6.

Modelling and analysis

Josef Machacek

Czech Technical University

y in Prague
g
 Objectives

Basic requirements

Methods of analysis
Objectives
Influence of
deformed
geometry
This lecture describes principles of modelling
Influence of
material and analysis of structures.
behaviour

Assessment 1 Global analyses distinguishing effects of

Simple global
deformed geometry and material non-linearities
modelling
d lli
are presented.
t d
FE modelling

Assessment 2
Survey of both simple and FEM analyses and
Examples
modelling are shown.
Conclusions Finallyy some basic examples are presented.
Notes

Lecture 6, V001, April 09

2
 Objectives

Basic requirements

Methods of analysis
Outline of the lecture
Influence of
deformed
geometry
1. Basic requirements
Influence of
material
behaviour
2. Methods of analysis
Assessment 1 3. Influence of deformed geometry
Simple global
modelling
d lli
4. Influence of material behaviour
FE modelling 5. Simple global modelling of frames, trusses and
Assessment 2 beams
Examples 6. FE modelling
Conclusions
7 Examples
7.
Notes
8. Conclusions

Lecture 6, V001, April 09

3
 Objectives

Basic requirements

Methods of analysis
1. Basic requirements
Influence of
deformed
geometry
Calculation model should reflect real global
Influence of
material and local behaviour of the designed structure
behaviour
(members cross sections,
(members, sections joints and
Assessment 1
placement).
Simple global
modelling
d lli

FE modelling
Analysis should correspond to limit states
Assessment 2
under consideration: ULS (ultimate limit states)
Examples
or SLS (serviceability limit states), i.e. with
Conclusions appropriate
pp p loading,
g, criteria and reliability.
y
Notes

Lecture 6, V001, April 09

4
 Objectives

Basic requirements

Methods of analysis
1. Basic requirements
Influence of
deformed
geometry
Joints are generally modelled (in accordance
Influence of
material with EN 1993-1-8) as:
behaviour
simple
i l (t(transmitting
itti no bbending
di moments), t )
Assessment 1
continuous (with rigidity and resistance providing full
Simple global continuity
y of elements),
)
modelling
d lli
semi-continues (in which the joint behaviour needs to
FE modelling
be considered in the global analysis).
Assessment 2

Examples
Ground-structure interaction should be
Conclusions
considered in case of significant ground
Notes
support deformation (see EN 1997).

Lecture 6, V001, April 09

5
 Objectives

Basic requirements

Methods of analysis
2. Methods of analysis
Influence of
deformed
geometry
Simplified scheme of calculation models:
Influence of
material
behaviour
F
Assessment 1
linear analysis strength
(1st order, elastic)
Simple global
modelling
d lli collapse
FE modelling

Assessment 2 g
geometrically
y non-linear
(2nd order)
Examples

e
Conclusions

Notes
Imperfections (global, local), e.g.:
e

Lecture 6, V001, April 09

6
 Objectives

Basic requirements

Methods of analysis
2. Methods of analysis
Influence of
deformed
geometry G
General
l ttypes off analysis:
l i
Influence of
material
Elastic
behaviour LA: Linear elastic analysis;
Assessment 1 LBA: Linear bifurcation analysis;
Simple global GNA: Geometrically non-linear analysis.
modelling
d lli

FE modelling Non-Elastic
Assessment 2 MNA: Materially
y non-linear analysis;
y ;
Examples GMNA: Geometrically and materially non-linear analysis;
Conclusions GNIA: Geometrically non-linear analysis elastic with
i
imperfections
f ti iincluded;
l d d
Notes
GMNIA: Geometrically and materially non-linear analysis
with imperfections
p included.

Lecture 6, V001, April 09

7
 Objectives

Basic requirements

Methods of analysis
2. Methods of analysis
Influence of
deformed
geometry Simplified
Si lifi d GNA (using
( i equilibrium
ilib i equation
ti on
Influence of
material deformed structure but the same small
behaviour
d fl ti
deflections as in
i common LA) is i called
ll d 2ndd order
d
Assessment 1

Simple global
analysis. Such analysis is usually sufficient for
modelling
d lli
investigation of buckling in steel frame structures.
FE modelling

Assessment 2

Examples

Conclusions

Notes

Lecture 6, V001, April 09

8
 Objectives

Basic requirements

Methods of analysis
3. Influence of deformed geometry
Influence of
deformed
geometry Si lifi d scheme
Simplified h off elastic
l ti analyses:
l
Influence of
material
behaviour

