ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We wish to acknowledge all staff members of civil Engineering department staff of Mbeya
university of Science and Technology, who have been so supportive towards completion of this
project.

We have the at most respect and administration for our internal supervisor, Mr. Elia Justus who
have provided us with professional guidance throughout this research main project work from
the start till the completion.

Finally We wish to recognize our class mates for their encouragement and full contribution
throughout the all study period specifically in this period of our project.
 DECLARATION.
WE, GROUP NO. 32 HEREBY DECLARE that to the best of our knowledge and understanding,
this project presented in partial fulfillment for and award of the ordinary in Civil Engineering has
not been copied from elsewhere. It is our own initiatives survey, technical knowledge and
consultation from experienced people in engineering aspects.

S/NO REG NO. NAME. SIGNATURE.

.
1 201341093 GILBERT
.A.MWANDENDILE
2 201341111 HOST FREDY
3 201341065 EMANUEL FIDELIS
4 201341183 NOAH D. MWASAGA
5 201341051 DEVOTA E. KAPANGE
ABSTRACT.
Water is vital item in the daily life of human being and plants. The importance of water
consumption results to the strictly responsibilities of provision of adequate and safe water near to
the residence country wise for them to engage in production activities rather than spending
much time for searching water.

Day to day population growth, rapid industrialization, rise of animal keeping, protection from
fire hazard, increase of science and technology such as construction of self contained rooms,
increase in demand for civic or public use like public park or gardening and other domestic uses
which have make reliable water supply demand increase gradually, thus peak day and peak hour
are considerable in order to maintain future demand.

This project incorporates the above view in assessment of water supply system at Ndola-village-
Nsalala ward at Mbeya rural district. The implementation program depends on the determination
of population both of people and livestock at the present also and estimation of population at the
future by considering/assuming design period, by considering commercial usage, institutional,
water encountered for and industrial usage and to check the suitability of present infrastructure
and their ability to carry water.

The study aims is to assess the water supply system for determining if adequate or inadequate of
water quantity at Ndola and to how to solve the problem if present after obtaining all information
about quantity of water supplied, Using relevant literature, and internet to get the formula of
determining the population formula and site visiting in order to estimate the present population
by considering the last census.

The knowledge acquired from fluid mechanics and hydraulics, Public/Environmental Health
Engineering will be used in computation and determination of water demand, diameter of pipes
and capacities of water structures. Analysis of data (quantity of water supplied and required) will
also be computed analytically and with tables mainly using empirical formulas.

.
CHAPTER ONE

1. Introduction
Water is the molecules made up by two atoms of hydrogen (H2) and attaches by one atom of
oxygen (O). In fact water is essential not only for human life but also for animals, plants and
other living beings. Water uses for human being purpose not only for drinking and culinary that
is pertaining to kitchen or cooking also for bathing, washing, laundering, heating and air
condition. For agriculture, stock raising that is power and steam power generation. For fire
protection; for disposal of waste, for fishing, swimming, boating and other recreational purposes,
for fish and wild life propagation, and for navigation, needed to support industrial and
commercial sectors for a sustainable development, required to maintain / attain a certain standard
of living for a community e.g. recreation, gardening, irrigation, parks.

IMPORTANCE OF WATER:
The important of water for the living beings may be judged from the fact that it is a part
of life itself, since the protoplasm of most living cells contains about 80 percent water
and any substantial reduction in this percent of water is disastrous.
Most of the biochemical reactions that occur in the metabolism and growth of living
cells involve water, and all take place in water, which has often been referred to as the
universal solvent.
It estimated that almost two-thirds of the human body is constituted of water which is
required for the satisfactory performance of physiology organisms, as a circulatory fluid,
as a carrier of nourishing food and for removal of the waste products from the body.

OBJECTIVES OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY:

To supply safe and wholesome water to the consumers.
To supply water in adequate quantity.
To make water available within easy reach of the consumers so as to encourage the
general cleanliness.

