Chapter 4 363

PROBLEM 4.36
4.36 For the aluminum bar and loading of Sample Prob. 4.1, determine (a) the radius of curvature r of
a transverse cross section, (b) the angle between the sides of the bar which were originally
vertical. Use E = 70 GPa and u = 0.33.

SOLUTION

From Sample Problem 4.1 I = 4.38 106 mm4 M = 10.07 kN m

1 M 10.07 103
= = = 0.0328 m1
r EI ( 70 10 9 ) ( 4.38 10 -6 )
1 1
(a) = u = (0.33)(0.0328) = 0.0108 m1
r r
r = 92.38 m
length of arc b 0.080
(b) q = = = = 865 106 rad = 0.0496
radius r 92.38
y
PROBLEM 4.37
4.37 A W 200 31.3 rolled-steel beam is subjected to a couple M of
moment 45 kN m. Knowing that E = 200 GPa, u = 0.29, deter- A
mine (a) the radius of curvature r, (b) the radius of curvature r z
M
of a transverse cross section.
C
SOLUTION
For W200 31.3 rolled steel section x
6 4 6 4
I = 31.4 10 mm = 31.4 10 m

1 M 45 10 3
(a) = = = 7.17 103 m1
r EI ( 200 10 9 ) (31.4 10 -6 )
r = 139.6 m
1 1
(b) = u = (0.29) (7.17 103) = 2.07 103 m1 r = 481 m
r r
y

PROBLEM 4.38 q q
2 2
4.38 It was assumed in Sec. 4.3 that the normal stresses sy sy y=+c sy
in a member in pure bending are negligible. For an
initially straight elastic member of rectangular cross sr sr
section, (a) derive an approximate expression for sy
as a function of y, (b) show that (sy)max (c/2r) q
y=c
q
2 2
364 Mechanics of Materials

(sx)max and, thus, that sy can be neglected in all

practical situations. (Hint: Consider the free-body
diagram of the portion of beam located below the
surface of ordinate y and assume the distribution of
the stress sx is still linear.)

SOLUTION
Denote the width of the beam by b and the length by L.
L
q=
r
q
Using the free body diagram above, with cos 1

z
2
y q
SFy = 0 sybL + s x bdy sin =0
-c 2

sy =
2
L
sin
q
2 z
-c
y
s x dy
q
L z y

-c
s x dy =
1
r z
-c
y
s x dy

y
But sx = (sx)max
c

z
y
(s x ) max y (s x ) max y 2 (s x ) max
sy = y dy = = ( y2 c2)
rc -c rc 2 -c
2 rc
The maximum value sy occurs at y = 0
(s x ) max c 2 (s x ) max c
(sy)max = =
2 rc 2r

PROBLEM 4.39 Brass

6 mm
4.39 and 4.40 Two brass strips are securely bonded to an
aluminum bar of 30 30 mm square cross section. Aluminum
30 mm
Using the data given below, determine the largest
permissible bending moment when the composite
member is bent about a horizontal axis. 6 mm
Aluminum Brass 30 mm
Modulus of elasticity: 70 GPa 105 GPa n
Allowable stress: 100 MPa 160 MPa 1 1.5

SOLUTION 1.0
axis

Use aluminum as the reference material 2

n = 1.0 in aluminum 1.5

3
 Chapter 4 365

n = Eb /Ea = 105/70 = 1.5 in brass

For the transformed section
n1
I1 = b1h13 + n1A1d12
12
1.5
= (30)(6)3 + (1.5)(30)(6)(18)3 = 88.29 103 mm4
12
n2 1.0
I2 = b2h32 = (30)(30)3 = 67.5 103 mm4, I3 = I1 = 88.29 103 mm4
12 12
I = I1 + I2 + I3 = 244.08 103 mm4 = 244.08 109 m4
nMy sI
|s | = M=
I ny
Aluminium: n = 1.0, y = 15 mm = 0.015 m, s = 100 106 Pa
(100 10 6 )(244.08 10 -9 )
M= = 1.627 103 N m
(1.0)(0.015)
Brass: n = 1.5, y = 21 mm = 0.021 m, s = 160 106 Pa
(160 10 6 )(244.08 10 -9 )
M= = 1.240 103 N m
(1.5)(0.021)
Choose the smaller value M = 1.240 103 N m = 1.240 kN m

PROBLEM 4.40
4.39 and 4.40 Two aluminium strips are securely bonded to brass
bar of 30 30 mm square cross section. Using the
data given below, determine the largest permissible
bending moment when the composite member is bent
about a horizontal axis.
Aluminium Brass
Modulus of elasticity: 70 GPa 105 GPa
Allowable stress: 100 MPa 160 MPa

SOLUTION
Use aluminium as the reference material
n = 1.0 in aluminium
n = Eb /Ea = 105/70 = 1.5 in brass
For the transformed section
I 1 = n1 b1h31 + n1A1d12
12
366 Mechanics of Materials

