UDC 624.131.

524 DEUTSCHE NORMEN November 1976

U
Subsoil DI N
4)
a. ~
a> Permissible Loading of Subsoil 1054
C
c ~a:
~ Baururrcl Zulassige Belastunq des Baugrunds
4)
~ Tb is Standai ci has been prepared by a joint committee of the working groups Einheitliche Technische BauhestimmLin-
i FT B I iStancfar dized Regulations for Civil Engineering) ann Baugrund (Subsoil) in the Fachnormenausschuss
Bauweserr ( Cumrrr itter for Civil Engineering). It fias been recommenrled to the Oberste Bauaufsichtsbehrcleri (H iqher
Fiji hung I ospectorates) of the I risi itut tUr Bautechnik (I nstitLite for Civil Engineering) Berlin, to he introclLiced as
~ 02:,
5 .~ 2 part ot the huildirrq irrspectorate procedure.
nfl
0 The denomination load is used in this Standard for forces acting on a system from outside; this also applies to
z compound tei rns including the word load (see DIN 1080 Part 1).
F or E e planal iorrs orr this Standard see DIN 1054 Supplementary Sheet,

Contents
Page Paqe

1 Purpose and scope . 1 5.5 Permissible loading of compression piles

2 Definitions 1 from empirical values 12
2.1 Subsoil types 1 5.6 Permissible loading of piles by
7.2 Loads 2 calculation method 12
2.3 Subsoil behaviour 2 5.7 Stability of pile foundation structures
on a change of soil level 12
3 Determination of the layer
5.8 Procedure for pile test load 12
sequence and state of the subsoil 3
3.1 Time of test 3
:3.2 Fype and extent of tests 3
4 Spread foundations 4 Appendix A
4.1 General 4 Guidelines for uniform preparation and
4.2 Determination of the per missible bearing pres~ conduct of pile test loads and for making
sure for sta rid ard situations using table values .. 5 measurements and recording test results
4.3 Deter rninaiion of the permissible bearing A.1 Installation of test piles 13
pressure by settlement and shear failure Al Time of test load 13
tests 9 A.3 Load arrangement 13
5 Pile foundations .,.........,,,,,,,..... 9 A.4 Measurements 13
5.1 Definitions g A.5 Application of load test 14
5.2 General information on design ............ 10 A.6 Tensile tests 14
5.3 F actors governing the carrying capacity A.7 Test load report 14
nf piles 10 Sample form 1 ........,.,,.,..,,,,,,,,, 15
5.4 Permissible loading of piles from test loads Sample form 2 16
(determination of limiting load) 11 Other relevant standards,,,,,, 16

1 Purpose and scope 2 Definitions

This Standard specifies the extent to which a subsoil 2.1 Subsoil types
may be stressed by spread (see also Section 4) or pile For the purposes of this Standard subsoil is clistin~
lounciations so thai structures will not experience guished on the basis of its differing behaviour under
ctarnasiinq movements clue to forces produced by pie loading by structures as u nd i sturbeci ground (soil) rock
dumirrantly stat in loacts. The required subsoil tests are (solid stone) and filled ground.
il e.Lii I si
2.1.1 Undisturbed ground
This Stanrlai ci does rrot apply to str uctures in under-
rourrcl operations, earth works or foundations of A ground is termed undisturbed if it has been formerl in
towers for high voltage overhead lines according to a completed geological process. The following main
VDE 0210. groups are distinguished:

I> Continued on pages 2 to 17

~. Ti

~l~ :~r.
cii,r ~ liiri~t i),,ijib V~riaqdir~:i:i)i,i,)e~iin3d) unci OSin r DIN 1054 engf. Preisgr. 10
cia.aa Vertr ,-Nr, 0110
Page 2 DIN 1054
2.1.1.1 Non-cohesive soils such as sand, gravel, stone
annt their mixtures, if the fraction by weight of compo~
nents with grain sizes of less than 0.06 mm does not
exceed 1 5 511:. This covers coarse-grained soils (GE, GW,
01, SE, SW, SI) arid graded soils IGU, GT, SU) accord-
ing to DIN 18 196, June 1970 issue, table 1.
2.1.1.2 Cohesive soils such as clays, clay silts and silts
and their mixtures with non cohesive soils )gradeni soils
with a large fraction ot fine-grained soils) if the
tract ion by weight of the cohesive components with
grain sizes below 0.06 mm is greater than 15% (e.g.
sandy clay, sandy silt, loam, marl). These include fine-
grainenl soils )UL , LJM, TI.~,TM, TA) and graded soils
SU, ST, Si, GO and 01 according to DIN 18 196,
June 1970 issue, table I -
2.1.1.3 Organic soils such as peat or digestenI slunige
and inorganic soils of the groups specified in Sections
2,1,1.1 and 2.1.1.2 with organic components of animal
or rilarit drriqinr , it the traction by weight of the latter is
more than 3%, in the case of non-cohesive soils or more
than 5% with cohesive soils (e.g. humus sand, digested
sludge or peat~containingsand, organic silt or clay, clay
with silt). These correspond to organogenic or organic
soils accrirding to DIN 18 196, June 1970 issue, table 1.
2,1.2 Rock
mr this Standard, all solid stone is rlescribed under the
collective terns rock,
2,1.3 Filled ground
A ground is described as filled if it has been produced by
depositions or hydraulic fill. The following are distin-
guishecl
2,1.3.1 lJncorrrpacted mixtures of any cramposition.
2,1 .3.2 Compacted nri xtures of non-cohesive or
cohesive soil types or raf inorganic loose material (e.g.
building rubble, slag, ore tails), if the mixtures have been
sufficiently compacted (see Section 4.2.3).
2.2 Loads
The subsoil is stressed by constant and live loads.
Constant loads include among others, building weights,
constant earth pressures, ground loads and water pressures
e.g. also flow pressures from ground water heads).
Live loads include among others loads according to
DIN 1055 Pan 3 and DIN 1072, variable earth and water
pressures and ice pressure.
Loamts resulting frcrm changes in the surroundings of a
structure, e.g. construction works,, loarl changes or falls
in the level rrf ground water are classified as constant
loads or live loads according to their duration.
The following load types can be differentiated on the
basis of the probability of their occurrence at the full
calculated level anrl the duration and frequency of their
can ses
L.oad type 1 delayed (consolidation) according to the time required
Constant loads and regularly occurring live loads (in-
clunliog wind).
L Ci a rI type 2:
In addition to loads of type 1 , simultaneous hut not
regularly occnrring large live loads, loadls that occur
only dluring the construction period,
In addition, in special cases:
Load type 3:
In addition to loads of type 2, simultaneous, possibly
unforeseen loads (e.g. failure of operating and safety
devices or loads resulting from accidents).
2.3 Subsoil behaviour
The subsoil is nieformed according to its compressihihity
and shear strength by the forces produced by the struc-
ture load, Vertical foundation loads initially produce
mainly vertical displacements ) s e t t I e m e n t
As the load increases, the ground is also displaced
laterally until the foundation finally sinks into the ground
when the ultimate load is reached at which the foun-
dation may also give way laterally ) s he a r f a i I u r el.
If the point at which the resultant of the external forces
acts on the soil under the foundation moves outside the
edges of the core (see Fig. 1), a gap occurs and the
contact stress increases rapidly in the pressure zone and
shear failure can result.
In the theoretical limiting case of unyielding subsoil,
the foundation rotates about its edge without prior
ground deformation or shear failure as soon as the
resultant load moves outside the edge (tilt).
With excessive inclination of the resultant load with
respect to the vertical, s I i d i n g occurs as the resistance
between the foundation bottom and soil is overcome.
2.3.1 Settlement
Under load, with an adequate shear failure margin,
settlement results mainly from compression of the soil
layers. Horizontal loads can also cause settlement.
Uniform settlement does not in general endanger the
stability and serviceability of a building and also does
not result in settlement damage. The latter can however
occur with differential settlement of structural members,
with superposition of stresses, non-uniform soil compo-
sition, variable density and irregular layer development
and also with irregular foundation shapes, differing
foundation depths, differing or eccentric loads in the
subsoil,
2.3.1.1 Settlement with non-cohesive
soils according to Section 2.1.1.1
According to the existing consolidation, the grain
structure is compressed by rearrangement of the soil
particles, Settlement is therefore virtually completed
on application of the load, i.e. during the construction
period. It is usually smaller than with cohesive soils.
The soil resistance to grain rearrangement resulting from
internal friction can be considerably reduced by dynamic
influences or by rising ground water.
2.3.1.2 Settlement with cohesive soils
according to Section 2.1.1.2
The degree of settlement depends on the deformability
of the grain struture. The progress of settlement is
for displacement of pore water and can extend con-
siderably beyond the construction period, depending
on the ground permeability. This results in an excess
pore water pressure whose decline with simultaneous
pore water loss is a measure of the ground consolidation,
Dynamic forces cause smaller settlement in cohesive
soils with higher consistency, soil plasticity and rate of

