
2 X X 2 X X 3
X 1 X 2 X 1 X 3 l
l
l
2
NodeK
Nk N2
X X 1 X X 3

X X 1 X X 3 4 X X X X
X 2 X 1 X 2 X 3 l l l2
1 3

2 2
Nodej
N j N3
X X 1 X X 2 X X 1 X X 2 2
2 X X 1 X X 2
X 3 X 1 X 3 X 2 l
l l
2
Lagrangeinterpolationfunctions(naturalcoordinatesystem):
The same previous advantages.
One more advantage for numerical integration.
Assume :
To generate shape functions of an (n1) order polynomial.
If n=3, polynomial order=2. x xc
2
If n=4, polynomial order=3.
Le
Shape functions determined in terms of product of linear functions:
N

n
j
i

j 1( j i ) i j
Interpolating function at node i takes value equal to 1 and 0 at other nodes.

Natural coordinates are local coordinates in a dimensionless form. xc represents
the central element coordinate.
coordinate
Limits of integration from 1 to +1.
Innaturalcoordinates:
Interpolatingfunctionsfortwonodeselement.
u1
u N1 N2
u2
Interpolatingfunctionsforthreenodeselement.
l f f h d l
u1

u N1 N2 N 3 u2
u
3
1 1 9 9
N1 2 3
Interpolatingfuntions forfournodeelement. 16 16 16 16
u1 9 27 9 27
N2 2 3
u 16 16 16 16

u N1 N 2 N 3 N 4 2
9 27 9 27
N3 2 3
16 16 16 16
u3 1 1 9 9
u 4 N4 2 3
16 16 16 16
ISOPARAMETRICINTERPOLATION1D
Forthecaseonedimensionalfiniteelement(bar)
Interpolatingshapefunctions(geometry),arethesameusedforinterpolating
unknownfunction(displacement,temperature,etc.)
( p p )
Assumedisplacementfielduasunknown:
u N1 u1 N 2 u 2
Straindisplacementshouldbecalculatedwith:
du dN1 dN 2
u1 u2
dx dx dx
Thespacederivativeofeachinterpolatingfunctionshouldbecalculated
according:
dN1 dN1 d 1 d

dx d dx 2 dx
dN 2 dN 2 d 1 d

dx d dx 2 dx
ISOPARAMETRICINTERPOLATION1D
Tocompleteformulation:
Geometryshouldbeapproximatedbythesamefuntions (isoparametric concept).
x N1 x1 N 2 x2
DifferentiatebetweennaturalandglobalcoordinatestoobtaintheJacobian*
determinant:
dx dN1
d dN 2 dN1 dN 2 x1
x1 x2
d d d d d x2
RecallinterpolatingfunctionderivativesandassumingJacobian asarealnumber:
dN i dN i d dN i 1 1 dN i 1 dN i

dx d dx d dx dx d J d
Strainapproaches:
h d d
du dN1 dx dN 2 dx 1 dN1 dN 2 u1
u1 u2
dx dx d dx d dx d d u2
Superparametricinterpolation: d
degreeforshapefunctionsishigherthandegreeofunknownfunction.
Subparametricinterpolation:
degreeforshapefunctionsissmallerthandegreeofunknownfunction.
Element with 1 DOF per node
Elementwith1DOFpernode
[Moaveni]
Consideralinearapproximationovertherectangularfiniteelement
pp g
T e b1 b2 x b3 y b4 xy Pi bi P 1 x y xy
Theinterpolationfunctions(Ni,Nj)willappear(inglobalcoordinates).
Ti
T N i 1 x 1 y N j x 1 y
T e N i N n j
l w l w
Nj Nm
Tm N m xyy N n y
1
x

Tn lw w l
LinearElementwith2DOFpernode(LagrangeFamily):
Consideralinearapproximationforxandydisplacement(u,v)overthe
rectangularfiniteelement.
ue 1 b1 Pi bi
t
b2 b3 b4
Substitutethenodalparametersintotheassumed1storderdisplacement
field.Theinterpolationfunctions(Ni,Nj)willappear(inlocalcoordinates).
U iy
U ix U
U

ue Ni Nj Nm
N n jx v N i
e
Nj Nm
jy
Nn
U

U mx my
U nx U ny
Ni
1
1 1 Nj
1
1 1 Nm
1
1 1 Nn
1
1 1
4 4 4 4
Quadraticelementwith2DOFpernode(LagrangeFamily):
Consideraquadraticapproximationforxandydisplacement(u,v)overthe
rectangularfiniteelement.
t l fi it l t
ue 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 b1 Pi bi
t
b2 ... b9
Substitute the nodal parameters in to the assumed 2nd orderdisplacement
Substitutethenodalparametersintotheassumed2 order displacement
field.Theinterpolationfunctions(Ni,Nj)willappear(inlocalcoordinates).
u e N i U i u e N i Vi
N1 1 1
1

N 2 1 2 1
1
N 3 1 1
1
2

N 4 1 1 2
1

4 2 4
N 5 1 1
1 1
2

N 6 1 2 1 N 7 1 1
1
N 8 1 1 2
1

4 4 2

N9 1 2 1 2
FINITEPLANEELEMENT
u
u
Assumedisplacementfield

v
Perform strain calculation in plane:

Performstraincalculationinplane:

0
x x
u
y 0 L u LN u B u

y v
xy

y x
Determineimportantmatricesforstiffnessmatrice [K]:B=LN
N1 N 2 N 3 N n
0 0 0 0 0
x x x x x
N1 0 N1 N 2 N 3 N n
B 0
0 N2 0 N3 0 Nn B 0 0 0 0
y 0 N1 0 N2 0 N3 0 N n y y y y
N1 N n

N1 N 2 N 2 N 3 N 3 N n

y x y x y x y x y x
FINITEPLANEELEMENT
Stiffnessmatrice innaturalcoordinates:

1 1 np nq
K B D B d DB
T T T
B D B J d d B J p ,q
WpWq
1 1 p 1 q 1
Loadvectorinnaturalcoordinates:
1 1 np nq
f N b d N b J dd (N T b J ) p,qWpWq
T T
1 1 p 1 q 1
Duetovariablessubstitution,donotforgettouseJacobian
d J dd
Specialattentionisduetonumericalintegrationoverreferenceelement
Special attention is due to numerical integration over reference element
(naturalcoordinates).
ReducedversusFullintegration.
Fullintegration:Quadrature schemesufficienttoprovideexactintegralsofallterms
ofthestiffnessmatrixiftheelementisgeometricallyundistorted.
Reducedintegration:Anintegrationschemeoflowerorderthanrequiredbyfull
integration.
LinearElementwith8nodes,hexahedron(LagrangeFamily):
Consideralinearapproximationforeachdegreeoffreedom:
P 1
Interpolating functions:
1 1 1 1
N1 (1 )(1 )(1 ) N 2 (1 )(1 )(1 ) N 3 (1 )(1 )(1 ) N 4 (1 )(1 )(1 )
8 8 8 8
1 1 1 1
N 5 (1 )(1 )(1 ) N 6 (1 )(1 )(1 ) N 7 (1 )(1 )(1 ) N 8 (1 )(1 )(1 )
8 8 8 8
Quadraticelement,incomplete,with20nodes,hexahedron(Lagrangefamily):
Consideraquadratic,incompleteapproximationforeachdegreeoffreedom:
P 1 ; 2 2 2 ; 2 2 2 2 2 2 ; 2 2 2
Forvertexnodes:
For vertex nodes: N i , , (1 i )(1 i )(1 i )( i i i 2)
1
8
Nodenumbers:1,3,5,7,13,15,17,19
Everymidsidenodeparalleltofirstnaturalcoordinate: N i , , 1 (1 2 )(1 i )(1 i )
4
Nodenumbers:2,6,14,18
N d b 2 6 14 18
Everymidsidenodeparalleltosecondnaturalcoordinate:N i , , 1 (1 2 )(1 i )(1 i )
4
Nodenumbers:4,8,16,20
N i , ,
Everynodeparalleltothirdnaturalcoordinate: 1
(1 2 )(1 i )(1 i )
Nodenumbers:9,10,11,12 4
FINITESOLIDELEMENT
Numerical integration
1 1 1
I f ,, d d d
1 1 1
WiW jWk f i , j , k
n1\ n2 n3
i 1 j 1 k 1
N b J ddd N b J
1 1 1 n n n
f N T
b d
T T
p ,q ,r
W pWqWr
1 1 1 p 1 q 1 r 1

