Taxila vn feceback eam engsemonf“Towards An Atomic Model JiThonsen — Flom gludding mods Ly uniforn apse L pecans in it Rutherford — x -portide experiment Phareboy Medel Ls sealeteing + deflection AN lovee argyle aa Ly Some bounced back \ popued a aay) asc necleaus =: oh ctor ete wmucleas Sl the certer ard dedray seeicg sTahionary~ LL he eledier canst stay * Lal vevelve, around rudeus to astib thew bxlance ‘the electrostatic {prce coruiiapl fore 12 veman os peut ab ator joist Whe ponte Rate arts =e asict sews A Aecwornagnedic wwe | Jerated a’ ley { ropased 4ine “accel charg VM Eovegeadate Bereta cts, phos. hich Auld uA ultimate fead’ to Noss ay.rd af eledror aoe vod’ oo, emailer and sprelles: and “it dreuld ullimelely ball te spe pucle us (fated te © Aron Mede| > Guaritorn aes fo. SAvocture at a ~> qyantizes rodiaten I ensegy osbit bene hoBehr Atomic Medel 2 Tn exder to +; The erepisiel yesold obtained by ola Neils Behr, in 1443, formulated “ rnotel ol, hydegers aterm ting classical physic and Planks aycarslon thew “Ibis semi clasical theesy is) bated aa he [gllesseg “hee ae Pastulate T An eledvon, Bound 0 the nucleus iin an abi, cm move arcerd the ruckus tn cerlin are abs orbis without Yodisting Whee orbits are called Alscsete statiarmauy dleta “of atom: eiticnary obits owe etlewed. pf tehich sk oamertum w equal tear integed ec el where nize pombe e make a Fenstian, treat os, stole ty WB owe energy alan ol cregy bf ts emitted sonteat hi: Ry he byequeny of vadretker o Ruilher-fed ¢ classical physicsJo dat Bregy = KE + PE PE E> Arab Ange e +i. ANY Sabitatirg her) = inv X= 28x Sm —> Ths warelengip is sxodly equal te aRY = 33x Om ( ciccureferarce) | — “Obit ef eledlven in a hydrogen alam carves j to Gre Com dletiran ysave yained on j j RS => Anclogy fo woe ins ny Awusted) Ccitealarly)mA fyadional number ot, ete distedive inteference Ex ian of Paitulate lL naz ANY, d=. (le elm will accor, ergtht canna pest beans ph [aren near = ARS, % CARER = AN a a Se One, 3 tw my A. SSH row n Yrevy, = nh, an SiStesccs N= —> grourd state —- lowest ener n= © ES —s election is ho longer bonded to i gq jecleus nol 3 exeites States SSCS op apative: siqr of sreqy shout rat elechorn banded by “redess ond erenqy required fo escape itfren ib infloence j-< peilve enegy tequied Jo esc it——— Eaglaindion at Pastdate ir Tate trey E, seme yo Bee Vad Grer oes —me! Pies Se AE-hfP Nideadiiticsy-on 2 Topeut in Rehis Medel “22 Nudes and electrons ) eco ihe. oni 3 Fevlve around commer center af road : > Nudes is heavy, £0 clase to center > Elects Gee I, usay fran the cerley > Nudeus © elechers aleoys bn iy asile she 4 certes SySem sre Vird equacder to saa partie “ fom 4 | | | | wie mM wand wl 2 yedsced mane 4. cledron 1 BANC asa > Verve xy E, become ey’ ‘= e a= = Sigh, ee ae —s We slight Sl thetp-A foe Ancaieg 4 “ Beuliim — te 4 hyde Ep t Cenvespondence Prine 7 Bear atom behave classical large ayantem porber \ classical) for vey Bet played on wpabat de in he: develep mee yuan Vecay At naitter. S Baws cakulohions sere in accosdonce with© Behi’s calculetions were in accesdone with the spediore ob Hydsegen- Hence succesfully explains Are line ean i Bath Pawson § Radiation CRE ony fr hydvegen)Limitettions — ~Spedla ef Lampe atoms: > couldn't ciccordlely a calculate se Vine f beg = Medd laa gp hyde@en lite obi OY one aledton” (ays > Relative