5/29/2017 IndustrialWastes:ControlMeasuresofUrbanandIndustrialWastes(withstatistics)

IndustrialWastes:ControlMeasuresofUrbanandIndustrialWastes(withstatistics)
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ControlMeasuresofUrbanandIndustrialWastes(withstatistics)!

Indiscriminatedisposalofsolidwastes,especiallyofhazardouswastescausesadverseenvironmentaleffects.

Themainobjectiveofsolidwastemanagementistominimisetheseadverseeffectsbeforeitbecomestoo
difficulttorectifyinthefuture.

ADVERTISEMENTS:

Solidwastemanagementisamanifoldtaskinvolvingmanyactivitieslike:

(i)Collectionofsolidwastes.

(ii)Disposalofsolidwastes.

ADVERTISEMENTS:

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5/29/2017 IndustrialWastes:ControlMeasuresofUrbanandIndustrialWastes(withstatistics)

(iii)Wasteutilisation.

(i)CollectionofSolidWastes:
Collectionincludesalltheactivitiesassociatedwiththegatheringofsolidwastesandthehaulingofthe
wastescollectedtothelocationfromwherethecollectionvehiclewillultimatelytransportittothesiteof
disposal.Therearethreebasicmethodsofcollection.

(a)Communitystoragepoint:
Themunicipalrefuseistakentofixedstoragebinsandstoredtillthewastecollectionagencycollectsitdaily
fordisposalinavehicle.

(b)KerbsideCollection:
Inadvanceofthecollectiontime,therefuseisbroughtincontainersandplacedonthefootwayfromwhereit
iscollectedbythewastecollectionagency.

(c)BlockCollection:
Individualsbringthewasteincontainersandhanditovertothecollectionstaffwhoemptiesitintothe
waitingvehicleandreturnsthecontainertotheindividuals.

(ii)DisposalofSolidWastes:
Beforethesolidwasteisultimatelydisposedofitisprocessedinordertoimprovetheefficiencyofsolidwaste
disposalsystemandtorecoverusableresourcesoutofthesolidwastes.Theprocessingtechniquessuchas
compactioni.e.mechanicalvolumereductionorincinerationi.e.thermalvolumereductionandmanual
componentseparationi.e.manualsortingofthewasteareemployedtoincreasetheefficiencyofsolidwaste
management.

ADVERTISEMENTS:

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5/29/2017 IndustrialWastes:ControlMeasuresofUrbanandIndustrialWastes(withstatistics)

Duetoheterogeneityofthecityrefuseitisimportanttoselectthemostappropriatesolid
wastedisposalmethodkeepinginviewthefollowingobjectives:

(a)Itshouldbeeconomicallyviablei.e.theoperationandmaintenancecostsmustbecarefullyassessed.

(b)Itshouldnotcreateahealthhazard.

ADVERTISEMENTS:

(c)Itshouldnotcauseadverseenvironmentaleffects.

(d)Itshouldnotbeaestheticallyunpleasanti.e.itshouldnotresultinoffendingsights,odours,andnoises.

(e)Itshouldpreferablyprovideopportunitiesforrecyclingofmaterials.

Thecommonlyusedmethodsofdisposalare:

(1)SalvageorManualComponentSeparation:

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5/29/2017 IndustrialWastes:ControlMeasuresofUrbanandIndustrialWastes(withstatistics)

Beforeultimatedisposal,themanualseparationofsolidwastecomponentsisaccomplishedtoachievethe
recoveryandreuseofmaterials.Cardboard,newsprint,highqualitypaper,glass,metals,woodandaluminum
cansetc.aremanuallysortedoutorsalvagedeitherforrecyclingorforresale.

(2)CompactionorMechanicalVolumeReduction:
Afterseparationofreusableordisposablearticles,compactersareusedtocompressthewastematerials
directlyintolargecontainersortoformbalesthatcanbethenplacedinlargecontainers.Compaction
increasestheusefullifeoflandfills.