1.1 WATER DEMAND

Water demand is the amount of water needed for various domestic usages, commercial,
industrial, public, livestock and water unaccounted for. Water demand can be estimated by the
following factors;
1. Rate of demand;
It represents the average consumption or demand of water for various purposes per person (or
per head capital or per head) per day. It is usually expressed as the consumption or demand of
water for various purposes in liters per person (or per head) per day (1phd), or liters per capital
per day (1pcd).
Classification of water demand categories:
Domestic / residential water demand
Commercial water demand
Industrial water demand
Public/Institutional water demand
Livestock water demand
Water unaccounted for

2. Design period.
Water supply should provide sufficient capacity to meet not only the present but also the future
demand. The design period should neither be too long to prevent heavy financial nor short that
may render the project to be uneconomical.

3. Population.
The number of residence living in town or city served by water supply project.

QUALITIES OF WATER TO BE SUPLLIED TO THE CONSUMER.

Water supplied to the residence from the water supply should be :
Free from disease causing agents ie Bacteria, Protozoa etc.
Colorless and odorless.
Should have desired temperature.
Should have fewer amounts of dissolved minerals.
Should have less dissolved gases.
Free from turbidity.
Neither acidic nor alkaline

1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT

NDOLA village has been facing shortage of water for a time now. People to get
water from hand dug shallow wells which are not safe for human health, this
becomes a large problem especially during dry season hence wastage of time as
they have to walk several miles to search water instead of dealing with economic
activities, rise of diseases such as trachoma.
 1.3 Objectives

1.3.1 Main objectives

To access water supply at NDOLA village NSALALA ward in MBEYA rural and to propose
measures to meet present and future demand
.
1.3.2 Specific objectives
To estimate population at Ndola village.
Quantity of water demand.
To investigate different source of water at NDOLA.
Evaluation of capacity of water supplied currently at NDOLA.
Investigate any kind of water loss along the water supply line.

1.4 Scope of the project

The scope of the project is to access if adequate water is supplied to NDOLA people or not and
suggest any measure to satisfy the demand.

1.5 Expected outcome

The expected outcome is to have adequate of safe water supply system for Ndola village.
 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 Introduction
Water is a necessary resources for human life since it has been estimated that two third of human body is constituted
of water. Whenever there is no water in our taps, we become helpless and no life can exist at all. The rate of
consumption varies from 25l/c/d to 200l/c/d and depends upon the following factors, living standard life of
customers, Quality of water, incomes, dual system with storage, Climate condition, habit of the people, system of
supplied but for rural areas minimum rate of water consumption is 25l/day per person (Design manual vol 1).

Water supply
Water supply involves providing convenient and sufficient access to safe and potable /palatable
water in a given design area and given design period of time. Also have to fulfill these
requirements at minimum cost of construction, operation and maintenance of the project.
Water can be supplied to the consumers though different system by considering the topography
of the area. The systems are grouped into;

a) Gravitational system
b) Pumping system
c) Combined gravity and Pumping system

A) Gravitational system
In this system, water from the high leveled source is distributed to the consumers at a lower
level, by the mere action of gravity without any pumping. For proper functioning of the system,
the difference of head available between the source and the localities, must be sufficient enough,
to maintain adequate pressure at the consumers door-steps, after allowing the frictional and
other losses in pipes. This method is the most economical and reliable since no pumping is
involved at any stage.

B) Pumping system
In the pumping system, the water is directly pumped into the distribution mains without storing it
anywhere. For this reason, this system is also sometimes called Pumping without storage system.
High lift pumps are required in this system, which have to operate at variable speeds, so as to
meet the variable demand of water

C) Combined Gravity and Pumping System

 In this system, the water is pumped at a constant rate through raising main to storage tank at
higher point where it is distributed to the consumers by the mere action of gravity. Sometimes,
the entire water is pumped into distribution mains and reservoirs, simultaneously.

When designing water supply system, it is necessary to determine quantity of water required for varies purposes in
the community. Varies types of water demand are; Domestic, industrial, institutional and commercial, fire and
public use demands. Selection of water demand in design area includes;-Estimation of actual water requirements at
present and addition water demand in futures based on assumptions on development.

Water demand and production

Total water demand is obtained from the number of population available including the percentage loss of water
which occurs due to leakages while water production is the amount of water produced by water sources dams,
river, boreholes etc. These are initial data for design of a water project.