Ii r,imlirvi Their influence err settlement can therefore he
ilpiiiits I iii geonr,il but the effect of subsoil elasticity
urn thi siilir,iliisn of stacks and tniwers cannot tie nlis-
eq~ir Iei I
2.3.2 Shear failure
The danger cit shear failure increases with decreasing
width arnil enilseniment nlepth of the fou odations, with
ili:d:ri,ising sheai stmemgth nit the soil and also with in
creasing eccentricity arid inclination of the load. It also
nn:reases with n sing ground water level and with
Iei :neiisi ng soil nlensity
ihn darngei of shear failure is also increased in cohesive
soils with a high degree of water saturation by the tact
that with i apirl loading of the foundations, the shear
stiength does not increase proportionately with the
men easi in compressive stress, due to the excess pore
water pressure.
In the case of n,onstn uction on a change of soil level
resp. in or on a slope, shear failure can occur as a
I a sit s I i nli:n or c o I I a p s e o f s I o p e )see
DIN 4084 Part 1 (Preliminary Standard) and Part 2
I Prel rib mu y Standard) I -
2.3.3 Tilting
Enonrlations tilting is rivointed by obseiving the stipu
I ationis re ant mg eccentricity of the loanl according to
Section 4.1 ,3.1 and by the requireni shear failure safety
I:ictdnn , when all the relevant influences are taken into
ad.coLi nit On this basis, for example, in the case of foun-
d ations with a smooth u nnterside having a doubly sym-
inetr ical cr osssection, no additional proof is necessary.
The drvertorn ning safety of the overall strUcture or the
stn nictu r al elements atiove the foundation remains un~
affected
Slsed:ial teals must lie carrient oUt in the case of structures
in whirrlr a relatively small change in loading can
substantially mci ease the eccentricity of the resultant load
Pin very slirirnten strnctui es, on structural elements that
ect well beyonnl the bottoms of the foundation, the
or igmal staliility against tilting may be reduced by a
sli itt of the centroicl of the structure due to differential
sett Ii~ris e nit
2.3.4 Sliding
Thi sti uctLin e sl riles if the horizrintal consponenst of the
i esul rant lrinn:e acting ins the interfiice between tounda~
lion annl si.ihsonl nm an interface situatenl below this is
larger rhan the opposing shear force. The nlanger of
sliding is decn eased fry the passive resistance of the earth in
front of the structure (see Section 4.1.2, last paragraph).
3 Determination of the layer
seq uence and state of the subsoil
3.1 Time. of test
ihm cIr r:iirncl strrictni n beneath the propdised foundation
Iiottomn, rim in the case of Isle foundations, beneath the
pile emrnls as well, rrrLrst he adequately known, if possible
before pnepar atkins of the construction drawings, but in
arry irase before final determination ot the depth, type
amrd dimensimnms of the lou ndatioo ansnt of the type nsf
st Li c t tire t Ui lie i: nectenl
3.2 Type and extent of tests
The type, nature, exte.mnl , am angenrrent and thickness of
the soil layers must be established by trial pits, borings
mid soi,rndirrgs if local experience dues riot provide
DIN 1054 Page 3
sufficient information, The standards DIN 4021 Part 1
to Part 3, DIN 4022 Part 1, DIN 4023, DIN 4094 Pant 1,
DIN 4094 Part 2 (Preliminary Standard) and DIN 18196
are to be applied in this case.
3.2.1 Borings and soundings providea
general view of the subsoil and ground water conditions
of the site, These are initially in the form of widely
separated main borings. According to the results ob-
tained, intermediate auxiliary borings or soundings are
made. The network of bore holes and soundings should
be spaced close enough to yield information on the posi-
tion, inclination and thickness of the subsoil layers, their
composition, nature and uniformity. The main bore
holes should be made deep enough to establish a hearing
layer of sufficient thickness (see Section 3.2.2). Auxil-
iary bore holes and soundings can be dispensed with
when this layer has been established.
3.2.2 Bore holes for single buildings
should be made inside and in the immediate vicinity of
the foundation area of the planned building. If prior
reconnaissance borings have been made, the position,
depth and number of these will depend on the results
obtained; apart from this they will he based on the shape
and dimension of the building ground plan, the building
load, the building location relative to other structures
and the regularity of the ground layers. The spacing of
the bore holes should not he greater than 25 m, The
bore holes should be made deep enough to encompass
all layers that could have a significant eftect on settle-
ment of the building or its parts. They must he taken
deeper as the structure load and the sensitivity of the
structure to settlement are greater.
In an undisturbed, non-rocky subsoil a depth of three
times the width of the foundation bottom (measured
from the foundation bottom) is generally adeguate ton
single bases (and also strip foundations, foundations
under crane runways, quay walls, bridge abutments and
the like) and one and a half times the foundation
bottom width for raft foundations subject to a minimum
of 6 m in both cases.
In the case of structures with several bases, whose
effects are superimposed in the deeper~Iyinglayers, the
bore hole depth (measured from the foundation bottom)
is selected as three times the maximum width of the
foundations on one and a halt times the building width
whichever is the least favourable value. In addition, the
bore hole depth must extend at least 6 m below the
foundation bottom.
3.2.3 The borings must he taken deepen and, if
necessary, be more closely spaced than described in
Sections 3.2.1 and 3.2.2 if the geological and hydrolog
ical conditions, the surface configuration (e.g. slopes)
or the influence of neighbouring construction require
this,
3.2.4 Where a regular layer sequence can he demon-
strated, it is sufficient to take only some of the neces-
sary bone holes to the depth stipulated in Section 3.2 2
The rest of the bone holes must however be taken to at
least 6 m below the foundation bottom, They can he
replaced by soundings if the available bore holes permit
a clear interpretation of the sounding results.
3.2.5 In the case of pile foundations, the bore hole
depths should be computed from the pile-foot plane,
Page 4 DIN 1054
for which purpose the bore hole depth given in Sec-
tion 3.2.2 may he decreased by about one third.
3.2,6 If defi nile information on the geological structure
Iconfiguration, uniformity and properties of the indi-
vidual layers) is available hefore borings or trial pits
are made, the number of bore holes and trial pits, and
in particular cases also their depth, can be reduced.
Evidence must be pioduced to support the reduction
and such evidence must he available for examination.
4 Spread foundations
Founrlatiuns that rlisperse in the bottom of the foun-
dation vertical, inclined concentric and eccentric loads
are descri bed as spread foundations, and this applies
both to shallow and deep foundations.
With vertical loading, the permissible loading of the
subsoil by spread fou ndations is limited by the degree of
settlement or differential settlement permissible for the
structure, and by the shear failure safety, taking into
account the eccentricity and inclination of the resultant
load as well as the rate at which the load is applied. In
the case of oblique loading, there must also he an
adequate safety factor against sliding.
As a rule, the permissible loading of the subsoil by spread
toundations can he deterniinecl by using the values given
in the Tables in Section 4.2, in which case a shear failure
calculation is unnecessary. The last paragraph of Sec-
tion 2.3.2 must however he observed. A settlement
calculation is only necesswy when the effect of neigh-
bouring foundations has to he taken into account. If
the conditions of Secticn 4.2 do not exist or if the
values for permissible bearing pressures in Section 4.2
are to he exceeded, a closer analysis according to Sec-
tion 4.3 ist necessary.
4.1 General
4.1.1 Position and form of bottom of foundation
The bottom of the foundation must be frost-free but at
least (1.8 m below the surrounding surface.
Variations from this are permissible
a) in the case of buildings of minor importance (e.g.
separate garages, single~storeysheds, temporary
structures etc.) and small surface loads
Y
x ~
~ Y
Figure 1. Ground plan of a rectangular foundation;
designation for tilting about two axes.
h) in the case of foundations on unweathered rock in
a uniform firmly layered formation.
The subsoil must he protected from washout or erosion
of layer thickness by running water.
Cohesive soils must be prevented from softening or
freezing during the construction period.
4.1.2 Load assumptions
For designing foundations, the bearing pressures resulting
from the loads listed in Section 2.2, are assumed to have
the following distributions:
a) uniform distribution, for calculation of permissible
bearing pressures according to Section 4.2 and for
calculation of the shear failure;
b) linear distribution, for determination of punching
shear forces and the settlement calculation;
c) for calculation of flexible foundation slabs and
beams according to DIN 4080,
Shock and vibration factors need only he included for
determination of the live loads in the case of calculation
of punching shear forces when the traffic concerned
operates directly on the foundation.
The vertical component of the active earth pressure may
also be taken into account when determining the result-
ant force in the foundation bottom.
The passive resistance of the earth may only be taken
into account as the reaction to horizontal forces or to
a turning moment, if the foundation can without danger
suffer a displacement sufficient to produce the required
passive resistance of the earth. The undisturbed ground
required to provide the passive resistance of the earth
must be of at least average consolidation or of stiff
consistency. In the case of filled grounds, the require
ments of Section 4.2,3 apply as appropriate. The ground
must not be removed either temporarily or permanently
whilst the causative forces are effective.
4.1.3 Stability
4.1.3.1 The resultant force of the p e r m a n e n
I o a d s must intersect the bottom of the foundation
within the core area so that no gap is produced under-
neath the foundation,
Theresultantforceofthe total load maytoa
limited extent cause a gap underneath the foundation,