Assessment 1
F LBA
Fcr
Simple global
modelling
d lli
GNIA
FE modelling

Assessment 2

Examples
e
Conclusions

Notes

Lecture 6, V001, April 09

9
 Objectives

Basic requirements

Methods of analysis
3. Influence of deformed geometry
Influence of
deformed
geometry LA (1st
(1 t order
d analysis):
l i )
Influence of
material
behaviour
Benefits:
Assessment 1 Superposition valid, easy.
Simple global
modelling
d lli Drawbacks:
FE modelling Approximate solution, necessary to include
Assessment 2
imperfections (global
(global, local) and 2nd order
Examples
effects in other ways (by reduction coefficients
Conclusions

Notes
for buckling).
buckling)

Lecture 6, V001, April 09

10
 Objectives

Basic requirements

Methods of analysis
3. Influence of deformed geometry
Influence of
deformed
geometry LBA (li
(linear bif
bifurcation
ti analysis):
l i )
Influence of
material
behaviour
This analysis uses 2nd order analysis,
Assessment 1
introducing, however, zero initial imperfections
Simple global
and zero non-axial loading. The resulting
modelling
d lli critical forces are expressed in the form
FE modelling
Ncr,i = cr,iNEd where i (1; )
Assessment 2

Examples
(NEd represent initial set of axial forces)
Conclusions

Notes Note: In non-linear bifurcation analysis the

GNIA is used and bifurcation occurs by snap-
through of initial imperfection shape
shape.
Lecture 6, V001, April 09
11
 Objectives

Basic requirements

Methods of analysis
3. Influence of deformed geometry
Influence of
deformed
geometry GNA,
GNA GNIA ((or 2nd order
d analysis):
l i )
Influence of
material Benefits:
behaviour

Assessment 1
Direct solution of elastic buckling,
Simple global covers behaviour of cables.
modelling
d lli

FE modelling Drawbacks:
Assessment 2 Superposition can not be used
used,
Examples
software necessary.
Conclusions

Notes

Lecture 6, V001, April 09

12
 Objectives

Basic requirements

Methods of analysis
4. Influence of material behaviour
Influence of
deformed
geometry Si lifi d scheme
Simplified h off plastic
l ti analyses:
l
Influence of
material
behaviour
F
Assessment 1 rigid-plastic analysis
Simple global
modelling
d lli elastic-plastic
l ti l ti analysis
l i
FE modelling plastic hinge non-linear plastic
fibre plasticity
analysis
Assessment 2

Examples

Conclusions

Notes

Lecture 6, V001, April 09

13
 Objectives

Basic requirements

Methods of analysis
4. Influence of material behaviour
Influence of
deformed
geometry MNA ((plastic
l ti analysis):
l i )
Influence of
material Benefits:
behaviour
Hi h strength
Higher t th capacity.
it
Assessment 1

Simple global
modelling
d lli
Drawbacks:
FE modelling May only be used provided that:
Assessment 2
- steel is sufficiently ductile (fu/fy 1.1; 15 %;
Examples
u 15 y);
Conclusions
- for global analysis the cross sections are of class 1;
- in
i global
l b l analysis
l i ththe stability
t bilit off membersb att plastic
l ti
Notes
hinges is assured;
- software for plastic global analysis is desirable
desirable.

Lecture 6, V001, April 09

14
 Objectives

Basic requirements

Methods of analysis
4. Influence of material behaviour
Influence of
deformed
geometry M d lli off material
Modelling t i l behaviour:
b h i
Influence of
material without hardening
behaviour

Assessment 1
E/10000
Simple global or similar small value
modelling
d lli (just for numerical reasons)
FE modelling

Assessment 2 with hardening

Examples true stress-strain
curve
Conclusions
stress-strain curve
Notes from tests (using original
dimension of test coupon)

Lecture 6, V001, April 09

15
 Objectives

Basic requirements

Methods of analysis
5. Influence of material behaviour
Influence of
deformed
geometry Pl ti global
Plastic l b l analysis
l i models:
d l
Influence of
material
behaviour
non
non-linear
linear plastic analysis considering the
Assessment 1 partial plastification of members in plastic
Simple global
modelling
d lli
zones,,
FE modelling elastic-plastic analysis with plastified sections
Assessment 2
and/or joints as plastic hinges,
Examples rigid-plastic analysis neglecting the elastic
Conclusions behaviour between hinges.
Notes

Lecture 6, V001, April 09

16
 Objectives

Basic requirements
Formative Assessment Q
Question 1
Methods of analysis

Influence of
deformed
geometry D
Describe
ib ttypes off analyses.
l
Influence of
material
behaviour
How 2nd order effects in compression
Assessment 1
members may be covered?
Simple global Describe modelling of material properties.
modelling
d lli

