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3 Airport facilities, part 1

Transport Policies and


Terminals Design
1044043

Maria Vittoria Corazza


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SOME DEFINITIONS
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AERODROME - A defined area on land or water (including any buildings,


installations and equipment) intended to be used either wholly or in part for the
arrival, departure and surface movement of aircraft

AIRPORT
1) Facility used primarily by conventional, fixed-wing aircraft;
2) A facility, either on land or water, where aircraft can take off and land. Usually
consists of hard-surfaced landing strips, a control tower, hangars and
accommodations for passengers and cargo;
3) A landing area regularly used by aircraft for receiving discharging
passengers or cargo
4) A facility where cargo/passengers connect from ground transportation to air
t
transportation
t ti

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Design 1044043 1
TYPES OF AIRPORTS
There are many ways to categorize airports, for example
1) ICAO - AERODROME REFERENCE CODE
two part categorisation of aircraft types which simplifies the process of
establishing whether a particular aircraft is able to use a particular aerodrome.
It has two 'elements:
a numeric code based on the Reference Field Length for which there are four
categories (1 -4);
A letter code based on a combination of aircraft wingspan and outer main gear
wheel span (A F)
2) TYPE OF TRAFFIC
National aeroport
International aeroport
General aviation
3) TYPE OF MANAGEMENT
Towered, non-towered
4) IFALPA LIST
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Pilots ranking of airfield (poor or no


suitabiliy, black list)
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TYPES OF AIRPORTS
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There are many ways to categorize airports, for example


4) FUNCTIONS and OPERATIONS

Non-scheduled air
Scheduled air CIVIL transport
transport AVIATION MILITARY
GENERAL
AVIATION
AVIATION (can be
COMMERCIAL
commercial)

Airlines Airlines Others Private Training Safeguard State


regular charter (aerotaxis
aerotaxis,,
service service etc.)

5) TYPE OF AIRCRAFT
Airports (if on civil aviation facilities), airfields (may be, may be not equipped: with any
navigation aids or markings) aeroplanes
4) FUNCTIONS
Heliport s(if on civil aviation facilities), Helipads elicopters (rotorcraft)
Seaplane base seaplanes, floatplanes

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TYPES OF AIRPORTS
There are many ways to categorize airports, for example It connects two systems of
circulation and thus
6) AREA TO SERVE AND FUNCTION represents an
Due to technical limitations of the modes, such as the range of an intermediate location
aircraft or the need to refuel, intermediate locations were used as imposed by geographical
stages to overcome the gap as two locations could not be reached constraints. Thus, in order
in a single trip. Intermediate airports for transatlantic flights are to reach its final destination,
p
examples of locations that were used to overcome the technical a movement must use an
limitations of aircrafts before the introduction of long range couriers. intermediate location often
It is still prevalent for air implying a transfer from one
freight transportation as the mode to the other.
range of freight aircrafts is
more limited due to heavier
loads. A location is specifically
used to serve as a
connection between
A location nearby, or at, the different scales of a
convergence of several long transport system. Air
distance routes can develop an transportation is an example
intermediacy by "intercepting" with the emergence of hub-
some of the traffic. This is the and-spoke network structures
case for intermediate hub (RODRIGUE AND SLACK 2017) where the hub is an
intermediate location
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terminals located along major


long distance corridors, such as between regional and
Singapore. international flights.
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AIRPORT SITE LOCATION


Depends on a number of considerations
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Area availability
While there are considerable variations in the scale of airports, minimum sizes
in excess of 500 hectares represent enormous commitments of urban land.

Air transportation forecast demand


Forecasted demand strongly affects the number and length of runways and
the size of airport terminals, and therefore the physical size of the airport
itself. Larger aircraft generally require longer runways. For example, about
3,300 meters (10,000 feet) are required for the largest commercial planes, such
as the A380, to takeoff.

The runway dictates the capacity of the system therefore

Runway configuration. About 30 to 60 movements (landings and takeoffs)


per hour are possible on a commercial runway depending on the type of plane
and weather conditions. Landings take about 60 seconds, from the moment
that the plane has touched touch down and cleared the runway while takeoffs
take between 40 to 60 seconds. (RODRIGUE AND SLACK 2017)

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Design 1044043 3
AIRPORT SITE LOCATION
Depends on a number of considerations

Runway configuration. However, where runways intersect, capacity is


significantly reduced and this type of configuration is considered obsolete for
modern airport operations. Thus, the trend for the largest airports is to have
parallel runways permitting simultaneous takeoffs and landings. Parallel
runway configurations generally demand more space than crossing runways
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(RODRIGUE AND SLACK 2017)