at thins most up to thins centnoinb of the bottom of the
foundation. In the case of toundations of rectangular
on circular overall cross-section plan, the resultant force
nsmmst intersn.rct this bottom within an area delimited as
in hIts ws
a) for n ectarsgulan overall cross-section )see Fig. 1)
/ 5~ \ / r~\ 1 on the bottom of the foundation),
J U )
b) for circular overall cross-section
0.59
Wherein e~and e~are the eccentricity nif the force in the
dnrectirin of the foundation axes :v arid y, with maximum
pennsnssmhle values~~ and y~b
5. and ii~are the respective
widths of the foundation; and r is the ranlius in the case
of ci rcu lam tninndat ions.
4.1.3.2 The shear failure safety tactorq0
of a foLinrhat ion mnist hans at least:
2 3
, 1.5 t,3
H2~ 12
Thnm ring width is the rleterm ining factor in establ ishinrg
the shear failure safety factor for ring foundations.
In the case of fun ndation ground plans where the bottom
of the fonnrtation is not flat, calculation shall be based
on the outside dimensions, pnovided the total open area
is not more than 20% cif the outside area of the bottom
of thins foundation (approximate value).
With structures of the type described in Section 2.3.3,
paragnaph 3,or in the case of pnedominanthy horizontal
loanling of the foundation, it must be established that
when the structure is tilted at an angle a such that
tan a:: ~ -- for type 1 loads., theme is still a safety
factor ot ::: .5 and for type 2 loads a safety factor
ot 77~::: 1.3.
Where in:
It Monsent of resistance
.4 Included area ot the bottom of the foundation
5,, Height of cerstroinb nit building above the bottom
gap of thse foundation,
4.1,3,3 The safety factor of a foundation
against sliding ~ is the ratio of the resultant
of this horizontal react ion forces (the beaning surface
resistance IL, annl, where applicable, a part E~1of the
passive resistance of the earth E~)to the resultant H
n:mf thnr lson izcrntal forces:
H.,
ii
/ to a depth below the toundation bottom equal
It ttre lror izontal shear Ioanh H acts in two ctirections x
and s sinasultanensusly, H ~H~4 H~is substituted as
the I nr r
For H,,4 the following are used:
a) if no pore waten pressures are active in the soil in
wInch sliding occurs Iconsobidated soil; no
water pressure nra the hottoni of the foundation)
1!: 3.a.
t istans
this0, hinaiitinig angle of bottom friction,
wlsereinr
for which 64 = gil oaccording to DIN 18137 Pant 1
i resulting from the extra depth. For this, Section 4.1 .2,
(Preliminary ftanrdarnh) ) may se used in the case of
DIN 1054 Page 5
concrete foundations cast-in-place and 6sf ~- Wwhene
the bottom of the foundation consists ot precast
units; any cohesion c must not he taken into account
for this purpose;
b) if pore water pressures exist in the soil in which
sliding occurs (unconsolidated soil; water pressure
= Vlan rtu
wherein Vt is the force acting normal to the bottom
of the foundation or the critical section (see Section
2.3.4) which is obtained from the external normal
force after deduction of the resultant force of the
excess pore water pressure; 64 as under a);
or
c
-
wherein A is the area concerned in transmission of the
force, if necessary taking into account the reduction
according to Section 4.2.1, and c~is the shear para-
meter of the undrained soil at full excess pore water
pressure according to DIN 18 137 Part 1 (Preliminary
Standard),
The safety factor against sliding gg must he at least:
Load 1 2 3
~. 1,5 1,35 1,2.
For the assumption regarding the passive resistance of
the earth see also Sections 2.3.4 and 4.1.2. Pot .Epr the
value used must not exceed 0.5 E~.
4.1.3.4 The safety facton i~ of a foundation element
against u p I if t must be at least:
Load 1 2 3
1,t 1.1 t,05
~J
Here it is assumed that this safety factor is based solely
on the effect of the dead weight above the foundation
bottom (see DIN 1055 Part 1, March 1963 issue, section
1) and that the water table concerned has been deter-
mined. In considering the lateral soil reaction, the safety
factor must be increased by 0.3 in the case of load
types 1 and 2 and by 0.15 ton type 3 loads.
4.2 Determination of the permissible bearing pressure
for standard situations using table values
If the properties of the ground can he reliably estimated
on the basis of subsoil investigations according to
Section 3, the permissible bearing pressure may he
determined according to Sections 4.2.1 and 4.2.2, if
a) the subsoil conditions are approximately uniform
to twice the foundation width and if the surface of
the terrain and the boundaries between layers are
approximately horizontal;
b) the foundation is not primarily on regularly subject
to dynamic loading.
If the embedment depth on all sides of the foundation
is greaten than 2 m, the bearing pressure may he in-
creased by the stress corresponding to the soil loading
final sentence, applies as appropriate.
Page6 DIN 1054

hi n:onrhitir.rns a) ansi b) are nut satislienl, the procedure if the smaller reduced side length is 5 <C 0.5 m, the.
strorilnl tie as ins Section 4.3, unless rock is involved. values in the Table may be extrapolated linearly for this
purpose.
4.2.1 Permissible bearing pressure with non-cohesive
subsoil The bearing pressures given can result in settlement
not exceeding about 1 cm with foundation widths up
thins r:bata apply tr:i rron-n:obsesive ssnnils according to
to 1.5 m and about 2 cm for widen foundations, With
Sect ion 2_i .1.1 having a bearing n:apacity , which exists
substantial interaction between neighbouring foun-
at
dations, the settlement may be greater.
a) a r:rsnsrilidation I) JtO. 3 irs For foundation widths between 3 m and 5 m, the values
closnsly bayered coansegrainerl soils (soil group in the last column of Table 1 should be decreased by
SF arid GE accomnting tm DIN 18 196., June 1970 10% pen additional metre of toundation width if snrch
issue) with a non-niniformity factor U 3 and foundations are to be roughly calculated using the
graded snails with a snaiall traction of tine grains, values in the Table, The values thus determined for
his. LII) to 15% tiy wt. iii grains~_0.06mm )soil increases or reductions are regarded as values from the
groups SLI, GU, GT accnnnding to DIN 18 196, Table,
JLJ ne 1970 issLie) with a nors-unilormity factor For larger foundation widths than 5 m, proceed accord~
3;
ing to Section 4.3.
hi) a consol irlatiorr H 0.45 inn
clrse, wide and intermittently layered corse-grained Table 1. Non-cohesive subsoil
soils )scul groups SE, SW, SI, GE, GW, GI accord- and structure sensitive to settlement
ing to DIN 18 196, June 1970 issue) with U> 3 Minimum Permissible beaning pressure in
a nsnI 2 t) for strip foundations
embedment kN/m
with widths S or 5 of
graded soils with a small traction of fine grains, depth of foundation 0,5m im 1,5m 2m 2,5m 3m
i.e. up tci 15% by wt. of grains t7006 mm, )soil m
c.lmnrups SU, GD, GT according to DIN 18 196, 0.5 200 300 330 280 250 220
June 1970 issues) with a rsorr-uniionnsity factor
tTC3. 1 270 370 360 310 270 240
Prcrol ton ttiis punpcrse shall be obtained try sounding
on by sampling and Iabinnatomy tests., as dictated by local 1,5 340 440 390 340 290 260
experience.
2 400 500 420 360 310 280
The, v,:rlues in Iables 1 ansI 2 apply onsly to foursdations
subjen:t to vertic:aI amrnl cnnn:entmic loading. With eccentric For structures with
loadirrg, tIre area of the toursdalinsn shall be redLiced to foundation depths
a partial area A whose centnoid is the point through from 0.3 m and 150
wlrichr the Inanl acts. I rr the case of rectangular founda- with foundation
inrns, the. sii:les ol this partial area are parallel to the widths S from 0.3 m
sinies of the tounrlat ion arid their lengths are smaller
1) According to DIN 1301, the unit kN )kilonewton)
than the lengths of the sides of the foundation in the
1 kN = 103N is used for the load values
matins of twice the magnitunle nsf the eccentricity of
(1 kN = 1000/9.80665 kp, 1 kN 100 kp on
the loarl. The permissible contact pressure must then
1 kN/m2 -- 0.010 kp/cm2)
be referred to the smaller of the reduced side lengths 5.
I he pernsissihhe hearing pressure shall be determined
according to Section 4.3 when: 4.2.L2 Permissible hearing pressure
c.( in the cases of tcrundat iorss subjected to bottr vertical for structures insensitive
loads V and horizontal loads H (H/V = tan 6~), to settlement (seeTable2)
the embedment depth is I <C 1.4 5 tan 6~(5 = foun- The values in Table 2 may be used for strip foundations
dation widths), whose settlement will not damage the structure of the
ml) the ground waten level c:oncc~nnedis lsigher than the building.
bottom of the fou rrdation anni the smallest embeni-
Intermediate values may be obtained by linear inter-
merit nlepth is / 0. 0.8 ntr on / 0. 5.
polation. In the case of eccentric loading, it the snsallem
4.21.1 Pnsmntrissiblns beaning pressure reduced side length is 5 <0.5 m, the values in the Table
Ins n s t mu c t ii n e s s e n s ii i v e t o may be extrapolated linearly. The values for the founda-
settle.nse nit )seeTablel( tion width of 2 m may also he used for larger widths.
In the case of stmun:tumes wfsose foLrnnlations are not able The quoted bearing pressures can produce settlement of
to sisttlns ndepnsrsnlently sinsn:es they interact in their about 2 cm with foundation widths up to 1 .5 m and
setttensen t behaviour as a result of the supenstrLictLire significantly greater settlement with wider foundations.
(structures with stat im:ally mrndisfined footings, erg. With substantial interaction between neighbouring
residential and offices buildins;bs( , on whicfs can be. foundations, settlement may be greaten.
dansagesd nm rennlened less useful by differential settle-
The values determined according to Section 4.2.1 .2
merrt, the pisn rrrissible.s bnsar inch pressures as in Table 1 are regarded as values from the Table in the case of
sbsou InI be usemi fun strip too nmlations. increases according to Section 4.2.1.3 or meductions
I rstenmediatis valuiss nssay I::sns obtaimred from the Table by according to Section 4.2.1 .4.
linear interpolations. In this case of eccentric loading,
 DIN 1054 Page 7

