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VLSI Lab Viva questions and answ ers

1. What is Intrinsic and Extrinsic Semiconductor?

The pure Silicon is known as Intrinsic Semiconductor.
When impurity is added with pure Silicon, its electrical properties are varied. This is known as
Extrinsic Semiconductor.
2. What is CMOS Technology?
The fabrication of an IC using CMOS transistors is known as CMOS Technology. CMOS
transistor is nothing but an inverter, made up of an n-MOS and p-MOS transistor connected in
series.
3. Give the advantages of CMOS IC?
Size is less

High Speed
Less Power Dissipation
4. What are four generations of Integration Circuits?
SSI (Small Scale Integration) READ PAPER

MSI (Medium Scale Integration)

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LSI (Large Scale Integration)
VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration)
5. Give the variety of Integrated Circuits?
More Specialized Circuits
Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs)
Systems-On-Chips
6. Why NMOS technology is preferred more than PMOS technology?
N-channel transistors have greater switching speed when compared to PMOS transistors. Hence,
NMOS is preferred than PMOS.
7. What are the different MOS layers?
n-diffusion
p-diffusion
Polysilicon
Metal
8. What are the different layers in MOS transistor?

The layers are Substrate, diffused Drain & Source, Insulator (SiO2) & Gate.

Sushant h KJ, Asst. Prof . Dept. of ECE, BIT, Mangalur u Page 1

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9. What are the different operating regions for an MOS transistor?

Cutoff Region
Non- Saturated (Linear) Region
Saturated Region
10. What is Enhancement mode transistor?
The device that is normally cut-off with zero gate bias is called Enhancement mode transistor.
11. What is Depletion mode device?
The Device that conducts with zero gate bias is called Depletion mode device.
12. When the channel is said to be pinched off?
If a large Vds is applied, this voltage will deplete the inversion layer. This Voltage effectively
pinches off the channel near the drain.
13. What are the steps involved in manufacturing of IC?
Silicon wafer Preparation
Epitaxial Growth
Oxidation
Photo-lithography
Diffusion
Ion Implantation
Isolation technique
Metallization
Assembly processing & Packaging
14. What is meant by Epitaxy?
Epitaxy means arranging atoms in single crystal fashion upon a single crystal substrate.
15. What are the processes involved in photo lithography?
(1) Masking process (2) Photo etching process.
These are important processes involved in photolithography.
16. What is the purpose of masking in fabrication of IC?
Masking is used to identify the location in which Ion-Implantation should not take place.

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17. What lire the materials used for masking?

Photo resist, Si02, SiN, Poly Silicon.

Sushant h KJ, Asst. Prof . Dept. of ECE, BIT, Mangalur u Page 2

VLSI Lab Viva questions and answ ers

18. What are the types of Photo etching?

Wet etching and dry etching are the types of photo etching.
19. What is diffusion process? What are doping impurities?
Diffusion is a process in which impurities are diffused into the Silicon chip at 1000 C

temperature

20. What is Ion-Implantation process?

It is process in which the Si material is doped with an impurity by making the accelerated
impurity atoms to strike the Si layer at high temperature.
21. What are the various Silicon wafer Preparation?
Crystal growth & doping
Ingot trimming & grinding
Ingot slicing
Wafer polishing & etching
Wafer cleaning.
22. What are the different types of oxidation?

The two types of oxidation are Dry & Wet Oxidation.

23. What is Isolation?
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It is a process used to provide electrical isolation between different components and
interconnections.
24. Give the different types of CMOS process?
p-well process
n-well process
twin-tub process
SOI process
25. What is Channel-stop Implantation?

In n-well fabrication, n-well is protected with the resist material. (Because, it should not be
affected during Boron implantation). Then Boron is implanted except n-well. The above said
process is done using photo resist mask. This type of implantation is known as Channel-stop
implantation.
26. What is LOCOS?
LOCOS mean Local Oxidation of Silicon. This is one type of oxide construction.
27. What is SWAMI?
SWAMI means Side Wall Masked Isolation. It is used to reduce bird's beak effect.
Sushant h KJ, Asst. Prof . Dept. of ECE, BIT, Mangalur u Page 3

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