Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ON
NEW TECHNIQUES IN EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT
STRUCTURES
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements
BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURE
Submitted by:
ACHAL GUPTA
(12 BAC 043) SEMESTER X
Guided by:
SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE
LINGAYAS UNIVERSITY
FARIDABAD
2016-2017
2
CERTIFICATE
In partial fulfillment of the B.Arch. degree program, this is to certify that Achal
Gupta has worked on the seminar report entitled New Techniques in
Earthquake Resistant Structures under my guidance and supervision.
D
ean
External Examiner 1
External Examiner 2
Declaration
I, Achal Gupta, hereby declare that the seminar entitled New techniques in
Earthquake Resistant Structures submitted in the partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Architecture is my original
design/ research work and that the information taken from secondary sources is
given due citations and references.
Date:15.5.17
Place: Faridabad
B.Arch. 10th Semester
2016- 2017
Acknowledgements
I am deeply indebted to my seminar guide Ar. Varsha Raina for showing faith and
confidence in me for taking up such a project for my thesis. Without his guidance
and valuable suggestions, my work would not have come up to the level as
presented. I would also like to thank my friends, and above all, my family, for their
wholehearted co-operation at every stage through this journey.
Achal Gupta
12 BAC 043
B.Arch. 10th Semester
School of Architecture
Lingayas University
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.1. AIM 7
1.2. OBJECTIVE 7
1.4. SCOPE 7
1.5. LIMITATIONS 8
1.6. TOOLS 8
1.7. METHODOLOGY 9
3. NEW TECHNIQUES 12
3.1. NEW TECHNIQUES FOR EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT 12
STRUCTURES
4. LITERATURE REVIEW 18
5. CASE STUDIES 24
7. REFRENCES 39
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Most of the loss of life in past earthquakes has occurred due to the collapse
of buildings, constructed in traditional materials like stone, brick, adobe and
wood, which were not particularly engineered to be earthquake resistant. In
view of the continued use of such buildings in most countries of the world, it
is essential to introduce earthquake resistance features in their construction.
(i) certain building types should entirely be ruled out in seismic zones
having probable seismic intensity of VIII or more on Modified
Mercalli or the MSK Intensity Scales. This would include earthen
houses, random rubble masonry as well as brickwork in clay mud
mortar.
(ii) rich mortars involving cement and lime should be used in fired brick
and coursed stone masonry.
(iii) substantial steel reinforcement should be introduced in the walls in
both directions of the building.
1.1 Aim
1.2 Objectives
1.4 SCOPE
1.5 LIMITATIONS
1.6 TOOLS
RESEARCH PAPER
BOOKS
PHD. PAPER
1.7 METHODOLOGY
LITERATURE REVIEW
CHAPTERS:
RESEARCH PAPER
INTRODUCTION
GENERAL CONCEPTS OF EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT
EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT DESIGNS - STRUCTURE
NICEE NEW TECHNIQUES
EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT
STRUCTURES SHODHGANGA
SEISMIC PERFORMANCE OF CONCRETE
BEAM-SLAB-COLUMN SYSTEMS
CONSTRUCTED WITH CASE STUDIES
A RE-USEABLE SHEET METAL
TAIPEI 101 , TAIWAN
FORMWORK SYSTEM. UPUL PERERA
EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT
BOOKS HOMES - JAPAN
PETRONAS TOWERS KUALA
EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT DESIGN AND LUMPUR
CONSTRUCTION OF A BUILDING BIS
PHD. PAPER
REFERENCES AND
CHAPTER 2 BIBLIOGRAPHY
EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT STRUCTURES
INTRODUCTION
Disasters are unexpected events which have adversely affected humans
since the dawn of our existence. In response to such events, there have been
attempts to mitigate devastating effects of these disasters. Results of such
attempts are very encouraging in developed countries but unfortunately and
miserably poor in developing countries including ours. Earthquakes are one
of the natures greatest hazards on our planet which have taken heavy toll
on human life and property since ancient times .
