1

The Playbook of
Grammar
Jacqueline Cordova
12-2-2016

Grammar Rules!!

 Table of Contents
1. Introduction & About the AuthorPg.4

2. Section 1: Parts of Speech.....Pg.5-17

3. Section 2: Phrases....Pg.18-20

4. Section 3: Clauses.......Pg. 21-24

5. Section 4: Phrases .Pg. 25-28

6. Section 5: Paragraphs....Pg. 29-33

7. Sections 6: Essays.......Pg. 34-36

8. Section 7: Capitalization....Pg. 37-39

9. Section 8: Punctuation.......Pg. 40-41

10. Section 9: Commonly confused/ Misused words.Pg. 42-44

11. Quizzes and Answer Keys. Pg. 45-55

12. Work Cited.....Pg. 56

Intro
This book is the ultimate guide for success in your English
class or for anytime you are simply writing. It explicitly covers
the simplest things you may already know but probably doesnt
know how to use it. I have provided examples for your benefit,
in case you are confused on how to apply the specific topic.
Warning! This examples are based upon the love for softball.
This my gift to anyone who wishes to learn and conquer
grammar!!!
About the author
Jacqueline Cordova is currently a student at Francisco Bravo Medical Magnet
High School, finishing the first half of her junior year. She was born on April 8th, 2000.
As a sixteen year old she still manages to earn a high GPA even though she is both a
hardworking student and a dedicated athlete. Cordova is a softball player on the varsity
team at her high school. In the year 2018, she will graduate in the spring and start college
in the fall. She will also play for her college softball dream that has been a dream since
she was a young girl, thus a softball grammar book. Cordova was not a big fan of
English, she always had trouble writing because she had little knowledge of the rules and
strategies needed for just writing a paper, that is why she has written a grammar book, not
for her benefit but for the need to help others.

 Section 1:
Parts
Of
Speech

 I. Nouns
A. Types of Nouns
1. Common Noun: teeth, tourists, stadium, ears, restaurants
2. Proper Nouns: Walt Disney, Minnie Mouse, Gus, Snow White, Sully
3. Compound Nouns: buspass, bedroom, walkways, hallways
4. Concrete Nouns: soap, love, food
5. Abstract Nouns: justice, peace, joy, fear
B. Noun identifiers:
1. Noun Endings
- adorableness - affection -realism - fantasist -culture
- attitude - development - acceptance -intelligence - university
- adjuster -respiratory - cheer -neighborhood

2. Following a noun maker (NM): a, all, an, both, each, every, her, his, my, our, several, some,
that, their, these, this, those, one, two, three, etc. Emboldened words are pronouns that function
as noun markers only when they act as adjectives, i.e., Some boxes are square (Some act as an
adjective, so its a noun maker). Some are square. (Some act as a noun so its not a noun
maker).

NM N NM N
The softball team is diverse. The distinct softball team has different races united as one.

3. Plural form: bats or baseballs

4. Possessive Form: for example: teams victory plan or teams victory

5. Following a preposition:
NM N ADV V Prep NM N V NM N
The pitcher quickly ran along the fence to catch the ball.

These are common prepositions: aboard, about, above, according to, across, across from, after,
against, along, alongside, along with, amid, among, apart from, around, as, as far as, aside from,
at, away from, back of, because of, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, but
(except), by, by means of, concerning, despite, down, down from, except, except for, excluding,
for, from, from among, from between, from under, in, in addition to, in behalf of, including, in
front of, in place of, in regard to, inside, inside of, in spite of, instead of, into, like, near, near to,
notwithstanding, of, off, on, on account of, on behalf of, onto, on top of, out, out of, outside,
outside of, over, over to, owing to, past, prior to, to, forward, under, underneath, until, unto: up,
upon, up to, versus, via, with, within, without.

Note: Sometimes the words above are used as adverbs.

 The player slid cautiously under the tag.

C. Functions (How nouns are used):

1. Subject (comes before the verb)
S ADV V
ex: The catcher quickly tagged the runner at home plate.
S. ADV V
ex: The softball team completely dominated the championship, the final score was 23 to

2. Direct Object (comes after the verb and answer what or whom)
S ADV V DO IO
ex: The rude coach roughly hit softballs at his players throughout practice.
ADJ V DO
ex: The amazing softball team was given an award for winning the championship.

3. Indirect Object (answers to who or whom)

ADJ S V IO
ex: Our proud coach gave his players a certificate for good sportsmanship.
S V ADJ IO ADV V N
ex: Mrs. Torres-Flores yelled at the crazy softball team for carelessly causing a scene at a
N N
game against their rivals.

4. Adverbial Object (comes after the verb and answers when)

S V AO
ex: The softball team practices afternoons throughout the whole week.
S V AO
ex: The team arrived before school started to take a team picture.