Water demand projections

The rate of water consumption depends on level of service provided. It is at its lowest when water is distributed
through public taps within walking distance from the house. Water is brought to the house by piping; the
consumption increases considerably with water borne toilets and high standard of inside installations (bath,
washing machine etc) per capita consumption may be ten times more than what is got at public tap.
Even if the target is to serve all the people within the design area with water, there are always remain a certain
number of people which have to rely on their own sources as they may be too far to be served with the organized
water supply. The percentage of those people tends to decrease with time when services of public water supply
become closer due to extensions.
The present situation can be found by site visits, studying the records of present water supply organization etc. For
the future forecasts it is necessary to find out the proposed kinds of dwellings and standard of services zone by
zone where contacts with local planning offices will be useful.

Categories of Water Demand

The demands maybe classified in the following categories:
Domestic water demand
 Livestock demand
Industrial water demand
Commercial water demand
Fire fighting requirements
Institution water demand
Losses and leakages.
Water demand projections
Variation in water consumption

Domestic Water Demand

The rate of water consumption depends on level of service provided. It is at its lowest when water is distributed
through public taps within certain walking distance from the house. When piped water is connected into the house,
consumption increases considerably. With water borne toilets and high standards of inside installations (baths,
toilets and washing machine etc) the per capita consumptions may be ten times more than what is got at public tap.
The domestic water demand includes water required in private buildings for domestic use such as for drinking,
cooking, bathing, gardening, sanitary purposes etc. The total domestic water demand shall be equal to the total
design population multiplied by per capita domestic consumption (Total design population x per capita).
Per capita demand is the annual average amount of daily water required by one person.

L Total yearly wat er required of the town

Per capita demand (q )
day 365 design population
=

Table 2.1: Domestic Water Demand (Water requirements)

Rural Urban
Area Area
Consumer Unit Rema Remarks
ple using kiosk or public taps
l/ca/d 25 25 Minimum
ple with house connection
ple with house connection l/ca/d 70 70 Low income group housing. No inside installation.
Pit latrine.
ple with house connection l/ca/d 130 Medium income group housing sewer or septic tank.
 High income group housing. Sewer or septic tank.
200
l/ca/d

Source: Design Manual for Water Supply and Waste Water Disposal, Vol.1 MoW

Livestock Demand
Future population of livestock may be taken as 25% growth in 10 years and 50% in 20 years provided the carrying
capacity of the land allows it or otherwise present figure can be taken for future also. The water demand for
livestock can be calculated in relation to their grades.

Consumption Rates for Livestock

Consumption Rate (l/d)
Consumer Unit Remarks
Livestock l/animal/d 50-90 High grade dairy cattle
25 Local bread cattle
5 Sheep
12-5 Donkeys

Source: Design Manual for Water Supply and Waste Water Disposal, Vol.1 -MoW

2.3.6 Industrial Water Demand

The water consumption in industries varies considerably depending on the kind and size of the industry. There are
industries which virtually consume no water in their process, thus the only water consumption is that for staff and
cleaning the premises.

Table 2.3: Industrial Water Demand

Industry Water Demand in m3/ha/day
Medium scale (water intensive) 50
Medium scale (medium water intensive) 20
Small scale (dry) 5
Source: Design Manual for Water Supply and Waste Water Disposal, Vol.1 -MoW

2.3.7 Commercial Water Demand

Commercial water consumption occurs in Hotels, Restaurants, Bars, Shops, Small workshops, Service stations etc.
Their present water demand should be known by their metered water consumption. As a guide, water demand of 10
-15m3/ha/day for a non specified commercial area in a new town can be applied.

Commercial Water Requirements

Consumer Unit Rural (lpd) Rural (lpd) Remarks
70
70
25
Hotels l/bed/d 70 Rural (lpd) Low class
70 Medium class
70
25 High class
Bars 70 Rural (lpd) Low class
70 Medium class
70
25 High class
Shops 25 Rural (lpd)
70
70
25

Source: Design Manual for Water Supply and Waste Water Disposal, Vol.1 -MoW

Fire fighting requirements

Fire fighting requirements are only to be adopted in the urban areas.
Pipe sizes in the distribution system should not be less than 100mm (4) and the flow in the fire hydrant should not
be less than 10l/sec while the residual head in the pipes should not be less than 15m.
The distance between two adjacent fire hydrants should not exceed 300m such that the distance of house from a
hydrant is kept within 150m. (Ministry of Water, July 1997)
 2.3.9 Institution Water Demand
Public institutions include Schools, Hospitals, Administration offices, Police, Missions, Prisons, and Churches etc.