1.0
= (30)(6)3 + (1.0)(30)(6)(18)2 = 58.86 103 mm4
12
n 1.5
I 2 = 2 b2h 32 = (30)(30)3 = 101.25 103 mm4, I3 = I1 = 58.86 103 mm4
12 12
I = I1 + I2 + I3 = 218.97 103 mm4 = 218.97 109 m4

nMy sI
|s | = \ M=
I ny
Aluminum: n = 1.0, y = 21 mm = 0.021 m s = 100 106 Pa

(100 10 6 ) (218.97 10 -9 )
M= = 1.043 103 N m
(1.0) (0.021)
Brass: n = 1.5, y = 15 mm = 0.015 m, s = 160 106 Pa

(160 10 6 ) (218.97 10 -9 )
M= = 1.557 103 N m
(1.5) (0.015)
Choose the smaller value M = 1.043 103 N m = 1.043 kN m

PROBLEM 4.41
4.41 and 4.42 For the composite bar indicate, determined the
permissible bending moment when the bar is bent
about a vertical axis.
4.41 Bar of Prob. 4.39

SOLUTION
Use aluminum as reference material
n = 1.0 in aluminum
n = Eb /Ea = 105/70 = 1.5 in brass
For the transformed section

I 1 = n1 b1h 31
12
1.5
= (6)(30)3 = 20.25 103 mm4
12
n2
I2 = b2h32
12
1.0
= (30)(30)3 = 67.5 103 mm4
12
 Chapter 4 367

I 3 = I1 = 20.25 103 mm4

I = I1 + I2 + I3 = 108 103 mm4 = 108 109 m4
nMy sI
|s | = \ M=
I ny
Aluminum: n = 1.0, y = 15 mm = 0.015 m, s = 100 106 Pa

(100 10 6 ) (108 10 -9 )
M= = 720 N m
(1.0) ( 0.015)
Brass: n = 1.5, y = 15 mm = 0.015 m, s = 160 106 Pa

(160 10 6 ) (108 10 -9 )
M= = 768 N m
(1.5) (0.015)
Choose the smaller value M = 720 N m

PROBLEM 4.42
4.41 and 4.42 For the composite bar indicated, determine the
permissible bending moment when the bar is bent
about a vertical axis.
4.42 Bar of Prob. 4.40

SOLUTION
Use aluminum as reference material
n = 1.0 in aluminum
n = Eb /Ea = 105/70 = 1.5 in brass
For the transformed section
n1
I1 = b1h31
12
1.0
= (6) (30)3 = 13.5 103 mm4
12
n2 1.5
I2 = b2h32 = (30) (30)3 = 101.25 mm4
12 12
I 3 = I1 = 13.5 103 mm4
I = I1 + I2 + I3 = 128.25 103 mm4 = 128.25 109 m4

n My sI
|s | = M=
I ny
368 Mechanics of Materials

Aluminum: n = 1.0, y = 15 mm = 0.015 m, s = 100 106 Pa

(100 10 6 ) (128.25 10 -9 )
M= = 855 N m
(1.0) ( 0.015)
Brass: n = 1.5, y = 15 mm = 0.015 m, s = 160 106 Pa
6 -9
M = (160 10 ) (128.25 10 ) = 912 N m
(1.5) ( 0.015)
Choose the smaller valve M = 855 N m

PROBLEM 4.43
4.43 and 4.44 Wooden beams and steel plates are securely bolted
together to form the composite members shown. Using the
data given below, determine the largest permissible
250 mm
bending moment when the composite beam is bent about a
horizontal axis.
Wood Steel
Modulus of elasticity: 14 GPa 200 GPa
Allowable stress: 14 MPa 150 MPa
75 mm 75 mm
SOLUTION 12 mm

Use wood as the reference material

n = 1.0 in wood
n = Es /Ew = 200/14 = 14.28 in steel
For the transformed section
n1 1.0
I1 = b1h31 = (75)(250)3 = 97656250 mm4 = 97.6 106 mm4
12 12
n2 14.28
I2 = b2h32 = (12)(250)3 = 223125000 mm4 = 223.10 106 mm4
12 12
I 3 = I1 = 97.6 106 mm4
I = I1 + I2 + I3 = 418.3 106 mm4
n My sI
|s | = \ M=
I ny
Wood: n = 1.0, y = 125 mm, s = 14 MPa

(14 10 6 ) ( 418.3 10 -6 )
M= = 46849 N m
(1.0) ( 0.125)
 Chapter 4 369

Steel: n = 14.28, y = 125 mm, s = 150 MPa

(150 10 6 ) ( 418.3 10 -6 )
M= = 35151 N m
(14.28) ( 0.125)
Choose the smaller value M = 35151 N m = 3.52 kN m

PROBLEM 4.44
4.43 and 4.44 Wooden beams and steel plates are securely bolted
together to form the composite members shown. Using the
data given below, determine the largest permissible
bending moment when the composite beam is bent about a
horizontal axis.
Wood Steel
Modulus of elasticity: 14 GPa 200 GPa
Allowable stress: 14 MPa 150 MPa

SOLUTION
Use wood as the reference material
n = 1.0 in wood
n = Es /Ew = 200/14 = 14.28 in steel
For the transformed section
n
I 1 = 1 b1h31 + n1A1d 12
12
14.28
= (125)(12)3 + (14.28)(125)(12)(131)2 = 368 106 mm4
12
n 1.0
I 2 = 2 b2h22 = (150)(250)3 = 195.3 106 mm4
12 12
I 3 = I1 = 368 106 mm4
I = I1 + I2 + I3 = 931.3 106 mm4
sI
|s | = nMy \ M=
I ny
Wood: n = 1.0, y = 125 mm, s = 14 MPa
(14 10 6 ) (931.3 10 -6 )
M= = 104.3 103 N m
(1.0) (0.125)
Steel: n = 15, y = 137 mm, s = 150 MPa
(150 10 6 ) (931.3 10 -6 )
M= = 67.978 103 N m
(15) ( 0.137)
Choose the smaller value M = 67.978 103 N m = 66.98 kN m
370 Mechanics of Materials