5. Object of the Preposition (follows a preposition)

S Prep. OPrep.
ex: The players went to the banquet and prepared the food.
S Prep. OPrep.
ex: The whole team was invited to the mayor's office for winning the State Finals.

6. Subject Complement (following a linking verb)

S LV. SC
ex: Jennifer is the captain of our softball team.
S. LV SC
Ex: Maggie is the MVP of the year.

7. Object Complement (follows a direct object and renames it)

S V. DO OC
ex: The softball team selected Andrea as captain this year.
S V DO OC
Ex: The athletic director named Amy MVP of the whole southern league.

8. Appositives (renames nouns, separated by commas)

S APP V
ex: Mr. Ota, my coach, taught me a of what it takes to be a softball player.
S. V
Ex: I learned that when you are on the border of being grade cut is called
APP
academic probation.

9. Adjectival (describes noun following it)

S. V. Adjvl
ex: The team quickly rushed to the softball field to practice.
S V Adjvl
Ex: Our coach took us to the gym to yell at us for not dressing.

10. Noun in Direct Address

N
ex: Coach, where do we meet for practice?
N
Ex: Do we wait change for practice during lunch, coach, or the locker during passing
period?

11. Object of the gerund (noun that follows a gerund)

G OG
ex: Winning the State Finals brought school pride.
G OG
Ex: Practicing fundamentals made the team more efficient and that helped win many
games.

12. Object of the participle (noun that follows a participle)

Part OPart
ex: After the championship game, the team went out to celebrate.
Part. OPart
Ex: At our school softball field, the team had their award ceremony

13.Object of the infinitive (noun that follows an infinitive)

Inf. OInf
ex: Our whole school wanted to win the school finals.
Inf OInf
Ex: The team wanted to abruptly remove the captain for being too bossy and treating
them bad.

II. Pronouns
1. Personal:
Nominative (subjects) Objective (objects)
I/we me/us
you/you your/yours
he, she, it, one/they him, her, it, one/ them

Possessive
My/mine our/ours
your/ yours your/yours
his, her, hers, its, ones their/ theirs

ex: She is playing for the opposite team.

ex: Their conditioning really paid off during season because they played really well.

2. Relative:
Nominative Objective Possessive
who whom whose
that that of that
those/this

ex: Who knows where the tryouts are going to be held?

ex: Is that the new coach for the softball team?

3. Interrogative: who, which, what, whatever, whoever

ex: Which of the following colleges are you going to tryout for?
ex: Whoever plays 1st base should let the coach no because he is in need of one.

4. Reflexive: (personal pronouns plus the suffix -self or -selves)

Used only:
A. when the action verb is directed toward the subject of the construction:
ex: The pitcher puts herself down when somebody hits a homerun off of her.
B. to intensify a point

 ex: Twas the night before the championship game, and all players who did not practice
thought this is impossible.

5. Demonstrative: this, these, that, those

ex: Around this time, colleges begin to start looking for seniors for their colleges to scout
some of them.
ex: Those players that practice routine plays have a better chance at having a good game.

6. Indefinite:
all, another, anybody, anyone, anything, both, each, either, everybody, everyone, everything,
everywhere, few, many, much, neither, nobody, none, no one, nothing, other, several, somebody,
someone, such.
ex: Several college coaches come to watch me play softball and evaluate me.
ex: Everybody in the softball team wishes to someday play for a college and get a
scholarship.

III. Verbs
A. How verbs are identified
1. Verb ending: -s, -es, -ed, -ing
2. Tense: verbs indicate time via tenses:
1- simple past: applied 8- present progressive: not procrastinating
2-past: studied 9- present perfect progressive: have been cramming
3- past perfect: had not researched 10- future: will graduate
4- past progressive: reading 11- future perfect: will have spent
5- simple present: thinks
6- present: sleeps
7- present perfect: will write

3. Forms:
A. Forms of to be: am, are, is, was, were, be, been, being (These verbs can
be used as helping verbs or main verbs. When used as main verbs, they are always
linking verbs- true linking verbs = all forms of be, become, and seem).

B. Forms of to do: do, does, did, done, doing (These verbs can be used as
helping verbs or main verbs).

C. Forms of to have: have, had, has, having (These verbs can be used as
helping verbs or main verbs)
4. Types: There are at least eleven (11) types of verbs:
a. auxiliary verbs (helping verbs)

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 b. linking verbs (verbs that do not describe action, but connect the subject of
a sentence to other parts of the sentence- usually the predicate)
c. lexical verbs (main verbs)
d. dynamic verbs (indicate action)
e. stative verbs (describe a condition)
f. finitive verbs (indicate tense)
g. nonfinitive verbs (infinitives or participles)
h. regular verbs (weak verbs)
i. irregular verbs (strong verbs)
j. transitive verbs (verbs followed by direct object)
k. intransitive verbs (verbs that do not take direct objects)

5. Voice: Voice is the form of the verb that indicates how it relates or interact with the action.
There are two types, ACTIVE and PASSIVE.

