Lecture 4: Objectives

Analyse 1D motion using verbal, graphical and

algebraic representations
Describe motion in 1D in terms of average and
instantaneous accelerations

Accelerate in the direction of velocityspeed up

Accelerate against velocityslow down
Accelerate at an angle to velocitychange direction
Acceleration is the rate of
change of velocity with time.
Acceleration,

=
Commonly expressed in
m/s2
Acceleration is how the
Velocity is how fast and
speed and direction of
in what direction an
the objects motion are
object moves.
changing
Instantaneous acceleration 2
acceleration at one point of = = 2

position or one instant of time
 The graph above shows the
velocity of a solar-powered car
as a function of time. The driver
accelerates from a stop sign,
cruises for a 20.0s at a constant
speed of 60.0km/h, and then
brakes to come to a 40.0s after
leaving the stop sign.
km 1000m 1h
v 60 16.7 m / s
h 1km 3600 s
Compute the average acceleration during the
following intervals:
t = 0 to 10.0s t = 10.0 to 30.0s

What is the instantaneous acceleration at t = 20.0s?

t = 0 to 10.0s
km 1000m 1h
v f 60 16.7 m / s
h 1km 60 s
v v f vi 16.7 m / s 0
aav 1.70m / s 2
t t f ti 10.0 s 0
t = 10.0 to 30.0s
v v f vi 16.7 m / s 16.7 m / s
aav 0
t t f ti 30.0 s 10.0 s

Acceleration is zero (0) at t = 20.0s

4
Is it possible for an object's instantaneous velocity
and instantaneous acceleration to be of opposite sign
at some instant of time?

1. yes
2. no
3. need more information

5
Sign conventions for both
velocity and acceleration
Same signs (+ + or - -): object is speeding up
Different signs (+ - or - +): object is slowing down

> 0, > 0 moving to the right, speeding up

< 0, < 0 moving to the left, speeding up

> 0, < 0 moving to the right, slowing down

< 0, > 0 moving to the left, slowing down

6
Sample problem:
Graphical analysis.

Which of the following

descriptions of the motion
depicted on the graph
is most accurate?
a) The object is slowing down at a decreasing rate.
b) The object is slowing down at an increasing rate.
c) The object is speeding up at a decreasing rate.
d) The object is speeding up at an increasing rate.
e) The objects speed is changing at a steady rate.

7
Sample problem:
Graphical analysis.

Which of the following *decreasing slope

descriptions of the motion
depicted on the graph
is most accurate?
a) The object is slowing down at a decreasing rate.
b) The object is slowing down at an increasing rate.
c) The object is speeding up at a decreasing rate.
d) The object is speeding up at an increasing rate.
e) The objects speed is changing at a steady rate.

8
Graphical analysis of velocity as
a function of time

Velocity,

Time,

graph

velocity at time

velocity at time

9
Graphical analysis of average
and instantaneous acceleration

Average acceleration,


=


=



Slope of the line
connecting ( , ) and
( , )
10
Graphical analysis of average
and instantaneous acceleration

Instantaneous
acceleration, Slope of the
Limit of the average line tangent
acceleration as the to a point in
time interval the plot
approaches zero

= lim =
0
2
= = 2

11
Sample problem:
Velocity and acceleration from a plot.
C

D
E
B

THINGS TO LOOK FOR:

A 1. CURVATURE - acceleration
2. SLOPE - velocity
12
Sample problem:
Velocity and acceleration from a plot.
NOTE:
The greater the curvature,
the greater the acceleration
in the + or direction
The greater the slope, the
greater the velocity.

THINGS TO LOOK FOR:

1. CURVATURE 2. SLOPE (recall)
-UPWARD > 0 -POSITIVE > 0
-DOWNWARD < 0 -NEGATIVE < 0
-NONE (ZERO) = 0 -NONE (ZERO) = 0
13
Sample problem:
Velocity and acceleration from a plot.
C

D
E
B

14
Sample problem:
Velocity and acceleration from a plot.
C

D
E
B Curvature:
UPWARD

A
Curvature:
UPWARD
15
Sample problem:
Velocity and acceleration from a plot.
C

Curvature:
DOWNWARD
D
E
B Curvature:
UPWARD

A
Curvature:
UPWARD
16
Sample problem:
Velocity and acceleration from a plot.
C

Curvature:
DOWNWARD
D
Curvature: E
ZERO
B Curvature:
Curvature: UPWARD
ZERO
A
Curvature:
UPWARD
17
Sample problem:
Velocity and acceleration from a plot.