PROBLEM 4.45
4.45 and 4.46 A copper strip (Ec = 105 GPa) and an aluminum strip
(Ea = 75 GPa) are bonded together to form the
composite bar shown. Knowing that the bar is bent
about a horizontal axis by a couple of moment 35 N m, determine the maximum stress
in (a) the aluminum strip, (b) the copper strip.

SOLUTION
Use aluminum as the reference material
n = 10 in aluminum
n = Ec /Ea = 105/75 = 1.4 in copper
Transformed section
A, mm2 nA, mm2 y 0 , mm nA y 0 , mm3
(1) 144 144 9 1296
(2) 144 201.6 3 604.8
S 345.6 1900.8
1900.8
Y0 = = 5.50 mm
345.6
The neutral axis lies 5.50 mm above the bottom
n1 1.0
I1 = b1h 31 + n1A1d 12 = (24)(6)3 + (1.0)(24)(6)(3.5)2 = 2196 mm4
12 12
n2 1.4
I2 = b2h32 + n2A2d 22 = (24)(6)3 + (1.4)(24)(6)(2.5)2 = 1864.8 mm4
12 12
I = I1 + I2 = 4060.8 mm4 = 4.0608 109 m4
(a) Aluminum n = 1.0 y = 12 5.5 = 6.5 mm = 0.0065 m
nMy (1.0 )(35)( 0.0065)
s = = = 56.0 106 Pa = 56.0 MPa
I 4.0608 10 -9
(b) Copper n = (1.4) y = 5.5 mm = 0.0055 m
nMy (1.4)(35)( -0.0055)
s = = = 66.4 106 Pa = 66.4 MPa
I 4.0608 10 -9

PROBLEM 4.46
4.45 and 4.46 A cooper strip (Ec = 105 GPa) and an aluminum
strip (Ea = 75 GPa) are bonded together to form
the composite bar shown. Knowing that the bar
is bent about a horizontal axis by a couple of mo-
 Chapter 4 371

ment 35 N m, determine the maximum stress in (a) the aluminum strip, (b) the copper
strip.

SOLUTION
Use aluminum as the reference material
n = 1.0 in aluminum
n = Ec /Ea = 105/75 = 1.4 in copper
Transformed section
A, mm2 nA, mm2 y 0 , mm nA y 0 , mm3
(1) 216 216 7.5 1620
(2) 72 100.8 1.5 151.8
S 316.8 1771.2
1771.2
Y0 = = 5.5909 mm
316.8
The neutral axis lies 5.5909 mm above the bottom

n1 1.0
I1 = b1h31 + n1A1d 12 = (24)(9)3 + (1.0)(24)(9)(1.9091)2 = 2245.2 mm4
12 12
n2 1.4
I2 = b2h32 + n2A2d 22 = (24)(3)3 + (1.4)(24)(3)(4.0909)2 = 1762.5 mm4
12 12
I = I1 + I2 = 4839 mm4 = 4.008 109 m4
(a) Aluminum: n = 1.0 y = 12 5.5909 = 6.4091mm = 0.0064091 m
nMy (1.0 )(35)(0.0064091)
s = = = 56.0 106 Pa = 56.0 MPa
I 4.008 10 -9
(b) Copper: n = 1.4, y = 5.5909 mm = 0.0055909 m
nMy (1.4 )(35)(-0.0055909)
s = = = 68.4 106 Pa = 68.4 MPa
I 4.008 10 -9

PROBLEM 4.47
4.47 and 4.48 A 150 250 mm timber beam has been strengthened by
bolting to it the steel straps shown. The modulus of elasticity is 10 GPa
for the wood and 200 GPa for the steel. Knowing that the beam is bent
about a horizontal axis by a couple of moment 22 kN m, determine the
maximum stress in (a) the wood, (b) the steel.
372 Mechanics of Materials

SOLUTION
Use wood as the reference material
n = 1.0 in wood
n = Es /Ew = 200/10 = 20 for steel
Transformed section
A, mm2 nA, mm2 y 0 , mm nA y 0 , mm3
(1) 37500 37500 137 5,137,500
(2) 1500 30,000 6 180,000
S 67,500 5,317,500

5,317,500
Y0 = = 78.78 mm
67,500
The neutral axis lies 78.78 mm about the bottom
n1 1.0
I1 = b1h31 + n1A1d21 = (150)(250)3 + (1.0)(37500)(58.22)2 = 322.42 106 mm4
12 12
n2 20
I2 = b2h32 + n2A2d 22 = (125)(12)3 + (20)(1500)(72.78)2 = 159.26 106 mm4
12 12
I = I1 + I2 = 481.68 106 mm4
(a) Wood: n = 1.0 y = 262 78.78 = 183.22 mm
n My (1.0) (22 103 ) ( 0.18322)
s = = = 8.36 MPa
I 481.68 10 -6
(b) Steel: n = 20 y = 78.78 mm
n My ( 20)(22 103 )( -0.07878)
s = = = 71.96 MPa
I 481.68 10 -6

PROBLEM 4.48
4.47 and 4.48 A 150 250 mm timber beam has been strengthened
by bolting it to the steel straps shown. The modulus of
elasticity 10 GPa for the wood and 200 GPa for the
steel. Knowing that the beam is bent about a horizontal
axis by a couple of moment 22 kN m, determine the
maximum stress in (a) the wood, (b) the steel.

