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AC Power
Resonant Circuits
Phasors (2-dim vectors, amplitude and phase)
What is reactance?
You can think of it as a frequency-dependent resistance.
( "XR " = R )
An RL circuit is driven by an
AC generator as shown in the
figure.
Adding the three phasors vectorially, yields the voltage sum of the
resistor, inductor, and capacitor, which must be the same as the
voltage of the AC source. Kirchoffs voltage law holds for AC circuits.
Strategy:
We will use Kirchhoffs voltage law that the (phasor)
sum of the voltages VR, VC, and VL must equal Vdrive.
Phasors, cont.
R
Problem: Given Vdrive = m sin(t), C L
find VR, VL, VC, IR, IL, IC
Z= ( R )2 + ( X L - X C )2 Z is called impedance
VL VC L 1 / C
tan = =
VR R
Also:
V = V MAX = I Z Like: VR = IR
Vrms = I rms Z
i = I cos t
v = V cos(t + )
LRC series circuit;
Summary of instantaneous
Current and voltages
VR = IR
VL = IX L
VC = IX C
i (t ) = I cos(t )
v R (t ) = IR cos(t )
1
vC (t ) = IX C cos(t 90) = I cos(t 90)
C
v L (t ) = IX L cos(t + 90) = IL cos(t + 90)
v ad (t ) = I ( X R )2 + ( X L - X C )2 cos(t + )
VL VC L 1 / C
tan = =
VR R
Alternating Currents: LRC circuit, Fig. 31.11
Y&F Example 31.4
V=50v
=10000rad/s
R=300ohm
L=60mH
C
C=0.5
Clicker problem
2A A series RC circuit is driven by
emf . Which of the following ~
could be an appropriate phasor
diagram?
VL m m
VC VR
VR VR VC m
VC
(a) (b) (c)
VL m m
VC VR
VR VR VC m
VC
(a) (b) (c)
The phasor diagram for the driven series RLC circuit always has the
voltage across the capacitor lagging the current by 90. The vector sum
of the VC and VR phasors must equal the generator emf phasor m.
Clicker problem
For this circuit which of the following
~
is true?
2B
(a) The drive voltage is in phase with the
current.
(b)The drive voltage lags the current.
(c) The drive voltage leads the current.
First, remember that the current phasor I is
always in the same orientation as the resistor
voltage phasor VR (since the current and voltage
VR , I are always in phase). From the diagram, we see
that the drive phasor m is lagging (clockwise) I.
Just as VC lags I by 90, in an AC driven RC
m
circuit, the drive voltage will also lag I by some
angle less than 90. The precise phase lag
depends on the values of R, C and .
LRC Circuits with phasors
I XL where . . .
R
m
X L L
C L
IR 1
XC
I XC C
The phasor diagram gives us graphical solutions for and I:
I XL I XC
(
m2 = I 2 R 2 + ( X L X C )2 )
m
X L XC m = I R 2 + ( X L X C )2 = IZ
IR tan =
R
Z R2 + ( X L X C )
2
LRC series circuit;
Summary of instantaneous
Current and voltages
VR = IR
VL = IX L
VC = IX C
i (t ) = I cos(t )
v R (t ) = IR cos(t )
1
vC (t ) = IX C cos(t 90) = I cos(t 90)
C
v L (t ) = IX L cos(t + 90) = IL cos(t + 90)
(t ) = vad (t ) = IZ cos(t + ) = m cos(t + )
VL VC XL XC
tan = = Z= ( X R )2 + ( X L - X C )2
VR R
Lagging & Leading
The phase between the current and the driving emf depends on the
relative magnitudes of the inductive and capacitive reactances.