incneased on reduced Table values, shall be multiplied

Tr:ihle 2. Non-cohesive subsoil
and structure insensitive to settlement by the reduction factor (i U)
Minimum Permissible bearing pressure in
2 1) for strip foundations If H acts parallel to the long side of the toundation, the
embedment kN/m
with widths S or 5 of values shall be multiplied by the reduction factor
dnspth cit foundation
rrr
0,5
0,5 ni

200
I mar

300
1,5 m

400
2 mn

500
(1 ~), provided the ratio of the sides is greater

1 270 370 470 570
1,5 340 440 540 640
2 400 500 600 700
Fur structures witfs
tounnlatiori niepths /
from 0.3 mn and 1 Sc)
with fniundation
widths/n from 0.3 no
1 kN/ni2 :,:: 0,010 kp/cm2
4.2.1.3 I n c m e a s e i n t Ii e v a I u e s i n t h e
1 a hi I es s 1 a 0 cI 2
a) With rectangular toundatinins with a side ratio of
less I ban 2 and circular toundationss, the values in
Tr:ihbes I and 2 may he increased lay 20%. The values
in Table 2 mmml thrses ins the tirst two columns of
Table 1 may however only be increased it the emhed~
ment depth is at least 0.6 times the foundation width
is on is.
The. values irs Tatsless 1 arid 2 may be increaseml lay
up tns 50C:, it tests dnwn to a depth equal tni twice
tbse benqthr mrf the shortest side of the foundation hot
not bass than 2 ns belniw the foundation bottom, have
reliably demonstrated oven a sufficient area, a bearing
capai:ity of the snii I such as exists at a consolidation
0.5 in the case cit soils according to Section 4.2.1,
a) or at a consnshidatimrn H > 0.65 in the case of soils
am:n:unniinsg to Section 4.2.1, b).
N a e : The decisinssr here will be trased on soundings
or air .inrfcnrrrratioen from special specionens.
Inacmesases ins the values irs the Table are pernsissible only
turin lou ndat ion winltbs is 720.5 ns arid embedment depths
72 0.5 ii. In all cases they relate only to the values in
fatrlem, I anil 2 nm to derived values obtainsed therefrom
firm large.n foundation widths and they should where
applicable tie. added.
4.2.1.4 Rnsduction of valsres inTable2
lt tfse rlistamrn:e nl betiese.ens then etfective gmounsd water
Iesvel ansi tins foundrrt ions bmrttom is less than the
dete.nimirsinst fuunnlaiion wimlth S nan is, the values in
Table 2 shrnuld be reduced, the reduction shall he
40;~,if the gmnsund water level touches the toundatitin
(ri :: 0). Firs intennsediate values (d~bbetween 0 and
1) a linear interpolation shall be made. If the ground
water level is above the tou ndation bottom, the
values 1mm d = 0 apply provided the tounnJatinin depth
/ is greater than 0.8 ns and is also greater than the
irrundatiorr widths 5.
Is) If hon izunital toncess H act mnrr a founthation in addition
~ovnsnlin:aI forces U, the values irs Table 2, or the
than 2.
H herein is the sum of the horizontal forces acting on the
foundation without taking into account the passive
resistance of the earth,
The values in Table 1 may be used without alteration
pnovided they are not greater than the reduced values
in Table 2. Otherwise the hatter will apply.
4.2.2 Permissible bearing pressures
with a cohesive subsoil
The values in Tables 3 to 6 ane applicable to strip foun-
dations on a cohesive subsoil in the stiff (0.75 <C jc < 1 .0),
semi-solid ~ ~ 1) or solid state, which must not be
affected by the building works, The ratio H : V must
not be greater than 1 : 4. For definition of the state
index I~(consistency index) see DIN 18122 Part 1,
April 1976 issue, section 3.4.
N o t e : The stare of a cohesive soil can he determined
in field test as follows (see DIN 4022 Part 7, Novem-
her 1969 issue, section 9):
a) A soil is v e r y s o f t if it exudes between I/ne
fingers when squeezed in the fist.
h) A soil is s o f t if it can he easily moulcled,
c) A soil is s t i f f if it cannot he nioulded easily hut
can he rolled in the hand into 3 rnsm thick rolls
without cracking or breaking.
ci) A soil is s e m i - s o Ii d if it crumbles or breaks
when an attempt is nnnade to roll it innto 3 mm thick
rolls but is still sufficiently moist to permit it to be
reformed If ito a lump.
e) A soil is s o lid (hard) if it is dried out and then
usually has a lighter appearance. It can no longer be
moulded but only broken. It is no longer possible
to roll the separate parts back in to a ball,
It is a condition ot using the values in the Table with a
subsoil of stiff consistency that the foundation load
increases only slowly. If the foundation is fully loaded
within a very short time or it the consistency of the
subsoil is softer than stiff, the permissible beaning
pressure must be determined according to Section 4.3,
taking into account the existing excess pore water
pressure. It is not possible to give here any generally
bindung values for very soft and soft cohesive soils,
The values in Tables 3 to 6 are also not applicable to
types of soil in which a sudden collapse ot the grain
structure is possible.
The soil types can for example he evaluated in terms of
the sand, silt and clay content of the soil and classified
on the basis of simple field tests according to DIN 4022
Part 1, November 1969 issue, sections 8.2 and 8.3.
The values in Tables 3 to 6 apply only to foundations
with concentric application of Iaod. In the case of
eccentric application of laod, the area of the foundation
Page 8 DIN 1054

shall Lie ieducenl as in Section 4.2.1 to a part area A, Table 5. Clayey silt 1)

the centmmmir:l cit which is the pcsint nsf actions of the load. Permissible bearing pressure in
Minnmum kN/m2 2) for strip foundations
The permissible cnn tact pnessure should then be referred
tim tIme smaller cmi the? reduced side lengths. embedment with widths S or 5 of 0.5 to 2 m
depth of foundation and a consistency
Inn the. case mit concentrically loanled foundations, the
beaming pressures in Tables 3 to 6 can result in settle- m stiff semisolid solid
merit ru arm mmnmler cit magnitude of 2 to 4 cm (see also
0,5 120 170 280
Sect man 2.3.1). 1 n the case of eccentrically loaded
lounsdatioris, tilting cans occur, the ammiunt of which 1 140 210 320
must where applicable he determined.
Where there is substantial interaction between neigh- 1,5 160 250 360
Lmou ring foundations, settlement values may lae greater.
2 180 280 400
For foundation widths between 2 and 5 m, the values
in Tables 3 tim 6 must he decreased Lay ahaout 10% pen 1)Corresponding to the soil groups UM, TL and TM
metre mit additional founnlation width if such tounda- according to DIN 18 196, June 1970 issue.
tidmns are approximately sized on the basis of values 2) 1 kN/m2 = 0,010 kp/cm2
from these Tables. With larger foundation widths,
proceed according to Section 4.3.
For rectangular tounnlalions with a side ratio less than Table 6. Clay 1)
2 and circular foundations, the values in Tables 3 to 6
Minimum Permissible bearing pressure in
mm the Talale values mletenmined for larger foundation
widths may lie increaseml hiy 20%. embedment kN/m2 2) for strip foundations
depth of foundation with widths S or 5 of 0.5 to 2 m
The values given in Tabales 3 tn 6 as a function of the
and a consistency
ens hemlment depth can Lie supplemented Lay linear 5 stiff semisolid solid
interpolation ton nather embedment depths.
0,5 90 140 200
Table 3. Pure silt 1)

- - Permissible bearing pressure in 1 110 180 240

Minimuns 2 2) for strip foundations
kN/m
embedment - with widths b or 5 of 0.5 to 2 m 1,5 130 210 270
depth of foundation and with stiff up to semi-solid
m consistency 2 150 230 300

as 130 1) Corresponding to the soil group TA according to

DIN 18196, June 1970 issue.
1 180
2) 1 kN/m2 = 0,010 kp/cm2
1,5 220

2 250 As an extension to Tables 3 to 6, a permissible mean

bearing pressure of 80 kN/m2 may be used for smaller
Conrespmmnding to tfre soil group UL according to structures (see Section 4.1.1) with strip foundation
DIN 18196, June 1970 issue. with widths of S ~ 0,2 m and embedment depths of
2) 1 kNJm2 = 0,010 kp/cm2 I ~0.5 m.