FE modelling What are the limits for using an elastic

Assessment 2 analysis?
y
Examples
What are the prerequisites for using a plastic
Conclusions
analysis?
Notes

Lecture 6, V001, April 09

17
 Objectives

Basic requirements

Methods of analysis
5. Simple modelling of structures
Influence of
deformed
geometry 5 1 Frame stability:
5.1
Influence of
material First order elastic frames
behaviour
Fcr
Assessment 1 if cr = 10 (using LBA or approx. formula)
Simple global FEd
modelling
d lli as if with
FE modelling fictitious
supports
Assessment 2

Examples h h
Conclusions
Lcr h Lcr h
Notes

C iti l llength
Critical th iis llesser th
than or equall tto system
t llength.
th

Lecture 6, V001, April 09

18
 Objectives

Basic requirements

Methods of analysis
5. Simple modelling of structures
Influence of
deformed
geometry Note:
N t Instead
I t d off using
i LBA,
LBA approximate l off cr may
i t value
Influence of be determined from analysis of a compression member with
material
behaviour an elastic swayy brace:
sway non-sway
Assessment 1
buckling mode buckling mode (Eulers critical load)
Simple global H,Ed
modelling
d lli 2E I
Vcr < VE VE =
h2
FE modelling Vcr
stiffness c < c L stiffness c < c L cr =
HEd = H, VEd
Assessment 2 H Edc

h
Examples For sway buckling mode:
HEd
Conclusions Vcr H,Ed = HEd h
Vcr Vcr = VE
Notes

HEd h
Therefore, for sway buckling mode: cr =
VEd H,Ed

Lecture 6, V001, April 09

19
 Objectives

Basic requirements

Methods of analysis
5. Simple modelling of structures
Influence of
deformed
geometry
Second order elastic frames
Influence of Fcr
material
if cr = < 10 (using LBA or approx. formula)
behaviour
FEd
Assessment 1

Simple global Three methods of analysis may be used:

modelling
d lli

FE modelling

Assessment 2
a) GNIA is generally accepted. If both global
Examples
and member imperfections are accounted for,
no individual stability check for the members is
Conclusions
necessary (e.g.
(e g compression members are
Notes
checked for simple resistance to resulting
p
compression without anyy reduction for buckling).
g)

Lecture 6, V001, April 09

20
 Objectives

Basic requirements

Methods of analysis
5. Simple modelling of structures
Influence of
deformed
geometry
b) GNA for global analysis of the structure with
Influence of
material global imperfections. Member stability checks
behaviour
should be based on buckling lengths equal to the
Assessment 1
system lengths.
If 3 cr < 10 and sway buckling mode is
Simple global
modelling
d lli

FE modelling predominant, as a good approximation an

Assessment 2 amplified
p LA mayy be used ((see Eurocode 3, cl.
Examples 5.2.2(5B)) where sway effects (i.e. all horizontal
Conclusions
loading) should be increased by a multiple
Notes 1 Note: For multi-storey frames this
simplification can be used
1
1 provided they are regular
cr (see Eurocode, cl. 5.2.2(6B)

Lecture 6, V001, April 09

21
 Objectives

Basic requirements

Methods of analysis
5. Simple modelling of structures
Influence of
deformed
geometry
c) LA for global analysis without considering
Influence of
material imperfections. Member stability checks should
behaviour
be based on buckling lengths equal to the
Assessment 1
global buckling length (received from LBA):
Simple global
modelling
d lli Ny A fy
= =
FE modelling Ncr cr NEd
Assessment 2
or
Examples Lcr > h 2E I 2E I y
Lcr = =
Conclusions Ncr cr NEd
Notes
Note: Safe use of this method requires increasing of
moments due to sway effects (approx. by 20 %).

Lecture 6, V001, April 09

22
 Objectives

Basic requirements

Methods of analysis
5. Simple modelling of structures
Influence of
deformed
geometry 5 2 Trusses common LA:
5.2
Influence of Approximate analysis assuming pin-jointed member
material
behaviour ends
e ds (seco
(secondary
da y moments
o e s in members
e be s due to
o
Assessment 1
stiffness of joints ignored):
Simple global
modelling
d lli

FE modelling

Assessment 2
A
Approximate
i t analysis
l i with
ith continuous
ti chords
h d
Examples
(usual analysis):
Conclusions

Notes

Lecture 6, V001, April 09

23
 Objectives

Basic requirements

Methods of analysis
5. Simple modelling of structures
Influence of
deformed
geometry
eccentricity of members in nodes should be limited
Influence of
(see EN 1993-1-8, cl. 5.1.5), otherwise eccentricity
material
behaviour
moments M = (H1 H 2 ) e shall be distributed
to members.
Assessment 1
H1 H2
Simple global
modelling
d lli e
FE modelling

Assessment 2
S h
Scheme off truss
t nodes
d
Examples

Conclusions
effects of global and local instabilities in trusses in
Notes
accordance with cr (global instability is usually
negligible, unless slender truss column is analysed).