Spedra eats > caulde't gen, why intersiy sf The = Vine are vet exyuct yuctl > The Zeeman effect As madel didiE account [or exuterce of acing wonrek mmomert ef each eledin, Zeeman effed — rd een Zeeman ffed> ¢, thre 4 specteal lined ae vocygnatic a 0 > Stetionary states > cauldv't explain tre reson [pr electron fe Xerrain in Statrenary date ~qaet iL in form ef qyvardat, ai y prekets cheb ove integer e edirornag netic oe jock, Sub-divided nvisj ble Perergy poke ace led ln. Mo)! ik enemy is EemPA Poslocdtvie Effect Definition The emission of eledions feo a mela} surface chen expased © leh of suite puensy Us calted phetoctedr fiat \ight tub: Ze eee m> When light (of certain freqrerde) b rcident on ne meld anade Come electri ERs Yeoh afhade despite of its negative charges ae snl cureerl F loved, Asa Voltaye was fet curtent reduced ard Ultimately reduced fozerd . Ses sae opps eae ‘ectfic fecepoeny p aalled chad here | nsity increased —> nose electrons emitted > more Tarren. Distibatien o{ energy on aver same Piciedexs ~inencdive of intensily an geObservations —> The peace 6 ceae ‘0 laa belo a a oe Feecpoery paalled “Welhdd fey ~z Tntensily increased —> mare elediions ernitted > moe —~ t Current. istribution d{ energy on aver game over elediers ive dive of infersily ard only leper on Wyss — Bacon be emitted indlentone. Maxime reg of proto cledrans Bee | the joule. mated safice ond frequny & ident a el We palace soe uaesieestema ib : = Mune assome — Sifiie hight as corlinoos”” waves > hensfexin: enegy 4o surface and ther sey distvibuted belweer atoms of tne ace > Wer it world tate ayeas for Pays ale electron to creewreleite cock a0, Spires to be a phelodector = TF ascome sorte [ard of resonance TO explain Ane “Share statement pan the forhorate elechens ced hardly have mere Thar Rosine sete ever, Risto dechions ay) Sersitve > Ankersily only irctease the number af phetbeledhicrs, Below” 0 Hide Hinvesheld heavery 2 pe ratte ushab ‘the intersity is, no prttclechos Ore aS : Quarter Theory Expiration : > light tewels in pee oh se) quarts —> Neparla ayerery) Small enagh te be ctsorved 4 the eleven Gries (rat a shave of ney tronstey | b ye eledean yas Ww case 4 canfirioss wane 3 a pram , E-hf, eneegy acca on \yequery Hence of a suitable Kye encugh oy do oxege i he ode towhimrE? Che — he) Vi - Yreedrald lyeqensyeee oe Constant Verve a Rotential 7 Trpeledt picts in Ginph AL V0 At V=0 , proteclecvic cument is some ierespachive 4 ery Renn: No ee valtage > No mare reiteithion tral only wae arergy elections will seadn The calhede > So cqeal ety. Ne nage asthe Ail the elections cess teehed Fe roe bare —> ence a constant “Coreen fy all ftequeney * Kea | is —Revese af Phaloelettrical Effect We Not UnderstoodX-Roys —Revese af Pheloelettrical Eptect — We Not Urderstoed But Discovesed yeas \pefase Phatoeledtoic Effecteonper Effect SAB teenie im Gees of ae when Saailterek ae bound electrons! Desai pion € Derivation aid less in a dye Gain in dectron eneqy hy hy! - 7 = ae ios Sync —a Eat ee woe Tt Cerin oak anti 6VWeiznbal Duection Be wcnelor = beelsPoaten tor ho 0 = hed Bees \ Vertical Direction “fritid momerkewn= Final marbenbo © = hufng eee i ae ss KBE” phevcasb- ho-hieass mre hvsing » 2. 