6. Verbals: (Verb forms not used as verbs)

a. Gerund: word ending in ing used as a noun
ex: at the beginning of the year, our coach makes us do a lot of conditioning.
b. Participle: word ending in ing or ed used as an adjective.
ex: The second baseman crashed into the stealing runner.
ex: Our pitcher pitched so many balls she fractured he collar bone.
c. Infinitive: verb preceded by the word to (to go, to jump) used as nouns,
adjectives, or adverbs
ex: Most of the girls on the team are in great shape because they love to run.
ex: Most of the junior varsity members want to play for Varsity one day

V. Adverbs
Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs
A. Endings:
-ly:primarily -wards: awkward -wise: taxwise

B. Conversions:
Words can be converted into adverbs by adding -ly to the end of the word
ex: from quick to quickly
V Adv
ex: from happy to happily
Adj Adv
ex: from easy to easily
Adj Adv

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 C. Types:
a) An adverb of time tells us when something is done or happens. It is used in the
beginning or the end of a sentence. Adverbs of time: afterwards, already, always, immediately,
last month, now, soon, then, and yesterday.
b) An adverb of place tells us where something is done or happens. It is used after the
verb, object or at the end of a sentence. Adverbs of place: above, below, here, outside, over there,
there, under,upstairs.
c) An adverb of manner tells us how something is done or happens. Most adverbs of
manner end in ly such as badly, happily, sadly, slowly, quickly, and others that include well,
hard, fast, etc.
d) An adverb of degree tells us the level or extent that something is done or happens.
Words of adverb of degree are almost, much, nearly, quite, really, so, too, very, etc.
e) An adverb of frequency tells us how often something is done or happens. Words used
as adverbs of frequency: again, almost, always, ever, frequently, generally, hardly ever, nearly,
nearly always, never, occasionally, often, rarely, seldom, sometimes, twice, usually, and weekly.

D. Intensifiers:
Adverbs often have words called intensifiers that denote or describe the quality of the
action. Words as certainly, obviously, really, simply, literally, etc.
ex: She certainly missed the ball and many scored.
ex: The team was obviously tired because they had just played a game.
ex: Practicing routine plays is really important if you want to be get better.
ex: People that tryout think that by simply showing up they were already on the team.
ex: Literally every time I go to practice I always get hurt.

E. Comparatives/ Superlatives
i. These are usually short adverbs and so they normally have comparative and superlative forms
with -er and -est
a) With adverbs ending in -ly, you must use more to form the comparative
ex: The professor reviewed the chapter more quickly before the test before the test
began in 20 minutes.
b) With adverbs ending in -ly, you must use most to form the superlative.
ex: The most quietly we have ever studied was for the final.

Example Types:

Manner-
The students read through their book quickly.

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 It is important to get to the orientation promptly so you do not miss out on the safety
procedures.

Time-
The orientation starts slowly.
The international relations class should be taken seriously due to the choice of topics.
Place-
Class was held outside in the field.
The dorm room was above the cafeteria, how great is that?
Degree-
She did exceptionally well in her bar exam.
They hardly took the time to study, instead, they went out to the party next door.

Frequency-
The university recruited undergraduates weekly.
We always wished to go to Stanford the minute we graduated.

VI. Conjunctions
A. Coordinating: a conjunction placed between words, phrases, clauses, or
sentences: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so
ex: When the runner stole a base she went head first and flipped over, yet, she didn't get
hurt one bit.
ex: Jay hit a homerun so that meant she was going to get money from her father.
B. Correlative: coordinating conjunction that pairs up with other words to
connect elements in a sentence: Either/or; neither/nor; not only/but also; both/and;
whether/or; as/ also
ex: Not only did Ashley hit a homerun and win the game but she also broke a record.
ex: Whether she runs or walks, Jenny has to finish her laps.
C. Subordinate: a conjunction that introduces a subordinate clause: after,
though as, as if, as long as, as though, because, before, if, in order that, provided that,
since, so, so that, that, though, till, unless, when, where, whereas, while.
ex: After practice, the team decided to go out and eat.
Ex: When the season ended, the majority of the games were won so we were the
championship.

D. Relative pronouns: A relative pronoun is a type of pronoun that often

introduces dependent (or relative) clauses in sentences: who (refers to people), which
(refers to non living object or animals), that (may refer to animals or non living objects)
ex: Which park is our next game going to be at?
I wonder who will be our new coach once our current coach retires.