Table 4. Graded soil containing grain sizes from clay 4.2.3 Permissible bearing pressure with fills
up to the sand, gravel or stone range (e.g. sand It fills according to Section 2.1.3.2 satisfy the conditions
or boulder marl, boulder clay) 1) in Sections 4,2,1 or 4.2.2 and if a Proctor density of
100% according to DIN 18 127 (Preliminary Standard)
Permissible bearing pressure in
Minimum kN/m2 2) for strip foundations is present in the case of cohesive soils, the values in
embedment Tables 1 to 6 may be used ton sizing foundations to tre
with widths S or 5 of 0,5 to 2 m
mle.atb of founmlaticmn and a consistency placed upon them, This also applies in the case of an
organic material content not exceeding the proportions
inn stilt solid of 3 or 5% given in Section 2.1.1.3.
solid
0.5 150 220 330
4.2.4 Permissible bearing pressures with
1 180 280 380 spread foundations on rock
If the subsoil consists of uniform, stable rock of sufficient
1,5 220 330 440 thickness, the bearing pressures in the case of spread
foundations may reach the values in Table 7, provided
2 250 370 500
that the rock exhibits the properties specified in the
Cormesponmling to the soil groups Sd, ST, ST, Gd, Gt Table, that a satisfactory dispersion of the loads into
according to DIN 18 196, June 1970 issue, the deeper layers is assured and that the possibility of
2) 1 kN/m2 :,: 0,010 kp/cm2 deterioration in the rock properties as a result of
building works can be excluded,

Tables 7. Rock
Pernaissilale beaning pressure
2 1) with spread foundations
in kNImn
and the following rock condition
itn atificatimin
not friable, triable on with
condition not or only clear traces
slightly weathered of weathering
Rock ma uni~
ionmly fnmnsa 4000 1500
con seali dat ion
Rock in , permissible to draw d i r e c t intenences as to settle-
variable layers 2000 1000
mir fissurenl I ed during test loads. Similarly, the test loads may
1) 1 kN/na2 ::: 0,010 kp/cm2
In tesmnse.d iate values may lie intenlaolated on the basis
cml lcmcal exraemience on tbse site.
The Iaenmissihile beaning pressures sfsall Lie stipulated by
agreement with a competent laboratory, if
the classifications nsf the .subsoil as rock is not definite;
Li) the gesalcmgical c,msnmniitinanas are nlitficult to assess;
c) thes mock is consinlenably disturlaed
ml) sin slopess, tInes inclinsation of the hill layering and
fissure planes deviates only slightly from that of the
g mmmmi rid
e) then rock surfaces is maclined by more than 30;
t( highe.n bmearinml pressures than those in Table 7 must
he assumed as a laasis.
Acnmmsnpetenst lahaomateary shmauld always Lie ciansulted if
line dangmsr cit shear failLire cannsot lie ruleml naut, e.g. irs
the case of foundaticins on rock slopes.
4.3 Determination of the permissible bearing pressure
by settlement and shear failure tests
The values given as acceptable in Tables 1 to 6 may be
exceeded if the expected settlement is harmless and the
stability of the structure is established by calculation.
A similar calculation must be carried out if the subsoil
does not meet the requirements listed in Section 4.2.
4.3.1 Determination of settlement
P efe.rencms should he made to the recommendations in
DIN 4019 Parts 1 and 2 for calculation of settlement.
With megarni tmm the m innmr significance of short-term
Iciads as mentioneml in Section ?.3. 1 .2, it is sufficient
with a cohesive sulasoil to assunae only the constant loads
and probable long-term live toads in determining the
for ces. I mm amlchtieari, the Lmearing pressures from neigh-
bmauning foundations, structures or fills should be taken
intmr acccmmmnt in calculating settlenrment.
4.3.2 Determination of shear failure safety factor
For determTiinatimmn mnf the shear failure safety factor
with spread tnaunnlations, reference should he made to
the recomniendatimans in DIN 4017 Part 1 and DIN 4017
Part 2 ) Prel inainany Standard) and, for proof of the.
safely factiam against landslide, tmn DIN 4084 Part 1
(Prel irninary Staesmlarml) . In the case of spread Icmmrndaticmns
s,vith a large ennnlaedment depth (e..g. well foundations),
the shiesan failure safety factor normally does not require
pr cm ii
DIN 1054 Page 9
4.3.3 Test loads
Test loads to determine the stiffness factor of the soil
may only be undertaken in conjunction with soil tests
according to Section 3. The magnitude and variation
with time of settlement should he established by loading
and unloading, At each stage of loading, it is necessary
to wait until settlement is complete.
The stiffness factors are in each case calculated frons the
measured settlement. Since test loads, because of its
limited effect in depth, normally give information only
on the behaviour of the upper layer ot soil, it is not
ment of the structure from the settlement values measur-
only he adduced for settlement calculations it it is
certain from hone-hole results that the layer of the soil
pnofile most sensitive to settlement is at the surface.
Where the areas loaded are small, care should be taken
to ensure that there is no lateral yielding of the soil,
4,3.4 Settlement observations
From the nesu Its of settlement measurements acconding
to DIN 4107 on neighbouring, already completed struc-
tures, conclusions can be drawn when soil conditions are
the same, as to the settlement behaviour of the subsoil
and the approximate amount of settlement to be expect-
ed. By evaluating the settlement measurements made
at various times during construction of such structunes,
and on the basis of available bore hole results, the mean
stiffness factor of the subsoil layers )which may in some
cases he of irregular composition) subjected to the
additional force can be calculated. For this purpose
however it is necessary to know the actual structure
loads (i.e. not merely those assumed for the static caI~
culation) and, where applicable, also the duration of
their application. This stiffness facton can then be used
to calculate the probable settlement of the structure
being built, taking into account the depth effect.
5 Pile foundations
5.1 Definitions
5.1.1 Types of pile foundations
F i x e d p i I e f o u n d a t i o n s are pile foundations
in which the structure loads are transmitted by the piles
to the deeper load -bearing layers of the earth,
Floating (suspended) pile foundations
are pile foundations in which the structure load is not
transmitted directly to the deeper Ioad~heaninglayers
of the subsoil but to strongly compressible layers.
5.1.2 Pile types
5.1.2.1 According to the mode of installation and
manufacture, a distinction is made between:
P n e - c a s t p i I e s . These are prefabricated on supplied
in complete or partial lengths and are driven, jetted,
vibrated, pressed or screwed into the subsoil or placed
in prepared bore holes, (Driven piles, see DIN 4026).
Cast - i n - place piles These piles are cast in
place in a hole prepared in the subsoil. According tothe
method of manufacture there are for example bored
piles (see Dl~J4014-Part 1 and DIN 4014 Part 2 (at
present circulating as draft)), driven and cast-in-place
piles, pressure piles and vibration driven piles.
Page 10 DIN 1054
Cons pos it en ~mi Ic s. These are assemnbled from
pretaLmnicatetl ammct lnmcal ly farefiared COnslaOnents.
5.1.2.2 According to tlse mananen in which then pile
Iciads are transmitted to the subsoil a distinction is made
between
F: n d he a n i n g p i Ic s.These transmit the pile load
primarily thmcicngh the pressure nat the toe on the suLasoil
whilst shaft fnicticmn is not significant.
F r i c t ins is ti i I e s. These transmit the pile load to
the lmaad-Lmearing layers primarily by the shaft friction
at tlae pile ci mcu mfenence -
5.1.2.3 According to the pile material, a distinction is
made between concrete, reinforced concrete, pre-stressed
concrete, steel and wood piles.
5.1.24 According to tIne shape, a distinction is made
haetween piles with various shaft and toe shapes.
5.1.2.5 Acceanching tma the manner of loading, a mhistinc-
tion is naade between piles with axial loading, flexunal
loading car a comtai nat icin of Laoth types.
5.1.2.6 According to the effect on the surrounding
soil, a distinction is made between piles according to
whether the soil is compacted, displaced or loosened
lay the working process.
N o t c. Ccmnmmpactinig piles which are intended to
conrnpact loose subsoil capable of being connnpac ted
are not included inn tine pile foonndations considered
mere.
5.2 General information on design
52.1 Pile foundations should in general Lae sized so
that the structure forces ane transmitted to the sulasoil
entirely lay the piles.
Essential hmnnizcmntal force. ccnnaponents can be taken up
either by oblique installation of the piles (batter piles,
A-shape piles) or by flat-lying anchoring structures
e.g. anchor piles, anchor plates or walls, or by a flex-
orally rigid design of the piles.. Possible horizontal
displacements nTnust lie taken into account.
5.2.2 In determining the feances acting on the individual
piles of a statically indeterminate pile grid, the effect
of shape changes on the piles and subsoil must be taken
into account. In simple cases, suitable approximation
methods may also he used,
5.2.3 In the case nmf pile grcmups, Ihe su no naf the com-
pressive forces must not on average stress the subsoil
mnmcmnen than woulnl Lie permissible according to Section
4.3 for a spread foundation at the depth which is
significant tor ahasmanhing the conaspressive forces, It
shniu Id tie taorne in mind that settlement of a structure
supportennt nan ailes consists ot the settlement of this
spread Inundation (see Section 4.3.1) plus the settle-
nrrent of the individual piles. The surface on which the
cmampariscin is Liaseci sheauldl Iae baounded by a line pas~
sing at three times the pile shaft diameter outside the
axes of the peripheral piles. Raking piles are included
here only if their tips are not further out from the tips
of the vertical piles than the average separation between
the vertical lailess.
5.2.4 Fhcmating pile founelaticmns should Lie avcaided if
possilale; it is often advantageous to replace them by
spread foundations, They may be used if the soft
layers gradually become firmer, i.e. bess compressible,
with increasing depth, so that less settlement is likely
than with a spread foundation,
5.2.5 Foundation piles must be stressed primarily in
the axial direction. Transmission of tonces from the
structure into the piles must be established.
5.2.6 The thickness of the foundation piles is dependent
on their length, the required carrying capacity, the type
of pile and the method of installation. Compression
piles of conventional type should be at least 20 cm
thick.
5.2.7 Piles must stand sufficiently deep in the load-
bearing soil, e.g. in gravely on sandy soils, in general
about 3 m, unless for other reasons a larger embedment
depth is required or if a smaller embedment depth is
adequate or recommendable in soils of very good load-
bearing capacity.
A uniform depth of foundation should be obtained as
far as possible. If depth staggering of neighbouring piles
is unavoidable, the deeper piles should be installed
before the shallower ones.
5.2.8 Aligned piles must have an axial separation
sufficient to ensure that no damaging effects on neigh-
bouring piles can occur when they are installed, This
rule also applies to raking piles as appropriate (see
DIN 4014 Part land DIN 4026).
5.2,9 For similar static conditions (e.g. transmission
of compressive or tensile forces) the piles used within
a pile foundation should exhibit approximately the
same deformation and settlement properties, as deter-
mined by the method of manufacture, their length and
the pile material. This applies particularly to statically
indeterminate pile systems.
5.2.10 Free-standing piles should be checked for
safety against buckling; care should be taken to ensure
that buckling lengths and support conditions have been
correctly assumed. Even very soft soil layers prevent
transverse buckling.
5.3 Factors governing the carrying capacity of piles
The carrying capacity of a pile depends on the nature
of the soil and its properties, on the ground water
conditions, the embedment depth in the load-beaning
layers and the thickness of the latter, the shape of the
pile and its cross-sectional area, the pile material, the
condition of the shaft surface and the design of the
pile toe, the position of the pile, the spacing and the
method of installation. The thickness and strength of
the top layers are also important.
In addition, the influences of time, negative shaft
friction, lateral surface loading and dynamic loading
must be considered where applicable.
5.3.1 Influence of time
The carrying capacity of driven piles, where shaft
friction contributes a decisive component of the
carrying capacity, can increase fon a considerable period
aften installation, particularly in fine sand, silty and
clayey soils,