4 pe code v tive cai 425 weap fl pase « Fv sin’ Ly pding: Ahern poe Pap ait ev cosh te Le an es Eo Vega Be (i+ md) j moe ah 4c peo 5 “42mye T Bo = Che-he/) + Lind hehe) = Vigh x WV 2H vv! + ine(he-ho-) yyvicap a Be RF dev melo AP) Dou dthw) — zhv)lrvleosh)* Gomplor ee ='130 = YE = very sho a yeqion Peer 5 on y ebsesyvabe o3 ee Unsecittered Xroys —7 Some phelons ‘state Nedyen s Le alarm o4 a recoil Ls so min ths camoin meus 4 Lohele citem \ h > verysmall oy m in bh i ae 2 om, in 4 Ly gompbn effed vadl cbsernable Be orscattved X-youy> Pate Padadton ond Annihilation “The endtesidizction of a high peat phélen into an dedin and pastor near a redex | is Called Pair Praducin!” — ere 4 redes is wail byt conservation «of memerture Enemy sf phiba Red ma 4 es 5 equal te YP cledeor potter ae Se prabr rac be 4 gens weys rorge or Aris ereqy contest — Eta oregy 4 Phin is converted into Kinetic erey A electran sed ao Annihilation — Reverse 4 pair a sar car in ie becouse nese alse conserve mamentul =F BM lowe \reqqu0e dominanl paces 15 fin eS eA prided ‘ pair polite yerite Some Thveshdd ita — AY hep freqpvencia fe ee an 6 dominant ag 3 Shift (Gravitational Red Shift)Red Shift (Gravitational Red Shift) phaten > he soak ena ‘oat inettid mass ; Be he anviting aA weer or stent tock red region tgs canesperdirg 4p the lot ot tea etl ayrayitiend Held weaker Facey Pee a Decal eee Sor ushen enter qrenitetvoral fied weak. Gesutchanel erapoet enegy of arp uhh a ams clad sorisce? = PE. -QMm R inertial press 4% hoton = m= sb So BE oh grbe Gilman R cR “Bll enegy = PE + Qusntim 0 (weak earths geewitsherdl | ern) . Ve Wt WHY DD tg Mh Jepaitatont es lost eqperey \awev tran shit yen 45. found yeh veess Recent gpauitation ee shfl has been detected in & labosaly =f pial jolly (yom height h hy by-amgh shy -bigh “he(iaa) : me hz l0mor niger na it is detedable Block Hele hy’= hy (\-4M. v ( au) 1F OM oy becomes equal to 4 2 é which pets coneshrack ord =the ator ay Hele on blek. Weree Shift : Blue Shit = ale 4 Red shift _ arleang oo Ie weal vibatid a Ney ¢ Steorg Growitel - Foil -< 7 yrceen iO(nat Te BE CONFUIEP Wh perreses RED waselengin ot & preter S ph x r a a Ce onal, lies to Bh we E s ar wld apshepsl Pretest 2 mv a vu and consequently it De Beogle wsorclergih Greater the momenture geaemign ive wore Wove _Fuélion The wale ne wae jyrdion assesiated with a moving bedy al ee A aga mS ceil a time tL ts s do pebability of Airing he obj Inere “Ihe time * oodoay wave {ordion = fees negelive _— reget eo hes,,re siqnificine Me hes nee eb sicad sjarificance bal or/ a fa ees De Broglie ute travel wilh the same speed thal of dhe Body Lt cal de Broglie uve velecity wl w:fA Baht f= B =o Eame h Ae tose nh fy carey. wr v Gea 4 C — always See: Uy Cen Steiking Resaltr is wl ieee hase velocity of Broglie ibelf —> This = Ths is actual wove having bho pry significance in wr tweet De Broglie ware group auscdaied with a mavtng body travel ie aia yas body C Geep elecity) . Diffrodion af Particles UF = 5 ony iyDitfredion af Particles> Sledere: diffaded ip the stone wey vay Yroys a Ve = Lim (Vv- velfage of 2 electro gen ray = 2 Ve rey = lmVe From de Broglie warden Neh Aa = OAR is in excellent cemrd bath fel ecuracy, paelniniky ““essdcicted At sa consequence £ rodltt ard zadian. Tb e Senburg ney ee BEEP Eeys Beane Demeter Whih is iw posible enerqy te abhieve ie Ss flere eledsans Quvorilorn Numbers ave rel pres in rucleus. he sain ol, of schvodirges equations ard boondany Valve a involves se carslar