Combine Heat and Power

Plant
ASSIGNMENT
SUBMITTED TO: SIR AFTAB AHMED
SUBMITTED BY: SHEIKH ASADULLAH
REGISTRATION NO. : BSME01133052
SECTION: B
 Combine heat and power plant
Introduction

Combined heat and power (CHP) is the simultaneous production of electricity with the
recovery and utilization heat. Cogeneration is a highly efficient form of energy
conversion and it can achieve primary energy savings of approximately 40% by
compared to the separate purchase of electricity from the national electricity grid and a
gas boiler for onsite heating. Combined heat and power plants are typically embedded
close to the end user and therefore help reduce transportation and distribution losses,
improving the overall performance of the electricity transmission and distribution
network. For power users where security of supply is an important factor for their
selection of power production equipment and gas is abundant, gas-based cogeneration
systems are ideally suited as captive power plants. The supply of high-temperature heat
first drives a gas or steam turbine-powered generator and the resulting low-temperature
waste heat is then used for water or space heating as described in cogeneration. At
smaller scales (below 1 MW) a gas engine or diesel engine may be used.

The supply of high-temperature heat first drives a gas or steam turbine-powered

generator and the resulting low-temperature waste heat is then used for water or space
heating. At smaller scales (typically below 1 MW) a gas engine or diesel engine may be
used. Trigeneration differs from cogeneration in that the waste heat used for both
heating and cooling, typically in an absorption refrigerator. CCHP systems can attain
higher overall efficiencies than cogeneration or traditional power plants. In the United
States, the application of trigeneration in buildings is called building cooling, heating and
power (BCHP). Heating and cooling output may operate concurrently or alternately
depending on need and system construction.

Working principle
Thermal power plants those that are based on a thermodynamic cycle to convert heat
produced from burning coal, petroleum, or natural gas, do not convert all of their thermal
energy into electricity. In most heat engines, more than half is lost as excess heat. By
capturing the excess heat, CHP uses heat that would be wasted in a
conventional power plant, potentially reaching an efficiency of up to 80%. This means
that less fuel needs to be consumed to produce the same amount of useful energy.
Steam turbines for cogeneration are designed for extraction of steam at lower pressures
after it has passed through a number of turbine stages, or they may be designed for
final exhaust at back pressure (non-condensing), or both. The extracted or exhaust
steam is used for process heating, such as drying paper, evaporation, heat for chemical
reactions or distillation. Steam at ordinary process heating conditions still has a
considerable amount of enthalpy that could be used for power generation, so
cogeneration has lost opportunity cost. Conversely, simply generating steam at process
pressure instead of high enough pressure to generate power at the top end also has
lost opportunity cost.
A combined cycle the fuel is burnt in the combustion chamber then the heat obtained is
used to run the gas turbine to produce electricity excess heat is used to run the steam
turbine to produce more electricity and still the heat remaining in the hot gas is used for
heating and cooling process using the insulated pipes, however closer the plant to the
building the plant will be more efficient

CHP is most efficient when heat can be used on-site or very close to it. Overall
efficiency is reduced when the heat must be transported over longer distances. This
requires heavily insulated pipes, which are expensive and inefficient; whereas electricity
can be transmitted along a comparatively simple wire, and over much longer distances
for the same energy loss.
Thermodynamic cycle and schematic diagram
In the cogeneration the fluid used to run the cycle moves through the boiler 3-4( heat
added) where from it get the heat from the burning of fuel or any other source the it
goes to run the turbine 4-6 (heat rejected) after moving the turbine some the fluid goes
to the condenser 5-7(rejecting heat) and goes to the pump 7-8 (isothermal process)
while some of the fluid goes to the heat exchanger 6-1(heat rejection) from where heat
is exchanged for heating purpose or cooling purpose after exchanging heat it goes to
pump 1-2 and all of the fluid gather in the mixing chamber and send it to the boiler again
to complete the cycle. In this process rankine cycle is used.

Application:
A few typical examples of industries where cogeneration systems could be utilized are:

In industries, such as rayon, pulp and paper, chemical processing, and textile,
which require simultaneous steam and power, it is possible to meet either part or
full heat and power requirements using steam turbine, gas turbine with heat
recovery boiler.
Cement kilns and brick kilns require a large amount of high temperature process
heat. The gas turbine exhaust, with or without supplementary firing, can supply
this heat and produce electric power for the factory.
In glass melting furnaces, heat from the exhaust gases can be recovered in
waste heat boiler to produce steam. The steam can be expanded in steam
turbines to produce electrical power.

Advantages

Cogeneration systems are by their very nature efficient.

Cogeneration systems can act as an energy multiplier,

Helping to cut carbon emissions, increase power reliability and save money.

The technology is also widely available, with further opportunities for

development and refinement.

CHP Systems have been used for many years in certain parts of the world for
district heating purposes.

Disadvantages

CHP is more a means of making other energy sources more efficient rather than
an intrinsic energy source.
 Also, some critics fear that its use will prevent full development of 'true'
renewable energy sources.

It is also only suitable for use where both hot water and electricity are needed,
and at consistently high and sustained levels.

Development of the systems can be expensive as we are extracting energy from

fossil fuels.