1 1 1 n n n
K B D B d DB

T T T
B D B J d d d B J WpWqWr
p ,q ,r
1 1 1 p 1 q 1 r 1
FINITEELEMENTCONTINUITY
Continuityisimportantfromthephysicalpointofview(preventgapsin
displacement,forexample)andimportantfromthemathematicalpointof
view.
Thefiniteelementsolutionwillconvergetotheexactsolutionasthenumber
ofelementsincreases,providedthattwoconditionsaresatisfied:
Compatibility:Cn1,Continuityexistsattheelementinterface;
C tibilit C 1 C ti it i t t th l ti t f
Completeness:Cn continuityofthefieldvariablewithinelement.
nisthehighestorderderivativethatappearsintheelementinterpolatingfunctions.
FINITEELEMENTCONTINUITY1D
Foronedimensionfiniteelements:
Element Degree of Continuity Number of DOF
polynomial nodes
Lagrange 1 C0 2 2
Lagrange 2 C0 3 3
Lagrange 3 C0 4 4
Lagrange n1 C0 n n
H
Hermite
it 3 C1 2 4
Hermite 5 C2 2 6
Lagrange
g g Hermiite 4 C1 3 5
u=Fieldvariable
Field variable:
x
Continuity in element and
in boundary.
du/dx
Field
Fi ld variable
i bl Derivative:
D i i
x Continuity in element but
not in boundary.
Fortwodimensionsfiniteelements:

quadrilateral polynomial nodes
Lagrange 1 C0 4 4
Lagrange 2 C0 9 9
Lagrange 3 C0 16 16
Lagrange 2 C0 8 8
incomplete
Lagrange 3 C1 12 12
i
incomplete
l t
Hermite 3 Semi C1 4 12
Hermiite 3 C1 4 16
(
(quadrilateral)
d l l)
Forthreedimensionsfiniteelements:

tetraedrum polynomial nodes
Lagrange 1 C0 4 4
Lagrange 2 C0 10 10
Lagrange 3 C0 20 20

hexaedrum polynomial nodes
Lagrange 1 C0 8 8
Lagrange 2 C0 27 27
Hermiite 3 Semi C1 8 32
FINITEELEMENTGENERALFLOWCHART
Variable declaration
Variabledeclaration
Sample flowchart
Readinputfile/manualinput/graphicalinput
Integrationpointdefinition
Interpolationfunctions(N)andderivatives(dN/dk,...)
calculationatintegrationpoints
ForeachIntegrationpoint:
Bmatrixcalculation
Foreachelement:
Jacobian,inverse,inversetransposematricesand
Jacobian calculation
ElementmatrixandLoadvector
AssemblingElementmatrixandloadvector
Solution
FINITEELEMENT(FORTRAN)
Readinputfile/manualinput/graphicalinput(Usethefunctionalityofsub
Read input file / manual input / graphical input (Use the functionality of sub
routine).Usefreeorfixedformat.
Readnodecoordinates,connectivitymatrix
Input:
NDIM:problemdimension(ex:1,2,3)
NNEL:Numberofnodesforeachelement
NR:logicalunitforreadingdata
NP:Logicalunitforprinting
Output:
p
NNT:totalnumberofnodes
NELT:Totalnumberofelements SUBROUTINEGRID(NDIM,NNEL,NR,MP,NNT,MELT,VCORG,KCONEC)
IMPLICITEREAL*8(AH,OZ)
VCORG:nodalcoordinates DIMENSION VCORG(NDIM 1) KCONEC(NNEL 1)
DIMENSIONVCORG(NDIM,1),KCONEC(NNEL,1)
READ(MR,*)NNT,NELT
KCONEC:connectivitytable
WRITE(MP,*)NNT,NELT
ProgramSample: DO10IN=1,NNT
READ(MR,*)(VCORG(I,IN),I=1,NDIM)
10WRITE(MP,*)IN,(VCORG(I,IN),I=1,NDIM)
10 WRITE (MP *) IN (VCORG(I IN) I 1 NDIM)
DO20IE=1,NELT
READ(MR,*)(KCONEC(I,IE),I=1,NNEL)
20WRITE(MP,*)IE,(KCONE(I,IE),I=1,NNEL)
RETURN
END
FINITEELEMENT(FORTRAN)
Automatic calculation of interpolating SUBROUTINENIQ(VKPG,IPG,VNI)
functions and derivatives (Use free or fixed IMPLICITEREAL*8(AH,OZ)
DIMENSIONVKPG(1),VNI(1)
)
format). CYCLEFORGAUSSPOINTS:
II=0
Example for quadrilateral 2D, 4 node finite IJ=0
element. DO10IG=1,IPG
XG=VKPG(II+1)
Input: YC VKPG(IJ+2)
YC=VKPG(IJ+2)
*INTERPOLATIONGFUNCTIONS
VKPG: Coordinates of each integration VNI(II+1)=0.25*(1XG)*(1YG)
point VNI(II+2)=0.25*(1+XG)*(1YG)
VNI(II+3)=0.25*(1+XG)*(1+YG)
IPG: Number of integration points VNI(II+4) 0 25*(1 XG)*(1+YG)
VNI(II+4)=0.25*(1XG)*(1+YG)
*INTERPOLATIONGFUNCTIONDERIVATIVESTOKSI:
Output: VNI(II+5)=0.25*(1YG)
VNI: funtions N, dN/dksi and dN/deta VNI(II+6)=0.25*(1YG)
VNI(II+7)=0.25*(1+YG)
P
Program S l
Sample: VNI(II+8)=0.25*(1+YG)
*INTERPOLATIONGFUNCTIONDERIVATIVESTOETA:
VNI(II+9)=0.25*(1XG)
VNI(II+10)=0.25*(1+YG)
VNI(II 11) 0.25 (1 XG)
VNI(II+11)=0.25*(1+XG)
VNI(II+12)=0.25*(1XG)
II=II+12
IJ=IJ+2
10CONTINUE
RETURN
END
2D ELASTICPLANESTRESSANALYSIS CASE5
Considerabeamsubjectedtoshearload,definedbyitsmediumplane.
ConsidermaterialwithelasticmodulusE=200[GPa ]andPoissoncoefficient0.3.
Considerdefinedgeometry.
Consider defined geometry.
L=1.0[m],b=0.025[m],d=0.1[m].
Considerboundaryconditions:
Left:fixedinxandydirections.
Left: fixed in x and y directions
Right:VerticalloadatpointB,1000[N].
Testbothfinitetriangularandquadrangularelementsfor:
VerticaldisplacementatpointB;
Shearstressatmidspan,crosssectionpath;
Longitudinalstressattopfibre,lineDC.
D C
d
A B
L b
2D ELASTICPLANESTRESSANALYSIS CASE5
Theoreticalresults: PL3
w bending ( x L)
Verticaldisplacementduetobending: 3EI
PrepresentsloadandIrepresents2ndordermomentofarea.
p p
Verticaldisplacementduetoshear:
Forslenderbeamsthiscontributionmaybedisregarded.
PL
Forstockybeamsthiscontributionisimportant:
For stocky beams this contribution is important: w shear
h
F
AG
Grepresentstheelasticshearmodulus;
Fistheshearsectionfactor,inthiscaseequals1,2.
Bendingstress:
Bending stress:
My

I
ShearStress:
h
Qrepresentsthe1st ordermomentofarea,regardingsubsectionlevelwherestressis
calculated. PQ

