1

Grammar
Book on
Video
Games
By: Corrina Salgado
 2

About the Author

At a young age, I have always done well in writing. I began writing around the second
grade, mostly about what had been occurring in my life at the time. Writing is a way I can
vent out my emotions without ever really harming anyone. Throughout my middle
school years, I have always excelled in composing stories or analyzing text I am given.
However, writing this Grammar Book definitely tested my knowledge on some of the
terms I thought I would have recognized.

About the Subject

The subject I chose to base my Grammar Book on is video games. Many people who play
video games don't realize there is always a backstory to the game itself. The purpose of
choosing this subject is to explain to gamers or writers that within every game is a plot as
well as improving their writing. Most gamers may not pay attention well enough to
schoolwork because of their devotion to a specific game. Creating this on a subject they
can relate to will hopefully increase their knowledge in english and writing.
 3

Table of Contents
1. Parts of Speech Pgs. (4-17)
2. Phrases Pgs. (18-20)
3. Clauses Pgs. (21-24)
4. Sentences Pgs. (25-28)
5. Essays Pgs. (29-32)
6. Capitalization Pgs. (33-36)
7. Punctuation Pgs. (37-38)
8. Commonly Confused/Misused Words Pgs. (39)
9. Glossary Pgs. (40-41)
10. Cited Works Pgs. (42)
 4

Grammar Book Section 1

Parts of Speech
I. Nouns: person, place, or object
A. Types of Nouns
1. Common Nouns: a name of class of people, places, or objects
a) Ex: outer space, city, cars, enemies
2. Proper Nouns: a specific name or label of a particular person, place,
or thing
a) Ex: Hyrule Field, Gotham City, Nathan Drake, Batmobile
3. Compound Nouns: combination of words used together to form a
single noun
a) Ex.: Pacman, WarCraft, PlayStation
4. Concrete Nouns: refer to material things, to people, or to places
a) Ex.: controller, joystick, microphone
5. Abstract nouns: name ideas, quality, emotions, or attitudes
a) Ex.: curiosity, adventurous, brave
B. Noun Identifiers
1. Noun Endings
sexist stupidity childhood madness directory
attention equipment disinheritance independence
multitude sinister beggarism torture
2. Following the noun marker (NM): a, all, both, each, every, her, his,
my, our, several, some, that, their, these, this, those, one, two, three, etc.
Emboldened words are pronouns that function as noun markers only when they
act as adjectives, i.e., Some boxes are square. (Some acts as an adjective, so
it's a noun marker). Some are square. (Some acts as a noun so it's not a noun
marker).
a) NM N
The character is a historian.
NM N
The main character in Uncharted is a historian.
3. Plural Form: meaning more that one
Ex: Playstations or levels
 5

4. Possessive Form:
Ex: Sonys Playstations or Sonys Playstations
5. Following a preposition:
NM N ADV V Prep NM N
The character swiftly ran up the wall.
C. Functions
1. Subject(comes before the verb)
S V
Pac-Man ate the cherries before the ghost caught up to him.
S V
Crash quickly ran away from the barrels.
2. Direct Object (comes after the verb and answer what or whom)
S V DO
Nathan Drake shot his rifle at his enemies and got away.
S V NM DO
Link sliced the Master Sword and made his way to Zelda.
3. Indirect Object (answers to who or to whom)
S V DO IO
Mario gave a green mushroom to his brother in case he dies.
S V DO IO
Sonic handed some rings to Knuckles as money.
4. Adverbial Object (comes after the verb and answers when)
S V AO
Nathan fights everyday to look for the treasure he desires,
S V AO
Aiden protects Jodie constantly to keep her safe.
5. Object of the Preposition (follows a preposition)
S V Prep OPrep
Nathan ran to the vehicle to escape the gunfighters.
S V Prep OPrep
Nikolai crawled up the roof to stay hidden from officers.
6. Subject Complement (following a linking verb)
S LV SC
Nathan is really disappointed when he finds out there are no treasures
S LV SC
James Bond is satisfied once he catches the criminal.
 6

7. Object Complement (follows a direct object and renames it)

S V DO OC
The boy rapidly mashed the buttons on his control to defeat the boss
level.
S V DO OC
Hyrule chose Link as the chosen hero because of his courage.
8. Appositives (renames nouns, separated by commas)
S APP V
Elena, Nathans wife, followed him on a trip to Malaysia.
S APP V
Sully, Nathans comrade, protects him on every adventure.
9. Adjectival (describes noun following it)
S V ADJVL
Link ran towards the boss with the Master sword.
S V ADJVL
Luigi ate the green mushroom to improve his life span.
10. Noun in Direct Address
N
Nathan, you cant keep risking your lives for petty little treasures.
N
Can you hand me my journal, Sully, or are you searching for clues with
it?
11. Object of the gerund (noun that follows a gerund)
G OG
Discovering new artifacts gives more clues to Nathan.
G OG
Consuming the blue ghosts increases points for Pac-Man.
12. Object of the Participle (noun that follows a participle)
G OG
After the disappointing conquest, Nathan didnt come home with any valuables.
G OG
Before the challenging battle, Link received precious items.

13. Object of the Infinitive (noun that follows the infinitive)

__inf__ OInf
Nathan desperately wanted to capture the treasures lying within Madagascar.
 7

__inf__ OInf
Mario courageously wanted to rescue Princess Peach from Bowser
II. Pronouns: pronouns take place of nouns that have been established.
1. Personal:
Nominative (subject) Objective (objects)
I/we me/us
you/you you/you
He, she, it, one/they him, her, it, one/they
Ex: He ran faster to reach the destination, but they, the enemies, caught up to
him and attacked
Possessive
My, mine our, ours
Your, yours your, yours
His, her, hers, its, ones their, theirs
Ex: His wife, Elena, takes care of herself and their child from any danger from
pirates.
2. Relative:
Nominative Objective Possessive
Who whom whose
That that of that
those/this
It is important for Nathan to prevent the treasure from getting into anyone elses
grasp or else the person who holds the treasure can potentially harm the world.
Link needs to use his Master Sword that was given to him to protect his people.
3. Interrogative:
Who, which, what, whatever, whoever
Nathan Drake wants to find the treasure Sir Francis Drake left behind, who is
also one of Nathans ancestors.
Mario and Luigi always have to save Peach from Bowser, or whoever manages
to capture her.
4. Reflexive: (personal pronouns plus the suffix -self or -selves)
Used only:
A. When the action verb is directed toward the subject of the construction:
I. He focuses more on his video games more than himself.
 8