SOLUTION
Use wood as the reference material
n = 1.0 in wood
n = Es /Ew = 200/10 = 20 in steel
 Chapter 4 373

Transformed section
A nA y0 nA y 0
(1) 37500 37500 125 4,687,500
(2) 500 10000 25 250,000
(3) 500 10000 25 250,000
S 57500 330 5,187,500
5 187500
Y0 = = 90.21 mm
57500
The neutral axis lies 90.21 mm above the bottom
n1 1.0
I1 = b1h31 + n1A1d 12 = (150)(250)3 + (1.0)(37500)(34.88)2 = 240 935 540 mm4
12 12
n2 20
I 2 = I3 = b2h 32 + n2A2d 22 = (10)(50)3 + (20)(500)(65.21)2 = 44 606 774 mm4
12 12
I = I1 + I2 + I3 = 330.15 106 mm4
(a) Wood: n = 1.0, y = 250 90.21 = 159.79 mm
nM y (1.0 )(22 10 3 )(0.15979)
s = = = 10.64 MPa
I 330.15 10 -6
(b) Steel: n = 20 y = 90.21 mm
nM y ( 20)(22 103 )( - 0.09021)
s = = = 120.22 MPa
I 330.15 10 -6

PROBLEM 4.49
4.49 and 4.50 For the composite bar indicated, determine the radius of
curvature caused by the couple of moment 35 N m.
4.49 Bar of Prob. 4.45

SOLUTION
See solution to Problem 4.45 for the calculation of I
1 M 35
= = = 0.1149 m1, r = 8.70 m
r Ea I ( 75 10 9 ) ( 4.0608 10 -9 )

PROBLEM 4.50
4.49 and 4.50 For the composite bar indicated, determine the
radius of curvature caused by the couple of
moment 35 N m.
4.50 Bar of Prob. 4.46
374 Mechanics of Materials

SOLUTION
See solution to Problem 4.46 for calculation of I.
1 M 35
= = = 0.1164 m1, r = 8.59 m
r Ea I ( 75 109 )( 4.0608 10 -9 )

PROBLEM 4.51
4.51 and 4.52 For the composite beam indicated, determine the radius of
curvature caused by the couple of moment 22 kN m.
4.51 Beam of Prob. 4.47

SOLUTION
See solution to Problem 4.47 for calculation of I.
1 M 22 103
= = = 456.7 106 m1
r Ew I (10 109 ) ( 481.68 10 -6 )
r = 218.9 m

PROBLEM 4.52
4.51 and 4.52 For the composite beam indicated, determine the radius
of curvature caused by the couple of moment 22 kN m.
4.52 Beam of Prob. 4.48

SOLUTION
See solution to Problem 4.48 for calculation of I.

1 M 22 103 6 1
= = 9 -6 = 663.6 10 m
r Ew I (10 10 ) (330.15 10 )
r = 150 m

PROBLEM 4.53
100 mm
4.53 A concrete slab is reinforced by 16 mm
diameter steel rods placed on 180 mm centers 16 mm diameter
as shown. The modulus of elasticity is 20
GPa for concrete and 200 GPA for steel.
Using an allowable stress of 9 MPa for the
concrete and of 120 MPA for the steel,
determine the largest allowable positive
bending moment in a portion of slab 1 m
180 mm
wide.
140 mm
 Chapter 4 375

SOLUTION 180
Es 200 GPa
n= = = 10 x
Ec 20 GPa
axis
Consider a section 180 mm wide with one steel rod. 100
100 x
p 2 p
As = d = (16)2 = 201.06 mm2 nAs
4 4
n As = 2.0106 103 mm2
Locate the neutral axis
x
180 (100 x) (2.0106 103) = 0
2
90 x 2 + 2.0106 103 x 201.06 103 = 0

-2.0106 10 3 + ( 2.0106 10 3 ) 2 + ( 4 )(90 )(201.06 10 3 )

Solving for x x=
(2 )(90 )
x = 37.397 mm, 100 x = 62.603 mm
1
I= (180)x 3 + (2.0106 103)(100 x)2
3
1
= (180)(37.397)3 + (2.0106 103) (62.603)2
3
= 11.018 106 mm4 = 11.018 106 m4
nMy sI
|s | = \ M=
I ny

Concrete: n = 1, y = 37.397 mm = 0.037397 m, s = 9 106 Pa

( 9 106 )(11.018 10 -6 )
M= = 2.6516 103 N m
(1.0)(0.037397)

Steel: n = 10, y = 62.603 mm = 0.062603 m, s = 120 106 Pa

(120 10 6 )(11.018 10 -6 )
M= = 2.1120 103 N m
(10)(0.062603)