Lecture 6, V001, April 09

24
 Objectives

Basic requirements

Methods of analysis
5. Simple modelling of structures
Influence of
deformed
geometry 5 3 Continuous beams
5.3
Influence of
material (1st class cross-sections, plastic analysis)
behaviour

Assessment 1
Methods of elastic-plastic or rigid-plastic
Simple global
analysis (leading to complete, overcomplete
modelling
d lli or partial kinematic mechanism):
FE modelling
- Method of consecutive formation of plastic
Assessment 2
hinges ((used
sed b
by common soft
software).
are)
Examples
- Method of virtual works to form kinematic
Conclusions

Notes
mechanism.
h i
- Method of moment redistribution (most
common). )
Lecture 6, V001, April 09
25
 Objectives

Basic requirements

Methods of analysis
5. Simple modelling of structures
Influence of
deformed
geometry Examples of beams under uniform loadings:
Influence of
material
complete kinematic mechanism
behaviour
number of hinges = number of
Assessment 1 statically indeterminates + 1

Simple global
modelling
d lli hypercomplete kinematic mechanisms
FE modelling

Assessment 2
outside spans
Examples
strengthened
Conclusions
partial kinematic mechanisms
Notes inner spans not
fully utilized

Lecture 6, V001, April 09

26
 Objectives

Basic requirements

Methods of analysis
5. Simple modelling of structures
Influence of
deformed
geometry Example:
E l
Influence of
material Common analysis of two-span beam under
behaviour
uniform
if l di (hypercomplete
loading (h l t mechanism):
h i )
Assessment 1

Simple global q
modelling
d lli

FE modelling 1
q L2
8
Assessment 2 elastic moments
Examples 1
q L2
1 11 .7 1
Conclusions q L2 q L2
11 .7 11 .7
plastic redistribution
Notes

Lecture 6, V001, April 09

27
 Objectives

Basic requirements

Methods of analysis
6. FE modelling
Influence of
deformed
geometry Requirements for FEM are given in EN
Influence of
material
1993-1-5, Annex C. Special care is due to:
behaviour
the modelling of the structural component
Assessment 1
and its boundary conditions;
Simple global
modelling
d lli the choice of software and documentation;
FE modelling the use of imperfections;
Assessment 2
the modelling of material properties;
Examples
the modelling of loads;
Conclusions
the modelling of limit state criteria;
Notes
the partial factors to be applied.

Lecture 6, V001, April 09

28
 Objectives

Basic requirements

Methods of analysis
6. FE modelling
Influence of
deformed
geometry Limit state criteria:
Influence of
material
behaviour
1. For structures susceptible to buckling:
Assessment 1 Attainment of the maximum load.
Simple global
modelling
d lli 2 For regions subjected to tensile stresses:
2.
FE modelling Attainment of a limiting value of the
Assessment 2
principal membrane strain (5%)
(5%).
Examples

Conclusions Other criteria mayy be used, e.g.g attainment of the

Notes yielding criterion or limitation of the yielding zone.

Lecture 6, V001, April 09

29
 Objectives

Basic requirements

Methods of analysis
6. FE modelling
Influence of

The design load magnification factor u (for

deformed
geometry

Influence of
material
simplicity a single design load multiplier) to the
behaviour
ultimate limit state should be sufficient to achieve
Assessment 1
the required reliability:
Simple global
modelling
d lli u > 1 2
FE modelling where
Assessment 2 - 1 covers the model uncertainty of the FE FE-modelling
modelling
Examples used. It should be obtained from evaluations of test
calibrations, see Annex D to EN 1990;
Conclusions
- 2 covers theth scatter
tt off the
th loading
l di and d resistance
i t
Notes
models. It may be taken as M1 (= 1.0) if instability
governs and M2 (= 1.25) if fracture governs.