B. To intensify a point:
I. Sully didnt take the bullet for himself despite being protected by a journal, he
took the bullet for him and Nathan themselves so they can get away without
actually dying
5. Demonstrative:
This, these that, those
These trophies can prove to people youre a real gamer.
The new consoles being released give those gamers access to new worlds and
genres.
6. Indefinite:
All, another, anybody, anyone, anything, both, each, either, everybody, everyone, everything,
everywhere, few, many, much, neither, nobody, none, no one, nothing, other, several,
somebody, someone, such.
All anybody ever does today is play those video games and do nothing but stare
at a computer screen.
Anyone who is a game fanatic bonds with everyone else in the gaming
community and few know about the several types of people who commit to gaming.
III. Verbs: verbs show the time, action, and state of being of a subject.
A. How Verbs are identified:(-s, -ed, -ing)
1. Verb ending: (runs, turns, cheats, pressed, leveled, completed, completing,
accomplishing, losing
2. Tense: verbs indicate time via tenses:
1. Simple past (took) 6. Present (play)
2. Past (took) 7. Present perfect (has been playing)
3. Past perfect (had been playing) 8. Present progressive (had played)
4. Past progressive (had played) 9. Present perfect progressive (is playing)
5. Simple present (play) 10. Future (will play)
11. Future perfect (will be taking)

3. Forms:
a. Forms of to be: am, are, is, was, were, be, been, being (These verbs
can be used as helping verbs or main verbs. When used as main verb,
they are always linking verbs- true linking verbs= all forms of be
become, and seem).
 9

b. Forms of to do: do, does, did, done, doing (These verbs can be used
as helping verbs or main verbs).
c. Forms of to have: have, had, has, having (These verbs can be used
as helping verbs or main verbs).
4. Types: There are at least eleven (11) types of verbs:
a. Auxiliary verbs (helping verbs): must, will, might
IV. Adjectives
Adjectives are to modify, describe, limit, and identify nouns and pronouns.
1. Kinds:
a. Demonstrative Adjectives: point out nouns (this button, that control, these
characters)
b. Common Adjectives: describes a noun in a general way (difficult level, hidden
trophies, mini games)
c. Proper Adjectives: are derived from a proper noun and are capitalized
(Japanese, American, British)
2. Endings: -ary, -al, -ful -ic, -ical, -ish, -less, -like, -ly, -ous, -y
(furious), (warlike), (deadly), (logical), (gamy), (cartoonish), (actionless), (commentary),
(mortal), (conflictful), (energetic)
3. Conversions:
a. Adverb to adjective: remove the suffix, commonly -ly (rapidly to rapid)
b. Noun to adjective: when a noun is used to describe another noun, the first noun
acts as an adjective (mortal human)
c. Verb to adjective: add an ending (furiously)
4. Articles: articles are usually adjectives, they describe the nouns that they precede. There
are only three articles: the, a, and an, and used in specific circumstances. (the
protagonist, a reward, an emblem)
5. Comparatives/Superlatives: a comparative adjective is used to compare two things, a
superlative adjective is used when you compare three or more things. (grumpier
character, grumpiest character), (older man, oldest man), (younger sibling, older sibling)
V. Adverbs
Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs.
a. Endings:
i. quickly, inwards, likewise
b. Conversions: A noun can act as an adverb when it is telling us the location of the
subject. (The arcade is where they have all the retro games) in this sentence, the
arcade tells us the location of all the classic games.
i. An adjective can become an adverb with ending -ed or -ing. (confusing
plot)
ii. A verb becomes an adverb by adding the ending -ly (furious, furiously)
c. Types: Examples;
i. Manner:
1. Nathan Drake meticulously came up with a plan.
 10

2. Nathan Drake meticulously suggested that if they were going to

find El Dorado, they should split up and search the whole island.
ii. Frequency:
1. Lara Croft is constantly ambushed by enemies.
2. Lara Croft constantly finds herself surrounded by armed men and
has to defend herself.
iii. Time:
1. Jodie was immediately questioned.
2. Jodie was immediately taken and observed by scientists when
they found out she is able to move inanimate objects with her
mind.
iv. Place:
1. Nathan searched everywhere on the island.
2. Nathan and his crew searched everywhere in Panama to find the
strange relic.
v. Degree:
1. It is extremely dangerous for Nathan to travel alone.
2. It is extremely dangerous for Nathan to venture out on the island
alone because of the nearby refugees.
d. Intensifiers: show emphasis and those that amplify and those that play down or
tone down the actions of verbs.
i. (He snuck out of the building, quietly without being noticed)
ii. (David Mason assassinated Raul Menendez swiftly before they were
ambushed)
iii. (Nathan Drake searched the island thoroughly, but he never found the
treasure of El Dorado)
e. Conjunctive Intensifiers: The superlative form of an adjective or adverb
compares three or more things. *The comparative form of an adjective or
adverb compares two objects.
i. Sully is very quiet. Sully is one of the most quietest people Nathan has
ever met.
ii. Getting a game approved by Sony is a much slower process. Trying to
get approval from Sony to release a game is the most slowest process.
iii. Stealing the treasure from the enemy is worse than stealing it from the
cave. Stealing treasures from armed men are the worst compared to
stealing it from its original location.
VI. Conjunctions
1. Coordinating (FANBOYS): a conjunction placed between words, phrases, clauses, or
sentences of equal rank. I.e.: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so
a. Nathan ran from the refugees but he was caught. Nathan ran from the refugees
when he was spotted but he was caught at the location site of the treasure of El
Dorado.
 11