This is proved by minimal damage generally without any loss of life when
moderate to severe earthquake strikes developed countries, where as even a
moderate earthquake causes wide spread devastation in developing
countries as has been observed in recent earthquakes. It is not the
earthquake which kills the people but it is the unsafe buildings which is
responsible for the wide spread devastation.
Keeping in view the huge loss of life and property in recent earthquakes, it
has become a hot topic worldwide and lot of research is going on to
understand the reasons of such failures and learning useful lessons to
mitigate the repetition of such devastation. If buildings are built earthquake
resistant at its first place (as is being done in developed countries like USA,
Japan etc) the devastation caused by earthquakes will be mitigated most
effectively.
Plan of building
FOUNDATIONS
For the purpose of making a building truly earthquake resistant, it will be
necessary to choose an appropriate foundation type for it. Since loads
from typical low height buildings will be light, providing the required
bearing area will not usually be a problem.
The depth of footing in the soil should go below the zone of deep freezing
in cold countries and below the level of shrinkage cracks in clayey soils
DAMPERS
NEW TECHNIQUES IN EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT STRUCTURES ACHAL
GUPTA, B.ARCH (2016-2017)
12
TYPES OF DAMPERS
CHAPTER 3
NEW TECHNIQUES
Space Frame
A three-dimensional structural system composed of interconnected
members, without shear or bearing walls, so as to function as a complete
self-contained unit with or without the aid of horizontal diaphragms or floor
bracing systems.
Band
A fluid viscous damper resembles the common shock absorber such as those
found in automobiles. The piston transmits energy entering the system to
the fluid in the damper, causing it to move within the damper. The
movement of the fluid within the damper fluid absorbs this kinetic energy by
converting it into heat. In automobiles, this means that a shock received at
the wheel is damped before it reaches the passengers compartment.
In buildings this can mean that the building columns protected by dampers
will undergo considerably less horizontal movement and damage during an
earthquake.
How it Works
To get a basic idea of how base isolation works, first examine the above
diagram. This shows an earthquake acting on base isolated building and a
conventional, fixed-base, building. As a result of an earthquake, the ground
beneath each building begins to move. . Each building responds with
movement which tends towards the right. The buildings displacement in the
direction opposite the ground motion is actually due to inertia. The inertia
forces acting on a building are the most important of all those generated
during an earthquake.
mN xN
kN
m2 x2
k2
m1 x1
k1
mb
Base isolator x
&
&g
Spherical sliding isolation systems are another type of base isolation. The
building is supported by bearing pads that have a curved surface and low
friction. During an earthquake the building is free to slide on the bearings.
Since the bearings have a curved surface, the building slides both
horizontally and vertically. The forces needed to move the building upwards
limits the horizontal or lateral forces which would otherwise cause building
deformations. Also by adjusting the radius of the bearings curved surface,
this property can be used to design bearings that also lengthen the buildings
period of vibration
The novel friction damper device consists of three steel plates rotating
against each other in opposite directions.
The steel plates are separated by two shims of friction pad material
producing friction with steel plates.
When an external force excites a frame structure the girder starts to displace
horizontally due to this force. The damper will follow the motion and the
central plate because of the tensile forces in the bracing elements. When the
applied forces are reversed, the plates will rotate in opposite way. The
damper dissipates energy by means of friction between the sliding surfaces.
After development of passive devices such as base isolation and TMD. The
next logical steps is to control the action of these devices in an optimal
manner by an external energy source the resulting system is known as active
control device system. Active control has been very widely used in aerospace
structures. In recent years significant progress has been made on the
analytical side of active control for civil engineering structures. Also a few
models explains as shown that there is great promise in the technology and
that one may expect to see in the foreseeable future several dynamic
Dynamic Intelligent Buildings the term itself seems to have been joined by
the Kajima Corporation in Japan. In one of their pamphlet the concept of
Active control had been explained in every simple manner and it is worth
quoting here.
Many ways have been proposed to apply control forces to a structure. Some
of these have been tested in laboratory on scaled down models. Some of the
ideas have been put forward for applications of active forces are briefly
described in the following:
Tendon Control
Various analytical studies have been done using tendons for active control.
At low excitations, even with the active control system off, the tendon will act
in passive modes by resisting deformations in the structures though resulting
tension in the tendon. At higher excitations one may switch over to Active
mode where an actuator applies the required tension in tendons.