(3)IncinerationorThermalVolumeReduction:
Highlycombustiblewasteslikeplastics,cardboard,paper,rubberandcombustiblewasteslikecartons,wood
scrap,floorsweepings,foodwastesetc.aresubjectedtoincinerationi.e.burningatveryhightemperatures.
Incinerationresultsinairpollutionandsopropercontrolequipmentneedstobeinstalledtoavoid
contaminationofenvironment.

Inordertomakethismethodeconomical,theheatgeneratedduringincinerationisusefullyutilisedby
generatingsteamorbyputtingawasteheatboilerontheincineratortherebypartlyrecoveringthecostof
wastecollectionanddisposal.

(4)OpenDumping:
Opendumpingofsolidwastesisdoneinlowlyingareasandoutskirtsofthetownsandcities.Being
comparativelycheaper,thismethodofdisposalisusedextensivelyinIndia.

However,majordisadvantagesare:

(a)Publichealthhazardsarecausedbythebreedingofflies,mosquitoesratsandotherpests.

(b)Obnoxiousgaseousandparticulatematterisproducedbyburningofthecombustiblesolidwastes,
resultinginairpollution.

(c)Opendumpingrequireslargelandareaswhichfurtheraggravatestheproblemoflandshortageforhuman
habitation.

(5)SanitaryLandfillingorControlledTipping:
Sanitarylandfillinginvolvesthedisposalofmunicipalwastesonorintheupperlayersoftheearthsmantle
especiallyindegradedareasinneedofrestoration.Inlandfilling,thesolidwastesarecompactedandspread
inthinlayerseachlayerbeinguniformlycoveredbyalayerofsoil.

Thefinallayeriscoveredbyafinalcoverofaboutone
meterofearthtopreventrodentsfromburrowingintotherefuseandscattering.Thisisabiologicalmethod
ofwastetreatmentandbacterialrefusedigestionresultsindecompositionproductslikeCO2,CH4,NH3,H2S
andH2Owhichcanbeharnessedasrenewablesourcesofenergy.

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5/29/2017 IndustrialWastes:ControlMeasuresofUrbanandIndustrialWastes(withstatistics)

Thismethoddoesnotcauseenvironmentaldamagesbycreatingnuisancesorhealthhazardsastherefuseis
coveredandpreventsbreedingofpestsanddiseasevectors.Besidesthereisnodangerofairpollution
resultingfromburningandnowaterpollutionprovidedprecautionistakentoavoidleachatesofrefusefrom
contaminatingthesurfaceorundergroundwatersources.Thispreventioncanbetakenbyusingaplastic
membraneorwatertightmembraneonthebase.

(6)PyrolysisorDestructiveDistillation:
Inthisdisposalmethod,thesolidwastesareheatedunderanaerobicconditions(i.e.burningwithout
oxygen).Theorganiccomponentsofthesolidwastessplitupintogaseousliquidandgaseousfractions(CO,
CO2,CH4,tar,charredcarbon).Unlikethehighlyexothermicprocessofcombustion,pyrolysisisahighly
endothermicprocessandthatiswhyitisalsocalleddestructivedistillation.

(7)Landfarming:
Inthiswastedisposalmethod,thebiodegradableindustrialwastesaretreatedbythebiological,physicaland
chemicalprocessesoccurringinthesurfaceofthesoil.Theorganicwastesareeitherappliedontopofthe
landorinjectedbelowthesoilsurfacewithsuitableequipment,wheretheyundergobacterialandchemical
decomposition.Atfrequentintervals,thelandfarmingsitescanbereusedwithoutanyadverseeffects
providedthelandfarmingsiteisproperlymanaged.

(8)CompostingorBiodegradation:
Bacterialdecompositionoftheorganiccomponentsofthemunicipalsolidwastesresultinformationof
humusorcompostandtheprocessisknownascomposting.Inthisprocessacompostpileisconstructedby
makingalternatelayersoforganicmatterandsoil(sourceofmicroorganisms).

