CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background
While most of us have a basic understanding of what blood pressure is, its
surprising how few fully grasp what it tells us, how it works or what good
blood pressure should look like. Blood pressure is one of those things that
doesnt really get explained to us at school and that we subsequently might
not take the time to learn. So when your doctor tells you that yours is 105/100
you dont know whether to smile or not.
Blood pressure refers to the amount of pressure our heart is providing our
blood with in order to move it along. This works in just the same way as
pressure in your boiler system and it basically means that the fluid is so
tightly packed into the veins/pipes, that a small push will cause it all to move.
Having low blood pressure is actually dangerous too then, as this can
make it hard for your blood to reach your brain resulting in you feeling light-
headed and dizzy very easily.
The cuff is inflated to reach 20mm Hg over the individuals systolic blood
pressure at which point the heart will no longer be able to force the blood
through. Once this is then allowed to deflate, the blood will begin flowing
through the artery again forcefully, thus creating slight vibrations in the
arterial wall. Eventually, the cuff will fall lower than the patients diastolic
pressure and this will then allow blood to flow more smoothly through the
artery again, causing the vibrations to cease.
Processed foods filled with trans fats are bad for blood pressure. Sugar
also appears to cause problems via inflammation and the use of decongestants
and statins can lower very high pressure. Drinking more water also improves
blood pressure simply by diluting it and some foods that act as vasodilators
can widen the veins and arteries to positive effect. Smoking and drinking
alcohol are both activities that are universally recognized as being bad for the
 heart and the blood pressure. So we do this experiment to know the blood
pressure in human with different positio.

B. Purpose
In this practicum we will know about blood pressure in human with
different position.
C. Benefit
We will know about blood pressure in human with different position.
 CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Since no comprehensive study has been conducted on blood pressure (BP)

percentiles established upon nationally representative sample population of adults,
the present study aimed to construct the blood pressure percentiles by age, sex and
body mass index (BMI) of the subjects. Analyses were based on data collected in
2011 from 8,425 adults aged 25 to 69 years old. Data on demographic
characteristics, anthropometric measurements, and blood pressure was recorded
for each subject. Linear Regression analysis was used to assess the adjusted
relationship of age-sex-specific standard deviation scores of BMI, height, and
weight with blood pressure. Four separate models for systolic blood pressure
(SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) of men and women were constructed
for BP percentiles according to age and BMI. Blood pressure increased with the
rise in BMI and weight, but showed a negative correlation with height. SBP and
DBP rose steadily with increasing age, but the rise in SBP was greater than DBP.
Overweight and obese population, seem to fall into the category of hypertensive.
The findings of present study show that BP percentiles are steadily increased by
age and BMI. In addition, most obese or overweight adults are hypertensive
(Hosseini, 2014).
Hypertension is one of the most important risk factors for coronary heart
disease, stroke, heart failure, and end-stage renal disease and remains an important
public health challenge.13 Although there are effective medical therapies for
hypertension management, only 37% of hypertensive patients in a 20032004
survey were reported to have their blood pressure controlled.1 One factor
contributing to less than ideal blood pressure control is patient nonadherence to
prescribed therapies. A meta-analysis revealed that the odds of blood pressure
control among patients adherent to antihypertensive medications, compared with
those who were nonadherent, was 3.44 (95% confidence interval (Morisky, 2008)
The Vasotrac monitor provides non-invasive near-continuous blood
pressure monitoring and is designed to be an alternative to direct intra-arterial
blood pressure (BP) measurement. As compared to radial artery invasive BP and
upper arm noninvasive BP, Vasotrac readings have been found to have a good
agreement with them. However, discrepancies have been reported when rapid
changes in BP exist. In the present study we compared BP measured by the
Vasotrac monitor on the radial artery with that recorded on the finger arteries by
the differential oscillometric device allowing measurement on the beat-to-beat
basis. Comparisons were performed on the mean arterial pressure (MAP) level.
Special attention was paid to the signal conditioning before comparison of
pressures of different temporal resolution (Jagomagi, 2010).
Hypertensive disorders complicate 5-10% of all pregnancies. The deadly
triad of hypertensive disorders, haemorrhage and infection contribute greatly to
the maternal morbidity and mortality 1 . In India the incidence of preeclampsia is
reported to be 8-10% of the pregnancies 2 . The incidence in primigravidae is
about 10% and in multigravidae about 5% 3 . It causes IUGR leading to low birth
weights. Low birth weight child is prone to suffer from diabetes, hypertension,
and coronary vascular disorders in their later life 4 (Latha,2014).
Manifests as an increase in blood pressure in the pulmonary artery, vein, or
capillaries. Elevated pulmonary vascular resistance and pressure lead to dyspnea,
dizziness and fainting, all of which are exacerbated by exertion. Pulmonary
hypertension leads to a progressive decrease in exercise tolerance, and ultimately
to heart failure, with a median life expectancy from diagnosis of only 2.8 years.
Pulmonary hypertension was previously defined as a mean pulmonary arterial
pressure of 25 mmHg or more at rest, and/or 30 mmHg or more on light to
moderate exercise. However, this definition has recently been revised with the
exercise criterion in the previous definition being removed due to the difficulty of
defining an exact upper limit of normal for pulmonary pressures during exercise
(Sajkov, 2003).
Multiple factors that influence patient adherence to prescribed therapies
have been described and include quality of life; complexity and side effects of
medications; health care system issues; demographic, behavioral, treatment, and
clinical variables; and lack of knowledge regarding hypertension, to name only a
few.5 A recent Harris Poll survey suggested that there have been improvements in
knowledge of hypertension risks, percentages of patients receiving specific
medications, and numbers of patients controlled.6 Nevertheless, patient
nonadherence to antihypertensive treatment recommendations remains a global
problem, and promoting patient adherence is a major clinical hurdle that is
necessary to decrease cardiovascular morbidity and mortality (Morisky,2008).