Table 2.5: Institutional Water Demands

Consumer Unit Rural (lpd) Rural (lpd) Remarks
70
70
25
Hotels l/bed/d 70 Rural (lpd) Low class
70 Medium class
70
25 High class
Bars 70 Rural (lpd) Low class
70 Medium class
70
25 High class
Shops 25 Rural (lpd)
70
70
25
Source: Design Manual for Water Supply and Waste Water Disposal, Vol.1 MoW

Water Losses and Leakages

These include the quantity of water due to wastage, losses, theft, etc. Some water is lost due to leakages at the pipe
joints, fittings and valves. . Some water losses may take place due to illegal and unauthorized connections.
Leakages are ultimately also an operational and maintenance problem.
These losses can be reduced by providing good quality of joints and fittings and also by guarding against water
thefts. Provision of Water-Meter will reduce water wastage because the consumers become more careful in using
water. Timely maintenance and proper inspection and investigation will vastly reduce the water losses. For a well
water managed system this quantity should not exceed 15%-20% of total water supply.
The water demand may be defined as follows: -
 Net total demand
gross supply
The gross average daily demand 0.8
=
Where;
Net total demand = number of consumers x per capital consumption.

Water Demand Projections

Demand fore-cast is the most critical element in the project planning and design. There is always a danger of either
over-estimating or under-estimating the water demand. Over- estimation of demand may justify a project that
should not have been built, which may lead to incur unnecessary costs, including over-estimation of intended
revenue and premature of a project. The consequence of under estimation is also obvious. Hence it is logical that
more time should be spent on the demand analysis and projections. The present situation can be found by the site
visits, studying the records of present water supply organizations i.e. Ministry of Water.

Water consumption depends on population to be served and the design is done on the basis of projection at the end
of design period. Population forecast is based on the study of the present situation. The best source of information
is the national census. The population of any town or village goes on increasing, therefore the determination of the
population increase in various periods thus should be precisely undertaken when the design period is fixed and the
growth rate is known. Hence the common forecasting of population by Geometric increase method is given by the
following formula:

pn po ( 1 i) n

Where:-
Pn =Future population after n years,
i =Population Growth rate per annum (in %),
Po =Present population,
n =Design period
(Ministry of Water, July 1997)

Variation in Water consumption

 The water demand is normally calculated according to the average requirements; how the actual consumption
varies from day to day and even from hour to hour. Due to this non uniformity of water demand, provision is
therefore made in different units of the water supply to absorb these variations.
In order to evaluate the importance of variation in water consumption the following definitions are relevant:
a. Average Daily Demand: Qda = the result of adding together domestic, institutional, industrial
water daily requirements and water losses in the system. This is multiplied by the per capital consumption, the
average daily consumption figures are used mainly for the economic calculations to estimate revenue collection, to
determine the price of water etc. It is normally not the dimensioning factor for the technical units.
b. Maximum Daily Demand: Qd max = the result of multiplication of the average daily demand by
the peak day factor -Kd that represents the consumption of the day in the year in which the maximum consumption
is registered. The maximum daily consumption is the dimensioning flow for the design of intake structures,
treatment units, and main pump station and rising or gravity mains which are to supply the whole service areas.
c. Peak Hourly Demand: Qhmax = the result of multiplication of the maximum daily demand by
the peak hour factor -Kh that represents the peak hour flow during the day with maximum consumption. For the
distribution network the peak hour demand is in general dimensioning flow. Nevertheless the capacity of the pipes
must also be able for fire fighting water demand.
Summary:
Qd max
Kd
Q day Peakday factor
=
K h Qh max peak hour factor