Ib
F=6/5 F=2 F=10/9 F=12/5

SIMPLEFINITEELEMENTANALYSIS
Linear and Static Analysis
the most common and the most simplified analysis of structures is based on
assumptions:
p
Static:
Loading is so slow that dynamic effects can be neglected
Linear
i :
Material obeys Hookes law.
External forces are conservative.
Supports remain unchanged during loading
Deformations are so small that change of the structure configuration is negligible.
C
Consequences:
displacements and stresses are proportional to loads, principle of superposition
holds.
A set of linear algebraic equations for computation of displacements is used.
K d F
ADVANCEDFINITEELEMENTANALYSIS
Sources of structural nonlinearities can be classified as:
Material: material behaves nonlinearly and linear Hookes law cannot be used.
More sophisticated
p material models should be then used instead .
Nonlinear elastic (MooneyRivlins model for materials like rubber)
elastoplastic (Hubervon Mises for metals, DruckerPrager model to simulate the
behaviour of granular soil materials such as sand and gravel).
Etc.
Geometry: changes of the structure shape (or configuration changes) cannot be
neglected
g and its deformed configuration
g should be considered.
Boundary nonlinearities displacement dependent boundary conditions.
The most frequent boundary nonlinearities are encountered in contact problems.
Consequences:
Instead of set of linear algebraic equations, a set of nonlinear algebraic equations
are achieved.
R d F
The principle of superposition cannot be applied.
The results of several load cases cannot be combined. Onlyy one load case can be
handled at a time.
Results of the nonlinear analysis cannot be scaled.
Consequences (continued):
The loading history may be important, especially, plastic deformations depend on a
manner of loading. g This is a reason for dividingg loads into small increments in
nonlinear FE analysis
The structural behaviour can be markedly nonproportional to the applied load. The
initial state of stress ((residual stresses from heat treatment or manufacturingg
welding etc.) may be important.
Toreflectloadinghistory:
Loadsareassociatedwithpseudotimecurves.
the
the time
time variablerepresentsa
variable represents a pseudo
pseudotime
time,,whichdenotestheintensityofthe
which denotes the intensity of the
appliedloadsatcertainstep.
Fornonlineardynamicanalysisandnonlinearstaticanalysiswithtime
dependent material properties:
dependentmaterialproperties:
thetimerepresentstherealtimeassociatedwiththeloadsapplication.
ADVANCEDFINITEELEMENTANALYSIS EXAMPLE
Geometricallynonlinearfiniteelementanalysis:
Example:linearlyelastictrusssubjectedtoverticalloadP
Undeformed configuration:
g
verticalpositionofrightextremity=h
Deformedconfiguration:
verticalpositionofrightextremity=h+u
Staticequilibrium:
(1)Nodalequilibriuminverticaldirection:
F i, y 0 N sin P 0
hu
(2)Equilibriumatdeformedconfiguration: sin
L
hu
From(1)and(2):
From (1) and (2): N P0
L
Nshouldbeconsideredasaxialeffort; N E A0
Beingthecrosssectionoftrussdefinedby: A0
Strain(1st orderapproximation),engineeringstrain)maydedetermined:
L L0 L0
Initialandcurrentlengthofthetrussare: L0 a 2 h 2 L a 2 (h u ) 2
Newmeasureofstrain(Greenstraintensor):
itisconvenienttointroducethisdefinition(2nd orderapproximation).
a h 2hu u a h 2
L L20
2 2 2 2 2 2
h u 1 u
G G
2 L20 2 L20 L0 L0 2 L0
The1st ordermayberelatedwith2ndd orderofapproximation:

1
G 2
2
Thestressstrainrelationmaybewrittenifthefollowingformat:
E
E G E G G E* G
G 1
2
1
1
2 2
WhereE*isthenewmodulusofelasticity:
h * h d l f l
notconstantanddependsonstrain.
E
E*
1
1
2
ThenewmodulusofelasticityE*:
Ifstrainissmall(e.g.lessthan2%)differencesarenegligible,seetable.
L / L0 G (MPa) (MPa) (MPa) G(MPa)
0 0000
0,0000 0 0000
0,0000 0 000000
0,000000 21 000 21 000 0 0
0,0050 0,0050 0,005013 21 000 20 948 1050 1050
0 0100
0,0100 0 0100
0,0100 0 010050
0,010050 21 000 20 896 210 210
0,0150 0,0150 0,015113 21 000 20 844 315 315
0 0200
0,0200 0 0200
0,0200 0 020200
0,020200 21 000 20 792 420 420
Assumingthatstrainissmall,AXIALeffortequalsto:
N E A0 E * A0 G E A0 G
Aftersubstitutingintopreviousequation,theconditionofequilibriumappears
to demonstrate a non linear relation between load P anddisplacementu
todemonstrateanonlinearrelationbetweenloadP and displacement u .
N
hu
L
P0
EA0 3
3
2 L0
u 3hu 2
2 h 2
u P
Generally,usingFEMasetofnonlinearalgebraicequationsforunknownnodal
displacementsmaybedetermined.
R d F
Assuminginfinitesimalincrements forinternalandexternalforces:
Incrementaldisplacementdd.
IncrementalforcedF.
R d dd F dF
Assumingthefirstorderapproximationfortheinternalenergy.
Theconceptoftangentstiffnessmatrixbecomeimportant.
R d dd R d R dd
d
R d K T dd
Anewrelationbetweenincrementaldisplacementandincrementalforce:
KT dd dF
Incrementalmethod
TheloadisdividedintoasetofsmallincrementsFi..
Incrementsofdisplacementsarecalculatedfromthesetoflinearsimultaneous
Increments of displacements are calculated from the set of linear simultaneous
equations:
KT i 1d i F i
where
whereK
KT(i-1) isthetangentstiffnessmatrixcomputedformdisplacementsd
is the tangent stiffness matrix computed form displacements d(i-1)
obtainedinpreviousincrementalstep.
NodaldisplacementsafterincrementalloadofFi maybecomputedfrom:
d i d i 1d i
Iterative method (NewtonRaphson)
Considerthatdi isanestimationofnodaldisplacement.Asitisonlyanestimation,
the condition of equilibrium would not be satisfied:
theconditionofequilibriumwouldnotbesatisfied:
R d i F
Thi
Thismeansthatconditionofequilibriumofinternalandexternalnodalforcesare
th t diti f ilib i fi t l d t l d lf
notsatisfiedandthereareunbalancedforcesatnodes(residuals).
ri R d i F
Correctionofnodaldisplacementscanbethenobtained fromthesetoflinear
algebraicequations:
KT i d i ri
andnew,correctedestimationofnodaldisplacementsis:
and new corrected estimation of nodal displacements is:
d in1 d in d in
Theiterativeprocedure(n)isrepeateduntilaccuratesolutionisobtained.
Thefirstestimationisobtainedfromlinearanalysis.
Iterative method (Modified NewtonRaphson)
Combination of Newton Raphson andincrementalmethods

CombinationofNewtonRaphson and incremental methods
Materialnonlinearities:Nonlinear elasticity models
Foranynonlinearelasticmaterialmodel,itispossibletodefinerelationbetween
stressandstrainincrementsas :
DT
Matrix
MatrixD is function of strain field .Consequently,asetofequilibriumequations
DT isfunctionofstrainfield Consequently a set of equilibrium equations
wereceiveinFEMisnonlinearandmustbesolvedbyuseofanymethoddescribed
previously.
M t i l
Materialnonlinearities:Elastoplastic
li iti El t l ti materialmodels
t i l d l
Thetotalstrainsaredecomposedintoelasticandplasticparts

e p
Theyieldcriteriondefineswhetherplasticdeformationwilloccur.
Theplasticbehaviourofamaterialafterachievingplasticdeformationsisdefined
The plastic behaviour of a material after achieving plastic deformations is defined
bysocalledflowrule inwhich,therateandthedirectionofplasticstrainsisrelated
tothestressstateandthestressrate.Thisrelationcanbeexpressedas:
Q
Q
d p
d