Choose the smaller value M= 2.1120 103 N m

The above is the allowable positive moment for a 180 mm wide section.
1000
For a 1m = 1000 mm width, multiply by = 5.556
180
M = (5.556)(2.1120 103) = 11.73 103 N m = 11.73 kN m
376 Mechanics of Materials

PROBLEM 4.54
4.53 A concrete slab is reinforced by 16-mm-diam- 100 mm
eter steel rods placed on 180 mm centers as
shown. The modulus of elasticity is 20 GPa for 16 mm diameter
concrete and 200 GPA for steel. Using an al-
lowable stress of 9 MPa for the concrete and of
120 MPa for the steel, determine the largest al-
lowable positive bending moment in a portion
of slab 1 m wide.
4.54 Solve Prob. 4.53, assuming that the spacing of 180 mm
the 16 mm diameter rods is increased to 225 mm
on centers. 140 mm

SOLUTION
225
Es 200 GPa
n= = = 10
Ea 20 GPa x
Consider a section 225 mm wide with one steel rod. axis
100
p p
As = d 2 = (16)2 = 201.06 mm2
4 4 nAs
nAs = 2.0106 103 mm2
Locate the neutral axis
x
225 (100 x) (2.0106 103) = 0
2
112.5 x2 + 2.0106 x 201.06 103 = 0

-2.0106 10 3 + (2.0106 10 3 )2 + ( 4 )(112.5)(201.06 10 3 )

Solving for x x=
(2 )(112.5)
x = 34.273 mm 100 x = 65.727 mm
1
I= (225)x3 + 2.0106 103 (100 x)2
3
1
= (225)(34.273)3 + (2.0106 103)(65.727)2
3
= 11.705 106 mm4 = 11.705 106 m4
nMy sI
|s | = \ M=
I ny
Concrete: n = 1, y = 34.273 mm = 0.034273 m, s = 9 106 Pa
( 9 10 6 )(11.705 10 -6 )
M= = 3.0738 103 N m
(1)( 0.034273)
 Chapter 4 377

Steel: n = 10, y = 65.727 m = 0.065727 m, s = 120 106 Pa

(120 106 )(11.705 10 -6 )

M= = 2.1370 103 N m
(10)( 0.065727)
Choose the smaller value M = 2.1370 103 N m
The above is the allowable positive moment for a 225 mm wide section.
1000
For a 1 m = 1000 mm section, multiply by = 4.4444
225
M = (4.4444)(2.1370 103) = 9.50 103 N m = 9.50 kN m

PROBLEM 4.55
4.55 The reinforced concrete beam shown is sub-
jected to a positive bending moment of
175 kN m. Knowing that the modulus of
450 mm
elasticity is 25 GPa for the concrete and 200 22 mm
GPa for the steel, determine (a) the stress in the diameter
steel, (b) the maximum stress in the concrete.

SOLUTION 50 mm
Es 200 GPa
n= = = 8.0 250 mm
Ec 25 GPa
p 2 p
As = 4 d = (4) (22)2 = 1.5205 103 mm2
4 4 250
nAs = 12.164 103 mm2
x
Locate the neutral axis
axis
400
x
250x (12.164 103)(400 x) = 0
2
nAs
125x2 + 12.164 103x 4.8657 106 = 0

-12.164 10 3 + (12.164 10 3 ) 2 + ( 4 )(125)( 4.8657 10 6 )

Solving for x x=
(2 )(125)
x = 154.55 mm, 400 x = 245.45 mm
1
I= 250x3 + (12.164 103)(400 x)2
3
1
= (250)(154.55)3 + (12.164 103)(245.45)2
3
= 1.0404 109 mm4 = 1.0404 103 m4
378 Mechanics of Materials

nMy
s=
I
(a) Steel: y = 245.45 mm = 0.245 45 m
(8.0)(175 10 3 )( -0.24545)
s = = 330 106 Pa = 330 MPa
1.0404 10 -3
(b) Concrete: y = 154.55 mm = 0.15455 m
(1.0)(175 103 )( 0.15455)
s = = 26.0 106 Pa = 26.0 MPa
1.0404 10 -3

PROBLEM 4.56
4.55 The reinforced concrete beam shown is subjected to a
positive bending moment of 175 kN m. Knowing that
the modulus of elasticity is 25 GPa for the concrete
and 200 GPa for the steel, determine (a) the stress in 500 mm
22-mm
the steel (b) the maximum stress in the concrete. diameter
4.56 Solve Prob. 4.55 assuming that the 450 mm depth of
the beam is increased to 500 mm.
50 mm
SOLUTION
250 mm
Es 200 GPa
n= = = 8.0
Ec 25 GPa
p 2 p
As = 4 d = (4) (22)2 = 1.5205 103 mm2
4 4
nAs = 12.164 103 mm2
Locate the neutral axis
x
250x (12.164 103)(450 x) = 0
2
125x2 + 12.164 103 x 5.4738 106 = 0