For design purposes, the peak factor shall be selected under consideration of the size and kind of the scheme and
services required.
Generally the main from the intake is dimensioned to meet the peak day demand. For gravity schemes this means
a main designed for a flow during 24 hours, while for pumping main the design flow is according to the pumping
hours decided. (Ministry of Water, July 1997)
Variation in the Rate of Consumption
The average rate of supply per capital is in fact the mathematical average taken over an average year. Thus if Q is
the total quantity of water supplied to a population p for 365 days, then the average rate of daily consumption q
is given by:
The average rate of daily consumption
Q
q
L
P 365
c/day
= Q/(px365)litres/capital/day
The type of nature variations of demand of which q is an average is given below:
(Ministry of Water, July 1997)

a) Daily Variation
The consumption of water is not uniform through out the day. Generally, two peak periods of
demand are observed, one in the morning and one in the evening.
The maximum intensity of demand which occurs in the morning is about 50% more than the
average demand for the day. (Ministry of Water, July 1997)

b) Seasonal variation in demand

The average value of consumption per day differs significantly depending on the season.
Summer daily consumption is 35 -50% more than in winter. These variation figures are useful in
designing various components of water scheme. (Ministry of Water, July 1997)

Peak Factors
Though the peak factors are very useful in calculating the actual demand, its application in
individual cases is very difficult. The population information such as number of people using
each domestic point, number of hours used in a day and peoples habits is difficult to collect and
hence calculating the individuals demand based on peak factor is not adopted, the values given in
the table are only rough guide.

For rural water supply schemes, the peak flow for human consumption is given as:
Peak flow = (Daily demand x 4)/24 hours
Which means the peak human demand is four (4) times the average hourly demand or in other
words the daily demand is consumed almost in six hours during the two peak periods of the day.
Though this assumption is practically not very much perfect, but it serves better in dimensioning
the distribution mains.
The peak flow for livestock may be taken as = daily demand/10. Whole daily demand by
livestock is consumed in 10 hours.

Table 2.6: Peak factor for different consumers

Peak Day Peak Hour
Consumers Factor Factor Remarks
1.Residential
Low class housing 1.50 2.50 Should be based on study of
Medium class housing 1.30 population density, housing type and
High class housing 1.10 2.50 water pressure tests in the area

2.Public Institutions
Prisons 1.10 4.00 In particular cases of ablation blocks
Primary school 1.10 of police lines and field force unity
Secondary school 1.10 quarters a peak hour factor of 3.0 shall
Colleges 1.10 2.00 adopted
Hospitals 1.10 2.50
Dispensaries 1.10

3.Commercial 1.2 -2.30 1.80

4.Industrial 1.10 1.8 to 2.250 Appropriate peak factors should be
used for specific industries depending
1.00 3.40 on factory size, process involved
number, of employees working hours,
1.00 2.0 3.0 nature of reticulation system, if any
based on industrial survey.

5. Domestic Points 1.00 3.40 Constant flow or flow control device

10n 1/min for 12 hours
n = number taps

Livestock 1.00 2.0 3.0 (10 x n) 1/s

60

Source: Design Manual for Water Supply and Waste Water Disposal, Vol.1 MoW

When it is impossible to separate consumers into categories as given in the above table, but the
total population of the area is known, the table below can be used as a guideline.
Peak factors for area population
Population Range of peak factor
Peak Day Factor Peak Hour Factor
10,000 1.80 1.50 2.40 2.00
10,000 30,000 1.50 1.40 2.00 1.70
30,000 100,000 1.50 1.30 1.70 1.60
100,000 1.30 1.60 1.50
Source: Design Manual for Water Supply and Waste Water Disposal, Vol.
 SOURCES OF WATER SUPPLY
Groundwater may be the preferred source but the most convenient source
of water for s
mall communities is frequently a natural stream or river close by. The two
most important criteria in judging the suitability of the surface water source are the
Quality of the water and the reliability of the flow.
In tropical countries, rivers and streams often have a wide seasonal fluctuation in flow.
This also affects the quality of the water. In wet periods the water may be low in
dissolved solids concentration but often of a high turbidity. In dry periods river flows are
low and the load of dissolved solids is more concentrated. Mountain streams sometimes
carry a high silt load but the mineral content is mostly low and human pollution is
generally absent. In plains and estuaries, rivers usually flow slowly except when there is
a flood. The water may be relatively clear but it is almost always polluted, and extensive
treatment is necessary to render it fit for drinking and domestic purposes. The quality of
river water does not usually differ much across the width and depth of the riverbed.
Whenever practicable a river intake should be sited where
adequate flow;
 at a level that allows gravity supply to minimize pumping costs;

up stream of densely populated and farming areas to reduce silt inflows

up stream of cattle watering places, washing places and sewer outlets (to eliminate
pollution of the water);

up stream of bridges (to reduce velocity/turbulence).