Material nonlinearities: Elastoplastic material models
Constitutive equation can be formulated as:
DT
The tangential material matrix DT is used to form a tangential stiffness matrix KT.
When the tangential stiffness matrix is defined, the displacement increment is
obtained for a known load increment
KT i 1d i F i
As load and displacement increments are final, not infinitesimal, displacements
obtained by solution of this set of linear algebraic equation will be an approximate
solution. That means, conditions of equilibrium of internal and external nodal
forces will not be satisfied and iterative process is necessary.
The solution problem not only equilibrium equations but also constitutive
equations of material must be satisfied. This means that within the each
equilibrium iteration step check of stress state and iterations to find elastic and
plastic part of strains at every integration point must be included.
The iteration process continues until both, equilibrium conditions and constitutive
equations are satisfied simultaneously.
The converged solution at the end of load increment is then used at the start of
new load increment.
ADVANCEDFINITEELEMENTANALYSIS(BUCKLING)
Buckling loads represent critical loads where certain types of structures
become unstable. Each load has an associated buckled mode shape; this is the
shape
p that the structure assumes in a buckled condition. There are two
primary means to perform a buckling analysis:
Eigenvalue:
Eigenvalue buckling analysis predicts the theoretical buckling strength of an ideal elastic
structure.
It computes the structural eigenvalues for the given system loading and constraints.
This is known as classical Euler buckling analysis.
However, in reallife, structural imperfections and nonlinearities prevent most realworld
structures from reaching their eigenvalue predicted buckling strength; ie. it overpredicts
the expected buckling loads.
This method is not recommended for accurate, realworld buckling prediction analysis.
Nonlinear:
Nonlinear
o ea buc
bucklingg aanalysis
a ys s iss more
o e accu
accurate
ate tthan
a eeigenvalue
ge a ue aanalysis
a ys s because itt eemploys
p oys
nonlinear, largedeflection, static analysis to predict buckling loads.
Mode of calculation: gradually increases the applied load until a load level is found
whereby the structure becomes unstable. Suddenly a very small increase in the load will
cause very large deflections).
The real nonlinear nature of this analysis involves the modeling of geometric
imperfections or load perturbations and material nonlinearities.
2D BUCKLINGANALYSIS CASE6
MemberDesign Columns(Eurocode):
Designconcernedwithcompressionmembers(eg pinendedstruts)subjectto:
axialcompressiononly;
p y;
nobending.
Inpracticerealcolumnsaresubjectto:
eccentricitiesofaxialloads;
eccentricities of axial loads;
transverseforces.
stockycolumns:
verylowslendernessareunaffectedbyoverallbuckling.
l l d ff t d b ll b kli
Thecompressivestrengthofstockycolumnsisdictatedbythecrosssection,beinga
functionofthesectionclassification.
Class1,2,3:crosssectionsareunaffectedbylocalbuckling:
Class 1 2 3: cross sections are unaffected by local buckling:
designcompressionresistanceNc.Rd equalstheplasticresistanceNpl.Rd
Nc.Rd = Afy /
Class4:localbucklingpreventstheattainmentofthesquashload.
Class 4: local buckling prevents the attainment of the squash load
designcompressionresistancelimitedtolocalbucklingresistance,
Nc.Rd = No.Rd = Aefffy /
Aeff is the area of the effective cross-section
slendercolumns:
Presentsaquasielasticbucklingbehaviour.
MemberDesign Columns(Eurocode):
Acompressionmembershouldbeverifiedagainstbucklingasfollows:
NEd isthedesignvalueofthecompressionforce;
i h d i l f h i f
Nb,Rd isthedesignbucklingresistanceofthecompressionmember.
Designbucklingresistanceofthecompressionmember(Nb,Rd )
Class1,2,3crosssections:
0,5
Af 1
y 1
N cr [ ]
2 2 0,5
Class4crosssection:
2
Aeff f y
0,5
0,5[1 ( 0,2) ]

cr
N
Dimensionalslenderness:
Imperfectionfactor:
Ncr:istheelasticcriticalforcefortherelevantbucklingmode.
M b D i
MemberDesign C l
Columns(elastictheory):
( l ti th )
Eulercriticalload
Equilibriumequation:
d2y
EI 2 M x P
dx
Bendingmoment: fy
M x P. y x Euler
SubstituteintotheODE:
P EI k 2
GetthenewhomogeneousODE:
d2y
k2y 0
dx 2 P 1
Assumethefollowingsolution:
y x C1 sinkx C2 coskx
Getthecriticalloadandcriticalstress:
representscolumnslenderness,
p
Lrepresentsthelengthandrtheradiusofgyration.
N=1representsthefirstmode. n2 2 EI Pcr 2E 2E
Pcr cr 2
L2 A L r 2
Nondimensional buckling curve:
inelastic buckling occurs before the Euler
bucklingg load due to imperfections
p ((initial
outofstraightness, residual stresses,
eccentricity of axial applied loads, strain
hardening).
lower bound curve were obtained from a
statistical analysis of test results.
Test results: More than 1000 for different
Test
sections (I,H,T,C,O,etc.). Range of
slenderness ratios between 55 and 160.
Supported by analysis.
Supported analysis
Property Value Unit
2D BUCKLINGANALYSIS CASE6 Izz 2.34E6 m4

A 1.53E3 m2
Eigen value ANSYS analysis to determine Elastic curve.
Eigenvalue curve Wel 4.68E5 m3
Open preprocessor menu /PREP7 Wpl 5.49E5 m3
Define Keypoints Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Keypoints > In Active CS ...
Create Lines Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Lines > Lines > In Active Coord
Element Type > Add/Edit/Delete (For this problem we will use the BEAM3).
Real Constants... > Add... In the 'Real
Real Constants for BEAM3
BEAM3' window, enter the
information for squared hollow section profile 100x100x4, using the following
geometric properties:
Cross
Crosssectional
sectional area AREA, moment of inertia IZZ, Beam Height HEIGHT:
Material Models > Structural > Linear > Elastic > Isotropic In the window that
appears, enter the following geometric properties for steel:
Young
Young'ss modulus EX: 2.1e11
2 1e11 [N/m2],
[N/m2] Poisson
Poisson'ss Ratio PRXY: 0.3
03
Meshing > Size Cntrls > ManualSize > Lines > All Lines...
Meshing > Mesh > Lines > click 'Pick All
Solution Phase: Assigning Loads and Solving
Define Analysis Type Solution > Analysis Type > New Analysis > Static
ANTYPE,0
To perform an eigenvalue buckling analysis, prestress effects must be activated.
Apply Constraints Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Displacement.
Eigenvalue ANSYS analysis to determine Elastic curve (cont.)
Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Force/Moment > On Keypoints
The eignenvalue
g solver uses a unit force to determine the necessaryy bucklingg load.
Apply a vertical (FY) point load of 1 N to the top of the beam.
Solve > Current LS
Exit the Solution processor .
Normally at this point you enter the postprocessing phase. However, with a buckling
analysis you must reenter the solution phase and specify the buckling analysis. Be sure
to close the solution menu and rereenter
enter it or the buckling analysis may not function
properly.
Solution > Analysis Type > New Analysis > Eigen Buckling
ANTYPE,1,
Solution > Analysis Type > Analysis Options
Complete the window which appears, as shown below. Select 'Block Lanczos' as an extraction
method and extract 1 mode.
The 'Block Lanczos' method is used for large symmetric eigenvalue problems and uses the
sparse matrix solver.
The 'Subspace' method could also be used, however it tends to converge slower as it is a more
robust solver.
solver
In more complex analyses the Block Lanczos method may not be adequate and the Subspace
method would have to be used.
ResultsforelasticandnonlinearplasticanalysisforSHS100x100x4
Nb/Nc,RD
Ncr/Nc,Rd Ncr(Ansys)/Nc,Rd Nb,Rd(Ansys)/Nc,Rd EC3,parte1.1
1,20
1,00
0 80
0,80
0,60
0,40
0,20
0,00
0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,2 1,4 1,6 1,8 2,0
nondimensionalslenderness
FIREANALYSIS
Fi
Fireanalysisisanuncouplethermalandmechanicalanalysisbasedon:
l i i l th l d h i l l i b d
SIMPLE ADVANCE
TABULATEDDATA
CALCULATION CALCULATION
STRUCTURAL DESIGN PROCEDURE
STRUCTURALDESIGNPROCEDURE
MODEL MODEL
(LEVEL1)
(LEVEL2) (LEVEL3)
Member Calculation of YES YES YES

mechanical
actionsand YES
PRESCRIPTIVE Partof structure boundaries NO YES
(Ifavailable)
BASEDRULES
SSelectionof
l ti f
Entirestructure mechanical NO NO YES
actions
YES
Member NO YES
Calculation of (Ifavailable)
mechanical
actionsand
PERFORMANCE Partof structure boundaries NO NO YES
BASEDRULES
Selectionof
Entirestructure mechanical NO NO YES
actions
FIREDESIGNPROCEDURES
Alternativelimitstates:
Timedomain; t fi ,d t fi ,requ
Strengthdomain;
Strength domain; R fi ,d ,t E fi ,d ,t R, E
Temperaturedomain. d cr ,d Rfi,d
2
Efi,d
1
E fi ,d ,t The design effect of actions for the fire situation,
determined in accordance with ENV 199122,
including the effects of thermal expansions and t fi,req
t fi,d t
deformations;

R fi ,d ,t The corresponding design resistance in the fire
situation. d
t fi , d Time design value for the limited design state. cr,d
t fi ,requ Required regulation time at fire conditions.

conditions
t
cr ,d Critical temperature design value.
d Design steel temperature.