Somefertilizerandwaterisperiodicallyaddedtothecompostpiletostimulatemicrobial(bacteriaandfungi)
actionandtomaintainthenecessarymoisturecontent(55%).Periodically,therefuseisturnedovertoallow
aerationi.e.penetrationofoxygentoallpartsoftheorganicrefusetofacilitateaerobicbacterialdecomposi
tion.

Ittakesnearlyamonthforcompostingtobecomplete.Largewasteproductssuchasmachinery,old
furniture,abandonedvehiclesetc.arerequiredtobereducedinsizeinordertobecomecapableofbeing
handledbypulverizes.Thisreductioninsizeisusuallyachievedbyusingimpactcrushersorhydraulicshears.

(iii)WasteUtilisation:
Adevelopingcountrycannotaffordwastage.Byproperutilisationofsolidwasteadeveloping
countrylikeIndiacanavailofmanyadvantages,forinstance:

(a)Wasteutilisationdirectlyorindirectlycontributestoeconomicdevelopment.

(b)Wasteutilisationgeneratesemployment*opportunities.

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(c)Unusedsolidwastescreateenvironmentalhazardsbyspreadingdiseasesandcausingairandwater
pollution.

(d)Wasteutilisationhelpsinconservationofnaturalresources.

(e)Wasteutilisationhelpstogeneratemanyusefulproductswhicharethebasicnecessitiesoflife.

Resourcerecoveryorwasteutilisationisachievedbythreetechniques:

(1)Reusei.e.agivenmaterialhasmultipleuses.

(2)Reclamationi.e.acomponentofthewasteisrecoveredforuseinamannerdifferentfromitsoriginaluse.

(3)Recyclingi.e.isolatingthematerialfromwhichagivenproductwasmadeandreintroducingitintothe
productioncycleforproductionofthesameproduct.

ExamplesofWasteUtilisation:
(a)Cleanwaterresultingfromtreatmentofindustrialeffluentsandsewagecanbereused.

(b)Refillingofusedcolddrinkbottles.

(c)Jutewastesareutilisedformakinggoodqualitypaper,boxboardsandhardboards.

(d)Sugarcanewastesareutilisedforproductionofelectricity,paper,boardsetc.

(e)Wasteproductsofslaughterhousescanalsobeutilised.Bloodisusedinpharmaceuticalindustryand
hidesandskinsareusedforleatherproduction.

(f)Cattledungisusedingobargasplantsformakingcookinggas.

(g)Cattledungisusedasamanure.

(h)Garbageisusedformakingcompost.

(i)Wastepaperisrecycledtoformpaper,cardboard,goodqualitypaperandpaperbagsetc.

(j)Scrapglassisusedinproductionofnewglass.

(k)AquaticweedslikewaterHyacinth(Eichhornia)isutilisedbyconversionintofertilisers,biogas,animal
feed,paperetc.

(l)Plasticisrecycledtomakenewpacks,softwaxes,greasesandadhesivesetc.

(m)Usedtyrescasingsarereusedinthemanufactureofsyntheticrubber,

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5/29/2017 IndustrialWastes:ControlMeasuresofUrbanandIndustrialWastes(withstatistics)

(n)Flyashisusedasacementsubstitutetomakebricksetc.Effortsarerequiredtobemadetominimisethe
generationofthesewastesandtotreatthemtorecoverusefulmaterialsi.e.wasteutilisation,andtomakethe
residualinnocuousandharmless.

In1975,areportonUtilisationandRecyclingofWastes(Research,DevelopmentandExtension
Requirements)waspreparedbytheNationalCommitteeonScienceandTechnologyoftheGovernmentof
India(NCST,1975).

ThiscommitteeispresentlyfunctioningastheScientificAdvisoryCommitteetotheCabinet(SACC).
Legislationisrequiredforprotectingtheenvironmentagainstcontaminationbysolidwastes.Impropersolid
wastemanagementprogrammesposeaseriousthreattopublichealth,safety,welfareandstandardofliving.

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