5.3.2 Negative shaft friction
4 pile can be additionally stressed hy negative shaft
tr ir:tiirn if the upper soil layers settle, The effect of
irqat we shaft h iction on the structure can he reduced
Iry JPIH opiate design of the piles and the choice of
ft wider pile spacing.
5.3,3 Influence of lateral surface loading
It adjacent to a pile foundation on a weak layer of soil,
an extensive surface loading develops non-uniformly
ahove the loarl-bearing subsoil (for example in the form
of ri fill), hui izontal movements of the soft soil may
result. The piles are thus subjected to an additional
flexuc al loading.
53.4 Influence of dynamic toads
Marked oscillations or vibration can cause a decrease in
the carrying capacity of piles or an increase in settlement.
5.3.5 Safety against uplift
he uplift of a building which is taken up by tension
piles or other tension elements, must, according to
Sect on 4 1.3.4 be calculated using the increased values
1 .4 for load types 1 and 2 and Pa = 1 2 for load
type3.
54 Permissible loading of piles from test loads
(determination of limiting load)
U coi~prrirahleloading results are not available, test
loads should he carried out on compression piles, in
all cases where
ii the piles are to bc subject to higher loading than is
perrnissil.rle accordirrq to the stipulations for driven
piles (according to DIN 4026) or bored piles (accord-
ing to DIN 4014 Part 1 and DIN 4014 Part 2 (at
present circulating as draft)
Ii) the load -hearing subsoil is not present in sufficient
thick rrE:~ss
c) during installation of the piles at the planned fourr-
dation depth doubts arise as to the loading capacity
of the piles or the can ying capacity of the
sLihsOil
The car ryirrq capacity of tension piles and anchor piles
f:ifrart horn cases of insignificant loading) shoulrl always
Ire estahl istred hy test loads (according to DIN 4014
Parr 1 , August 1975 issue, section 13.8 and according
to DIN 4026, August 1975 issue, section 8.. 1). An
exception to this are the driven tension piles according
to DIN 4026, August 1975 issue, section 8.1 .2.
5.4.1 Criteria for determining the permissible loading
Wherr determining thi:r permissible loading by a test
load the r:~onditions irr Sections 5.4.1.1 to 5.4.1.4 must
Ire take,rr into account
5.4.1.1 The stal:rrlity of ,:i pile is eferred to the limiting
load Q~ . The Irmitiup load is the load at which a com-
pression pile in the case of test load visibly sinks or a
tension pile visibly rises. In the load-settlement or
load-uplift curve, the limiting load represents that point
at r,vh ich the flat section, after a transition region with
increasing settlerrrent or uplift, passes into the steeply
fallin section (see Fig 21.
Only if the t i enr:l ot the burl-settlement curve does not
Per mit definite conr:lusions to he drawn as to the posL
ion ol thr:r limiting load Q
1~,the limiting load for boring
DIN 1054 Page 11
piles according to DIN 4014 Part 1 can be specified as the
load at a total settlements of about 2 cm (see DIN 4014
Part 1 Suppl. Sheet, August 1975 issue, explanations
to section 13.5),and 5b1for
of driven piles,
0.025 of the the
pileload at a per-
diameter il
manent
(see DIN settlement
4026, August 1975 issue, section 8.4.2) With
large diameter boring piles according to DIN 4014
Part 2 (at present circulating as draft) the procedure
can be as in Section 5.4.3.
LI
a;
, ,
lb
ft/i
Figure 2. Load-settlement diagram; limiting load
Q
5 and maximum load reached Qm4x
If the limiting load cannot be reached in the test, the
highest load applied Qmax is taken as the limiting load.
If the test load is repeated after some time and then
gives a higher limiting load, the latter value shall he
taken.
5.4.1,2 The permissible pile loading is obtained by
dividing the limiting load Qg by the safety factor r~
(according to Section 5.4.2)
5,41.3 The permissible pile loading established accord-
ing to Section 5.4.1.2 must not result in settlement )or
uplift) or differential settlement that would interfere
with the structure or the use of the building.
5.4.1.4 The permissible pile loading established accord-
ing to Section 5,4,1 .2 must not lead to over-stressing
of the pile materials; this is of special importance for
piles with a large free buckling length.
Where it is proposed to carry out test loads on piles
to be incorporated in the structure, care should he
taken to ensure that the piles are of dimensions sufficient
to absorb the limiting load expected or to be calculated,
Where it is proposed to carry out compressive and tensile
test loads on piles to be incorporated in the structure,
after the tensile test load, which in accordance with
Section 59.4 must be carried out last, the positive
coupling between the pile and the subsoil must be
re-established,
5.42 Safety factor p
5,42.1 The required safety factor p of a pile against
giving way under pressure or tension, as in Section
5.4.1.2, must at least equal the values in Table 8. When
reduced safety factor are used in more than one test
load it shall be a condition that the test loads are carried
out on identical piles under identical subsoil conditions
Page 12 DIN 1054
layer sequenm:~e, strermqth( The mesan value obtained
from the test loads may tae taken as the limiting load,
provided the rrminimuna and naaximum values obtained
do not differ by naone than 30% from the mean. Other-
wise a value of 1 .2 limes the minimum value shall he
used
5.4.2.2 The satety factors rj ton tension piles in
Table 8 apply eanly to isolated piles. For tension piles
closely spaced in greaups, the overlapping of the bodies
eat soil affected by Ihe pull of the pile must be taken
into account and the pernaissibfe loading conrespond~
ingly decreased,
5.4,2.3 In the cases considered in Section 5.3.4, a more
conservative value of safety factor should be selected
sir it shmauld Lie determined ira collaboration with necog-
nizecf ex~aertsor soil lahoratmanies,
5.4.3 Permissible loading of piles on the basis of the
settlement behaviour
With piles of fairly large diameter, with which experience
shows (see Section 5.4.1 .3) that settlement is the decisive
tactor limiting the permissible pile force, it is often not
peassihle tea increase the test load up to a level that can
be regarded as a limiting load in the sense of Section
54.1 1. In such cases test load need only be continued
until a pile head settlenaent amounting to tour times
the per missible settlement in service is attained,
5.5 Permissible loading of compression piles from
empirical values
With simple soil conditions and commomaly used types
of pile, the loads in DIN 4014 Part 1, August 1975 issue,
section 13 apply to boring piles, those in DIN 4014
Part 2, tables 1 tea 4 (at present circulating as draft) to
large dianaeten boring piles and those in DIN 4026,
August 1975 issue, section 8, to driven piles.
F mar pile fouridatiearas can rock, unless otherwise specified
in the above standards, the calculated compressions in
the vent ical surfaces ot the pile may exceed the values
in Table 7 in Section 4.2,4 by up to 100%. If possible
the pile should be embedded at least 50 m in the rock.
Table 8. Safety factorp
Number of test loads
Pile type carried out under
similar conditions
Compression piles 21
Tension piles with rakes 1 2
up to 2 11) ~2
Tension piles with a rake
2 1,75
eifl 1 )
Piles with fairly lange alter
nating load (tension and 2 2
compression)
1) In the case of tension piles with rakes between 2 : 1 and I 1, the safety factor should be interpolated linearly
on the basis of the rake angle between the values of lines 4 and 5.
5.6 Permissible loading of piles by calculation method
The permissible loading of piles must not in general he
determined on the basis of geostatic or empirical cal-
culation methods.
Empirical methods may be used only if they are re-
cognized on the basis of local experience under pre-
cisely specified assumptions or if they are shown to he
permissible on the basis of test loads.
For driving formulae see DIN 4026, August 1975 issue,
section 8.2.
5.7 Stability of pile foundation structures on a change
of landslide
The stability of the complete structure including the
pile grid, against landslide or slope collapse shall be
determined according to Section 2.3.2 in the case of
buildings erected on piled foundations on a change of
landslide or slope (see DIN 4084 Part 1 (Preliminary
Standard) and Part 2 (Preliminary Standard)),
5.8 Procedure for pile load test
The carrying capacity and settlement behaviour of
individual piles for a particular building shall he reliably
determined by test loads using the assumptions in
Section 5.4.
5.8.1 The test piles must correspond in all respects
to the actual conditions in the structure as regards soil
and ground water conditions, type of pile, embedment
depth and manner of installation,
5.8.2 The uniform method of preparing and conducting
the tests, making measurements and recording the results
for the various types of pile is specified in Appendix A.
This permits a reproducible and scientifically valid
evaluation of the results.
5.8.3 The number and distribution of the test piles
shall be established in conformity with Section 5.4 on
the basis of the shape of the structure and the nature
of the subsoil, In the case of important buildings, at
Safety factor for load type
1 2 3
minimum
2 1.75 1,5
1,75 1,5 1,3
2 1,75
2 175 1,5
1,75 1,5
,
2 1,75