VERIFICATIONMETHODSFORFIREANALYSIS
Strength domain:
Strengthdomain:
Designactions E fi ,d R fi ,d ,t Designresistance
((includingtheeffectsofthermal
including the effects of thermal
expansions&deformations )
EC 3
EC3
EC1 Part12 Steel
Part12
Fire
Actionson Fire structures
structures
Member
analysis
either
either
Partofthe
Structure
Nominalfire Othermodelforfire Global Firetests

exposure exposure analysis
TherulesgivenintheCodearevalidonlyforthestandardfire
exposure.
FIRERESISTANCERATING
Structuralandseparatingelementsmayrequire:
R criteria: Load bearing function is maintained during the required time of fire
exposure
p ((mechanical resistance).) With the hydrocarbon
y fire exposure
p curve the
same criteria should apply, however the reference to this specific curve should be
identified by the letters "HC";
E criteria: integrity
g y is the abilityy of a separating
p g element of buildingg construction,,
when exposed to fire on one side, to prevent the passage through it of flames and
hot gases and to prevent the occurrence of flames on the unexposed sides;
I criteria: insulation is the ability of a separating element of building construction
when exposed to fire on one side, to restrict the temperature rise of the unexposed
face below specified levels.
Load Load
Load
Heat
Heat
eat
Flames
Flames
Hotgases
Hotgases
R RE REI
MATERIALBEHAVIOURATELEVATEDTEMPERATURE
Steel:
Thermalproperties:
Evidenceofcrystalmodification(allotropictransformation,phaseaustenitic);
ThethermalexpansioncoefficientmaydedeterminedbyThermaldeformationderivative.
The thermal expansion coefficient may de determined by Thermal deformation derivative
Thermalconductivity SpecificHeat SteelEC3 Thermal deformation SteelEC3
[W/mK] SteelEC3 [J/kgK] [m/m]
60,0 5000 0,020
50,0
4000 0,016
40,0
3000 0,012
30,0
2000 0,008
20,0
1000 0,004
10,0
0,0 0 0,000
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Temperature[C] Temperature[C] Temperature[C]
Mechanicalproperties:
Elasticmodulusreducesafter100[C];
Yieldstrengthreducesafter400[C].
ElasticModulus SteelEC3 YieldStress SteelEC3
[N/m2] [N/m2]
2,5E+11 3,0E+08
2,5E+08
2,0E+11
2,0E+08
1,5E+11
1,5E+08
1,0E+11
,
1,0E+08
5,0E+10 5,0E+07
0,0E+00 0,0E+00
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Temperature[C] Temperature[C]
THERMALLOADINGISO834
Notes about ISO fire curve
Has to be considered in the WHOLE compartment, even if the compartment is
huge.
g
Does not consider the PREFLASHOVER PHASE.
Does not depend on FIRE LOAD and VENTILATION CONDITIONS.
Never goes down.
down
Heat flux: h h h W / m 2
net n,r net , r n ,c net ,c
Convection; hnet ,c c g m W / m 2
Radiation.

hnet ,r . m . f 5,67 10 8 g 273 m 273
4 4
W / m
2
Temperature[C]
1 Naturalfirecurve
CONTROLBYACTIVE STRUCTURAL
MEASURES: PROTECTIONBY 2 Standardfirecurveforfireresistancetests
g 20 345 log10 8t 1 C
Firedetection ACTIVE ISO834
Fireextinction MEASURES
Ventilation
Sprinkler ISO ISO
ISO
ISO
ISO
FLASHOVER
ISO ISO ISO

TIME[min]
THERMALLOADINGISO834
Viewfactor/Shapefactor:
Forconvexelementsurface,eachelementpointifexclusivelyinfluencedbythe
enclosuretemperature.
p
Theviewfactorshouldbeconsideredequalto1.
Radiative
Surface
Element
For
Forconcaveelementsurface,eachelementpointmaybeprotectedfromenclosure
concave element surface each element point may be protected from enclosure
temperatureandmaybedependentonitsowntemperature.
Theviewfactormaybecomputedforeachelementsurface.
Radiative
Surface
Element
THERMALLOADINGALTERNATIVES
Nominal curves:
conventional curves, adopted for classification or verification of fire resistance, e.g.
the standard temperaturetime curve, external fire curve, hydrocarbon fire curve.
Time equivalent:
Depends on the design fire load density and other factors.
Parametric fires:
determined on the basis of fire models and the specific physical parameters
defining the conditions in the fire compartment
g g g g
1 zone model
Assumes uniform,
uniform time dependent temperature distribution in the compartment
2 zone model
Assumes an upper layer with time dependent thickness and with time dependent
uniform
if t
temperature,
t as wellll as a lower
l l
layer with
ith a time
ti d
dependent
d t uniform
if and
d
lower temperature.
Computational Fluid Dynamics
FIREANALYSISUSINGANSYS THERMAL
Use Ansys softwaretoanalysethermalbehaviourofasteelIPE100profile.
UseAnsys software to analyse thermal behaviour of a steel IPE 100 profile
Preferences,ThermalAnalysis. BulkTemperature
ElementType:Shell131,Optionsseefigure. Novariation
Keyoption (3)=1,firsttoallowintroducingthickness;
Keyoption(3)=2,todefinenotemperaturevariationacrossthickness.
Keyoption (4)=1,definesthenumberoflayers.
Norealconstantsaredefined.Insteadsectionsaredefined.
MaterialProperties:
Nonlinearbehaviour(temperaturedependent).
( p p )
Modelling:
CreateinitialsectionatX=0,bydefinitionof7Keypoints.
Create line for extrusion modelling Define KP 8
Createlineforextrusionmodelling.DefineKP8.
Create5linesattheinitialsection. 55
Createareasbyextrusionoflines: 27.5
KP X Y Z
MODELING+OPERATE+EXTRUDE+LINES+ALONGLINES
MODELING+OPERATE+EXTRUDE+LINES+ALONG LINES 1 0 0 0
Deleteextralines,using: 2 0 0 0.04715
3 0 0.0275 0.04715
NUMBERINGCONTROLS+MERGEITENS+NODES
4 0 0.0275 0.04715
Meshing
Meshingareas,using:
areas, using: 94.3 100 5 0 0 0.04715
6 0 0.0275 0.04715
MESHING+MESHATTRIBUTES+PICKEDAREAS
7 0 0.0275 0.04715
MESHING+SIZECONTROL+MANUALSIZE+LINES 8 0.5 0 0
MESHING+MESH+AREAS+MAPPED+3or4SIDE.
SHELL131:
Is a 3D layered shell element having inplane and throughthickness thermal
conduction capability.
p y
The element has four nodes with up to 32 temperature degrees of freedom at
each node.
The conducting shell element is applicable to a 3
3D
D, steady
steadystate
state or transient
thermal analysis .
SHELL131 generates temperatures that can be passed to structural shell
elements in order to apply thermo mechanical behaviour.
behaviour
If the model containing the conducting shell element is to be analyzed
structurally, SHELL181 is a good choice. GREEN
BLUE
WHITE
UseAnsys softwaretoanalysethermalbehaviourofasteelIPE100profile.
DefineTableforISO834,usingGUIinterface:
PARAMETERS+ARRAYPARAMETER+DEFINEOREDIT
ADD+ParameterName=ISO834+TABLE+numberrows=n=181datapointstodefine
curve.
AlternativelydefineTableforISO834,usingcommandline,andpasttextin
y , g , p
Windowsformatcommand.
*DIM,ISO834,TABLE,181,1,1,,,
*SET,ISO834(1,0,1),0,1,1,,,
SET,ISO834(1,0,1),0,1,1,,,
*SET,ISO834(1,1,1),20,1,1,,, g 20 345 log10 8t 1 C