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VII. Prepositions
Prepositions link nouns, pronouns, and phrases to the other parts of the sentence.
Prepositions are NEVER followed by verbs. Common prepositions are: aboard, about, above,
according to, across, across from, at, away from, back of, because of, before, behind, below,
beneath, beside, between, beyond, but (except), by, by means of, concerning, despite, down,
down from, except, excluding, for, from, from among, from between, from under, in, in addition
to, in behalf of, including, in front of, in space of, in regard to, inside, inside of, in spite of,
instead of, into, like, near, near to, notwithstanding of, off, on, on account of, on behalf of, onto,
on top of, opposite, out, out of, outside, outside of, over, over to, owing to, past, prior to, to,
toward, under, underneath, until, unto, up, upon, up to, versus, with, within, without.
ex1: Before you decide what university softball team you want to attend, you
must compare them versus one another to minimize your options.
ex2: My teammate was confused about the release forms given by the coach
because of the lack of sleep she had gotten the night before.
ex3: On their way back from softball class, they stopped by the cafeteria to grab
dinner since they had not eaten all morning.

VIII. Interjections
aah, ack, agreed, ah, aha, ahem, alas, all right, amen, argh, as if, aw, ay, aye, bah, blast, boo hoo,
bother, boy, brr, by golly, bye, cheerio, cheers, chin up, come on, crikey, curses, dear me,
doggone, drat, duh, easy does it, eek, egads, er, exactly, fair enough, fiddle-dee-dee, fiddlesticks,
fie, foo, fooey, gadzooks, gah, gangway, gee, gee whiz, geez, gesundheit, get lost, get outta here,
go on, good, good golly, good job, gosh, gracious, great, grr, gulp, ha, ha-ha, hah, hallelujah,
harrumph, haw, hee, here, hey, hmm, ho hum, hoo, hooray, how, huh, hum, hurray, I say, ick,
jeez, just kidding, just a sec, just wondering, la, la-di-dah, look, look here, long time, lordy, man,
meh, mmm, most certainly, my, my my, my word, nah, naw, never, no, no can do, nooo, not, no
thanks, no way, nuts, oh, oho, oh-oh, oh no, okay, okey-dokey, om, oof, ooh, oopsey, over, oy,
peace, pff, pew, phew, pish posh, psst, quite, rah, ready, right, right on, roger that, rumble, say,
see ya, shame, shh, shoo, shucks, sigh, snap, sorry, sssh, sup, ta, ta-da, ta ta, take that, thanks,
there, there there, time out, toodles, touche, tsk, tut, ugh, uh, uh-oh, um, ur, urgh, very nice, very
well, voila, vroom, wah, well, well done, well, well, what, whatever, whee, when, whoa, whoo,
whew, why, word, wow, yeah, yikes, yippee, yo, yoo-hoo, you bet, you don't say, you know,
yow, yum, zap, zounds, zowie, zzz
ex: The whole class sighed as the coach told us that the field was closed until next
semester because that meant we were going to condition.
ex: On Monday, the team walked to school with shame because we had lost the
championship.
ex: Everyone shouted Hooray!!! Because we had won the State Finals.
Key associated terms to know for Parts of Speech
vii. Antecedents- a word or phrase that is represented by another word (such as a pronoun)
ex: This practice was great, I am looking forward to it tomorrow.
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 ix. Complements- Complement is the term used for a word (or words) which are needed to
complete the meaning of an expression.
ex: Coach Otas softball speech was extraordinary, it touched the hearts of the
seniors.
x. Objects
1. Direct- A direct object will follow a transitive verb, answering the who
or the what after the transitive verb.
ex: The fact that they practiced their butts off the whole was very disappointing
because it rained and they couldnt play.

2. Indirect- An indirect object is really a prepositional phrase that tells whom

or for whom something is done.
ex: Our coach gave our team lunch passes so that we can change in the middle of
ucnh and not get in trouble.

xi. Modifiers- Modifiers are words or phrases that give additional detail about the subject in a
sentence.
ex: The unified students chanted as my team walked off the field, they were full of spirit
because they had just witnessed a very important victory.
xii. Transitions

Addition Comparison Contrast Time Purpose Place

Moderate a further just as ... so but then to do this there

and too yet now so that here
and then a similar and yet soon beyond
then another x still afterward nearby
also like otherwise later next to
too or shortly
next though earlier
another but another recently
other rather first
nor second
third
next
before
after
today
tomorrow

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Stronger further similarly however meanwhil to this end at that point
furtherm comparable still e with this opposite to
ore in the same nevertheless at length object adjacent to
moreove way on the other presently for this on the other
r likewise hand at last purpose side
in on the contrary finally for that in the front
addition even so immediat reason in the back
addition notwithstanding ely because of
ally for all that thereafter this
besides in contrast at that
again alternatively time
equally at the same subseque
importan time ntly
t though this may eventuall
first, be y
second otherwise currently
finally, instead in the
last nonetheless meantime
conversely in the
past
in the
future