b. Jodie had to pick between life and death, so she chose life. Jodie had to make a
decision between life and death, so she picked life and met Aiden for the first
time.
2. Correlative: correlative conjunctions connect two balanced causes, phrases, or words.
The two elements that correlative conjunctions connect are usually similar in length and
grammatical structure. I.e.: either/or; neither/nor; not only/ but also; both/and; whether/or;
as/so.
a. Both Nathan and Sully looked around the island, and they never found the
treasure. Both Nathan and Sully thoroughly searched the island, and they never
found or took home the treasure.
b. Not only did Nathan get caught, but also took his treasures. Not only was Nathan
captured by the enemies, but also was stolen of his valuable treasures.
3. Subordinate: is a conjunction that joins a subordinate clause to a main clause. i.e .
after though as, as if, as long as, as though, because, before, if, in order that, provided
that, since, so, so that, that, though, till, unless, when, where, whereas, while.
a. Nathan can run away from the orphanage and never come back, unless he is
caught. Nathan can escape the orphanage and never return, unless he catches
someones attention on the way out.
b. Elena needs to find and help Nathan, before he gets killed. Elena needs to locate
Nathan and help him on his expedition, before he gets himself killed.
4. Relative Pronouns: is used to connect a clause or a phrase to a noun or pronoun. I.e.
who (refers to people), which (refers to non living object or animals), that (may refer to
animals or non living objects)
a. Nathan Drake is an explorer, who believes he is related to Sir Francis Drake.
b. Nathan Drake goes around the world to look for treasures, who insists his
ancestor is Sir Francis Drake.
VII. Prepositions:
Prepositions link nouns, pronouns, and phrases to other parts of the sentence.
Prepositions are NEVER followed by verbs. There are one-word prepositions and complex
prepositions. These are some common prepositions:
Aboard, about, above, according to, across, across from, after, against, along,
alongside, alongside of, along with, amid, among, apart from, around, as, as far as, aside from,
at, away from, back of, because of, before, beneath, below, behind, between, beyond, but
(except), by, by means of, concerning, despite, down, down from, except, except excluding for,
for, from, from among, from between, from under, in, in addition to, in behalf of, including, in
front of, in place of, in regard to, inside, inside of, in spite of, instead of, into, like, near, near to,
notwithstanding, of, off, on, on account of, on behalf of, onto, on top of, opposite, out, out of,
outside, outside of, over, over to, owing to, past, prior to, to, toward, under, underneath, until,
unto, up, upon, up to, versus, with, within, without.
A. According to Nathan, the treasure to El Dorado is within an island in the Pacific
Ocean inside a network of catacombs to prevent people taking it without permission.
B. Despite Jodie being able to control objects without her touching them, it is very
concerning for paranormal researchers to study her and go up against the woman because of
how little she is able to regulate it on her own.
 12

VIII. Interjections
An interjection is a word that shows emotion. Its not grammatically related to the rest of
sentence.
aha, ahem, ahh, ahoy, alas, arg, aw, bam, bingo, blah, boo, bravo, brrr, cheers,
congratulations, dang, drat, darn, duh, eek, eh, encore, eureka, fiddlesticks, gadzooks, gee, gee
whiz, golly, goodbye, goodness, good grief, gosh, ha-ha, hallelujah, hello, hey, hmm, holy
buckets, holy cow, huh?, humph, hurray, oh, oh dear, oh my, oh well, oops, ouch, ow, phew,
phooey, pooh, pow, rats, shh, shoo, thanks, there, tut-tut, uh-huh, uh-oh, ugh, wahoo, well,
whoa, whoops, wow, yeah, yes, yikes, yippee, yo, yuck
i. Bingo! The treasure of El Dorado IS underground!
Ii. Eureka! We beat the refugees to the island! Now we have the treasure all to
ourselves.
Key Associated Terms to Know for Parts of Speech:
VIII. Antecedents:
An antecedent is an expression, word, phrase, clause, that gives it meaning to a pro-
form pronoun, pro verb, adverb.
I. Elena followed her husband to Panama
- The pronoun her refers back to Elena. Elena is the antecedent for the pronoun her.
IX. Complements:
Complements can be understood as a word, phrase, or clause that is necessary to
complete the meaning of a given expression.
I. Rafe is such a coward for leaving his crew to die in a fire.
- The noun coward tells us something about the subject, which is Rafe.
X. Objects: (Direct and Indirect)
A. Direct Object: A direct object is a noun or pronoun that receives the action of a
verb or shows the result of the action.
I. The group stole the treasure and kept it for themselves.(who did they take it for)
B. Indirect Object: An indirect object is a prepositional phrase in which the
preposition to or for is not stated but understood.
I. Rafe held one of Nathans allies captive until they gave the location of the
treasure. (who did Rafe hold captive)
XI. Modifiers : Modifiers are words, phrases, or clauses that provide description in
sentences.
I. Nathan snuck into a auction with wealthy people, who were selfish and
sophisticated, and left quietly
XII. Transitions

Size Transitions

The largest Larger than The smallest The small-sized The tallest
The next largest Equal to The next smallest The medium-sized The shortest
The smallest Smaller than The largest The largest-sized
________________________________________________________________________________________
 13

Time Transitions

First, Now At the beginning of Thereafter, By this time Before

Then, Soon In the middle of Presently, At the same time In the meantime
Next, Then At the end of After a short time, At that instant Meanwhile
At last, Later Soon thereafter, Immediately, During
Simultaneously, Afterwards

First, In the morning, Yesterday, The first

Second, Before noon, Today, A more recent
Third, In the afternoon, Tomorrow The most recent
Finally, In the evening, The day after tomorrow,

In the past, The next day, This year, The earliest

In the present, Two weeks later, Next year, The next earliest
In the future, Six months later, In the next few years The most recent
________________________________________________________________________________________

Space Transitions

behind on the edge of beside in front of west of high

over toward around facing east of against
under throughout near in back of north of alongside
below to the right of side by side in the center south of ahead of
beneath to the left of close to inside at the here
low down on top of next to outside in there
on the bottom at the top down at the end of on beyond
on the corner by up between above farther on
________________________________________________________________________________________

Importance Transitions

The best The most important The first The best

The next best Equally important More important than The next best
The least best The next important Most important The worst
The least important
________________________________________________________________________________________
Chain-Link Transitions