*SET,ISO834(181,0,1),10800,1,1,,,
SET,ISO834(181,0,1),10800,1,1,,,
*SET,ISO834(181,1,1),1109.7,1,1,,,
UseAnsys softwaretoanalysethermalbehaviourofasteelIPE100profile.
Node X Y Z
Defineextranodetoapplyenvironmentfirecondition.Node777 777 0.250 0.100 0
LOADS+DEFINELOADS+THERNAL+TEMPERATURE+ONNODES+EXISTINGTABLE+ISO834
DefineoptionsforradiationheattransferandenclosureID.Istheonlyformofheat
transferthatcanoccurintheabsenceofanyformofmedium.Thermalradiationis
a direct result of the movements of atoms and molecules (charged particles ). Their
adirectresultofthemovementsofatomsandmolecules(chargedparticles).Their
movementsresultintheemissionofelectromagneticradiation.
RADIATIONOPTIONS+SOLUTIONOTPTIONS
StefanBoltzmannconstant:5.67E8[W/m2K4].
[ / ]
TemperatureOFFSET:273.15
SpaceOptions:SpaceNODE+Value:777
EnclosureOptions:DEFINE+1.
DefineLIMITCONDITIONS:
Time:InitialTemperature:
LOADS+DEFINELOADS+APPLY+INITIALCONDITIONS+APPLY
DEFINEINITIALCONDITIONSONNODES+ALLDOFS+20[C].
Applyvisibilityforshellnormaldirection,toidentifyfaceswhereconvection
boundaryconditionsshouldbeapplied.
PLOTCONTROLS+SYMBOLS
Othersymbols:elementcoordinatesystemON
Use Ansys software to analyse thermal behaviour of a steel IPE 100 profile.
profile
Apply convection boundary condition:
LOADS+DEFINE LOADS+APLLY+THERMAL
CONVECTION+ON ELEMENTS+UNIFORM+ SELECT ELEMENTS+25 (CONSTANT
( VALUE)+BULK
) TEMP.
ON ELEMENTS + EXIST. TABLE (ISO834)
Apply radiation from node to element surfaces:
ANSYS 12 does not support GUI boundary conditions,
conditions reason why student may introduce
boundary conditions by command.
Radiation from node space to finite shell element is applied by radiosity solver method,
using RDSF surface load label.
Finiteshellelementonlysupportstopandbottom
surfaceloadforradiation:
SFE,elementnumber,elementface,RDSF,labelfor
property,propertyvalue.Propertymaybe:emissivity=1,
enclosure=2.
SFE,ALL,1,RDSF,1,1
SFE,ALL,1,RDSF,2,1
SFE,ALL,2,RDSF,1,1
SFE,ALL,2,RDSF,2,1
DefineAnalysisType:
LOADS+ANALYSISTYPE+NEWANALYSIS+Transient.
SolutionMethod:FULL.
THERMALANALYSIS SIMPLIFIEDMETHODEC3
For unprotected steel structures (simple calculation method):
Recalling the hypothesis of non massive elements, the increase of temperature
a,t in an unprotected
p steel member duringg a time interval t <5[s]
[ ] mayy be
determined from:
a ,t K sh
Am /V
ca a
hnet,d t 4

hnet ,d m f Tg TL4 Tg TL k sh 0.9
[Am/V]box
[Am/V]
WhereKsh isacorrectionfactorfortheshadoweffect.
[Am/V]box istheboxvalueofthesectionfactor
Am/Visthesectionfactorforunprotectedsteelmembers.
/V i h i f f d l b
Note1:forcrosssectionswithconvexshape(rectangularorhollowsections),Ksh
equalsunity.
Note2:Ignoringshadoweffect(Ksh=1)leadstoconservativesolutions.
t
h
Am = perimeter Am / V 1 / t Am = surface exposed to fire Am = 2(b + h)

V crosssection area V crosssection area V crosssection area
THERMALANALYSIS SIMPLIFIEDMETHODEC3
S l i without
Solution ih K h by
Ksh b asimple
i l program (ex:fortran
( f programming
i language)
l )
*****tn=0,tetan=273.15,deltat=5,sec=387(IPE100) T em perature [C ]
ISO 834 IPE 100 IP E 200 IPE 300 IP E 400 IPE 500 IPE 600
do10i=1,itfinal+1 1200
tetav=tetan 1000
tv=tn 800
600
tetag=(20+345*log10(8*tv/60+1))+273.15
400
flux=0.5*0.0000000567*((tetag)**4(tetav)**4)+alfa*(tetagtetav) 200
cap=ca(tetav) 0
tetan=tetav+(sec*flux*deltat)/(ro*cap)
( *fl *d l )/( * ) 0 10 20 30
T im e [m in]
40 50 60
tn=tv+deltat
write(1,*)tv,flux,tetan
10continue
stop
end
funtion ca (tetav)
if (tetav.le.873.15)then
( l 873 15) h
ca=425+0.773*(tetav273.15)0.00169*(tetav273.15)**2+.0.00000222*(tetav273.15)**3
else if (tetav.gt.873.15.and.tetav.le.1008.15)then
ca=666+(13002/(738(tetav273.15)))
else
l
ca=545+(17820/((tetav273.15)731))
endif
return
endd
Comparison results for thermal analysis:
Comparisonresultsforthermalanalysis:
Effectofradiationandconvection.
Comparisonwithexperimentalresults.
Animation for radiation load:
Animationforradiationload:
Uniformheating.
Heatfluxarrivesfromenclosure,directlytotopandbottomsurfaceelements.
Animationforfirethermalload(radiation+convection):
Nonuniformheating.
Heatfluxarrivesfromenclosure,byconvectionandradiation,usingtop,bottom
andlateralsurfaceelements.
INTRODUCTIONTOCOMPOSITESTEELANDCONCRETE
Structuralelementsnormallyused:
y
Beams.
Columns.
Slabs.
Slabs
Objective:
Synergyofmixingtwodifferenttypesofmaterials,increasingcompositematerial
properties.
Minimizetheeffectofweaknessforeachmaterial.
Positive aspects of Steel:
PositiveaspectsofSteel:
Highstrengthtocompressionandtension.
Smallratioweightstrengthincomparisonwithconcrete.
Highqualitymaterialreliability,whichmayleadtoreducesafetyfactors.
Nointensiveworkmanship
Negative aspects of steel:
Negativeaspectsofsteel:
Stabilityproblemswhensubmittedtocompression,withnonprofithigh
compressivestrength.
Corrosionproblems,ifnotprotected.
Corrosion problems if not protected
Strengthreductionatelevatedtemperatures.
Highcostduetomarketvalues,transport,etc.
PositiveaspectsofConcrete:
Highstrengthincompression.
Facilitytobecastinirregulargeometryforms.
Facility to be cast in irregular geometry forms.
Lowcost.
NegativeaspectsofConcrete:
Lowstrengthintension.
Highratioweightstrength.
Necessitytohaveformwork(cofragem)andcentering
y ( g ) g ((cimbres).
)
Intensiveworkmanship.
Steelfunctionincompositeconstructionelements(pipesfilledwithconcrete):
Maybeusedtomouldconcrete;
May be used to confine concrete;
Maybeusedtoconfineconcrete;
Increasebendingresistance;
Alsocontributestotheloadbearingresistanceincompression.
Steelfunctionincompositeconstructionelements(encasedorpartialencased):
Contributetosectionresistanceduetobending,compressionandshear.
Concretefunctionincompositeconstructionelements(pipesfilledwithconcrete):
Ensuresthemajorcontributiontothecompressionloadbearingresistance.
Helpstosustaininstabilityeffects.
Helpstoincreasefireresistance.
Concrete function in composite construction elements(encased or partial encased):
Concretefunctionincompositeconstructionelements(encasedorpartialencased):
Contributetosectionresistanceduetocompression.
Helpstoprotectsteelfromcorrosion.
Increasefireresistance.
INTRODUCTIONTOPARTIALLYENCASEDSECTIONS
Partiallyencasedbeamsarecompositemembers:
Presents two or more different materials;
Different types of construction and design solutions;
Used with reinforcement stirrups and rebars;
Possible structural link to slab.
Section resistance up to Ultimate Limit State (plastic section):
Disregard the behaviour of concrete in tension.
Assume to consider the design g compression
p strength
g of concrete equal
q to 85% of
cylindrical compressive stress (R).
Assume to consider the plastic behaviour of steel in compression and in tension
(Mpl,a).
Assume to consider the resistance of rebars with area equal to Ar and yield stress
equal to fyr.
2 f yat w 0.5h1 e pl
2
M pl M pl ,a R 2b1e pl 0.5e pl 0.5h1 e pl Ar f yr R h 2er

2
M pl M pl ,a R 2b1e pl 0.5e pl 0.5h1 e pl Ar f yr R h 2er
BONDINGOFPARTIALENCASEDELEMENT
For thermal analysis:
Forthermal
Partially encased elements may be subjected to fire conditions (IPE100 hot rolled
C20/25Reinf. Steel with 8 [mm] diameter rebar):
ISO 834 fire
fi nominal
i l curve applied
li d to the
h externall surfaces
f off the
h 3D model
d l (four
(f sides).
id )
Radiative and convective heat flux between fire environment and partially encased
elements.
N
Non linear
li unsteady
t d state
t t thermal
th l analysis
l i will
ill be
b applied,
li d based
b d on incremental
i t l
time procedure.
Heat flux between concrete and steel will be controlled by conductance. Perfect
contact could
ld be
b also
l considered.
id d Thishi property is
i defined
d fi d as the
h ratio
i off Heall flux
fl
to temperature variation between both materials.