Lecture 6, V001, April 09

30
 Objectives

Basic requirements

Methods of analysis
Formative Assessment Question 2
Influence of
deformed
geometry

Influence of
Describe common calculation models for
material
behaviour
braced building frame.
Assessment 1 Describe common calculation models for a
Simple global
modelling
d lli
truss.
FE modelling Describe common plastic models for
Assessment 2 continuous beams under various loadings.
Examples
How ULS may be determined when using
Conclusions
various FEM models (ranging from LA up to
Notes
GMNIA)?

Lecture 6, V001, April 09

31
 Objectives

Basic requirements

Methods of analysis
7. Examples
Influence of
deformed
geometry

Influence of
Example 1: Two-bay braced frame
material
behaviour

Assessment 1
E
Example
l 2:
2 Two-hinged
T hi d arch
h
Simple global
modelling
d lli Example 3: Plate under uniform loading
FE modelling

Assessment 2

Examples

Conclusions

Notes

Lecture 6, V001, April 09

32
 Objectives

Basic requirements

Methods of analysis
7.1 Example 1
Influence of
deformed
geometry
Example
E l 1:
1
Influence of
material
behaviour
Two-bay braced frame

3 600
Assessment 1

Simple global
modelling
d lli The frames spaced

11 400
3 600
at distance of 6 m,
FE modelling
bracing each 12 m.
Assessment 2
HE 160 B
HE 160 B

HE 160 B

4200
Examples

Conclusions
6 000 6 000
Notes
Geometry and cross sections:
composite
p floor beams: A= 9345 mm2, I = 127.4.106 mm4

Lecture 6, V001, April 09

33
 Objectives

Basic requirements

Methods of analysis
7.1 Example 1
Influence of
deformed
geometry
L di [kN]
Loading
Influence of 30.8 153.0 306.0 153.0
material
behaviour imp
p1
137.5 275.0 137.5
Assessment 1 56.0
imp 2
Simple global
modelling
d lli
62.0 137 5
137.5 275 0
275.0 137 5
137.5

FE modelling imp 3

Assessment 2

Examples HEd,1 HEd,2 HEd,3

Conclusions
VEd,1 VEd,2 VEd,3

Notes
vertical loading of columns;
winter loading due to this bracing;
global imperfections due to this bracing (from 2 cross frames):
imp 1 = 21.6 = 3.2 kN; imp 2 = imp 3 = 21.5 = 3.0 kN.

Lecture 6, V001, April 09

34
 Objectives

Basic requirements

Methods of analysis
7.1 Example 1
Influence of
deformed
geometry LA - model
d l
Influence of
material
behaviour
used
d model:
d l
Assessment 1

Simple global
modelling
d lli

FE modelling

Assessment 2
iinappropriate
i t
Examples models:
Conclusions

Notes

unstable long critical lengths

of diagonals
Lecture 6, V001, April 09
35
 Objectives

Basic requirements

Methods of analysis
7.1 Example 1
Influence of
deformed
geometry LA - internal
i t l forces
f
Influence of
material
(due to loading including global imperfections)
behaviour

Assessment 1

Simple global
modelling
d lli

FE modelling

Assessment 2
-0.79 -0.46 -0.46
Examples

Conclusions -217 -918 -428

Notes

MEd [kNm] NEd [kN]

Lecture 6, V001, April 09

36
 Objectives

Basic requirements

Methods of analysis
7.1 Example 1
Influence of
deformed
geometry LBA critical
iti l modes
d
Influence of
material (loading including global imperfections)
behaviour
6 first
fi t critical
iti l modes
d are shown
h ffor d
demonstration:
t ti
Assessment 1

Simple global
modelling
d lli

FE modelling

Assessment 2

Examples

Conclusions

Notes
cr,1 = 5.51 cr,2 = 7.37 cr,3 = 8.30
(central column) (bottom diagonal) (middle diagonal)

Lecture 6, V001, April 09

37
 Objectives

Basic requirements

Methods of analysis
7.1 Example 1
Influence of
deformed
geometry LBA critical
iti l modes
d
Influence of
material (loading including global imperfections)
behaviour

Assessment 1

Simple global
modelling
d lli

FE modelling

Assessment 2

Examples
cr,4 = 11.75 cr,5 = 14.40 cr,6 = 16.95
Conclusions
(right column) (central column) (upper diagonal)
Notes
Note: The first sway mode is the 15th, where cr,15 = 144.1;
HEd h 162.0 4200
U i approximate
Using l cr =
i t fformula: = = 192.9
VEd H,Ed 1712 .0 2.06

Lecture 6, V001, April 09

38
 Objectives

Basic requirements

Methods of analysis
7.1 Example 1
Influence of
deformed
geometry Notes
N t ffor d
design:
i
Influence of
material
behaviour
- The frame is classified as second order frame
Assessment 1 (cr,1 = 5.51 < 10). However, the buckling modes
Simple global are of non-sway character. The possibilities
modelling
d lli
mentioned for analysis (see 5.1) are discussed:
FE modelling