On the one hand, One example of In the first place, In other words, The first
On the other hand, For instance, In the second place, In fact, The second
Another example In the third place, Also, The third
Again, A further example
Besides, For another example,
Moreover, For example, One Because First,
Another Since Second,
Still another A further As Third,
 14

In addition, Further, Still, Specifically

In the same way, Furthermore, While More specifically
In fact, Instead In particular,
The opposite of _is_ Additionally,
On the contrary side Lastly, The last Indeed, As a result,
To the contrary, Similar to _is_ Last Although Consequently,
In contrast, Another similar _is_ Even though Naturally
In spite of Likewise, Nevertheless, Even if After all,
Despite the Similarly, Nonetheless,
A dissimilar _is_
______________________________________________________________________________________

Concluding Transitions

To conclude In sum, To sum up As you can see,

In conclusion, In brief, To summarize, As a result,
In summary, In short, Therefore, Finally,
I. The next best trip for Nathan is to Malaysia, as a result of not bringing home
treasure, instead he looks elsewhere.

XIII. Expletives: are words or phrases that do not add any structural or grammatical
meaning to the sentence. These words and phrases are often referred to as empty words,
meaningless phrases, or redundant pairs because they do not add any information to the
sentence.
I. It was Sams ignorance that put the lives of Nathans family and friends at stake.

XIV: Agreements: (Subject-Verb) (Noun-Pronoun)

A. Subject-Verb agreement: means the subject and verb must agree in number. This
means both need to be singular or both need to be plural.
a. Nathans wife and colleague agree with going to Malaysia
B. Noun - Pronoun: Pronouns must agree with antecedents for person, number, or
gender.
a. Nathan and his wife decide to go home and live a normal violence-free life.
 15

Section 1 Quiz: Parts of Speech

Part I.
Match the words with the correct parts of speech:
___ 1.Common Noun A. PlayStation
___ 2.Common Adjective B. Nathan Drake
___ 3. Proper Noun C. Huh?
___ 4. Personal Pronoun D. Disk
___ 5. Frequency (Adverb) E. Hidden
___ 6. Relative Pronoun F. Video Game Store
___ 7. Compound Noun G. Determination
___ 8. Coordinating Conjunction H. Notwithstanding
___ 9. Concrete Noun I. Whom
___ 10. Preposition J. I
___ 11. Abstract Noun K. Nor
___ 12. Interjection L. Constantly
 16

Part II.
Circle the correct answer:
1. Which of these is not a coordinating conjunction?
a. Yet
b. Also
c. So
d. And
e. None of the above
2. Which of these is not a type of verb?
a. Lexical
b. Irregular
c. Transitive
d. Auxiliary
e. None of the above
3. Which one of these is a preposition?
a. Happily
b. Addicting
c. Concerning
d. Ahoy
e. None of the above

Answer Key to Quiz

Part I. Part II.
1-F 1-B
2-E 2-E
3-B 3-C
4-J
5-L
6-I
7-A
8-K
9-D
10-H
11-G
12-C
 17

Grammar Book Section 2

Phrases
2. Phrases-
A. Prepositional: a group of words that begins with a preposition and ends with a noun,
and is used as an adjective or an adverb.
P N
I. At last, Nathans group reaches their goal, the treasure.
P N
Ii. At last, Nathan and his colleagues reach their goal, the treasure, now all they have to do is
protect it from the enemy.
B. Appositive: A group of words that include all the words or phrases that modify an
appositive.
app.
I. Nathan Drake, the infamous historian, is on the hunt for the treasure of El Dorado.
app.
Ii. Nathan Drake, the infamous historian, is on the mission for the treasure of El Dorado, Rafe
is currently on the same mission but will only use his findings for himself.
C. Verbal: A group of words that begin with a verbal and ends with a noun.
V V
 18

Ii. Elena was very cautious when Rafes men walked down the corridor.
V V
Ii. In order for Elena to remain safe from harm, she was very cautious as Rafes men walked
down the corridor.
I. Gerund: word ending in ing used as a noun.
A. Nathan began running after Rafe when he saw him with the treasure.
B. When Nathan fell from the cliff, Elena was sobbing because she thought she
lost her husband.
II. Participle: word ending in ing or ed used as an adjective.
A. In order for Nathan to complete the trap and walk away unharmed, he burned a
torch and lit the cave on fire.
B. Bowser captured Princess Peach from her castle to lewer Mario into his trap.
III. Infinitive: verb preceded by the word to (to go, to jump) used as noun,
adjectives, or adverbs.
A. Nathan had to go to Malaysia for a business trip, so he lied to his wife and used
Malaysia as an excuse to go treasure hunting with his brother.
B. Mario needed to run and jump onto the next block to get to the next level.

Section 2 Quiz
Fill in the blank.
1. There are three types of verbals. ________________________________
2. Name the three kinds of phrases. _______________________________
3. What kind of verbal ends in ing as an adjective?___________________
Highlight the phrases that are verbals.

Nathan is carefully walking up the hill to prevent himself from injuries.

Highlight the phrases that are appositives.

Rafe, Nathans enemy, plans on stealing the treasure before Nathan reaches their
destination.
 19

Section 2 Quiz
Answer Key
Fill in the blank.
1. There are three types of verbals. Gerund, Participle, Infinitive_________
2. Name the three kinds of phrases. Verbal, Prepositional, Appositive_____
3. What kind of verbal ends in ing as an adjective?__Participle_________
Highlight the phrases that are verbals.

Nathan is carefully walking up the hill to prevent himself from injuries.

Highlight the phrases that are appositives.

Rafe, Nathans enemy, plans on stealing the treasure before Nathan reaches their
destination.
 20

Grammar Book Section 3

Clauses
3. Clauses: are a group of words with a subject and a verb.
A. Independent: CAN stand alone as a complete sentence, known as a simple sentence
pattern.
a. It is common sense for Nathan to protect Elena.
b. It is common sense for Nathan to protect Elena, finding a treasure halfway
across the world is not worth risking a loved ones life for.
B. Subordinate(dependent): CANNOT stand alone as a complete sentence and MUST
begin with a Subordinate Conjunction.
i. Noun Clause: Used as the noun in a sentence and may function as a subject, a predicate
noun, a direct object, an object of a preposition, an indirect object, or an appositive.
a. Where Nathan decides to go determines the level of toughness the journey will
be.[subject]

b. Nathan will hire anyone who has a good sense of direction on the island.[indirect object]

c. Rafe has stolen the treasure before Nathan was able to get to it in time. [subject]

d. Nathan decided to go on his own, so instead of Elena agreeing, she decides to go along with
him. [direct object]
e. Nathans occupation consists of what historians love most, traveling around the world of the
past life. [Predicate Noun]
 21

f. Take your pick on any of the vehicles.Sully says to Nathan. [Indirect Object]
ii. Adjective Clause: Used to modify a noun in an independent clause.