least tsvcr test piles shall he loaded for each type of pile
used and a correspondingly larger number in the case of
non unifcrrm subsoil, Selection of the test piles and
te.stinq shall take place as scion as possible, The spacing
he,tween the test piles and between test piles and anchor
piles should he four tinTles ~thepile diameter with a mini-
mum of 2,5 m. Test piles should lie in the vicinity of one
or rrrore bore holes; where this is not possible, a new
bore hole should be made near the test pile. If both a
ccrntpression and a tensile load test are to be carried out
on one pile, the compression test shall be carried out first,
Appendix A
Guidelines for uniform preparation and conduct
of pile test loads and for making measurements
and recording test results
A,1 Installation of test piles
a) For driven piles, a full driving report according
to DIN 4026,, August 1975 issue,, section 6,5, shall
he made for the complete driving process. Inter-
ruptions cloning driving should be avoided. Unavoicl-
able, interruptions in driving should be noted in the
report..
When guickblow hammers are used, the required
operating pressure must be maintained throughout
the entire driving process.
dl With boring piles the procedure should be according
to DIN 4014 Part 1, August 1975 issue, section 3,
and sarirple forms according to DIN 4014 Part 1,
Appendix should be completed.
ci With large cI iarneter boring piles, the procedure should
be accc.rd ing to DIN 4014 Part 2 (at present circu-
lating rrs draft( , and sample forms according to
DIN 4014 Part 2 Appendix should be completed,
dl When installing other types of test piles, an appro-
p iately de,signerl report should he prepared.
A,2 Time of test loads
Te.st loads on driven piles should never he carried out
immediately after driving. In noncohesive soil they
should he carr ierl out after 3 days at the earliest and in
cohesive soil they should he started as late as possible
hot nt the earliest 3 weeks after driving.
A.3 Load arrangement
The boac.l is. to be apl:rlied so that it acts precisely along
the Icingitud inal ax is of the pile, does not vary during
DIN 1054 Page 13
5.8.4 Test loads may be made on test piles specially
manufactured for this purpose or on construction piles,
provided these are not thereby damaged or rendered
unsuitable for use in the structure. This also applies to
reaction piles. -
The buckling safety factor should be investigated in the
case of compression piles which have a large free-stand-
ing length during the test load.
In the case of construction piles whose tensile carrying
capacity is being tested, a maximum of twice the
intended pile loading may be applied. This must not
result in the limiting load being reached.
the test and is secure against tilting. The force should
be slowly and carefully increased or decreased. Shocks
and vibration should he avoided, If hydraulic jacks,
screw iacks or loading levers are used, the counter-
weights and anchors must be so arranged that the test
pile is not affected by them (see Section 5.9.4(.
The load arrangement shall as far as possible be
designed for a high enough level to ensure that the
limiting load can be reliably attained, If necessary it
must permit frequent load alternation (compression-
tension) and sustained test loads,
Hydraulic jacks may only be used if they are in perfect
order. The pumps must have load capacities such that
they can hold the pressure without difficulty and permit
easy regulation of the jacking, pressure.
A.4 Measurements
The height setting of the instruments used to measure
settlement and those used for comparison of the fixed
points must not be affected by the loading of the test
pile. For settlement measurements it is necessary to use
instruments with sufficiently large measuring ranges to
ensure that changes of range during measurement are
avoided. Particular attention should be paid to the zero
measurement before the test and to the tying-in of the
measurement with a further removed fixed point.
A measurement accuracy of at least 0.3 mm should he
maintained.
Each pressure or displacement measurement should he
supplemented by a second independent check measure-
ment. For checking the pressure measurement, it is
recommended that a pressure cell be fitted above the
pile head.
All measuring instruments and the loading device should
he calibrated and if necessary adjusted before the tests
are begun. The measuring instruments should be adjusted
to the measuring range expected.
Page 14 DIN 1054
A.5 Application of test load
The load shall he increased in steps at first very small
steps in order to detect any defects in the test set up.
The load steps should be selected so that the load-settle-
ment curve can he represented satisfactorily. Each load
step shall be held long enough for the pile to come
appnoximately to rest, This can he followed easily on
the time-settlement cunve. As soon as settlement in-
creases, the load steps should be decreased to prevent
the pile sinking too fast, The test load should if possible
he continued until the limiting load (Section 5.4.1.1) is
reached or, under certain conditions, exceeded.
In orden to measure the permanent settlement of the
test pile, some intenmediate unloadings should be carried
out as can easily be done when hydnaulic jacks are used.
Such intermediate unloadings are used especially after
reaching the maximum pile load predicted for the
structure or after exceeding the limiting load,
The load-settlement curve should be plotted continu-
ously during the test load so as to check the measure-
ment nesults and detect any exceptional events and also
obtain an early indication of the limiting load.
A.6 Tensile tests
Test loads on piles stressed in tension should be
canrieef out and the results plotted in a similar manner.
A.7 Load test report
The load test repeant should contain the following i nfor-
mat i0 ri:
a), A plan peasition sketch of the structure, showing the
test piles and neighbouring bone holes and soundings.
b) Soil and ground water conditions, water levels, results
of neighbouring bone holes and soundings, together
with the results of the soil mechanical tests carried
out on bore hole samples.
c) Type, manufacture, shape and dimensions of the test
piles; form and dimensions of the pile tips, materials
used and their guality; in the case of reinforced
concrete or pre-stressed concrete prefabricated piles
and also cast-in-place piles, in addition the manner
and time of manufacture, concrete composition and
reinforcement.
d) Detailed data on the installation of the pile and the
final depth.
With driven piles: the full driving report using sample
form 2 of DIN 4026, August 1975 issue, section 6.5
with the driving curves plotted as in DIN 4026,
sample form 3.
With boring piles: completed form for production of
boring piles as in DIN 4014 Part 1, August 1975
issue, section 3 or fon large diameter boring piles
according to DIN 4014 Part 2 (at present circulating
as dnaft),section 5.1.
For other types of pile: similar report with complete
data.
e) Descniption of loading and measuring devices with
attached drawings, official test certificate for the
compression and tensile strain measuring instruments.
f) Report on the test load using Sample form 1 for
compression or tension tests.
g) Load-settlement curve and time-settlement curve
according to Sample form 2.
h) Exceptional events occurring during the test load.
 DIN 1054 Page 15