mecesny fot oO passiblle value. Thee canslars are called quan rombess. There are fox gyuarlen pubes ushich desire ne cleden iw an ater 4. Principle Quariture Number ‘ fas ah, ovbitd or eneegy ba) > Treay eed LM? cocespors foe=42.,34,7 repartee 2+ Azimalhd Quartum Number =, Reperatied Bees. —> Describes shape al orbit (erge nt > Repees es Nera Sue nnd 4-0 \=0 Scie oa Fees 2 70)\ QA p-atbit Subshalls ne 3 Os4e t-2 4 — abit n- 4 oy) wate Oelale dle Quorum NumberBs Magrale Quortiun Number nat = Osh ae i “Nor momerton & reree FoUNY] Pawling axcord udecds G - rragede dipak 4S) elekror de. Spin Quontorm Nomber clean Spinnig i acleusi¥e SaZeemon Effect “The splitting of spectal lines is Ted Zeeman Effect" Mathematic eee —> eledon rerdluirg arsoord radexs hag D magrtticcicel ~» equavdert fo carrer in loo We Magrdic Hertel Esagy by a magnate: field extemal > When peed inp maguaic (geld B A -twcqune aould be experiena by eleckyars a weaigtt dite E y Pe4eBsin@ Energy wold be equal to a bnalegers “bate (Favefe ace aie divebin — We b&b a wile ra ay : waa wilic dipde =Aly itself wth a ide wMomed) 4 Ge Dice ch ls 9 ron Li ese ya ae. Ape revdations Ws -ew ar” j hat We feeqyoenty ol L= mvy eas iL linear yelxity af ae a - eledven = lane (cnotgeen) VRAD as 0 Soterd = WO Qnms iw — Wi) RR Nete ‘w" vied above | ge Re? antes J = ae \- fw" ig ony writer to on a) ron eh Pie stondan Boake Now V4 B cos Nba = — ee = x line 4 m, a \ £44) 03 Oaret N= y » Hohe orm tue v e 2 — he Bh Unler the adion 3h RB-E 4ifferes lor cttomic. 2% wa, —Aifferert umber —¢ They are responsible change in Aeoacgy o hence oe Tn ia magnetic field tata quuarilorn ie amber GROKC into ceverell subitale! ue and they energi#® ore slightly mere ka the energy &{ the slebe in > coat L iting of spectral Thes romenen Spi 4 ? lines ne geprte lines when atoms yadtee effed with spacing =Elechon Spin > Many spechral lines actually i _ ee wan cape \y cass consists al hoe spebat SS Ver cleee fo each alher > the thee auadun horbers qption wid nal en 2A {pate ued fy Stag seeing e¥ > ARS Va q F Reasons > EHledren movil be 5 aa having on idterrd wrognite os Trleradkirg) with pices vali Aipak Inerral Zeeman Effect § Boery Bates Quccess — Nd ~ exp xplins fine opted aby 44 also sepertion \ike pray Sm Jime a G factor tic vnoment Angydar mémentun rragnalic momerL /= cong ork ergelcr wgmentye oy 5 g factor a \ a patel We eeen (Ee deter More speciale vnagpehe wrement = contant xqyereg neti eliny angle womentumnCG factor vs Oo crallity constant rat selates catteek obewved Carl obo ele +0 naan gl Rearioties aah robe” velating ie momen with total Lond a tor i ie rl actoy ig an “ca ie ee chetecnd “tog Ddebit” y= 8 JN eet en Bae “ition: Atomic Spedtra = Wren an alomic gas ov yapaas a) muh less than climagherte resswe is suitably excited usually pasing on eledric coment dios it, Tre emitted yodiction has a Spedrun) which corbin certain spefic Uewelengths only called temic spection.” > Nine spedton om ST any elemerd combains wvenclengin Thal exbitit These yequianities were classified intocertin Adfinte vequbuile/ gop alld Woe epedhal series Balmer Series eee ES Series identified by Balmer Bapretion ede pe by Rydberg = nt ne34se Utharidel, Region Eat ae oe Wave number =) > - ree 3) cK nN ne33,4-- Desivdlion Poschen Series Ey Ee Ee Es * Infrared Region ~ Pp 1s Ree bf- E-E, ee n= 4,56- e+ FUL 