Assessment 2 a) GNIA may generally be usedused, where unique

Examples imperfection for this frame e0 = 8.5 mm was
Conclusions
determined in Lecture 5. Approximate global
imperfections and imperfections of indi
individual
id al
Notes
elements in accordance with Eurocode 3 or their
equivalent transverse loadings may also be used.
However, such analyses are generally demanding.
Lecture 6, V001, April 09
39
 Objectives

Basic requirements

Methods of analysis
7.1 Example 1
Influence of
deformed
geometry b) GNA for
f global
l b l analysis
l i off th
the structure
t t with
ith global
l b l
Influence of imperfections is simple, provided non-linear
material
behaviour
software is available. Resulting internal forces:
Assessment 1

Simple global
modelling
d lli

FE modelling

Assessment 2 -0 77
-0.77 -0 43
-0.43 -0 44
-0.44

Examples
-217 -918 -428
Conclusions

Notes

MEd [kNm] NEd [kN]

Compare differences between LA and GNA: here negligible.

Lecture 6, V001, April 09

40
 Objectives

Basic requirements

Methods of analysis
7.1 Example 1
Influence of
deformed
geometry Member stability checks should be based on
Influence of
material
buckling lengths equal to the system lengths.
behaviour

Assessment 1
Amplified LA is questioned in spite of cr,1 = 5.51
Simple global
modelling
d lli
> 3 due to non-sway buckling character. Member
FE modelling
stability checks should also be based on buckling
Assessment 2
l
lengths
th equall tto th
the system
t lengths.
l th Details
D t il off the
th
Examples
method are given for another example in Module 4:
Conclusions
Frame Stability.
Stability
Notes

Lecture 6, V001, April 09

41
 Objectives

Basic requirements

Methods of analysis
7.1 Example 1
Influence of
deformed
geometry c)) LBA gives
i th
the first
fi t buckling
b kli mode d which
hi h corresponds
d
Influence of to buckling of bottom central column, which may be
material
behaviour designed for internal forces from LA (imperfection
Assessment 1 may be neglected) and following global slenderness
Simple global or global buckling length:
modelling
d lli

FE modelling Ny A fy 5425 235

= = = = 0.50
Assessment 2 Ncr cr NEd 5.51 918 10 3

Examples

Conclusions 2E I 2 210 10 3 24.92 10 6

Lcr = = = 3195 mm
Notes Ncr 5.51 918 10 3

Lecture 6, V001, April 09

42
 Objectives

Basic requirements

Methods of analysis
7.1 Example 1
Influence of
deformed
geometry The buckling
Th b kli mode d iis non-sway (see
( th
the picture)
i t )
Influence of and due to elastic constraint from upper parts of the
material
behaviour columns the Lcr < h = 4200 mm.
Assessment 1

Simple global
modelling
d lli Note: Other members may be designed conservatively for the
FE modelling same cr,1. Moments due to sway effects (here negligible)
Assessment 2 should be increased approx. by 20%.
Examples

Conclusions

Notes

Lecture 6, V001, April 09

43
 Objectives

Basic requirements

Methods of analysis
7.1 Example 1
Influence of
deformed
geometry Summary concerning the three approaches:
Influence of
material
GNIA introducing all kind of imperfections (suitable
behaviour for all cr) is demanding
demanding, usually not employed
employed.
Assessment 1
GNA using global imperfections may be used,
Simple global
modelling
d lli followed by member stability checks for system
FE modelling
critical lengths. Simplified amplified LA may
similarly be used for cr,1 3 but is appropriate for
Assessment 2
predominantly
d i tl sway b
buckling
kli modes.
d
Examples

Conclusions
LA followed by member stability checks using
critical lengths from LBA should account for
Notes
moments due to sway effects.
Braced multi
multi-storey
storey frames are usually non
non-sway.
sway

Lecture 6, V001, April 09

44
 Objectives

Basic requirements

Methods of analysis
7.2 Example 2
Influence of
deformed
geometry
Example 2:
Influence of
material
behaviour
Two-hinged arch (IPE 360,
360 S355)
Assessment 1
1,80 kN/m ++vlastn
weighttha
of IPE
IPE
Simple global permanent
modelling
d lli
loading 8m
FE modelling 8000

Assessment 2
40 m
40000
Examples
E
Conclusions 9,0 kN/m
4 5 kN/m
4,5 kN/
Notes
snow