A. Some adjective clauses begin with an introductory word:

a. This is the area where Sir Francis Drake defeated the spanish at[said Nathan.
[where is an introductory word]

b. There is Rafe, the man that I am absolutely disgusted of.

c. The treasure that you wanted isnt here said Nathan to Rafe.

B. Some adjective clauses begin with relative pronouns:

a. Nathan is the one who got the most valuable treasures. [ONE is the antecedent of
WHO and is modified by the adjective clause.]

b. There goes Rafe, whose discoveries are rarely accomplished. [RAFE is the
antecedent of whose and is modified by the adjective clause]

c. The amount of treasure that is found shows how much power that Nathan has.
3. Adverb Clause: Used to modify verbs, adjectives, and adverbs in an independent clause,
introduced by a subordinating conjunction and used to indicate time, place, cause, purpose,
result, condition, and/or concession.
a. Modifying Verbs:
i. Sir Francis Drake unfortunately placed the deathly traps well hidden where a few
trespassers may enter. (place)
ii. When the explosion occurred, Nathans group dispersed. (time)
iii. Elena gave up on treasure hunting with Nathan because she would feel responsible if
he died(purpose)
iv. Rafe spoke as if he had an idea of where he was going. (condition)
b. Modifying adjectives:
i. The distance of the treasure in Malaysia is twice as far as it used to be
compared to other treasures. (how much)
ii. Nathan Drake is as determined and intelligent as his ancestor Sir Francis
Drake. (to what extent)
c. Modifying adverbs:
i. Rafes men worked even harder than Rafe ever did himself. (condition)
4. Relative Clauses: dependent clause that begins with a relative pronoun
a. The historian who arrives there first will gain custody of the treasure.
5. Elliptical Clauses: Adverb clauses in which part of the clause is omitted.
a. When searching, Nathan keeps a close eye out for traps and hidden valuables
within the jungle.
6. Essential Clauses: Clauses necessary to the meaning of the sentence
 22

a. The treasure that most interests Rafe is the mythical pirate colony of libertalia.
7. Nonessential Clauses: clauses that are not necessary to the meaning of the sentence
a. The search for the pirate colony, which will begin in a few months, will be a very
dangerous mission.

Section 3 Quiz
Highlight the relative clauses

1. The man who first captures the treasure first will take all.

Highlight the elliptical clauses

2. Mario had to shoot fireballs, while running.

Highlight the essential clauses

3. The mythical pirate colony of Libertalia is what most intrigues historians.

 23

Section 3 Quiz - Answers

Highlight the relative clauses

2. The man who first captures the treasure will take all.

Highlight the elliptical clauses

2. Mario had to shoot fireballs, while running.

Highlight the essential clauses

3. The mythical pirate colony of Libertalia is what most intrigues historians.

 24

Grammar Book Section 4

A. Sentence Parts
I. Subject
1. Complete: is who or what is doing the verb plus all of the modifiers [descriptive
words] that go with it.
a. (simple) The big, yellow, chomp monster eats the ghosts.
b. (complex) The big, yellow chomp monster named Pac-Man consumes
ghosts for a living.
2. Simple: there is only one noun that completes the sentence.
a. (simple) Nathan got to the treasure unharmed.
b. (complex) Nathan reached the destination where the treasure is located
without being harmed.
3. Compound: the individual subjects in a compound sentence are joined by a
coordinating conjunction.
a. (simple) Nathan and Rafe are in a race to see who can capture the
treasure first.
b. (complex) Nathan and Rafe are competing against one another to
determine who will capture the treasure first.
II. Predicate
1. Complete: includes the verb and all the words that tell what happened in a
sentence.
a. (simple) Rain fell from the sky as Lara Croft walked through the woods.
b. (complex) Rain poured down from the sky as Lara Croft made her way
through the woods to find her colleagues.
2. Simple: is the main verb in the predicate that tells what the subject does.
a. (simple) Elena searched for Nathan.
b. (complex) Elena searched for Nathan in the woods when she found out
he was risking his life for a treasure.
3. Compound: compound predicate has two actions for the same subject, or the
subject in the sentence has more than one action.
a. (simple) Sully flew overhead and saved Nathan.
 25

b. (complex) Sully flew overhead and rescued Nathan as soon as he was

ambushed.
B. Sentence Types
I. Declarative: a sentence in the form of a statement, the subject normally
precedes the verb.
a. (simple) Nathan was tired after the trip. (almost always ends with a
period)
b. (complex) Nathan was exhausted after he came home from the journey.
II. Interrogative: a sentence in the form of a question.
a. (simple) Nathan asked, Do you know where Rafe was last seen?
b. (complex) Do you know where Rafe was last located? asked Nathan to
Sully as they walk to the treasure.