Hypertension in adults and children has drawn attention of many

researchers and controlling it has become as a worldwide priority among health
policies. Because early detection of hypertension can help control its various
complications, blood pressure measurement is now regarded as an important part
of routine physical examination (Somu et al., 2003). To interpret measurements
precisely, they should be compared to the standard blood pressure (BP)
nomograms. However, the distribution of BP values vary based on ethnicities and
races, thus standard values derived from a specific population might not be
applicable to others; consequently, local reference data could be a better choice to
evaluate the BP measurements properly (Hosseini, 2015)
 CHAPTER III
OBSERVATION METHOD

A. Time and Place

Day/ date : Wednesday / April 19th 2017
Time :13.00 pm until 02.30 pm
Place : Biology Laboratory of State University of Makassar, west
laboratory room of 3rd floor.
B. Tools and Material
1. Tools
Sphygmomanometer
Stethoscope
2. Materials
Probandus
Paper
C. Work Procedures
1 Providedall the tools and materials to be used
2 Taken the probandus to sit well. After artery beat feels, air pumps into
riva rocci until beat of artery is less.
3 When we hear sound tapping, it is sound called corotcoff
4 Done all of position of propandus can we observation with the blood
pressures

CHAPTER IV
OBSERVATION RESULT
A Observation result

No Name Systolic Diastolic Blood pressure

.
1 Vivi Salviah Baharsyah 100 70 10 0
70

2 Ruhaemah 120 100 120

100

3 Eunike Christy 100 70 100

70

4 Rahmayani 100 70 100

70

5 Qoryani 100 80 100

80

B Discussion
Based on observation that have been done we observe about the blood
pressure with Sphygmomanometer and stethoscope in probandus, Blood
pressure we have two name are systole and diastole. Diastole is the relaxation
of the chambers of the heart and systole is the contraction of the heart
chambers. Blood pressure is composed of systolic and diastolic blood
pressure, which correspond to the pressure following contraction of the heart
and pressure during relaxation for the heart, respectively. Normal blood
pressure should be around 120/80, with the systolic number on top.
Blood pressure in probandus at class data commonly are normal because
between 100/70 till 120/100 it means not have hypotension or hypertension
desease.
Blood pressure that is low due to a disease state is called hypotension, and
pressure that is consistently high is hypertension. Both have many causes and
may be of sudden onset or of long duration. Long term hypertension is a risk
factor for many diseases, including heart disease, stroke and kidney failure.
Long term hypertension is more common than long term hypotension. Long
term hypertension often goes undetected because of infrequent monitoring
and the absence of symptoms.
Mean blood pressure decreases as the circulating blood moves away from
the heart through arteries, capillaries, and veins due to viscous loss of energy.
Mean blood pressure drops during circulation, although most of this decrease
occurs along the small arteries and arterioles.
 CHAPTER V
CLOSING

A Conclusion
Based on observation that have been done we observe about blood
pressure we have 2 term of that are systolic and diastolic blood pressure.
Diastole is the relaxation of the chambers of the heart and systole is the
contraction of the heart chambers. And both are readings of blood pressure.
B Suggestion
The next practicum,practican plus the amount that the assistants are not
over whelmed when guiding the practitioner.
 BIBLIOGRAPHIC

Latha dr. P.josephine, et all. 2013. International journal of pharma and bio
sciences. Evaluation of serum uric acid and lipid profile in gestational
hypertension. ISSN 0975-6299. Department of biochemistry,
k.a.p.v.govt.medical college, tiruchirappalli, the tamil nadu dr.m.g.r.
medical university, india.

Sajkov Dimitar, et all. 2003. Journal of Pharma and Bio sciences. Dyspnea in
Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. ISSN 0959-8138. Flinders Medical
Centre and Flinders University, Flinders Drive, Bedford Park Australia

Jagomgi k, et all. 2010. Physiological journal. Measurement of mean arterial

pressure: comparison of the vasotrac monitor with the finger differential
oscillometric device. Issn 0862-8408. Institute of physiology, university of
tartu, tartu, estonia

Hosseini Mostafa, et all. 2015. Excli journal. Blood pressure percentiles by age
and body mass index for adults. Issn 1611-2156. Department of
epidemiology and biostatistics, school of public health, tehran university
of medical sciences, tehran, Iran

Morisky Donald E, et all. 2008. THE Journal of Clinical Hypertension. Predictive

Validity of a Medication Adherence Measure in an Outpatient Setting.
VOL. 10 NO. 5. Three Enterprise Drive, Shelton
 RATIFICATION PAGE

Complete report of Human Anatomy and Physiology with title Blood

Pressure , arranged by:

Name : Amilussholiha Taslim

Reg.Number : 141 444 2008
Class : ICP Biology B
Group : V (Five)
has been checked and accepted by Assistant and Assistant Coordinator, so this
report were accepted.

Makassar, 25th April 2017

Assistant Coordinator, Assistant,

A. Citra Pratiwi, S.Pd M.Ed Muhammad Richsan Yamin

ID: 1314440006

Known by,
Lecturer of Responsibility

Dr. Drs. Andi Mushawwir Taiyeb, M.Kes.

ID: 19640416 198803 1 002