Lecture 6, V001, April 09

45
 Objectives

Basic requirements

Methods of analysis
7.2 Example 2
Influence of
deformed
geometry LA - internal
i t l forces:
f
Influence of
material
behaviour

Assessment 1 M [kNm]
141,2 106,2
Simple global
modelling
d lli

FE modelling

Assessment 2
N [kN] 226,0
Examples

Conclusions

Notes

Lecture 6, V001, April 09

46
 Objectives

Basic requirements

Methods of analysis
7.2 Example 2
Influence of
deformed
geometry LBA - critical
iti l loading:
l di
Influence of
material (cr = 2.82)
behaviour

Assessment 1 first critical mode

Simple global
modelling
d lli

FE modelling
e0

Assessment 2

Examples
N Rk N Rk 2581 10 3
= = = = 2,01
cr NEd
Conclusions 3
Ncr 2 82 226 10
2,
Notes

When LA is used, the reduction coefficient y(a) = 0.22.

Lecture 6, V001, April 09

47
 Objectives

Basic requirements

Methods of analysis
7.2 Example 2
Influence of
deformed
geometry GNIA - internal
i t l forces:
f
Influence of
material Imperfections in first critical mode, in accordance
behaviour
with
ith E
Eurocode
d 33, cl.
l 5
5.3.2,
3 2 e0 = 53.3
53 3 mm.
Assessment 1
M [kNm]
Simple global
modelling
d lli 225 0
225,0 180 0
180,0

FE modelling

Assessment 2

Examples N [kN] 226,2

Conclusions

Notes

Wh GNIA is
When i used,
d th
the reduction ffi i t y = 1.0.
d ti coefficient 10
Lecture 6, V001, April 09
48
 Objectives

Basic requirements

Methods of analysis
7.2 Example 2
Influence of
deformed
geometry S
Summary off the
th comparison
i off LA and
d GNIA
Influence of
material for the arch:
behaviour

Assessment 1
Using LA the reduction coefficient for
Simple global
modelling
d lli
compression y(a) = 0.22 shall be used in design.
FE modelling
Using GNIA (geometrically non-linear analysis
Assessment 2
with imperfections) the maximum moment
Examples increased about 1.6 times, while reduction
Conclusions coefficient for compression
p is y = 1.0.
Notes
Comparing resulting cross sections the GNIA is
more economic.
economic

Lecture 6, V001, April 09

49
 Objectives

Basic requirements

Methods of analysis
7.3 Example 3
Influence of
deformed
geometry
E
Example
l 3:
3
Influence of
material
behaviour Plate under uniform loading q
Assessment 1
(edges simply supported with zero membrane stresses)
Simple global
modelling
d lli q
FE modelling
00
10
Assessment 2

Examples

Conclusions
t = 10 mm
Notes 1000

Lecture 6, V001, April 09

50
 Objectives

Basic requirements

Methods of analysis
7.3 Example 3
Influence of
deformed
geometry
FEM & EN 1993-1-7.
Influence of
material Comparison of LA and GNA:
behaviour

Assessment 1
Rovnomrn zaten
Simple global Eurocode:
Eurokd: malsmall deflections
prhyby
((mal a velk prhyby,
p y y vsek)
)
modelling
d lli
en [N/mm2]]

0,2 FEM:mal
MKP: small deflections
prhyby
2

FE modelling
N/mm

0,15
Assessment 2 Eurocode:
Eurokd: g ydeflections
velklarge
prhyby
p y
[N
qzate

0,1 (okraje posuvn)

Examples 0,05
FEM:velk
large deflections
MKP: prhyby
(okraje posuvn)
0
Conclusions
0 5 10 15 20

Notes central deflections [mm]

prhyb [mm]

Lecture 6, V001, April 09

51
 Objectives

Basic requirements

Methods of analysis
7.3 Example 3
Influence of
deformed
geometry FEM & EN 1993-1-7.
1993 1 7
Influence of
material Comparison of LA and GNA:
behaviour

Assessment 1 (vsek do napt 500 MPa) Eurocode: top and bottom

Eurokd:napt - horn tlak,
small deflections
doln tah (mal prhyby)
Simple global
0,2 FEM: top and bottom
[N/mm2] ]

modelling
d lli MKP: napt - horn tlak,
2

small deflections
gen[N/mm

doln tah (mal prhyby)

FE modelling 0,15 Eurocode:
Eurokd: dolnbottom
napt
largeprhyby,okraje
(velk deflections
Assessment 2 posuvn)
loading
zat