III. Imperative: a sentence that gives a direct command and can either end in a
period or most commonly with an exclamation mark.
a. (simple) Run to the car! yelled Nathan to his brother.
b. (complex) HURRY! Run to the car! shouted Nathan to his brother, Sam,
as they were being chased by Rafes henchmen.
IV. Exclamatory: a sentence that expresses great emotion such as excitement,
surprise, happiness and anger, and ends with an exclamation point.
a. (simple) YES! WE MADE IT TO HENRY AVERYS TREASURE!!!
shouted Nathan.
b. (complex) As Nathan and Sam reached the cave, they saw a ship and
Sam shouts YES! AFTER ALL THESE YEARS WE FINALLY MADE IT
TO HENRY AVERYS TREASURE!!
C. Sentence Errors
I. Fragment: groups of words that look like sentences, but aren't. To be a
sentence, groups of words need to have at least one independent clause. (An
independent clause is any group of words that contain both a subject and a verb
and can stand on its own.)
a. (error) Nathan spends his life away searching for treasures. But his
curiosity is what pushes him forward to continue these journeys.
b. (correct form) Nathan spends his life away searching for treasures, but
his curiosity is what pushes him forward to continue these journeys.
II. Run-on/Rambling: a common error caused by merging two sentences without
using the correct punctuation.
a. (error) Lara didnt bother to search for the GPS she lost in the woods she
was able to use the sky as a form of navigation.
b. (correct form) Lara didnt bother to search for the GPS she lost in the
woods. She was able to use the sky as a form of navigation.
III. Fused Sentence: also called a run-on, occurs when a sentence has
connected two main clauses with no punctuation. A main clause makes a complete thought, so
you should not find two of them smashed together in a single sentence.
 26

a. (error) After driving recklessly through the mountains Nathan finally lost
the enemies.
b. (correct form) After driving recklessly through the mountains, Nathan
finally lost the enemies.
IV. Misplaced Modifier: a word, phrase, or clause that is improperly separated from
the word it describes.
a. (error) Lara only has matches and a knife to protect her from harm.
b. (correct form) Lara has only matches and a knife to protect her from
harm.
V. Comma Splice: occurs when a comma is incorrectly inserted between two
independent clauses. That would create a run-on sentence.
a. (error) Nathan is lost. So he has to ask someone for directions.
b. (correct form) Nathan is lost, so he has to ask someone for directions.
VI. Double Negative: occurs when two forms of negation are present in the same
clause. Double negatives in a single clause cancel each other out and transform the meaning
into a positive.
a. (error) Nathan found the treasure without hardly looking at the map as a
guide.
b. (correct form) Nathan found the treasure without looking at the map as a
guide.
4. Sentences
a. Sentence Patterns
1. Simple: a sentence that is just one independent clause
(simple) Sam sabotaged the adventure.
(complex) Unintentionally, Sam sabotaged the adventure.
2. Complex: A complex sentence is a sentence with one independent clause and at
least one dependent clause.
(simple) Nathan realized how dangerous these journeys are if he has a family of
his own.
(complex) Nathan realized how dangerous these expeditions were if he has a
family of his own, he cant be selfish, so he has to look out for himself for his future
familys sake.
3. Compound: A complex/compound sentence has multiple independent clauses and
dependent clauses.
(simple) PacMan turned around the left corridor, but little did he know he was
heading for danger.
(complex) PacMan turned around the left corridor, but little did he notice that he
could potentially lose his life when choosing that path.
4. Complex-Compound: A complex/compound sentence has multiple independent
clauses and at least one dependent clause.
(simple) Since Nathan and Sam know history so well, people thought they would
put their knowledge to good use, however they chose to steal treasures for a living.
 27

(complex) Since siblings Nathan and Sam know their history so well, their
colleagues assumed they would put their knowledge to good use, however they chose to
go on adventures they planned from their childhood and steal famous artifacts.
5. Loose-Sentence: A loose sentence is a sentence that contains an independent
clause plus a subordinate construction (either a clause or a phrase).
(simple) Lara pushed through her expedition, knowing she will have to come
across enemies if they manage to find her and her crew trying to escape the island.
(complex) Lara was determined to complete her expedition unharmed, knowing
she will have to face armed and dangerous enemies if they discover her and her crew
trying to escape the island.
6. Periodic Sentence: A periodic sentence is a sentence in which the independent
clause is given at the end of the sentence in order to create interest or generate
suspense.
(simple) Despite the danger that Nathan puts himself through, gunfights with
enemies, traps set up in caves, Elena still supports him and his conquests.
(complex) Despite the danger that Nathan sets himself up for, gunfights with
enemies, fistfights with men twice his size, risks of being thrown into foreign prisons,
even risking his life, Elena still stands by Nathans side and guides him through safer
journeys.
7. Balanced Sentence: A balanced sentence is a sentence where phrases or clauses
parallel each other by virtue of their likeliness of structure, meaning, or length.
 28

Grammar Book Section 6

Essays

Essays : Explain the purpose of each type of essay and show the tactics used to create
successful essays .

a. Types

i. Persuasive (Argumentative): Also known as creative writing or an argument,

is a piece of writing in which the writer uses words to change the readers perspective on a
certain subject.

ii. Expository : a genre of essay that requires students to investigate an idea and evaluate
evidence. It can be accomplished through comparison and contrast, definition, example, the
analysis or cause and effect.

1. Compare and Contrast: compare a topic by finding what things are similar
versus what is different.

2. Cause and Effect: a principle of causation, what started the issue and how did
it affect the world around it?

iii. Analytical/ Critical: Analytical/Critical is informative to emphasize the work being studied
rather than feelings and opinions of the person writing the work, all claims must be backed up
with evidence.

1. (Evaluative) Analytical focuses on analyzing the context and having more

profound understanding of the message.
 29

2. Interpretive focuses on integrating the best methods of effective writing with the
principles and techniques of interpretation.

iv. Narrative: (tells a story)

1. Personal Anecdote: tells a story that you are familiar with and that you can relate
to in an interesting and entertaining manner. It allows students to express
themselves in a creative way.

v. Research : In a research essay, an individual will review the works of others and note his or
her views, while annotating and analyzing the documents. These essays commonly introduce a
topic or controversy in need of research.

1. MLA Format: A formal definition is based upon a concise, logical pattern that
includes as much information as it can within a minimum amount of space. The
primary reason to include definitions in your writing is to avoid misunderstanding
with your audience. A formal definition consists of three parts.

a. The term (word or phrase) to be defined

b. The class of object or concept to which the term belongs.
c. The differentiating characteristics that distinguish it from all others of its
class

2. APA Format: is a format for academic documents such as journal articles and
books.

vi. Timed :

1. Document Based Question (DBQ): is an essay or series of short-answer questions that

is constructed by students using one's own knowledge combined with support from
several provided sources. Usually it is employed on timed history tests.