Sample form 1 according to DIN 1054, Appendix A

Compression Ser, No..,...
Heporr on test loac.i test
Tension Sheet No

Full dr~vinqreport IDIN 4026 Sample form 21

Including: Report on manufacture of boring pile (DIN 4014 Pant 1 Sample form) No
Report on manufacture

Company Building site:

Pile Pile type Pile length

No Total I = m

In ground 10= m
Above ground up to dial gauges 1 = m

Load Q Settlements or uplift .s~ Time Remarks

Measurement 1 1 Measure Dial gauge 1 Dial gauge 2 =

Pressure gauge No ment 2

Measurement range:
~*) No .
rio
51 + ~2 Clock time o ton
of load
Read- . Read- ,~ 2
1) up in bar I , 2
Piston: A ,,,.,crn ing ing

bar MN MN ~i mm mm nun mm mm h mm h mm

[late Clock time Weather Temp. C Water level

Sr.:ar :
-
. . ,t ,
Finish

Cert feel
correct .,.....,..,,.., Date ,..,..,........ 19.....
-~ Test Director Authorized signatory of contraktor
I uninh~hydrauhc jacks I For check measurements or for using a different measuring principle
2 ~*) 1 MN 100 Mp
I One bar overpressure = D.1 MN/rn
Page 16 DIN 1054

Sample form 2 with example according to DIN 1054, Appendix A

Time-settlement curve Load-Settlement curve

~ Time in h LoadinMN ~

,n 0;
Ldzul ~

Settlement s in mm
Pile No
Pile type
Supplement to report No...,,.... Dates.,,... Signed Approved

Other standards
DIN lOSSPamtl Design loads for buildings.; stores, huilding materials and structural members
DIN lO55Part2 Design loads for buildings.,- soil characteristics; unit weight, angle of friction, cohesion, angle of
wall friction
DIN 1055 Part 3 Design loads for buildings; live loads
DIN 1055 Part 4 Design loads in building construction; live loads, wind loads
DIN 1055 Part 5 Design loads for buildings; live loads, snow load and ice load
DIN 1055 Part 6 Design loads for buildings; loads in silo bins
DIN 1056, Part 1 Free standing chimneys of solid construction; calculation and execution
DIN 1072 Street and road bridges; design loads
DIN 4014 Part 1 Bored piles of conventional type; manufacture, sizing and permissible loading
DIN 4014 Part 2 Bored piles; large diameter bored piles; manufacture, sizing and permissible loading (at present
circulating as draft)
DIN 4015 Soil mechanics and foundations; technical terminology, symbols
DIN 4017 Pnmrt 1 Subsoil; shear failure calculations for spread foundations with concentric vertical loading
DIN 4Ol7Pant2 (Preliminnmry Standard) Subsoil; shear failure calculations for spread foundations subject to in-
clined and eccentric loadings; recommendations
DIN 4018 Subsoil; calculation of contact pressure distribution below spread foundations
DIN 4019 Pant 1 Subsoil; settlement calculations with vertical concentric loading; directions
DIN 4019 Pant 7 Suhsoil; settlement calculations with oblique and eccentric loading (tilting); directions
 DIN 1054 Page 17

DIN 4021 Part 1 Subsoil; exploration hy trial pits and bore holes and by sampling; indications in the soil
DIN 4071 Part 2 Subsoil exploration by trial pits and bore holes and by sampling; indications in rock
DIN 4021 Part 3 Suhsoil; exploration by trial pits and bore holes and by sampling; indications from water conditions
DIN 4022 Part 1 Subsoil and ground water; terminology and description of soil types and rock; layer inventory for
tests and bore holes without continuous extraction of core specimens
DIN 4023 Subsoil and water borings; diagramatic representation of results
DIN 4024 Supporting structures for rotary machines (especially pier foundations for steam turbines)
DIN 4025 Foundations for forging hammers (anvil hammers); information on sizing and execution
DIN 4026 Driven piles~!-manufacture, sizing and permissible loading
[)IN 4030 Assessment of liquids, soils and gases aggressive to concrete
DIN 4084 Part 1 (Preliminary Standard) Subsoil; stability calculation for supporting structures to prevent Iaodslitle
DIN 4084 Part 2 (Preliminary Standard) Subsoil; stability calculation for slopes to prevent collapse of slope
DIN 4093 Feaundation engineering-compression in subsoil and structures; directions for planning and
execution
DIN 4094 Part 1 Subsoil; pile driving and pressure probe devices; dimensions and mode of operation of devices
DIN 4094 Part 2 (Pne.liminary Standard) Subsoil; pile driving and pressure pwbe devices; information on applica
ion
DIN 4095 Subsoil; drainage of subsoil to protect construction equipment; planning and execution
DIN 4107 Subsoil; settlement observations on structures either complete or under construction
DIN 4118 Pithead gear for mines; design loads and principles for design calculations
DIN 4119 Part 1 Overground cylindrical steel tank construction; basic calculation
DIN 4123 Ensuring safety of buildings in the region of excavations, foundations and underpinnings
WN 4124 Building pits and trenches; slopes, working space widths and sheet piling
DIN 4125 Part 1 Soil and rock anchors; grouted tie rods for temporary purposes in loose rock; sizing, execution and
testi rig
DIN 4125 Part 2 Soil and rnck anchors; grouted tie nods for long-term anchoring (permanent anchoring) in loose
rock; sizing, execution and testing
DIN 4149 Buildings in German earthquake areas; directions for dimensioning and execution
DIN 4150 Part 1 (Preliminary Standard) Vibration in civil engineering; principles, preliminary determination and
measurement of vibration magnitudet
DIN 4150 Part 2 (Preliminary Standard) Vibration in civil engineering; effects on human occupants in buildings
DIN 4150 Part 3 (Preliminary Standard) Vibration in civil engineering; effects on construction plant
DIN 18 121 Part I Subsoil; testing of soil specimens; water content; determination by oven drying
DIN 18 127. Part 1 Suhsoil; testing of soil specimens; phase limits (consistency limits); determination of flow and roll
limits
DIN 18 173 (Preliminary Standard) Subsoil; testing of soil specimens; grain size distribution
DIN 18 124 Part 1 (Preliminary Standard) Subsoil; testing of soil specimens; determination of grain density with
capillay picnometer
DIN 18 12.5 Part 1 (Preliminary Standard) Subsoil; testing of soil specimens; determination of density of soil;
laboratory methods
DIN 18 17.5 Part 2 (Preliminary Standard) Subsoil; testing of soil specimens; determination of density of soil;
field methods
C) I N 1 8 1 26 Suhsoil; testing of soil specimens; determination of density of non-cohesive soils with the loosest
and densest layering (at present circulating as draft)
DIN 18 127 (Preliminary Standard) Subsoil; testing of soil specimens; Proctor test
DIN 18 134 (Preliminary Standard) Subsoil; testing of soils; plate pressure test
Dl N 18 136 (Preliminary Standard) Subsoil; testing of soil specimens; determination of uniaxial compressive
strength
DIN 18 137 Pai:t 1 (Preliminary Standard) Subsoil; testing of soil specimens; determination of shear strength,
definitions and basic test conditions
DIN 18 196 Soil mechanics; soil classification for civil engineering purposes and methods for recognizing soil
g no ups
DIN 19700 Part 1 Dam structures,,-code of practice for design, construction and operation of dams
DIN 19700 Part 2 Dam structures; code of practice for design, construction and operation of weirs
DIN 19 702 Calculation of stability of hydraulic engineering structures; code of practice
Recnmmendations of the Working Committee Ufereinfassungen (Shore installations) of the Hafenbautechnische
t)
Gesellschaft e. V. and the Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Erd- und Gnu~dbaue_V..
1 ( Obtainable from Verlag Wilhelm Ernst & Sohn, Berlin/Mhnchen/Dusseldorf