Pt Curve ax
A Up +
B 0 0
C Down -
D 0 0
E Up +

18
Sample problem:
Velocity and acceleration from a plot.
C

D
E
B

19
Sample problem:
Velocity and acceleration from a plot.
C

D E
B

20
Sample problem:
Velocity and acceleration from a plot.
C

Slope: Slope:
ZERO NEGATIVE
D
E
B Slope:
Slope:
NEGATIVE
POSITIVE

A
Slope:
POSITIVE
21
Sample problem:
Velocity and acceleration from a plot.

Pt Slope vx
A + +
B + +
C 0 0
D - -
E - -

22
Sample problem:
Velocity and acceleration from a plot.

Pt Curve ax Slope vx
A Up + + +
B 0 0 + +
C Down - 0 0
D 0 0 - -
E Up + - -

23
Suppose the acceleration of the car is 2.5 mi/(hr)(s)
and the velocity at this instant is 20 mi/hr. What will
be the velocity at the end of the next second?

At the end of the following second? And so on.

24
A train car moves along a long straight track. The
graph shows the position as a function of time for this
train. The graph shows that the train:

1. speeds up all the time.

2. slows down all the time.
3. speeds up part of the time and slows down
part of the time.
4. moves at a constant velocity.
25
Example: Draw a graphical representation (x-t, v-t and y-t) of
a particle moving at a constant and positive acceleration
Again

slope of x-t graph: ave. velocity

slope of tangent line of x-t graph:
instantaneous velocity (sometimes
instantaneous is dropped)
curvature of x-t graph: acceleration

slope of v-t graph: ave. acceleration

slope of tangent line of v-t graph:
instantaneous acceleration (sometimes
instantaneous is dropped)

26
SUMMARY:
Velocity/Speed: change in position
=
Acceleration: change in velocity

speed direction 2
= = 2

slope of x-t graph: ave. velocity
slope of tangent line of x-t graph:
instantaneous velocity
curvature of x-t graph: acceleration

slope of v-t graph: ave. acceleration

slope of tangent line of v-t graph:
instantaneous acceleration
27
Seatwork Date:
1. Blah?
- solve problems in your
notebooks 2. Blah blah!
- write the answers only in
3. Blah blah blah!
your bluebook
- indicate the date 4. Blah blah blah blah!

28
Seatwork
- seatwork will be checked at March 14, 2016
the end of the class 1. Blah? X Bleh!!!
- if wrong, write the correct 2. Blah blah!
answer
- in checking: place the score 3. Blah blah blah!
above the checkers name
- the checker must sign under 4. Blah blah blah blah!
his/her name & student
Score: 3/4
number Checked by:
(signed)
Albert Einstein Jr.
(2013-24601) 29
(1) multiple choice (from previous long exam)

3.00 4.00
= + 2
= 17.0/

Seatwork Date:
1. Blah?
- solve problems in your
notebooks 2. Blah blah!
- write the answers only in
3. Blah blah blah!
your bluebook
- indicate the date 4. Blah blah blah blah!

31
(1), (2) Multiple choice (from previous long exam)

(free fall - acceleration is constant, downward)

32
 The graph above shows the
velocity of a solar-powered car
as a function of time. The driver
accelerates from a stop sign,
cruises for a 20.0s at a constant
speed of 60.0km/h, and then
brakes to come to a 40.0s after
leaving the stop sign.
km 1000m 1h
v 60 16.7 m / s
h 1km 3600 s
3-4. Compute the average acceleration during the
following intervals:
t = 30 to 40s
t = 0 to 40s
5. What is the instantaneous acceleration:
t = 35s
 x a

??? ???

t t

HOMEWORK:
6-7: Draw a rough sketch of the x-t and a-t
graph for time t = 30 to 40s.
(shape/slope only, no numerical details)
34
 HOMEWORK:
Find the average x-acceleration,
and describe whether the speed
t(s) vx (m/s) increases or decreases for each
1.0 0.8 of these time intervals:
3.0 1.2 8-9) t1=1.0s to t2=3.0
5.0 1.6 10-11) t1=5.0s to t2=7.0s
12-13) t1=9.0s to t2=11.0s
7.0 1.2 14-15) t1=13.0s to t2=15.0s
9.0 -0.4
11 -1.0
13 -1.6
= =
15 -0.8
Hint: Graphing maybe helpful in checking your answer 35