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CIVIL
HYDRAULICS
Module
1:
CHANNEL
HYDRAULICS
It
seems
that
even
for
the
same
flow
rate
in
the
same
channel
with
the
same
geometry,
slope
and
resistance
there
can
be
two
states
of
flow:
one
shallow
and
fast,
one
deep
and
slow.
The
energy
principle
can
be
used
to
explain
this.
Questions
to
guide
your
reading
How
do
we
adapt
the
Bernoulli
equation
to
apply
to
open
channel
flow?
What
is
specific
energy?
How
is
it
different
from
total
energy?
Explain
a
specific
energy
diagram.
Why
does
the
water
surface
dip
over
a
hump
in
the
channel
bed?
Does
it
always?
What
is
the
Froude
number?
What
is
the
value
of
the
Froude
number
for
sub-critical,
critical
and
super-critical
flows?
How
is
a
broad
crested
weir
used
to
measure
flow
in
a
channel?
Describe
the
water
surface
through
a
channel
contraction,
a
channel
expansion.
Are
there
other
possibilities?
Reading
guide
Henderson
Chapter
2
will
guide
you
through
the
application
of
energy
principles
to
explain
sub-
critical
and
super-critical
flow.
Its
a
good
explanation
although
it
does
get
a
little
detailed
in
places
and
it
does
use
old
imperial
units
in
the
examples.
Use
Henderson
to
introduce
the
ideas.
Read
2.1
and
2.2
to
lead
to
the
idea
of
specific
energy
and
alternate
depths.
It
is
important
to
understand
this
underlying
theory.
Read
2.3
and
2.4
and
get
the
idea
of
the
Froude
Number.
Using
Hendersons
terminology:
Fr =
Fr
<
1
Flow
is
sub-critical
Fr
=
1
Flow
is
critical
Fr
>
1
Flow
is
super-critical
Read
2.5
and
2.6
to
introduce
some
applications
of
the
concepts.
Read
2.7
to
get
the
idea
of
how
we
might
deal
with
non-rectangular
sections
but
you
dont
need
to
get
too
involved.
Now
go
back
to
Chadwick
and
Morfett
to
recap
what
you
have
read
in
Henderson.
Read
all
of
5.7.
Relate
this
nice
summary
back
to
the
explanations
in
Henderson.
Read
5.9
for
specific
examples
of
flow
over
a
weir
and
flow
through
a
contraction.
If
you
are
still
uncomfortable
about
this
I
have
some
other
notes
here
that
you
might
like
(open
access
course
notes
from
MIT
Chap
5
paragraphs
18-35).
Exercises
1 Water
flows
at
a
velocity
of
1m/sec
and
a
depth
of
1.7m
in
a
rectangular
channel.
There
is
a
smooth
upward
step
of
150mm
in
the
channel
bed.
Determine:
a) The
depth
of
water
over
the
step.
b) The
change
in
the
absolute
level
of
the
water
surface.
2 Water
flows
in
a
horizontal
rectangular
channel
of
width
3m.
A
transition
is
designed
to
connect
this
channel
to
another
of
the
same
width,
but
with
an
invert
level
0.4m
lower.
The
flow
rate
is
15m3/sec,
the
upstream
depth
is
3.6m,
and
there
is
no
energy
loss.
a) Is
the
upstream
flow
sub-critical
or
super-critical?
b) Will
the
water
level
rise
or
fall
(or
stay
the
same!)
through
the
transition?
c) What
is
the
depth
downstream
of
the
transition?
d) Repeat
c.)
assuming
that
there
is
an
energy
loss
through
the
transition
of
0.1m.
3 A
rectangular
channel
carries
a
discharge
per
unit
width
of
0.5
m3/s.
The
specific
energy
in
the
upstream
channel
is
1.0
m.
a) Calculate
the
effect
on
the
water
level
of
installing
a
0.3
m
step-up
in
the
bed
of
the
channel.
(HINT
start
by
plotting
specific
energy
against
depth)
i) if
the
upstream
flow
is
sub-critical
ii) if
the
upstream
flow
is
super-critical
Sketch
the
results
b) Calculate
the
effect
in
the
same
channel
of
lowering
a
section
of
the
channel
bed
by
0.3
m.
i) if
the
upstream
flow
is
sub-critical
ii) if
the
upstream
flow
is
super-critical
Sketch
the
results
Topic 2: Flow at structures and transitions (continued)
2.2 The
hydraulic
jump.
Application
of
the
momentum
principle.
Learning
objectives
Recognise
when
a
hydraulic
jump
will
occur
Calculate
conjugate
depths
to
locate
a
hydraulic
jump
Calculate
the
energy
loss
in
a
hydraulic
jump
Introduction
When
super-critical
flow
transitions
back
to
sub-critical
flow
a
hydraulic
jump
occurs.
One
of
the
characteristics
of
the
jump
is
turbulence
and
this
causes
energy
loss.
Because
the
energy
loss
is
unknown,
we
need
to
resort
to
conservation
of
momentum
to
analyse
flow
conditions
upstream
and
downstream
of
the
jump.
Questions
to
guide
your
reading
Under
what
conditions
will
a
hydraulic
jump
occur?
How
can
we
calculate
the
energy
loss
in
a
hydraulic
jump?
How
can
we
work
out
where
the
jump
will
be
located?
Reading
Guide
Read
Chadwick
5.8
Videos
You
can
also
watch
the
videos
available
for
this
topic.
These
are
intended
to
give
you
start
on
the
topic
but
do
not
cover
all
the
details.
You
will
still
need
to
complete
the
readings
cover
all
the
material.
The
links
for
the
two
videos
(part
1
and
2)
are
available
on
LMS.
Exercises
1. A
simple
hydraulic
jump
occurs
in
a
rectangular
channel
4
m
wide.
The
depths
immediately
upstream
and
downstream
of
the
jump
are
observed
to
be
respectively
1.5
m
and
2.2
m.
3. A
hydraulic
jump
at
the
base
of
a
spillway
of
a
dam
is
such
that
the
depths
upstream
and
downstream
of
the
jump
are
0.90
and
3.6
m,
respectively.
If
the
spillway
is
10
m
wide,
what
is
the
flowrate
over
the
spillway?
Assignment
You
can
now
tackle
Topic
2
of
the
assignment
Dont
forget
to
complete
the
online
quiz
at
least
48
hours
before
the
start
time
of
the
Topic
2
workshop
in
Week
3.
The
mark
for
this
does
not
matter
to
your
overall
assessment.
However,
there
are
marks
for
completing
the
quiz
regardless
off
how
well
you
do
with
the
questions.