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AIRPORT COMPONENTS AND


FUNCTIONS
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RUNWAYS CONFIGURATION
Intersecting runways provide the
least operational capacity. The configuration of the airport runways has
Parallel runway configurations a significant impact on the hourly capacity
provide more capacity
Greater separation between
parallel runways provides
increased capacity as dependency
between operations on adjacent
runways is reduced.

http://www.airportsites.net/lambert-stl/master.aspx

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AIRPORT SITE LOCATION
Depends on a number of considerations
Altitude
At higher altitude, a longer runway is required to achieve the same lift because
the air density is lower. 60% of all commercial airports are at an altitude of
less than 500 feet (150 meters).
Meteorological conditions
Local variations in precipitation, prevailing wind, turbulences, visibility, etc.
must be taken in to account (to be avoided fog-bound areas!!!)
Topography
The land upon which runways is built must be flat, with no more than a 1
percent slope. Hilly land can be flattened and swampy land filled, of course,
but at a cost
Obstructions
Beyond the airport perimeter,
perimeter the proximity of mountains,
mountains hills,
hills and/or heavily
built-up areas complicates airport operations. If approach corridors pass over
residential zones, pressures can emerge to restrict operating hours.
Environmental considerations
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Airports have significant effects on local waterways, wildlife, and air quality
(RODRIGUE AND SLACK 2017)

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AIRPORT SITE LOCATION


Depends on a number of considerations
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Adjacent land uses


Concerns about noise and other airport impacts have encouraged the setting
aside of buffer areas much larger than runways and the supporting terminals,
taxiways, and other infrastructure would require.
Specific geographical constraints had to be respected, namely that the airport
could not consume scarce agricultural land.
Local accessibility
An airport must be accessible to the communities it serves, making its
location relative to highways and passenger rail lines (both intercity and
metro) important. The integration of airports with passenger rail is intended to
link the airport terminal with the regional market it serves, thus reinforcing its
function as a pole in the regional economy.
Other airports
p
Nearby airports, especially in the same metropolitan area, may limit the
available airspace and constrain new airport operations.
.

(RODRIGUE AND SLACK 2017)

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Design 1044043 5
AIRPORT SITE LOCATION
It is necessary an airport master plan
Airport master plans are prepared to support the modernization or expansion of
existing
g airports
p or the creation of a new airport.
p

The master plan is the strategy for the development of the airport.

The goal of a master plan is to provide the framework needed to guide future airport
development that will cost-effectively satisfy aviation demand, while considering
potential environmental (esp. noise and land use) and socioeconomic impacts.

Planners are to consider:


the possible environmental and socioeconomic costs associated with alternative
development concepts,
the possible means of avoiding, minimizing, or mitigating impacts to sensitive
resources at the appropriate level of detail for facilities planning.
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(US Dept. of Transportation FAA 1997)

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AIRPORT SITE LOCATION


an airport master plan has to:
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Document the issues that the proposed development will address.


Justify the proposed development through the technical, economic, and
environmental investigation of concepts and alternatives.
Provide an effective graphic presentation of the development of the airport
and anticipated land uses in the vicinity.
Establish
E t bli h a realistic
li ti schedule
h d l for
f ththe implementation
i l t ti off the
th development
d l t
proposed in the plan, particularly the short-term capital improvement
program.
Propose an achievable financial plan to support the implementation schedule.
Provide sufficient project definition and detail for subsequent environmental
evaluations required before the project is approved.
Present a plan that adequately addresses the issues and satisfies local and
state regulations.
Document policies and future aeronautical demand to support municipal or
local deliberations on spending, debt, land use controls, and other policies
necessary to preserve the integrity of the airport and its surroundings.
Set the stage and establish the framework for a continuing planning process.

(US Dept. of Transportation FAA 1997)

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AIRPORT SITE LOCATION
An example:
the process for the Lambert-St. Louis International Airport
Master Plan

NOISE
COMPATIBILITY
STUDY
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http://www.airportsites.net/lambert-stl/master.aspx

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An example:
Assessing the
options

AIRCP 2010

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AIRPORT SITE LOCATION
an example: the 2008 San Diego airport master plan

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(http://www.san.org/airport-projects/2008-airport-master-plan)

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AIRPORT SITE LOCATION


Core plan: the airport layout plan, including information such as:
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RUNAWAY
. DATA

and
and
MAIN all applicable
FEATURES design
LOCATION MAP
standards to
landing areas,
movement
areas and
WINDROSE aircraft parking
areas, required
facility
identifications,
description
AIRPORT DATA
labels, etc.
DESCRIPTION OF
BUILDINNG FACILITIES

(http://www.midcoastcommunitycouncil.org/airport/)

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Design 1044043 8
AIRPORT DESIGN
Along with the location, more factors to consider related to aircrafts.