Result Example Summary & Emphasis

Moderate so that is in sum

and so specifically generally
then in particular after all
for one thing by the way
in general
incidentally
naturally
I hope
at least
it seems
in brief
I suppose

16

Stronger hence for example in short
therefore for instance on the whole
accordingly an instance of this as I said
consequently this can be seen in other words
thus in to be sure
thereupon in fact
as a result indeed
in consequence clearly
of course
anyway
remarkably
I think
assuredly
definitely
without doubt
for all that
on the whole
in any event
importantly
certainly

ex: I think UCLA is the right choice for me because it is not that far from home and
clearly, they have a very good softball team and i want to play.
xiii. Expletives- expletive is a crude or obscene expression, or an unnecessary word or phrase
ex: In order to be a successful softball player you need to be mentally strong, fit, have
your equipment ready, always be ready to lay and always have a ball, that was a joke.
xiv. Agreements
1. Subject Verb- Subject verb agreement simply means the subject and verb
must both be either plural or singular.
ex: The softball players play with 100% effort.
2. Noun- Pronoun - Pronouns must agree with antecedents for person,
number, or gender.
ex: The coach and his team went to celebrate after they won a great victory and demolished the
other team.

17

 Section 2:

Phrases

18

Phrases- A phrase is two or more words that do not contain the subject-verb pair necessary to
form a clause.

a. Prepositional Phrase- a prepositional phrase will begin with a preposition and

end with a noun, pronoun, gerund, or clause, the "object" of the preposition.
N ADV V PREP
ex: The team meeting will promptly start at 12 p.m. in the weight room house.
PREP N V
ex: During winter break, most of our softball gear arrives and the team is
ADV V
anxiously , like children waiting to open their presents.

b. Appositive Phrase- an appositive is a noun or noun phrase that renames another

noun right beside it.
N AP ADV V N
ex: Jackie, The student-athlete, honorably accepted the offer at George
N V N
Washington University to play softball for them.
N AP ADV V
ex: Jennifer Perez, UCLAs softball captain, is significantly viewed through the
N N
eyes of the students, therefore, it is important to keep her on track so that she
N N V N
is a role model for other students that would like to join a sport.

c. Verbal Phrase- A group of words that begin with a verbal and ends with a noun.
1. Gerund: word ending in -ing used as a noun
VP V ADV ADJ N
ex: Studying your plays is very hard because there are lots of strategies.
VP V ADV ADJ
ex: Working on fundamentals can be extremely stressful but, if you try
ADV ADJ ADV V
really hard, you can slowly work on it until they reach perfection.

2. Participle: word ending in -ing or -ed used as an adjective.

N PARTICIPLE V
ex: The student athlete was walking the entire school searching for the
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 softball field.
ADJ N ADV PARTICIPLE V
ex: The new softball coach abruptly ended the practice after realizing

he was in the wrong school, coaching the wrong team.

3. Infinitive: verb predicated by the word to used as a noun, adjective, adverb

N V INFINITIVE V
ex: Jane hopes to gain the approval of her teammates for trying to run

for captain of the softball team.

ADJ INFINITIVE V ADV
ex: The best way to survive Mr. Otas tiring practice is to quickly get

into shape because during season it will really pay off.

20

 Section 3:
Clauses

21

Clauses- A clause is a group of words with a subject and a verb

A. Independent Clause: CAN stand alone as a complete sentence, known as a

simple sentence pattern.
ex: The girl was extremely happy; the college of her dream granted her a
INDEPENDENT N V

scholarship due to her ability of knowing how to play softball very well.
N V N ADV ADJ
INDEPENDENT N HV
ex: The university is located in the east coast, which means her family would
V ADV N V N
miss her dearly, but at least she will be playing on the softball team there.

B. Subordinate (dependent) Clause: Cannot stand alone as a complete sentence

and must begin with a subordinate conjunction.

1. Noun Clause: Used as the noun in a sentence and may function as

a subject, a predicate noun, a direct object, an object of a preposition, an indirect
object, or an appositive.
ex: Where the softball team meets, will be known as our headquarters
NC V N
for all sport meetings.
N
NC N V ADJ N
V
ex: Since last fall, she had been coordinating her fubdamentalsa and spent
ADJ
extra hours trying to make them perfect.

2. Adjective Clause: Used to modify a noun in an independent clause

ex: Whenever she goes back home from college practice,
she kindly ADJC
ADV
thanks her family for supporting her.
V N V
ADJC ADJ N V
ex: After that incident happened in UCLA, security procedures have
ADJ N V V

22

 increased and the softball team can not stay out late practicing.

