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YOUNGS MODULUS OF ELASTICITY:

Young's modulus (E) describes tensile elasticity, or the tendency of an object to

deform along an axis when opposing forces are applied along that axis; it is defined
as the ratio of tensile stress to tensile strain. It is often referred to simply as the
elastic modulus.

SHEAR MODULUS OR MODULUS OF RIGIDITY:

The shear modulus or modulus of rigidity (G) describes an object's tendency to

shear (the deformation of shape at constant volume) when acted upon by opposing
forces; it is defined as shear stress over shear strain. The shear modulus is part of
the derivation of viscosity.

BULK MODULUS OF ELASTICITY:

The bulk modulus (K) describes volumetric elasticity, or the tendency of an object to
deform in all directions when uniformly loaded in all directions; it is defined as
volumetric stress over volumetric strain, and is the inverse of compressibility. The
bulk modulus is an extension of Young's modulus to three dimensions.

MODULUS OF RESILIENCE:

The modulus of resilience is defined as the maximum energy that can be absorbed
per unit volume without creating a permanent distortion. It can be calculated by
integrating the stress-strain curve from zero to the elastic limit. In uniaxial tension,
under the assumptions of linear elasticity

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MODOLUS OF TOUGHNESS:

The work done on a unit volume of material as a simple tensile force is gradually
increased from zero to the value causing rupture is de fined as the Modulus of
Toughness. This may be calculated as the entire area under the stress-strain curve
from the origin to rupture. Toughness of a material is its ability to absorb energy in
the plastic range of the material.

MOMENT OF INERTIA:
The moment of inertia, otherwise known as the angular mass or rotational inertia, of
a rigid body is a tensor that determines the torque needed for a desired angular
acceleration about a rotational axis. It depends on the body's mass distribution and
the axis chosen, with larger moments requiring more torque to change the body's
rotation. It is an extensive (additive) property: the moment of inertia of a composite
system is the sum of the moments of inertia of its component subsystems (all taken
about the same axis).

FIRST MOMENT OF INERTIA:

The first moment of area, sometimes misnamed as the first moment of inertia, is
based in the mathematical construct moments in metric spaces, stating that the
moment of area equals the summation of area times distance to an axis [(a d)].
It is a measure of the distribution of the area of a shape in relation to an axis. First
moment of area is commonly used to determine the centroid of an
area.

SECOND MOMENT OF INERTIA:

The 2nd moment of area, also known as moment of inertia of plane area, area
moment of inertia, or second area moment, is a geometrical property of an area
which reflects how its points are distributed with regard to an arbitrary axis. The
second moment of area is typically denoted with either an I for an axis that lies in
the plane or with J for an axis perpendicular to the plane. In both cases, it is

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calculated with a multiple integral over the object in question. Its unit of dimension
is meters to the fourth power, m4.

Hashim Hasnain Hadi Roll No:13ME36