-12.164 10 3 +
(12.164 10 3 ) 2 + ( 4 )(125)( 5.4738 10 6 )
Solving for x x=
( 2 )(125)
x = 166.19 mm, 450 x = 283.81 mm
1
I= (250)x3 + (12.164 103)(450 x)2
3 x
1
= (250)(166.19)3 + (12.164 103)(283.81)2 450
3
= 1.3623 109 mm4 = 1.3623 103 m4
nAs
 Chapter 4 379

nMy
s =
I
(a) Steel: y = 283.81 mm = 0.28381 m

(8.0)(175 103 )( - 0.28381)

s= = 292 106 Pa = 292 MPa
1.3623 10 -3
(b) Concrete: y = 166.19 mm = 0.16619 m

(1.0)(175 10 3 )( 0.16619)
s= = 21.3 106 Pa = 21.3 MPa
1.3623 10 -3

PROBLEM 4.57
760 mm

4.57 Knowing that the bending moment in the reinforced

concrete beam shown is + 200 kN m and that the modulus 600 mm
of elasticity is 25 GPa for the concrete and 200 GPa for the 25mm
steel, determine (a) the stress in the steel, (b) the maximum
stress in the concrete.

SOLUTION 62 mm

Es 200 600 mm
n= = = 8.0
Ec 25 760
125
p p
As = 4 d2 = 4 (25)2 = 1963.5 mm2 (1)
4 4
nAs = 15708 mm2 (2) x
axis
Locate the neutral axis 125
125
x
(760)(125)(x + 62.5) + 30x (15708)(413 x) = 0 (3)
2 nAs
95000 x + 5,937,500 + 15x2 6487,404 + 15708x = 0
15 x2 + 110708 x 549904 = 0

-110708 + (110708) 2 + ( 4 )(15)(549904 )

Solve for x x= = 4.96 mm
(2 )(15)
413 x = 408.04 mm

I 1 = 1 b1 h13 + A1 d12 = 1 (760)(125)3 + (760)(125)(67.46)2 = 556 106 mm4

12 12
1 1
I2 = b2x3 = (300)(4.96)3 = 12202 mm4
3 3
380 Mechanics of Materials

I 3 = nA3 d32 = (15708)(408.04)2 = 2615.32 106 mm4

I = I1 + I2 + I3 = 3171.33 106 mm4
nMy
s= where M = 200 103 N m
I
(a) Steel: n = 8.0, y = 408.04 mm
(8.0 )(200 10 3 )(0.40804 )
s = = 205.86 MPa
3171.33 10 -6
(b) Concrete: n = 1.0, y = 129.96 mm
(1.0)( 200 10 3 )( 0.12996)
s = = 8.19 MPa
3171.33 10 -6

PROBLEM 4.58
4.58 A concrete beam is reinforced by three steel rods placed as
shown. The modulus of elasticity is 20 GPa for the concrete
and 200 GPa for the steel. Using an allowable stress 9 MPa
for the concrete and 140 MPa for the steel, determine the
largest allowable positive bending moment in the beam.

SOLUTION
Es 200 GPa
n= = = 10
Ec 20 GPa
p p
As = 3 d2 = 3 (22)2 = 1140 mm2 200 mm
4 4
nAs = 11400 mm2 x
Locate neutral axis axis
350
x
200 x (11400)(350 x) = 0
2 nAs
100 x2 + 11400 x 3,990,00 = 0

-11400 + 11400 2 + ( 4 )(100 )(3,990,000 )

Solve for x x= = 150.72 mm
( 2 )(100 )
350 x = 199.28 mm
1 1
I= 200 x3 + nAs(350 x)2 = (200)(150.72)3 + (11400)(199.28)2
3 3
= 681 106 mm4
nMy sI
|s | = \ M=
I ny
 Chapter 4 381

Concrete: n = 1.0, |y| = 150.72 in, |s | = 9 MPa

( 9 106 )(681 10 -6 )
M= = 40664 N m = 40.7 kN m
(1.0)( 0.15072)
Steel: n = 10, | y| = 199.28, s = 140 MPa
(140 10 6 )( 681 10 -6 )
M= = 478 42 N m = 47.8 kN m
(10)( 0.19928)
Choose the smaller value M = 40.7 kN m

PROBLEM 4.59
4.58 A concrete beam is reinforced by three steel rods placed as
shown. The modulus of elasticity is 20 GPa for the concrete
and 200 GPa for the steel. Using an allowable stress of 400 mm 22 mm diameter
9 MPa for the concrete and 140 MPa for the steel, determine
the largest allowable positive bending moment in the beam.
50 mm
4.59 Solve Prob. 4.58, assuming that the width of the concrete
beam is increased to 250 mm. 250 mm

SOLUTION
Es 200
n= = = 10
Ec 20
p p
As = 3 d2 = 3 (22)2 = 1140 mm2
4 4
nAs = 11400 mm2
Locate the neutral axis
x
250x (1140)(350 x) = 0
2
125 x2 + 11400 x 3990000 = 0
-11400 + (11400 )2 + ( 4)(125)(399000 )
Solve for x x = = 138.8 mm
(2 )(125)
350 x = 211.2 mm
1 1
I= (250)x3 + nAs(350 x)2 = (250)(138.8)3 + (11400)(211.2)2
3 3
= 730.85 106 mm4
nMy sI
|s | = \ M=
I ny
Concrete: n = 1.0 |y| = 138.8 |s | = 9 MPa
382 Mechanics of Materials

( 9 10 6 )( 730.85 10 -6 )
M = = 47.389 103 N m
(1.0)( 0.1388)
Steel: n = 10, | y| = 211.2 mm |s | = 140 MPa

(140 10 6 )( 730.85 10 -6 )
M = = 48.446 103 N m
(10)( 0.2112)
Choose the smaller value M = 47.389 103 kN m
= 47.4 kN m

PROBLEM 4.60
4.60 The design of a reinforced concrete beam is said to be balanced if the maximum
stresses in the steel and concrete are equal, respectively, to the allowable
stresses, ss and sc. Show that to achieve a balanced design the distance x from
the top of the beam to the neutral axis must be
d
x=
s s Ec
1+
s c Es
where Ec and Es are the moduli of elasticity of concrete and steel, respectively, and d is the
distance from the top of the beam to the reinforcing steel.