0,1 Eurocode:
Eurokd: horntop
napt
Examples large deflections
(velk prhyby,okraje
posuvn)
0,05 FEM:
MKP: bottom
doln napt (velk
Conclusions large deflections
prhyby,okraje posuvn)

Notes 0 MKP:
FEM:horn
topnapt (velk
prhyby,okraje posuvn)
large deflections
-200 -100 0 100 200 300 400 500

stresses at midspan
napt[MPa]
[MPa]

Lecture 6, V001, April 09

52
 Objectives

Basic requirements

Methods of analysis
7.3 Example 3
Influence of
deformed
geometry S
Summary off the
th comparison
i off LA and
d GNA
Influence of
material for the thin plate in bending:
behaviour

Assessment 1

Simple global Using GNA (large deflection theory of plates)

modelling
d lli
the deflections and stresses for the same
FE modelling
loading are lower than using LA (small
Assessment 2
deflection theory of plates)
plates).
Examples
LA gives uneconomic solution.
Conclusions

Notes

Lecture 6, V001, April 09

53
 Objectives

Basic requirements

Methods of analysis
8. Conclusions
Influence of
deformed
geometry 1) A
Appropriate
i t models
d l off analysis
l i (f
(from LA up tto
Influence of GMNIA) should be used in accordance with
material
behaviour
investigated limit state and expected results.
Assessment 1

Simple global
2) Geometrically nonlinear models are essential
modelling
d lli for structures changing significantly shape
FE modelling
under loading (cables, cable nets, structures
and members in buckling etc.).
Assessment 2

Examples
3) Approximate LA may be used provided the
Conclusions p
influence of deflections and imperfections are
Notes adequately covered in both global and
member analysis.

Lecture 6, V001, April 09

54
 Objectives

Basic requirements

Methods of analysis
8. Conclusions
Influence of
deformed
geometry
4) Elastic analysis is always safe but usually
Influence of
material uneconomical.
behaviour

Assessment 1 5) Materially nonlinear models may be used as

Simple global
far as special requirements on steel, cross
modelling
d lli
sections
ti anddbboundary
d conditions
diti are met.t
FE modelling

Assessment 2
6) FEM (from LA up to GMNIA) requires special
Examples
care and factored design loading should
achieve at given limit state required reliability.
Conclusions

Notes

Lecture 6, V001, April 09

55
 Objectives

Basic requirements

Methods of analysis
Notes to Users of the Lecture
Influence of
deformed
geometry This session
Thi i is
i for
f modelling
d lli and d analysis
l i off structures
t t and
d
requires about 60 minutes lecturing and 60 minutes tutorial
Influence of session.
material
behaviour Within the lecturing,
lecturing calculation models ranging from LA to
Assessment 1
GMNIA are described. Influence of deformed geometry and of
material behaviour is shown with focus on multi-storey frames
Simple global and floor elements. Analysis using FEM in general form and
modelling
d lli use of its results for design with harmony of Eurocodes is also
presented.
FE modelling
Further readings on the relevant documents from website of
Assessment 2 www access-steel
www.access steel.com
com and relevant standards of national
standard institutions are strongly recommended.
Examples
Formative questions should be well answered before the
Conclusions summative qquestions completed
p within the tutorial session.
Notes Keywords for the lecture:
calculation model, linear analysis, non-linear analysis, elastic
analysis plastic analysis
analysis, analysis, bifurcation analysis
analysis, sway frame
frame,
frame stability, FE analysis.
Lecture 6, V001, April 09
56
 Objectives

Basic requirements

Methods of analysis
Notes for lecturers
Influence of
deformed
geometry S bj t M
Subject: Modelling
d lli and
d analysis
l i off structures.
t t
Influence of Lecture duration: 60 minutes plus 60 minutes tutorial.
material
behaviour Keywords:
y calculation model,, linear analysis,
y , non-linear
analysis, elastic analysis, plastic analysis, bifurcation analysis,
Assessment 1 sway frame, frame stability, FE analysis.
Simple global Aspects to be discussed: types of analyses, requirements for
modelling
d lli use off various
i analyses,
l modelling
d lli off fframes, ttrusses, b
beams.
FE modelling Within the lecturing, the modelling of multistorey frames incl.
stability problems and GNA should be practised. Attention
Assessment 2 should also be paid to modelling of trusses and beams using
Examples
LA and MNA.
Further reading: relevant documents www.access-steel.com
Conclusions
and relevant standards of national standard institutions are
Notes strongly recommended.
Preparation for tutorial exercise: see examples within the
lecture.

Lecture 6, V001, April 09

57