2. Prompt Based: A prompt based question is to be answered and developed as an essay

and can range from any topics.

b. Strategies/ Planning Tips/ Steps

i. Pre- writing/ Prompt evaluation: gathering concrete details and mapping them before
structuring them in the form of a paragraph.
Method bubble-clusters, outlines, free-writing, brainstorming and
researching.
ii. Outlining : provides the essential features and salient aspects of a
discussion or texts.
Method Cornell notes and think aloud outlines are both forms of outlining.
 30

iii. Researching for sources: the practice of compiling accurate and

credible supporting evidence.
Method determine topic question; understand difference between primary
and secondary research, referencing the topic of interest.
c. Works Cited Page
i. MLA Citation : is a practice of referencing and citing information that
commonly uses parenthetical citation within its texts, citing the page
number of the works and/or text referenced. (see MLA Format in iv. Research)
ii. APA Format : is a format for academic documents. (see APA Format in iv. Research)

Section 6 Quiz
1. Describe the difference between MLA format and APA format.

2. What is the purpose of a Personal Narrative?

3. Name the two types of Analytical/Critical writing.

4. Name at least two methods of pre-writing.

5. What are Expository Essays?

Match the numbers with the letters that fit best.

1. APA Format ____ A. Cornell Notes are the best form of...

2. Expository Essays are____ B. Documents such as

journals/articles etc.

3. Document Based Question (DBQ) ____ C. Changing the readers perspective

4. Outlining ____ D. accomplished through compare and

contrast

5. Persuasive (Argumentative) ____ E. Short answer questions

 31

Section 6 Quiz
ANSWERS
2. Describe the difference between MLA format and APA format.

MLA format is based on a concise pattern that fits information in a limited amount of space.
APA format uses academic documents.

2. What is the purpose of a Personal Narrative?

Expresses stories that people are familiar with, giving the writer a creative mindset.

3. Name the two types of Analytical/Critical writing.

Evaluative and Interpretive.

4. Name at least two methods of pre-writing.

Can include the following: bubble clusters/maps, outlines, free-writing, brainstorming

5. What are Expository Essays?

An essay that investigates an idea and evaluates evidence.

Match the numbers with the letters that fit best.

6. APA Format ____(B) A. Cornell Notes are the best form of...

7. Expository Essays are____(D) B. Documents such as journals/articles etc.

8. Document Based Question (DBQ) ____(E) C. Changing the readers perspective

 32

9. Outlining ____(A) D. accomplished through compare and contrast

10. Persuasive (Argumentative) ____(C) E. Short answer questions

Grammar Book Section 7

Capitalization

7. Capitalization

Continents, Countries, Towns

Libertalia
Madagascar

Family relationships (when used as proper names)

Sam and Nathan wanted to go on an adventure together to fulfill their Mothers dream.
When sneaking into their Mothers old mansion, Nathan and Sam are caught by a
woman
who was their Moms most trusted historian.

Geographic Terms
River
Lake

Geographic Words
Ocean
Equator

Names/Persons
Nathan Drake
Lara Croft

Organized Bodies
Pirates
Prisoners
 33

Point Form
Nathan and Sam sneak into a mansion
Sam makes a loud noise and is caught by someone nearby

Proper nouns (the names of specific people, places, organizations, and sometimes
things)
Rafe and Nathan were in a battle in a burning ship.
Nathan found himself in Henry Averys mansion while looking for Elena.

Quotations
Where was Rafe last seen?
Lara said to meet her near the river.

Sentences
Nathan thought his brother, Sam, was dead for twenty years.

On an average day at work, Nathan is completely caught off guard by Sams visit.

The pronoun "I"

Last time I saw Nathan he was walking out of a church in Libertalia.
I saw Lara Croft walk by me, but I completely missed the weapon that was in her hand.

Titles- Personal
Historian Nathan Drake
Infamous Rafe
Titles- Other
Charter of Sir Francis Drake
The Lost City
 34

Section 7 Quiz
Highlight or underline what needs to be capitalized.
1. nathan drake is on a mission to Libertalia.
2. Elena is following rafe nathan to see if he was lying about an expedition.
3. When was the last time someone went on an adventure to a lost city in syria?
4. Hurry! lara Croft is in need of some assistance, she is being attacked!
5. Nathan told elena, i will cherish you forever.
 35

Section 7 Quiz
ANSWERS
Highlight or underline what needs to be capitalized.
1. nathan drake is on a mission to Libertalia.
2. Elena is following nathan to see if he was lying about an expedition.
3. When was the last time someone went on an adventure to a lost city in syria?
4. Hurry! lara Croft is in need of some assistance, she is being attacked!
5. Nathan told elena, I will cherish you forever.
 36

Grammar Book Section 8

Punctuation

8. Punctuation -

1. Brackets each of a pair of marks [ ] used to enclose words or figures to separate them
from the context.
a. Nathan stopped and looked around [admirably], searching for the cave.
b. Although it seemed like a long time, she stopped and pondered [admirably], she
didnt know the answer and felt eyes on her.

2. Parenthesis a word, clause, or sentence placed as an explanation into a passage

that is grammatically complete without it, in writing usually marked off by curved
brackets, dashes, or commas.
a. He (unconsciously) pulled the trigger.
b. He (unconsciously) pulled the trigger and almost killed someone from a simple
yet brutal mistake.

3. Period a punctuation mark (.) used at the end of a sentence or an abbreviation.

a. Lara Croft wandered through the forest.
b. Lara Croft meandered her way through the mysterious forest, armed with a gun
hanging by her side.

4. Comma a punctuation mark (,) indicating a pause between parts of a sentence. It is

also used to separate items in a list and to mark the place of thousands in a large
number.
a. Nathan should be very careful going to Libertalia, for its known history of curses.
b. Nathan should be very cautious of his whereabouts when traveling to Libertalia,
it has reputation of killing people who once set foot on the island, leaving them
with a curse.

5. The en-dash a short dash, the width of an en/n, used in punctuation.

a. Pac Mans current birthdate is 36 years old since it began in 1980-2016.
 37

b. 36 years after its release, Pac-Man is still a very successful and classic game
since 1980-2016.