3. Adverb Clause: Used to modify verbs, adjectives, and adverbs in

an independent clause, introduced by a subordinating conjunction and used to
indicate time, place, cause, purpose, result, condition, and/or concession.
ex: Before her mid-term exam, she quickly
reviewed the lecture
ADVC ADV V
N V N V ADV
notes while practicing softball drills because she would be very
ADJ
concentrated.
ADVC
ex: Until the missing softballs magically reappear on
N V N
N
campus, the softball team had to lock up all the gear in the shed.

4. Relative Clauses: Dependent clause that begins with a relative

pronoun. ex: Colleges who demand a softball
practicing video are usually
N RC
ADV ADJ
very selective.
N RC V
ex: The students who finish their fundamentals on time are
ADV N
usually the players that are on varsity.

5. Elliptical Clauses: Adverb clauses in which part of the clause is

omitted. ex: When practicing , you must, naturally,
try you best and push
EC ADV V ADJ
V
yourself harder to become a better softball player
N ADJ V ADJ N
EC ADJ V
ex: While playing a game, it is important that you tune out
N ADV V
the crowd in order to properly focus.

23

 6. Essential Clauses: Clauses necessary to the meaning of the

sentence.
ex: The fundamentals that are difficult to master happen to be the
N EC V
ADJ ADJ ADV
the most simple and cheapy ones.
N EC V ADV
ex: My softball practices, which started five months ago, are sadly
ADJ
almost over.

7. Nonessential Clauses: Clauses that are NOT necessary to the

meaning of the sentence
ex: Our softball games, which began three weeks, are supposed to
N NC V
be over very soon.
V ADV ADJ
ADV
ex: The practice field , located in Hazard Park, is a very secluded
N NEC ADV ADJ
area that you may want to consider visiting.
V V

24

 Section 4:

Sentences!

25

D. SENTENCE PATTERNS
1. Simple Sentence: A sentence that is just one independent clause.
N V V ADV ADJ
Ex: The softball coach made us practice extra hard.
N V N N
Ex: The softball team beat their rival team at the game.
2. Complex Sentence: A sentence with one independent clause and at least one
dependent clause.
N ADV V N N N
Ex: The softball hardly practices first semester, the soccer team does not.
N N ADV V N N V N
Ex: Softball season sadly starts in April, basketball starts in November.
3. Compound Sentence: A sentence with multiple independent clauses, but no
dependent clauses.
N ADV ADJ CONJ N N V
Ex: The softball team is very smart, but the boys basketball team is not so
ADJ
smart.
N V ADV ADJ CONJ N N V ADV
ADJ
Ex: The softball coach is very nice, but the volleyball coach is abruptly rude.
4. Complex/Compound Sentence: A sentence with multiple independent clauses and
at least one dependent clause.
N V ADV V
Ex: The softball team was practicing and they were happily running the
N CONJ V N
bases, but then they got in trouble.
N V N PREP N
Ex: The softball players struggled through season, without their pitcher, and
V N N
they lost the championship game.
5. Loose Sentence: A sentence that contains an independent clause plus a
subordinate construction (either a clause or phrase).
V ADJ N N N ADV V N
Ex: I went to boring softball practice yesterday, quickly ran the bases, and
V N
hit the balls.
N N ADJ ADJ N ADJ N
Ex: The softball team is great, with the cute uniforms, long practices, and
ADJ N
26

 kind teammates.
6. Periodic Sentence: A sentence in which the independent clause is given at the end
of the sentence in order to create interest or generate suspense.
PREP N N N N V
Ex: Without a softball coach, equipment, and no place to practice, the
N V ADV
softball team broke apart.
N ADJ N ADJ N N V
Ex: In spite of heavy rain and cold temperature, the game continued.
7. Balanced Sentence: A sentence where phrases or clauses parallel each other by
virtue of their likeness of structure, meaning, or length.
N ADV ADV ADJ V ADJ N
Ex: Softball coaches are usually extremely athletic, have a good knowledge
N V ADJ V N V N

of the sport, and has to be able to handle the task of teaching girls how to
V N
play the sport.
8. Parallel Structure: A sentence using the same pattern of words to show that two or
more words or ideas are of equal importance and to help the reader comprehend what
is being written.
ADJ N V V V V
Ex: The grumpy softball coach likes to read, ski, and swim.
ADJ N N V N V ADJ
Ex: The caring softball captain made sure her presentation was creative,
ADJ ADJ
persuasive, and effective.
9. Chiasmus: A sentence that includes a repetition of ideas (words, phrases, or
clauses) in inverted (reversed) order.
N N V N N N V N
Ex: The passion for softball is doing anything for it, softball is my passion
V
and it comes first.
ADJ N V N ADJ V
Ex: I am a better player than I was yesterday but not as good as I will be
N
tomorrow.
10. Asyndeton: A sentence that leaves out conjunctions between words,
phrases, or clauses for a rhetorical purpose.
N V N N V
Ex: The softball coach got a medal for his years of service. He then retired
27