h [W/m2C]
Q
Q K T
Contacto com carga mecnica
200
Interface
A
160
Concrete

Q COND T
120
Q [W/m2]
80
Steel 40
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
[2] Ghojel, J, Experimental and analytical
technique for estimating interface thermal Temperatura no ao [C]
conductance in composite structural elements
under simulated fire conditions, Experimental Heat flux or thermal flux, sometimes also referred to as heat flux density or heat flow rate
Thermal and Fluid Science, No. 28, 2004, pp. 347 intensity is a flow of energy per unit of area per unit of time. In SI units, it is measured in
354 [W/m2]. It has both a direction and a magnitude so it is a vectorial quantity.
THERMALMODELLINGOFPARTIALLYENCASEDELEMENT
St l model:
Steel d l
Hot rolled profile: Shell 131, 4 nodes, inplane and
through thickness conduction capacity. Inplane linear
shape functions (2x2 integration scheme), through
thickness (assuming no temperature variation, 1
hnet n ,r hnet ,r n ,c hnet ,c
integration point).
hnet ,c 25 g m
Reinforcement:
hnet ,r 1 0,7 5,67 10 8 r 273 m 273
4 4

Link 33, 2 nodes, with ability to conduct heat z
between nodes. Linear shape

p functions with exact SHELL 131
integration scheme. E
COMBINE 39 LINK 33
Concrete model: y D B A
Solid70
Solid70, 8 nodes,
nodes 3D conduction capacity.
capacity Linear SOLID 70
shape functions for each orthogonal direction (2x2x2

integration scheme). C
B d model
Bond d l (concrete
( t and
d steel):
t l)
Combine39, non linear spring, 2 nodes, generalized
temperature difference versus heat flux
characteristics.
h No mass or thermal
h l capacitance is
considered.
Cp, [J/kgK] Concrete
MaterialPropertiesforconcrete(temperature
Material Properties for concrete (temperature 1200 00
1200.00
1000.00
dependence): 800.00
600.00
SpecificHeatfordryconcreteofSiliceousand 400.00
200.00
C l
Calcareousaggregates: 0.00
C p J / kgK 900 ;20 C 100 C

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Temperature [C]
900 100 ;100 C 200 C c, [W/mC]
1.40
Concrete
1000 200 2 ;200 C 400 C 1.20
1100 ;400 C 1200 C

1.00
0.80
0.60
ThermalConductivityofSiliceousandCalcareous 0.40
0.20
aggregates:
aggregates: 0.00
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Temperature [C]
Determinedbetweenlowerandupperlimitvalues.
c, [kg/m ]
3
Concrete
Thevalueofthermalconductivitymaybesetbythe 2350.00
2300.00
Nationalannexwithintherangedefinedbylowerand
g y 2250 00
2250.00
upperlimit. AnnexAiscompatiblewiththelowerlimit. 2200.00
c W / mK 1.36 0.136 100 0.0057 1002 ;20 C 1200 C

2150.00
2100.00
2050.00
The
Thevariationofdensitywithtemperatureisinfluenced
variation of density with temperature is influenced 0 100 200 300 400
T
500
Temperature [C]
600 700 800 900 1000
bywaterlossandisdefinedasfollows c, /.Cp[m2/s]
1.60E-05
Concrete Steel
kg / m3 20 C ;20 C 115 C
1.40E-05
1.20E-05
20 C 1 0.02 115 85 ;115 C 200 C

1.00E-05
8.00E-06
20 C 0.98 0.03 200 200 ;200 C 400 C

6.00E-06
4.00E-06
20 C 0.95 0.07 400 800 ;400 C 1200 C

2.00E-06
0.00E+00
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Temperature [C]
Howtobuildthefiniteelementmodel:
Geometricmodellingtodefine:
Finiteshellelements,usingkeypoints,linesandareas;
, g yp , ;
Finitesolidelements,usingkeypoints,areasandvolumes;
Fintecombineelement,usingelements,byoffsetdistance.
Time =60[s]
= 60 [s] Time =3600[s]
= 3600 [s]
CONSITUTIVEMODELFORCONCRETE
Constitutive modelling of concrete in ANSYS:
Failure criteria (surface): xx xy xz h o o

Described in terms of the invariants of the stress tensor; xy yy yz o h o
xz yz zz o o h
Dependent of the hydrostatic component of the stress (h).
(The stress tensor can be separated into two components. xx h xy xz
One component is a hydrostatic stress that acts to change
xy yy h yz
the volume of the material only. The other is the deviatoric xz
yz zz h
stress that acts to change the shape only).
Continuum mechanics provides a mean of modelling at
the
h macroscopic level
l l theh materiall damage
d that
h occurs at h
1
xx yy zz
3
the microscopic level.
Willam and Warnke (1974) developed a widely used
model for the triaxial failure surface. The failure surface
may be represented in principal stressspace of
unconfined plain concrete.
F
Failure surface: f S 0
c
F represents a function of the principal stress state.
S is the failure surface, written in terms of 5 input
parameters.
fc, represents the uniaxial compression stress.
For each domain, independent functions describe F and S:
First: Compression Compression Compression: 0 1 2 3
Second: Tension Compression Compression: 1 0 2 3
Third: Tension Tension Compression: 1 2 0 3
Fourth: Tension Tension Tension: 1 2 3 0
First domain: 0 1 2 3
The function F assumes the following formula:
And the failure surface is defined by:
Where the terms of this expression

p are defined by:
y
The coefficients a0, a1, a2, b0, b1, b2 are determined as a function of the known properties of
concrete (Uniaxial tensile strength ft, Uniaxial compression strength fc, biaxial compression
strength fcb) .
Seconddomain: 1 0 2 3
ThefunctionFassumesthefollowingformula:
Andthefailuresurfaceisdefinedby:
Wherethetermsofthisexpressionaredefinedby:
Thecoefficientsa0,a1,a2,b0,b1,b2aredeterminedasafunctionoftheknownpropertiesof
concrete.
Ifthefailurecriteriaissatisfiedthencracksattheplanenormaltotheprincipal
p p p
stress1occurs.
Thirddomain: 1 2 0 3
Thefailurecriteriaisdefinedbythefollowingfunctions:
Thefailuresurfaceisdescribedby:
Ifthefailurecriteriaissatisfiedfori=1,2,cracksatnormalplanestotheprincipal
f h f l f df k l l h l
stresses1and2occur.
Ifthefailurecriteriaisonlysatisfiedfori=1,thencrackswillonlyoccurattheplane
normaltotheprincipalstress1.
Fourthdomain: 1 2 3 0
Thefailurecriteriaisdefinedbythefollowingexpression:
The failure criteria is defined by the following expression:
hefailuresurfaceSisdefinedby:
fthefailurecriteriaissatisfiedfori=1,2e3,thencracksoccurattheplanesnormal
totheprincipalstresses1,2and3.
Otherwiseifcriteriaissatisfiedfori=1,2,thencracksoccurattheplanesnormalto
theprincipalstresses1e2.finallyifcriteriaisonlysatisfiedfori=1,thencracks
willonlyappearattheplanenormaltotheprincipalstress1.
SOLID65(CONCRETEFINITEELEMENT ANSYS)
SOLID 65:
The finite element has trilinear interpolating functions
8 nodes with three degrees of freedom per node.
The constitutive model described previously allows cracking in three orthogonal
directions for each integration point of the element. The numerical integration
schema uses Gauss integration with 2x2x2 integration points.
Initially, concrete is assumed as being an isotropic material. As the loading is
increased, when a crack occurs at a specific point of integration, the crack is
accounted for by the modification of the mechanical properties of the material,
which means that it is modeled as a distributed crack or a smeared crack. The
presence of a crack at an integration point is represented through the introduction
of a weak plane at the direction normal to the crack.
Additionally the model allows the inclusion of a shear transfer coefficient (). This
coefficient represents the shear strength reduction factor for the postcracking
loading, which causes a sliding parallel to the crack plane. This shear transfer
coefficient can assume values between:
0 smooth crack with total lost of shear transfer capacity
1 irregular crack without lost of shear transfer capacity.
Best practice:
Shear transfer coefficients for an open crack=t=0.25;
Shear transfer coefficients for a closed crack=c=0.90.
SOLID65(CONCRETEFINITEELEMENT ANSYS)
SOLID 65:
Through the inclusion of a stress relaxation factor, it is possible to accelerate the
solution convergence
g process when crackingg is imminent. This stress relaxation
p
factor does not introduce any modification in the stressstrain relation at the post
cracking regime. After the convergence to the final cracked state, the stiffness
normal to the failure plane is equal to zero.
When the material evaluated at an integration point fails in axial, biaxial or triaxial
compression, the material is assumed as crushed at this point.
Crushing is defined as the complete deterioration of the structural integrity of the
material, and the stiffness contribution of this integration point for the element is
ignored. The stiffness normal to the failure plane is equal to zero.
HOWTORUNFIREANALYSIS(THERMAL+MECHANICAL)
RUNTHERMALANALYSIS,BASEDONRADIATIONANDCONVECTION
FILE.RTHshouldcontainstimehistoryresults.
SWITCH ELEMENT TYPE: FROM THERMAL TO STRUCTURAL
SWITCHELEMENTTYPE:FROMTHERMALTOSTRUCTURAL.
Correctelementoptions,realconstants,materials,etc.
Pleaseconsiderthefollowing:
SOLID70willbeautomaticallymodifiedtoSOLID185.PleaseconvertSOLID185toSOLID
65.
RememberforSOLID65:Keyoption (8)=2andKeyoption (3)=2
SHELL131willbemodifiedtoShell181.
SHELL 131 will be modified to Shell 181
Thiselementrequirestworealconstantstosubstituteshelllayerthicknesses.
COMBINE39willbemodifed toCOMBINE39.
Modify
Modifytherealconstantassociatedwiththiselement,introducingforce,relativedisplacement
the real constant associated with this element introducing force relative displacement
tomodelbondbehaviour.
LINK33willbeautomaticallymodifiedtoLINK180.PleaseconvertLINK180toLINK8.
Donotmodifytherealconstantassociatedwiththiselement.
Modifytheelementoptionrelatedtothetypeofdegreeoffreedom.RemoveTEMPanduse
UX,UY,UZ.
SolutionwillbeperformedwithSTEPLOADS.
BuildthesteploadprocedureforeachtimeSTEP,using:
Theresultsofthermalanalysis.
Introducingmechanicalload.
Automaticswitchelementtypeandmodificationprocedure.
ELEMENT THERMAL AUTOMATIC MANUALLY MECHANICAL