SOLUTION
nM ( d - x ) Mx
ss = sc =
I I
ss n( d - x ) d
= =n n
sc x x
d 1 ss Ecs s
=1+ =1+
x n sc Es s c
d
x=
Es
1+ c s
Ess c

PROBLEM 4.61
4.60 The design of a reinforced concrete beam is said to be balanced if the maximum
stresses in the steel and concrete are equal, respectively, to the allowable
stresses ss and sc.
4.61 For the concrete beam shown, the modulus of elasticity is 24 GPa for the con-
crete and 200 GPa for the steel. Knowing that b = 200 mm and d = 550 mm, and
using an allowable stress of 12 MPa for the concrete and 138 MPa for the steel,
 Chapter 4 383

determine (a) the required area As of the steel reinforcement if the design of the
beam is to be balanced, (b) the largest allowable bending moment. (See Prob.
4.60 for definition of a balanced beam.)

SOLUTION

Es 200
n= = = 8.333
Ec 24

nM ( d - x ) Mx
ss = sc =
I I
ss n( d - x ) d
= =n n
sc x x

d 1 ss 1 138
=1+ =1+ = 2.38
x n sc 8.333 12
x = 0.420 d = (0.420)(550) = 231 mm
d x = 550 231 = 319 mm
Locate neutral axis
x
bx nAs(d x) = 0
2
bx 2 (200)( 231) 2
(a) As = = = 2007 mm2
2n( d - x ) ( 2)(8.333)(319)
1 3 1
I= bx + nAs(d x)2 = (200)(231)3 + (8.333)(2007)(319)2
3 3
= 2523.6 106 mm4
nMy sI
s= M=
I ny
Concrete: n = 1.0, y = 231 mm, s = 12 MPa
(12 10 6 )( 2523.6 10 -6 )
M= = 131 103 N m
(1.0)( 0.231)
Steel: n = 8.333, | y| = 319, s = 138 MPa

(138 10 6 )(2523.6 10 -6 )
M= = 131 103 N m
(8.333)(0.319)
Note that both values are the same for balanced design
M = 131 103 N m = 131 kN m
384 Mechanics of Materials

PROBLEM 4.62
4.62 and 4.63 Five metal strips, each of 12 36 mm cross section, are
bonded together to form the composite beam shown.
The modulus of elasticity is 200 GPa for the steel,
100 GPa for the brass, and 70 GPa for the aluminum.
Knowing that the beam is bent about a horizontal axis
by couples of moment 1350 N m., determine (a) the
maximum stress in each of the three metals, (b) the
radius of curvature of the composite beam.

SOLUTION
Use aluminum as the reference material
Es 200
n= = = 2.857 in steel
Ea 70
Eb 100
n= = = 1.428 in brass
Ea 70
n = 1.0 in aluminum
For the transformed section
n1 1
I1 = b1 h13 + n1A1 d12 = (36)(12)3 + (432)(24)2 = 254 103 mm4
12 12
n 1.428
I 2 = 2 b2 h23 + n2A2 d22 = (36)(12)3 + (1.428)(432)(12)2 = 96.2 103 mm4
12 12
n 2.857
I 3 = 3 b3 h33 = (36)(12)3 = 14.8 103 mm4
12 12
I 4 = I2 = 96.2 103 mm4, I5 = I1 = 254 103 mm4
5
I = Ii = 715.2 103 mm4
1

nMy (1.0 )(1350 )( 0.030)

(a) Aluminum: s= = = 56.6 MPa
I 715.2 10 -9
nMy (1.428)(1350 )(.018)
Brass: s= = = 48.5 MPa
I 715.2 10 -9
nMy ( 2.857)(1350 )( 0.006)
Steel: s= = = 32.3 MPa
I 715.2 10 -9
1 M 1350
(b) = = = 0.02696 m1
r Ea I ( 70 10 9 )( 715.2 10 -9 )
r = 37.0 m
 Chapter 4 385

PROBLEM 4.63
4.62 and 4.63 Five metal strips, each of 12 36 mm cross section,
are bonded together to form the composite beam
shown. The modulus of elasticity is 200 GPa for the
steel, 100 GPa for the brass, and 70 GPa for the alu-
minum. Knowing that the beam is bent about a hori-
zontal axis by couples of moment 1350 N m., deter-
mine (a) the maximum stress in each of the three met-
als, (b) the radius of curvature of the composite beam.