 ADJ N V
after twenty five years of working.
N V N V ADV ADJ
Ex: The softball MVP was recruited to UCLA. She was rejected, shortly after,
N ADJ N
because she had bad grades.
11. Polysyndeton: A sentence that uses multiple conjunctions in close proximity to
each other between words, phrases, or clauses in order to place emphasis and draw
attention.
N N V ADJ V ADJ N V
Ex: Today, our coach was grumpy and made the whole team run for the
ADJ N
entire period.
V N V N V N V

Ex: I like softball, but he likes soccer, but she likes basketball, but he likes
N V N
baseball, but she likes volleyball.
12. Anaphora: A sentence that features the purposeful repetition of a word, words, or a
phrase at the beginning of several successive clauses in order to place emphasis and
draw attention.

N N V N V N
Ex: The softball machine was running all afternoon, it broke and the gas
V V
started leaking.
N V ADJ N N N
Ex: Jen wanted a new Easton softball bat for her birthday but her parent
V N
didnt want to get her one.
13. Epistrophe: A sentence featuring several phrases or clauses ending with the same
word or words.
N V ADJ N N V ADJ N
Ex: Today I will get my new car, my parents are getting me a new car, and
ADJ N ADJ
my new car will be perfect.

N N N V N V ADJ N
Ex: I love softball, softball is my passion, and I will teach young girls how to
V N
play softball.

28

 Section 5:

Par agra phs

29

5. Paragraphs
1. Introductory Paragraphs- the introductory paragraph introduces the main idea of the
essay.
a. Hook (Lead)
i. Anecdotal- Brief story to set the mood and introduce the topic
ex: Jackie was born in the dangerous neighborhoods of Boyle
Heights. When she began school, she came across a teacher who did not believe
students in the area would never get an education greater than high school due to
the exposure of drugs and violence. From that moment on, she vowed to prove her
wrong by playing softball and getting a scholarship to a great university.

ii. Query Based- question that brings the reader to the topic
N V V N
ex: Should the environment you come from dictate your future or
N V
ability to succeed?

b. Thesis Statements- the purpose of a piece of writing -- usually one

sentence in length -- and something that is arguable
i. Assertion (claim)
V N ADJ N ADJ N
Ex: We all know that softball is the toughest sport that even boys
V
cant handle.

ii. Fact (empirically verifiable)

N V N N ADV
ex: 15.9% of students who play softball in high school actually
V N
play in college.

iii. Opinion (personal position on the topic)

N N ADJ ADJ N ADV
ex: The Bravo softball team is the best and quickest team out there.

iv. Belief (social, religious, or political in nature -- an opinion held by any

to be a fact, though it is not necessarily)
V ADJ N N N

30

 ex: Hillary Clinton wants to lower the cost of college tuition,

V V N V N
that might encourage more athletes to pursue their dreams of
V N N
playing for the college of their dreams.

v. Generalization (uses absolute or statistical pronouns: all, always, every,

never, none, most, half)
N V N V
ex: Less that 15 % of the students who graduate high school will
V V N N N
consider playing a sport, like softball, at college.

vi. Document Based (cites a specific source and its position on a topic)
N V
ex: In the NY Times, the Bureau of Labor Statistics stated that
ADV N ADV ADJ
only 43% of softball girls are actually skillful.

vii. Theory (a statement that can be tested and potentially proven)

V ADV ADJ N N V ADJ
ex: Becoming a very skillful softball player can be the biggest
N N
achievement of someones life.

2. Body Paragraphs- must have echoes of the thesis in each and present evidence to support or
expand the thesis.
a. Topic Sentences (must specifically indicate the topic of the
paragraph and focus on one subject and area of evidence or support)
ex: You go three years of high school preparing for college and at
the same time having fun and sometimes playing a sport, like softball.. Until you are in your
senior year of high school thats when you realize and start asking yourself what college do I
want to go to and eventually play for with a given scholarship.

b. Evidence from Quotations

Original: Softball can lead girls to greatness if they have a perfect
mindset toward the game, not be to mindless for the game.. (Athlete Facts 45)

i. According to the National Center of Athletic Statistics The percentage

of softball player that are going to pursue a career in athletics is less that 45%.
(Athlete Facts 78)