CHAPTER 4
NEW TECHNIQUES IN EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT STRUCTURES ACHAL
GUPTA, B.ARCH (2016-2017)
19
LITERATURE REVIEW
1) RESEARCH PAPER
TITLE : GENERAL CONCEPTS OF EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT
DESIGN
AUTHOR : National information center of earthquake
engineering.
YEAR : 2009
CONTENT :
CATEGORIES OF BUILDINGS
Plan of building
FOUNDATIONS
For the purpose of making a building truly earthquake resistant, it will be
necessary to choose an appropriate foundation type for it. Since loads
from typical low height buildings will be light, providing the required
bearing area will not usually be a problem. The depth of footing in the soil
should go below the zone of deep freezing in cold countries and below
the level of shrinkage cracks in clayey soils
2) RESEARCH PAPER
TITLE : EARTHQUAKE RESIATANT STRUCTURES
AUTHOR :SHODHGANGA
CONTENT :
3) BOOK
TITLE : EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT DESIGN AND
CONSTRUCTION OF BUILDINGS
AUTHOR : BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
CONTENT :
Shear Wall
A wall designed to resist lateral force in its own plane. Braced frames,
subjected primarily to
axial stresses, shall be considered as shear walls for the purpose of this
definition.
Space Frame
A three-dimensional structural system composed of interconnected
members, without shear or bearing walls, so as to function as a
complete self-contained unit with or without the aid of horizontal
diaphragms or floor bracing systems.
Band
A reinforced concrete or reinforced brick runner provided in the walls to
tie them together and
to impart horizontal bending strength in them.
4) RESEARCH PAPER
TITLE : SEISMIC PERFORMANCE OF CONCRETE BEAM-SLAB-
COLUMN SYSTEMS CONSTRUCTED WITH A RE-USEABLE
SHEET METAL FORMWORK SYSTEM.
AUTHOR : Upul Perera
YEAR : 2015
CONTENT :
Type of structures
The structural engineer adopts a classification for structures based on
the way the structure resists loads, as follows (General types of
structures):
Gravity masonry structures.
- Framed structures.
- Shell structures.
-Tension structures.
-Pneumatic structures.
1)Masonry
Load bearing walls or columns in compression and walls taking in-
plane or transverse loads. Construction is very durable, fire resistant
and aesthetically pleasing. Building height is moderate, say to 20
stories.
2) Concrete
Framed or shear wall construction in reinforced concrete is very
durable and fire resistant and is used for the tallest buildings.
NEW TECHNIQUES IN EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT STRUCTURES ACHAL
GUPTA, B.ARCH (2016-2017)
23
Concrete, reinforced or prestressed, is used for floor construction in all
buildings, and concrete foundations are required for all buildings.
3)Structural steel
Load bearing frames in buildings, where the main advantages are
strength and speed of erection. Steel requires protection from
corrosion and fire.
5) THESIS REPORT
TITLE : EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT BUILDINGS
AUTHOR : SUBZAR AHMAD BHAT
CONTENT :
CHAPTER 5
CASE STUDY
1) TAIPEI 101
TAIPEI 101 - A structural marvel created by combining the best of all structural systems.
CHALLENGES FACED
FOUNDATION
For additional core stiffness, the lowest floors from basement to the 8th floor have concrete shear walls
cast between core columns in addition to diagonal braces.
DAMPING SYSTEMS
The Taipei 101 uses a 800 ton TMD which occupy 5 of its upper floors
(87 91).
The ball is assembled on site in layers of 12.5-cm-thick steel plate. It is
welded to a steel cradle suspended from level 92 by 3 cables, in 4 sets
of 2 each.
Eight primary hydraulic pistons, each about 2 m long, grip the cradle to
dissipate dynamic energy as heat.
What better way to avoid tragedy then, but by tossing a house in the
air when an earthquake comes?
That's the general idea behind the levitating house developed by the
Japanese company Air Danshin. The product of inventor Shoichi
Sakamoto, the house sits, during more stable times, on a deflated air
bag. When sensors feel a tremor, they switch on a compressor within
a second.