. Size and type of aircrafts influences facilities


(the bigger the vehicles the larger the facilities in general..)
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(http://www.slideshare.net/abhishekkhiladi1/aircraft-characteristics)

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AIRPORT DESIGN
Along with the location, more factors to consider related to aircrafts.
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.
For examples

(http://www.slideshare.net/abhishekkhiladi1/aircraft-characteristics)

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Design 1044043 9
AIRPORT DESIGN
Along with the location, more factors to consider related to aircrafts.

. For examples

RUNWAY AND TAXIWAY


TURN PATHS - TAXIWAY-
TO-TAXIWAY,
90 DEGREES, COCKPIT
TRACKS CENTERLINE
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(http://www.slideshare.net/abhishekkhiladi1/aircraft-characteristics)

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AIRPORT COMPONENTS AND


FUNCTIONS: AIRSIDE AND LANDSIDE
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infrastructure-aviation/5070983.article
http://www.building.co.uk/global-

https://www.eurocontrol.int/eec/public/standard_page/EEC_News_2006_3_TAM.html

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AIRPORT COMPONENTS AND
FUNCTIONS: AIRSIDE AIRSPACE
CLASSIFICATION
.
Airspace is divided in several
classes, from A to G.
Class A is reserved for
Instrument Flight Rules (mainly
commercial air transport) where
each aircraft receives air
navigation service (i.e. an air
traffic controller monitors all
traffic in his zone under control).
Classes B to D are given to the
airspace in terminal areas.
Class E is a kind of rest category
no air navigation services.
services
Class G is the lowest layers of
the airspace, where each pilot
has to watch for other air traffic
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These classes start in principle as from 500ft. (flying Visual Flight Rules).
The airspace below 500ft has no rules
(http://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/ec9e79f3-9ce9-11e5-8781-01aa75ed71a1.0001.03/DOC_72)

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FUNCTIONS: AIRSIDE AIRSPACE
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CLASSIFICATION
. The airspace (or region) in which a flight
information service and alerting service (are
supplied is FIR Flight Information Regions

https://www.eurocontrol.int/sites/default/files/content/documents/nm/ca
rtography/02022017-firuir-upper-airspace-ectl.pdf)

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AIRPORT COMPONENTS AND
FUNCTIONS: LANDSIDE
. A typical airfield is composed of a runway for takeoffs and landings as well as two (or
one) parallel taxiing lanes (taxiways
taxiways). Runways are labeled according to the direction
(rounded magnetic azimuth in decimal) they are facing. Therefore, a plane using runway 09
would be facing east (90 degrees) while runway 27 (270 degrees) would be facing west.

Connecting lanes between


the runway and the taxiing
lanes usually have an angle
permitting the quick exit
from the runway for planes
that have just landed.
Modern airfield designs
provide two of three exiting
options per landing direction
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(RODRIGUE AND SLACK 2017)

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AIRPORT COMPONENTS AND


FUNCTIONS- RUNWAYS AND
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TAXIWAYS
.

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Design 1044043 12
AIRPORT COMPONENTS AND
FUNCTIONS- RUNWAYS AND TRAFFIC
PATTERNS
.

Departure leg. The climbing


fli ht path
flight th along
l th
the extended
t d d
runway centerline which begins
at takeoff and continues to at
least 1/2 mile beyond the
Downwind leg. A long level flight path runway's departure end and not
parallel to but in the opposite direction less than 300 feet below the
of the landing runway. traffic pattern altitude. It is a
special case of an upwind leg

Crosswind leg. A short


climbing flight path at right
Base leg. A short descending flight path at right
angles to the departure
angles to the approach end extended centerline
of the landing runway.
runway end of the runway.

Final approach. A descending flight path in the Upwind leg. A flight path parallel to and in
direction of landing along the extended runway the direction of the landing runway. This
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centerline from the base leg to the runway. The last can be above the runway, as in a "low and
section of the final approach is sometimes referred to over" or when practicing a "missed
as short final. [instrument] approach"

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AIRPORT COMPONENTS AND


FUNCTIONS- RUNWAYS AND TRAFFIC
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PATTERNS
.
A runway intended solely for the
operation of aircraft using visual
approach procedures,
procedures with no straight-in
NON INSTRUMENT instrument approach procedure and no
instrument designation

A runway having an operative nonvisual


precision approach aid (i.e., instrument
landing system) specially marked with
non
non--precision instrument runway
indications along with a touchdown zone,
fixed--distance markersstrips
fixed markersstrips.
INSTRUMENT
A runwayy having g an existing
g instrument
approach procedure utilizing air
navigation facilities with only horizontal
guidance,
guidance for which a straight-in non-
precision instrument approach procedure
has been approved.

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Design 1044043 13

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