6. The em-dash use an em dash sparingly in formal writing. In informal writing, em

dashes may replace commas, semicolons, colons, and parenthesis to indicate added
emphasis, an interruption, or a short change of thought.
a. Nathan and his wife, Elena, enjoy life to the fullest - when theyre out traveling.
b. Nathan and Elena created a closer and stronger bond/love for one another after
spending so much time together - when theyre out traveling risking their lives.

7. Colon a punctuation mark (:) indicating when a writer is introducing a quotation or a

list of items and or the separation of two clauses.
a. Nathan has gone on many adventures: Libertalia, the Amazon, France, and
many more.
b. Nathan and his colleagues have been on numerous conquests: the Amazon,
Libertalia, France, and many more.

8.Semicolon a punctuation mark (;) indicating a pause, typically between two main
clauses, that is more pronounced than that indicate by a comma.
a. It is very exciting going on adventures with loved ones; but it can also be life
threatening.
b. Spending your life searching for treasures is amazing; but it is also life
threatening in some scenarios.

9.Question Mark punctuation mark (?) indicating a question.

a. How long does it take to get to Libertalia?
b. In order for Nathan to keep his conquest a secret from Elena, he needs to find a
route to Libertalia, but how long does it take to get there with the fastest route?

10.Exclamation Mark punctuation mark (!) indicating an exclamation.

a. Elena almost got killed!
b. Being the responsible wife she is, Elena risked her life to save Nathans, by
taking impact from a fall off a cliff!

11.Apostrophe punctuation mark () used to indicate either possession or the

omission of letters or numbers.
a. Nathans wife is very beautiful.
b. Nathans wife is very calm and collective, but when it comes to venturing out into
the world on his own is where she begins to lash out on Nathan.

12.Quotations a group of words taken from a text or speech and repeated by

someone other that the original author or speaker.
a. There must be a beginning of any great matter, but the continuing unto the end
until it be thoroughly finished yields through glory
 38

b. There must be a beginning of any great matter, but the continuing unto the end
until it be thoroughly finished yields through glory is a quote that Nathan lives by,
which is cited from his potential ancestor, Sir Francis Drake.

13.Ellipse the omission from speech or writing of a word or words that are superfluous
or able to be understood from contextual clues.
a. Did Rafe really just kill Nathan.
b. Did Rafe just murder Nathan without a trace....

Grammar Book Section 9

Commonly Confused Words

9. Commonly Confused/Misused Word Choices:

a. Who refers to the nominative case while whom refers to the objective case.
- Who gave Nathan the idea to go to Malaysia without even telling me?! said Elena.

b. Their(adjective) of belonging to, made by, or done by them; There (noun)- that place
or point; Theyre contraction of They and are
- Their treasures are more valuable compared to others that we have discovered.
- There seems to be a trap nearby, is it awfully too quiet to be in a ship.
- Theyre acting like children, immature and stepping over each other's words.
 39

Glossary
Adjective - a word whose main role is to modify a noun or pronoun, giving more detail

information about the noun or pronoun.

Adverb - any word used to modify any part of language other than the noun. Adverbs

usually answers questions such as when? where? or how?

Apostrophe - a punctuation mark used to mark the omission in one or more letters or

assist in possessives in pronouns or nouns.

Colon - punctuation mark used when joining two independent clauses without a

conjunction.

Comma - punctuation mark used to separate a dependent clause from the independent

clause.

Compound Sentence - two independent clauses joined together to form one sentence.

Conjunction - a word that joins two parts of a sentence.

Declarative Sentence - a statement that ends in a period or exclamation point that

states an idea. It does not ask a question nor gives a command.

Direct Quotation - statement from another individual or source usually used to support

facts relating to a given topic.

Ellipsis - a series of marks, typically three periods in a row, used to indicate a pause in

a speech, thought, or at the end of a sentence.

Exclamation - an interjection or act of exclaiming when used as a noun.

Exclamation Point - punctuation mark that indicates strong feelings or intended to show

astonishment.
 40

Fragment - incomplete or unfinished part of a sentence that never finishes the thought

or idea of the sentence.

Hyphen - punctuation mark used to join words and also separate syllables which spaces

should not be between the words or the hyphen except when using a suspended

hyphen.

Linking Verb - word that connects the subject of the verb to other information about the

subject and they do not express action.

Noun - word used to name a person, place, thing or abstract idea.

Paragraph - two or more sentences dealing with a particular idea or subject.

Period - punctuation mark placed at the end of a sentence statement after giving a

complete thought of the subject or idea.

Phrase - group of words operating as one in a given sentence to complete an idea.

Predicate - one of two main parts of a sentence which modifies the subject.

Preposition - words used to connect nouns, phrases, and pronouns in a given

sentence.

Pronoun - word used to replace a noun or pronoun. (ie. The name Diego could be

converted to "he.")

Proper Noun - noun that is the name of a specific object, place, or individual.

Question Mark - also known as an interrogation point is a punctuation mark that comes

at the end of an interrogative sentence that replaces the period mark.

Quotation Mark - punctuation marks used in pairs to set off a phrase or a word.

Semicolon - punctuation mark used to connect two independent clauses into one

sentence.

Subject - one of two main constituents of a clause which the other constituent is the

predicate. Commonly the subject is a noun that comes in the beginning of a sentence.

Verb - word that states an action or state of being in a given sentence.

 41

Citations
English Grammar Revolution:
http://www.english-grammar-revolution.com/parts-of-speech.html
http://www.english-grammar-revolution.com/english-phrases.html
http://www.english-grammar-revolution.com/sentence-structure.html
http://www.english-grammar-revolution.com/clauses.html

Grammar Bytes:
http://chompchomp.com/terms.htm

Purdue Online Writing Lab:

https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/
https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/747/01/
Capital Community College
http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/GRAMMAr/intros.htm
Yale University
https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=4&cad=rja&uact=
8&ved=0ahUKEwjN-d6NstTQAhVX-
mMKHShODm0QFggrMAM&url=http%3A%2F%2Fctl.yale.edu%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2F
files%2Ffiles%2FClauses_Updated_May_26_2015-
1.pdf&usg=AFQjCNEAnL5VPjfYDxeFQRBx58_ceTTN6Q&bvm=bv.139782543,d.cGc