4)“YT hae PY Brockett Series e Tae Beger AoE Gap) S(t -§) be n= 5,6jT \ z Son) Prund Series i i wera ed Bieler Bae serine ot ee De fee x Sige)Pooli exclusion Principle © No two electrons can have came sel of apcartom ombers.”” Ramon Effect : The inelasle scaitering af, pretens scattered by excitation Stwodinger Nave Eqyuction se Sas Equation ic a patti Niffeverttal, squsatio> that Aercribe raw the ajuantine state 2b Seng” prysal System ere watih tine” Derivation eke Geneal ware eqpnlin YY aL av ae he a Tle a = Aisplocemet = .. t= time General elution weave equation ie mt t = 5) F = Avy function sfhak can be Aifpretlicted).. <7 in +1 divedion ve. voxel cde5 > Ths sates correspords to aren! sdobor to pow ey , —> Undamped ( Gonstent Anottale > Monedyamatic( conitant |peqpersy) —> Hewmanic wae 5 in 4n Awedtion So, we get aie t-%) vac oe pacts aqvartiy as Co = cas8 ising we pave qd A ees wo (EH) A sin w( t-£) Scheedirget Eauuction Time domain bgrm wiw(t-%,) fo Ae > Replaieg wean ovefh wonltt- 2)% Tor eres Raticle 4Y-Ne Ya CEt- ped > Differentiatin > Diffecntiating sale Ly WA y (+t) oy £ as or f nH oe soy - & ee on oy fj + cs Y alee pe >yeu Api pl € ‘ axe a te a ae ae Rep Steen es > Teta Energy E+ PERE E-Vip a Peat thg bale side by - ces £ 4° ow ae > From A fe 0 oD oat Freed. Ey =-h o8 \ He. 0C Ey = th oy —E oe _ Yulting Wain ohags vy ee eee at 2m 3h—> Rilting DGE in ¢ image vy re eee at =! SehrBanger Exyustion: Steady - State Form —> Th case pelertial energy ra changing with time = bat changi with” pition wd y WA ei eye ya g tees ett Dee ie, 2 an ny 4s i Le pater depend vnowe fyndion ay So peek? comes os wie a ae Vy be. S 7 iE wy! aon ee oe em Oat Nye is De L Be a ee, = diiding Yi Fee 4, é peck yy Vy SS = é _, Sete OY -° ey! Ie ey ee ae ae —> Tread A sing / ee eneral'ly | for_verone WH, de CEM 20 eee Tis teres ClimensionScruedinger Equation; Particle in a Rigia Box. ae F Boe ts wigid (uo past enegy Wat cbrng One 5 Exe cubide box (hence particle canrd leae the ba) CZ peeo at 20g ue ond imide the bom > So Yzo fox 2 60 4 WL Calculation reel y ; on i a + x Eee ee “aed in xehoy Se ae > ened Vo patible solotion / y= A sn| of + ee © ie Bal as 2 di alse a sduhen Ai Boorclary Corchition ipo eee Se p i: oe ) (2 w= qquantion nonbed =nk (n=\23 Sod Eqaitn clos ral dacribe he pee becasue ot X20 Yd =Bas6 0-8 (wren Bos THs ne. 8 S wowe there)TO Eqaton alow val dacribe he Pattie “becaue at X=0 Pd ee o-8 [when BeO) its ne B=6 (More “treve) patting A 4 =A Siw [pert eR v ye Asin nx ts aay Gea L (yaa ~ {14a Ton J sie (et i Jaa ees, a ps Vo rormalize P we must ous > vale bA cae Ws Pax rather Tren rere ies : siti =f : Pde - fo gelatin obtained gusstied que SO clesel, mechani re ene Jeveb avai it lak catines. Thee3 Lineay Havmreric Oscillator For Homeric Oscillator Ywertiot i Ved ke a + 2m (E-1kx)Y4 <0 ia (4, - 44, 08 ih only one dimensional ascilleta,) “To make “the) eapation in The fori ip & ae + (o-YDY =0 We a 4p do the 2 “ i lg? Dae i ocak “Vee <0 : ek Reb = Be 7ae (ay) Hrd Boordary cardition Fl 305 ames topes loalize | \ 4 * aes ea | becaws € | Sliley oz finite 120 only order ARS | condi aterOde Gor = yo? 77% a So “+ Auction that satcly F5] E/oleaty ai : 4 eile : va abriawly rege? Expendnteal “ts zero ce Nes2 vas Melk > eth = es ot a Ng ah ay gan yale oa a a Bee me ae) ae dt Yo Ay -4) a cf i ee ce diene SE a er ag We fn Ss