Intake designs aim to avoid clogging and scouring and to ensure the stability of the
structure even under flood conditions.

the river transports no boulders or rolling describle that..(Masanganise.N,n.d)

Water source selection

The process of choosing the water source of water supply scheme depends on;
Source availability
water quality
Quantity of Water
Economic feasibility

WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS

Distribution System
The purpose of distribution system is to convey potable, clean, sufficient quantity and pressured
water within allowable limits. Distribution system consists of pipes, valves, hydrants, meters,
pumps, and storage tanks/reservoirs.
The distribution main shall be connected with the gate valves on the branches immediately after
the tee connections to facilitate easy maintenance and repairs. Other valves as necessary for the
satisfactory control of the distribution system shall be installed in the main. As far as possible no
service pipe connection shall directly be taken from the trunk main. All service pipes to the
individual consumers shall be connected from the distribution pipes. These service pipes are
connected to the plumbing pipes within the yard or building to supply water to the various
domestic appliances.
(Ministry of Water, July 1997)
The functional aspects for the distribution system include proper layout of pipes, reservoirs and
booster pumping stations, selection and proper location of valves and special meters for efficient
operation and maintenance and overall economy in costs. On the other hand, proper hydraulic
consideration would facilitate adequate residual pressure during peak demand.
After the water has been properly stored and treated to make it safe, it has to be supplied to the
consumers in their individual home or public domestic points. Carrying of water from treatment
plant/storage tank to the consumers is accomplished by a well planned distribution system. For
the borehole source, water can sometimes be supplied direct to the consumers without treatment.
Water may be supplied to the consumer either continuously for all 24 hours or may be supplied
intermittently during fixed hours of the day. Also the water may either be pumped direct into the
distribution pipes, or it may first be stored in the storage reservoir and then fed into the
distribution pipes under gravity.
The distribution system should be capable of supplying at all intended places with sufficient
pressure head. It should be cheap with the capital construction and should be fairly water-tight to
keep losses due to leakage minimum.

M
ethods of distribution (Layout of Distribution)
The following patterns are commonly used for the layout of the pipe lines to distribute water to
the consumers:-
Grid system
Dead end system/Tee/Branched system

Each method of layout has its own advantages and disadvantages and is suitable under specific
conditions.

(a) Grid system

In this system the layout of pipe lines assume the shape of network. Water mains, sub mains and
branches are all interconnected keeping the dad ends a minimum. In grid iron system water flows
and reaches different point via more than one route and hence first of all, the quantities of flow
going via each route will have to be found out.
The flow taking place via different routes depends upon the sizes of the pipes used and
hence in designing, they will have to be first assumed to be taking place via different
routes. The loss of head taking towards a point of the other end of the circuit is then estimated
via each route. If the assumed sizes of pipes and the distribution of flow are correct, these losses
of head will be equal.
In this method, to balancing heads necessary formulations are made algebraically consistent by
arbitrarily assigning positive signs to clockwise flows and associated head losses negative signs
to anti-clockwise flows and associated head losses. This system is commonly used in Urban
Water supplies where roads/streets are well planned.

Advantages of the system:

During break down or repairs water can be supplied form other pipelines.
In case of fire, water is available from all directions.
Water circulates freely as there are no zones of stagnant water, which can support
pathogens.
Loss of head is minimal at all points in the system.
Is relatively safe against bursts.
Some disadvantages of the system:
Exact calculations of pressure and diameter of pipe is difficult and tedious.
Longer pipes are required, hence costly.
More valves required for operation.

(b) Dead End System (Tree or Branches System)

In general, branched system is adopted for small capacity community supplies delivering the
water mostly through public stand pipes and having few house connections if any.
In this system one main supply pipe is provided, form which originates number of sub mains or
distribution pipes, which then divide into several branches pipes called laterals for small water
supplies. This system is also applicable for towns which have developed in irregular manner and
there is no regular layout of roads.
Advantages of the system:
The discharge and pressure at any point can be easily calculated
The diameter of the pipes is smaller as they serve only a limited population
Fewer valves are required for operating the system.
Is cost effective because it uses small quantities of pipes

Disadvantages of the Dead End System:

During breakdown or repair of pipelines the population served in downstream may not
get water.
Adequate water for fire fighting may not be available
Due to Dead ends, contamination of water may occur
Loss of head is relatively high
(Ministry of Water, July 1997 and Water Supply Eng, DIT, Dec 2004)

Detailed drawings
The drawings for a water supply project are necessary for the following reasons:
To decide the stages in which the scheme is to be put into operation.
To guide the supervising staff during the construction of various components of the
scheme.
To illustrate the proposed scheme in a diagrammatic way.
To work out the estimated cost of each component involved in the scheme as a whole.