TYPE ANALYSIS SWITCH CREATE ANALYSIS
1 SHELL131 SHELL181 SHELL 181
2 SOLID 70
SOLID70 SOLID 185
SOLID185
3 COMBIN 39 COMBIN 39 COMBIN39
4 LINK33 LINK180
5 SOLID65 SOLID65
6 LINK8 LINK8
GUIcommand from menu:
LOADSTEPOPTIONS,TIMEFREQUENCY
DEFINELOADS,APPLY,STRUCTURAL,TEMPERATURE,FROMTHERMALANALYSIS
LOADSTEPOPTIONS,WRILELSFILE,1,(CRIAFICHEIROFILE.S01)
Commandlinestoproduceloadstepfiles.
TIME,60 /COM,ANSYSRELEASE12.0.1UP2009041514:33:1906/10/2010
/NOPR
LDREAD,TEMP,1,1,,,'file','rth','
LDREAD,TEMP,1,1,,, file , rth , ' /TITLE,
/TITLE,
_LSNUM=1
LSWRITE,1 ANTYPE,0
NLGEOM,1
TIME,120 ..
DELTIM,60.0000000,1.000000000E02,60.0000000,
KBC 0
KBC,0
LDREAD,TEMP,1,2,,,'file','rth',''
'f l ' ' h' ' ' KUSE,0
TIME,3600.0000000
LSWRITE,2 TREF,0.00000000
ALPHAD,0.00000000
BETAD,0.00000000
DMPRAT,0.00000000

D,56,UX,0.00000000,0.00000000
LDREAD,TEMP,1,59,,,'file','rth','' D,56,UY,0.00000000,0.00000000
D,56,UZ,0.00000000,0.00000000
LSWRITE 59
LSWRITE,59 .
BFE,1,TEMP,1,247.669359
BFE,1,TEMP,2,162.498246
TIME,3600 BFE,1,TEMP,3,168.668701
BFE,1,TEMP,4,251.629346
LDREAD,TEMP,1,60,,,'file','rth',''
BF,471,TEMP,29.6566190
BF 471 TEMP 29 6566190
LSWRITE,60 BF,472,TEMP,29.6607315
BF,473,TEMP,29.9317361
/GOPR
File.S60
GUIcommand from menu:
SOLUTION,SOLVE,FROMLSFILES
File.S01 File.S02 File.SXY File.S60
Fire resistance time

Dep Trai Loi Tai Ai

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LECTURE (CU)

von Mises Failure Criteria: Yielding will occur

Ultimate biaxial compressive strength (fcb)

Ultimate compressive strength for a state of fcc=88 [[MPa]] confined

Stress strain curves:

Force Method Direct Stiffness

v1 Ke1+Ke5+Ke4 Ke1+Ke5+Ke4 Ke1 Ke1 Ke5 Ke5 Ke4 Ke4

u22 Ke1 Ke1 Ke1+Ke2+Ke6 Ke1+Ke2+Ke6 Ke2 Ke2 Ke6 Ke6

v2 Ke1 Ke1 Ke1+Ke2+Ke6 Ke1+Ke2+Ke6 Ke2 Ke2 Ke6 Ke6

v1 0+1/(2L5)+0 0+1/(2L5)+1/L4 0 0 -1/(2L5) -1/(2L5) 0 -1/L4

u2 -1/L1 0 1/L1+0+1/(2L6) 0+0-1/(2L6) 0 0 -1/(2L6) -1/(2L6)

v2 0 0 0+0-1/(2L6) 0+1/L2+1/(2L6) Ke2 Ke2 1/(2L6) -1/(2L6)

u3 -1/(2L5) -1/(2L5) 0 0 0+1/L3+1/(2L5) 0+0+1/(2L5) -1/L3 0

v3 -1/(2L5) -1/(2L5) 0 -1/L2 0+0+1/(2L5) 1/L2+0+1/(2L5) 0 0

u4 0 0 -1/(2L6) 1/(2L6) -1/L3 0 1/L3+1/(2L6)+0 0-1/(2L6)+0

v4 0 -1/L4 1/(2L6) -1/(2L6) 0 0 0-1/(2L6)+0 0+1/(2L6)+1/L4

0.67677 0.17677 -0.5 0 -0.17677 -0.17677 0 0 0 3

-0.17677 -0.17677 0 0 0.67677 0.17677 -0.5 0 0

0.67677 0 0 -0.17677 0.17677 0

f 2 k 21u1 k 22u 2 k 23u3 ... k 2 nun

Cross section area (A) Length (li) Elastic Modulus(Ei)

For example assume 1st orderapproximation:

Virtual strain field: dN i

Assume the following interpolating functions.

The expected FE solution is:

Shape functions for each element:

Axial stresses determined from:

Internall energy EQUALS externall work:

Vertical displacement : W (1st mainvariable)

qL e 2 P/2 P/2 3M /(2 Le ) 3M /(2 Le )

qL2e 12 PLe / 8 PLe / 8 M /4

Normalstress Shear stress(approx.) Shear stress(exact)

Assuming any virtual nodal variable wi i w j j consistent with

( y, z).L(T ) U .dv ( y, z ).L(T ) U .dVe 0

RET Tn SOLU p CAPTn

Interpolating function at node i takes value equal to

Interpolating function at node i takes value equal to 1 and 0 at other nodes.

Perform strain calculation in plane:

Element Degree of Continuity Number of DOF

Element Degree of Continuity Number of DOF

Element Degree of Continuity Number of DOF

F=6/5 F=2 F=10/9 F=12/5

The1st ordermayberelatedwith2ndd orderofapproximation:

L / L0 G (MPa) (MPa) (MPa) G(MPa)

0,0050 0,0050 0,005013 21 000 20 948 1050 1050

0,0150 0,0150 0,015113 21 000 20 844 315 315

Combination of Newton Raphson andincrementalmethods

2D BUCKLINGANALYSIS CASE6 Izz 2.34E6 m4

Member Calculation of YES YES YES

t fi , d Time design value for the limited design state. cr,d

t fi ,requ Required regulation time at fire conditions.

cr ,d Critical temperature design value.

d Design steel temperature.

Nominalfire Othermodelforfire Global Firetests

ISO ISO ISO

Am = perimeter Am / V 1 / t Am = surface exposed to fire Am = 2(b + h)

M pl M pl ,a R 2b1e pl 0.5e pl 0.5h1 e pl Ar f yr R h 2er

between nodes. Linear shape

shape functions for each orthogonal direction (2x2x2

C p J / kgK 900 ;20 C 100 C

900 100 ;100 C 200 C c, [W/mC]

1000 200 2 ;200 C 400 C 1.20

1100 ;400 C 1200 C