X XC X L
I = m tan = L L
Z R 1
X
C
C
XL
Z XL
XL
Z
R R R
Z
XC XC
XC
XL > XC XL < XC XL = XC
>0 <0 =0
current current current
LAGS LEADS IN PHASE WITH
applied voltage applied voltage applied voltage
Impedance, Z
From the phasor diagram we found that the current amplitude
I was related to the drive voltage amplitude m by
mm = I m Z
Z is known as the impedance, and is basically the
frequency dependent equivalent resistance of the
series LRC circuit, given by:
Z
Impedance IZ
I XL XC XL XC
Triangle
| | | |
I R R
m R
= R + ( X L XC )
2
Z 2
or Z=
Im cos( )
Note that Z achieves its minimum value (R) when = 0. Under
this condition the maximum current flows in the circuit.
Resonance
For fixed R, C, L the current I will be a maximum at the
resonant frequency which makes the impedance Z
purely resistive (Z = R). i.e., I = m = m
R2 + ( XL XC )
m
Z 2
Example: vary R
V=100 v
=1000 rad/s
R=200, 500, 2000 ohm
L=2 H
C=0.5 C
Clicker: a general AC circuit containing a
resistor, capacitor, and inductor, driven by an AC
generator.
1) As the frequency of the circuit is either raised
above or lowered below the resonant frequency,
the impedance of the circuit ________________.
a) always increases
b) only increases for lowering the frequency below resonance
c) only increases for raising the frequency above resonance
Changing the frequency away from the resonant frequency will change both the
reductive and capacitive reactance such that XL - XC is no longer 0. This, when
squared, gives a positive term to the impedance, increasing its value. By
definition, at the resonance frequency, Imax is at its greatest and the phase angle
is 0, so the current is in phase with the voltage across the generator.
Announcements
Stove top
Stovetop does
does not
not become
become hot ! hot !!
Special induction
Requires cookware that
cookware
can sustain magnetic flux
ELI the ICE man
(a mnemonic for phase relationships
in AC circuits)
I XL I XC
(
m2 = I 2 R 2 + ( X L X C )2 )
m
X L XC m = I R 2 + ( X L X C )2 = IZ
IR tan =
R
Z R2 + (X L X C )
2
Lagging & Leading
The phase between the current and the driving emf depends on the
relative magnitudes of the inductive and capacitive reactances.
X XC X L
I = m tan = L L
Z R 1
X
C
C
XL
Z XL
XL
Z
R R R
Z
XC XC
XC
XL > XC XL < XC XL = XC
>0 <0 =0
current current current
LAGS LEADS IN PHASE WITH
applied voltage applied voltage applied voltage
Impedance, Z
From the phasor diagram we found that the current amplitude
I was related to the drive voltage amplitude m by
mm = I m Z
Z is known as the impedance, and is basically the
frequency dependent equivalent resistance of the
series LRC circuit, given by:
Z
Impedance IZ
I XL XC XL XC
Triangle
| | | |
I R R
m R
= R + ( X L XC )
2
Z 2
or Z=
Im cos( )
Note that Z achieves its minimum value (R) when = 0. Under
this condition the maximum current flows in the circuit.
Resonance
For fixed R, C, L the current I will be a maximum at the
resonant frequency which makes the impedance Z
m i.e., m
purely resistive (ZIm==R).=
Z R2
(
+ XL XC )2
R
For very large, XL >> XC, 90,
I I0
For very small, XC >> XL, -90,
0
I0
0 2
Example: vary R
V=100 v
=1000 rad/s
R=200, 500, 2000 ohm
L=2 H
C=0.5 C
4) Fill in the blanks. This circuit is being
driven __________ its resonance
frequency.
a) above
b) below
c) exactly at
=900
Not a clicker question
If you wanted to increase the power
delivered to this RLC circuit, which
modification(s) would work?
Note: fixed.
a) increase R d) decrease R
b) increase C e) decrease C
c) increase L f) decrease L
a) yes b) no
Power ~ Icos ~ (1/Z)(R/Z) = (R/Z2)
{
2
P(t) = rms Irms cos 2
= ( Irms ) R X L XC
2
Z R + (X L X C )
2
2
tan =
R
1
=
Driven Series LRC Circuit: LC
Resonance condition
Resonant frequency