SOLUTION
Use aluminum as the reference material
E 200
n= s = = 2.857 in steel
Ea 70
Eb 100
n= = = 1.428 in brass
Ea 70
n = 1.0 in aluminum
For the transformed section
n
I 1 = 1 b1 h13 + n1A1 d12
12
2.857
= (36)(12)3 + (2.857)(432)(24)2 = 725.7 103 mm4
12
n 1.0
I 2 = 2 b2 h23 + n2A2 d22 = (36) (12)3 + (1.0)(432)(12)2 = 67.4 103 mm4
12 12
n 1.428
I 3 = 3 b3 h33 = (36)(12)3 = 7.4 103 mm4
12 12
I 4 = I2 = 67.4 103 mm4, I5 = I1 = 725.7 103 mm4
5
I = Ii = 1593.6 103 mm4
1

nMy ( 2.857)(1350 )(0.030)

(a) Steel: s = = = 72.6 MPa
I 1593.6 10 -9
nMy (1.0)(1350)( 0.018)
Aluminum: s = = = 15.24 MPa
I 1593.6 10 -9
nMy (1.428)(1350 )(0.006)
Brass: s = = = 7.25 MPa
I 1593.6 10 -9
1 M 1350
(b) = = = 0.0121 m1
r Ea I ( 70 109 )(1593.6 10 -9 )
r = 82.63 m
386 Mechanics of Materials

PROBLEM 4.64
Brass
4.64 The composite beam shown is formed by bonding together a brass
rod and an aluminum rod of semicircular cross sections. The
modulus of elasticity is 100 GPa for the brass and 70 GPa for the
aluminum. Knowing that the composite beam is bent about a hori- Aluminum
zontal axis by couples of moment 900 N m, determine the maximum 20 mm
stress (a) in the brass, (b) in the aluminum.

SOLUTION
For each semicircle r = 20 mm,
p 2 4r ( 4 )(20)
A= r = 628.3 mm2, y0 = = = 8.49 mm
2 3p 3p 1
axis
p
Ibase = r4 = 62.83 103 mm4
8 2
I = Ibase A y02 = 62.83 103 (628.3)(8.49)2
= 17.54 103 mm4
Use aluminum as the reference material
n = 1.0 in aluminum
Eb 100
n= = = 1.428 in brass
Ea 70
Locate neutral axis
A, mm2 nA, mm2 y 0, mm nA y 0, mm3
(1) 628.3 897.2 8.49 7617.2
(2) 628.3 628.3 8.49 5334.2
S 1525.5 2283
2283
Y0 = = 1.5 mm
1525.5
The neutral axis lies 1.5 above the material interface.
d1 = 8.49 1.5 = 6.99 mm, d2 = 8.49 + 1.5 = 9.99 mm
I 1 = n1 I + n1Ad 12 = (1.428)(17.54 103) + (1.428)(628.3)(6.99)2 = 68.88 103 mm4
I 2 = n2 I + n2Ad22 = (1.0)(17.54 103) + (1.0)(628.3)(9.99) = 80.24 103 mm4
I = I1 + I2 = 149.12 103 mm4
(a) Brass: n = 1.428, y = 20 1.5 = 18.5 mm

nMy (1.428)(900 )(0.0185)

s= = = 159.4 MPa
I 149.12 10 -9
 Chapter 4 387

(b) Aluminum: n = 1.0, y = 20 1.5 = 21.5 mm

nMy (1.0 )(900)( -0.0215)

s= = = 129.7 MPa
I 149.12 10 -9

PROBLEM 4.65 y
Aluminum
4.65 A steel pipe and an aluminum pipe are securely bonded to- 3 mm
gether to form the composite beam shown. The modulus of Steel
elasticity is 210 GPa for the steel and 70 GPa for the 6 mm
aluminum. Knowing that the composite beam is bent by z 10 mm
couples of moment 500 N m, determine the maximum
stress (a) in the aluminum, (b) in the steel.
38 mm
SOLUTION
Use aluminum as the reference material
n = 1.0 in aluminum
E 210
n= s = = 3.0 in steel
Ea 70
p p
Steel: I 1 = n1 (ro4 ri4) = (3.0) (164 104) = 130.85 103 mm4
4 4
p 4 4 p
Aluminum: I 2 = n2 (ro ri ) = (1.0) (194 164) = 50.88 103 mm2
4 4
I = I1 + I2 = 181.73 10 mm4 = 181.73 109 m4
3

(a) Aluminum: c = 19 mm = 0.019 m

nMc (1.0 )(500)(0.019)
s = = = 52.3 106 Pa = 52.3 MPa
I 181.73 10 9
(b) Steel: c = 16 mm = 0.016 m
nMc (3.0 )(500 )(0.016)
= = 132.1 106 Pa = 132.1 MPa
I 181.73 10 9

PROBLEM 4.66
y
4.65 A steel pipe and an aluminum pipe are securely bonded to- Steel
3 mm
gether to form the composite beam shown. The modulus of
Aluminum
elasticity is 210 GPa for the steel and 70 GPa for the
6 mm
aluminum. Knowing that the composite beam is bent by
z 10 mm
couples of moment 500 N m, determine the maximum
stress (a) in the aluminum, (b) in the steel.
4.66 Solve Prob. 4.65, assuming that the 6 mm thick inner pipe is
made of aluminum and that the 3 mm thick outer pipe is 38 mm
made of steel.