Design of Water Supply System

2 Design Period
Design Period is a period over which the project development and the population growth are
projected and the water supply schemes are designed. The period of a water supply project is the
function among other things of discount rate and economy of scale factors. The design period of
a water supply project is categorized as short term 5 years, future 10 years and ultimate period of
20 years.

Design of water supply includes:-

Determination of water demand
Identifying of water source and its capacity
Designing of rising main including pipe diameter/material and velocity of flow of water.
Determination of storage tank capacity
Designing of distribution including pipe diameter/material, velocity and discharge of flow
of water.
Selection of pump for pumping water to the storage tank
(Ministry of Water, July 1997)

DETERMINATION OF CAUSES OF LOSS OF WATER SUPPLIED.

6 Water Losses
Water losses occur due to the leakages from reservoir, treatment units, valves mains, and
distribution pipes. From experience, it is found that these vary between 15 to 25% of the gross
water demand (gross supply).
Although not actually a loss as such, but the amount of water used in the treatment process back
washing, chemical mixing and other cleaning purposes includes here and in general, a figure of
3-5% of the daily gross water demand.
Losses of water due to negligence of water consumers unauthorized abstractions from the
network etc. can not be considered for design purpose. This is an operation and maintenance
problem and should be controlled by those authorities. But in estimating revenue, this element
must be considered.

CHAPTER THREE
3. PROJECT METHODOLOGY

3.1: Introduction;
This chapter will describe type of the data required and appropriate collection methods and
procedures. Methods of data analysis and calculation procedures will be explicitly detailed
properly after data collection to meet the targeted objective. The analysis methods will include
documentary sources, design tables, and empirical calculations.

3.2 Data Collection method;

(a): Primary data collection include the following;

(i): Quantity of water supplied at Ndola

This will be achieved by the help of people who controls the meter from the main source since
they do record the amount of water supplied per day normally.

(ii): Population data;

Population data of people;
Population data of livestock;
The 2012 national census records of data to be obtained from Mbeya rural district will be used
to estimate population and data for livestock will be obtained from the local authority.

(iii): River flow data;

This was obtained from the respective authority for water rights and management for Mbalizi
whereby Ndola village(Targeted area in our project) is under control.

(iv) : Site visit method;

Site visiting of water supply line to detect whether there are any points with water leakages along
the line.

(b): Secondary data collection have been collected and extracted from published documents
such as;
Books,
Manuals
Journals,
Internet,
Consulting expert professionals,
Other researchers / project works

3.3 Data Collection equipments.

Basic required equipments required for data collection are pens, note books, tape measure,
calculator, camera hiring.

4. CONCLUSION AND REFERENCES.

4.1 CONCLUSION
Due to time limit and financial constraint our project is limited to estimate population,
quantity of water demand, evaluate capacity and condition of existing infrastructure and
suggesting alternative source of water.
 REFERENCE
1. Ministry of Water (July 1997) Design Manual for Water Supply and Water Disposal,
Vol. I, The United Republic of Tanzania.
2. Ministry of Water (July 2002) National Water Policy (NAWAPO), Dar es Salaam,
Tanzania..
3. Santos Kumar Garg (1992) Water Supply Engineering (7th Revised and Enlarged Edition),
Delhi India.
4. Dr. pn Modi (2006) Water supply engineering(3rd Edition), Delhi India.
5: M o W Design Manual version (2002)
 CERTIFICATION

The undersigned that has read and hereby y recommend for acceptance by the Mbeya
University of Science and Technology (MUST) a project title:

. in partial
fulfillment of requirement for Ordinary Diploma in Civil Engineering
.(Signature)

(Supervisors Name)

Date