The company built such a house on a "shake table" and equipped it with
a few inhabitants, some furniture, and a couple of glasses of wine. When
the mock tremors hit, in front of a rapt, hardhat-outfitted audience, the
denizens hardly noticed, and not a drop of wine was spilled. The system
will be added to new, otherwise typically built homes of an appropriate
weight, and can be retrofitted to existing structures as well.
Minimizing Damage
"It would take care of a smaller earthquake, I would think," says Deke
Smith, Executive Director of the Building Seismic Safety Council and the
buildingSMART alliance, part of the National Institute of Building
Sciences, Washington, DC. "It would dampen some of the motions
certainly. I think it would be more of a comfort thing than a minimizing
damage thing. But I don't know that if you invested in it that you will
have eliminated any problems with earthquakes for your structure."
Air Danshin's shake test dealt only with side-to-side motion and most
earthquakes are not limited to a two-dimensional plane. Three centimetres of
levitation will only protect a house from earthquakes that don't rise higher
than three centimetres. Never mind the question of what would happen to a
floating house hit by a tall wave of a quake. It would likely slip right off its
foundation. Or, conceivably, a strong tornado might more easily carry the
structure off to Oz.
Improving Design
Another problem is that the first tremors that would activate the system
may very well be the biggest, most destructive tremors of the
earthquake. The airbag, were it able to inflate, might be pushing up
against the rubble of an already damaged house. "Each earthquake has
its own signature. Some might have a big jolt in the beginning, some in
the end, some in the middle." Unfortunately, our seismic sensors are not
yet at the level of those animals, including dogs, that can sense
earthquakes before they happen, and long before humans or their
technology do so.
However, even if Air Danshin's system is only good for that rare, lateral
shaking earthquake which never moves the earth higher than three
centimetres, and saves its biggest jolts for its finale, 88 Japanese homes
are soon to be retrofit with the airbag and its assemblage. That's 88
experiments that will provide some data after the next quake.
At approximately three million Yen a pop (over $37,000), it's also a
sizable chunk of change.
3) PETRONAS TOWERS
Height
Technical details
Floor count 88
Elevator count 78
- The columns are linked with a series of concrete core walls and ring
beams. These movement-resistant and damper-free structures can be
described as a pair of soft tubes. There are actually two concentric
pressurized cores in the structures, and the two cores unite at the 38th
floor of each tower.
Construction Process
The foundation system of the towers consists of a 4.5 metre thick piled raft
supported on
rectangular friction piles (barrettes) varying in depth from 40 metres to 105
metres, to control predicted settlement under different thicknesses of
Kenny Hill formation underlain by
limestone. Each foundation consists of 104 barrettes (rectangular in-situ
piles up to 1.2 by 2.8 metres).
Material Used
High-strength concrete was used in the central core, perimeter
columns, perimeter ring beams and outrigger beams.
The towers and their base are clad with stainless steel extrusions and
custom-made 20.38 millimetre laminated light-green glass.
The sunscreens have cast aluminium end caps and are fixed on
brackets made of extruded aluminium and finished with oven-cured
PVF2 fluorocarbon paint.
columns in
addition to
diagonal braces.
CONCLUSION
1) Design structures to resist above loads for safety against earthquakes.
2) Proper care should be taken during time of construction.
3) Base isolation can be used for retrofitting of structure.
REFRENCES
www.iitk.ac.in/nicee/readings
www.studymafia.org/earthquake-resistant-building-construction-seminar-
pdf-report-and-ppt/
https://www.scribd.com/doc/101555560/EARTHQUAKE-RESISTANT-
BUILDINGS/
BIBLOGRAPHY
ACI 318-08, (2008), Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete and
Commentary, American Concrete
Institute, Farmington Hills, USA
Ambrose,J., and Vergun,D., (1999), Design for Earthquakes, John Wiley & Son,
Inc., USA
Arnold,C., and Reitherman,R., (1982), Building Configuration and Seismic
Design, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., NY, USA
CSI, (2010), Structural Analysis Program (SAP) 2000, Version 14, Computers
and Structures Inc., USA