31

 ii. According to the National Center of Athletic Statistics Softball is a

stress reliever and often is played with a passion for learning new things.
(Athlete Facts 85)
iii. It seems like student athletes are being discouraged from applying to
college because according to the National Center of Athlete Statistics The
percentage of student athletes being successful as an athlete at college is less than
34 percent. (Athlete Facts 63)
iv. According to the National Center of Athlete Statistics [Sadly] Not
many softball players have a social life due to late practices and school.
v. According to the National Center of Athlete Statistics The percentage
of students enrolling in college with a softball scholarship [after]... complet[ing]... high
school was 15.9 percent.(Athlete Facts 85)
vi. Paraphrase (rewording of a quote into other words of the same length
without quotation marks, but still citing the source.
ex: After completing high school not many of the softball players pursued
a career involving their athletic abilities. (Athlete Facts)
vii. Summary (condensing larger quotes or sections)
ex: Softball players often rather study something that does not
involve using their athletic skills.

viii. Abstract Examples (hypothetical, what if examples)

ex: Student softball players might consider playing college ball if
being on the team wasnt so expensive.

ix. Concrete Examples (actual, reference-able examples)

ex: In fall 2015, there was 23 thousand softball tournaments held
in The United States. Those 23 thousand tournaments add up to almost 200 thousand dollars
spent on them alone.
c. Closing Sentences (must end the discussion of the topic within the
paragraph with a transitional or culminating word and echo the thesis of the
essay)
ex: It is clearly proven that student softball players often dont do
anything softball related once they graduate high school.
3. Closing Paragraphs (Conclusions -- should not be mere summaries of the previous paragraphs
of your essay)
a. Statement(s) of Extension (extending the thesis statement using the
consequences of disregarding the implications of the thesis)
N V N N ADV
ex: If students were introduced to the thought of softball at an early
N ADV N N N N N N ADV V
age, per se, in their early teen years, the percent of student softball players would greatly increase

32

 b. Final Sentence (connects to hook)

ex: Given the fact that many student athletes play college softball
due to their background , some students should turn things around the way Jackie did. They
should not lose focus of their dream, they should commit to it until they have made it come true.

33

 Section 6:

Essays

34

 1. 6. Essays- Explain the purpose and specific features of each type (and subtype) of essay. Show
the specific tactics used to create successful essays of each type. Students do NOT have to
include their own examples for each, they just have to explain and discuss each type. If students
decides to create an essay examples to include in their grammar books, twenty points (20) extra
credit will be given for each original example (CREATED BY THE STUDENTS FOR THIS
PROJECT) of a FULL, MULTI-PAGE ORIGINAL essay that is included when the essay
section is turned in complete with your self-created prompt.
a. Types (explain and describe each type and kind of essay and state its purpose)
i. Persuasive (argumentative)
It utilizes logic and reason to show that one idea is more legitimate than
another idea. It attempts to persuade a reader to adopt a certain point of
view or to take a particular action.
ii. Expository (informative)
It requires the student to investigate an idea, evaluate evidence, expound
on the idea, and set forth and argument concerning that idea in a clear
and concise manner.
iii. Analytical/Critical
It requires the writer to carefully examine and sometimes evaluate a
work of literature or an aspect of a work of literature. And also to for the
writer to break the subject down into its component parts.
iv. Narrative
It is a story written about a personal experience. It provides an
opportunity to get to know and understand yourself better.
v. Research
It requires for you to: choose a topic. Do research of the topic. Write an
essay based on your research about the topic. Your research has to be
accurate and very thorough.
b. Strategies/Planning Tips/ Steps (Explain how to plan and organize each type and kind
of essay. Explain how to analyze and break down prompts.)
i. Pre-writing/ Prompt Analysis/ Outlining
The writer should do some brainstorming. Some way to help the writer
is by writing down there main ideas and later going into detail but into
some kind of chart.
c. Work Cited Page (Explain and give an example of how to set up a work cited entry in
both MLA and APA formats. There are subtle difference between each format, so be sure
to identify them clearly.)
It is particular proof from where the sources of evidence for the essay
came from. To show that the essay that you have created in not
plagiarized. It gives credibility to its source.
i. MLA FORMAT: This format is used when citing. It
must include the authors name, title of essay,
publication place, publisher, year published, and the
form of media is it in such as printable.

35

 ii. APA: similar to MLA but the authors first name

is shortened (abbreviated) followed by the year
it was published, title, place it was published,
and it doesnt need the form of media part.

36

 Section 7:

Capitalization

37

 7. Capitalizationisthewritingofawordwithitsfirstletterinuppercaseandtheremainingin
lowercase.
a. Rule1:capitalizethefirstandlastword.Alsoalltheimportantwordsinatitle.
Ex.TheGreatSoftballRecordsofAllTime
b. Rule2:CapitalizeFather,Motherandotherpronounsthatareusedasareplacementfor
apersonsname.
Ex:MyauntRose.OurFatherisasleep.
c. Rule3:Capitalizethenameofspecificgeographicplaces.
Ex:GulfofMexico,AtlanticOcean,MediterraneanSea.
d. Rule4:Capitalizethenameiscompaniesandorganizations.
Ex:Target,Walmart
e. Rule5:Capitalizehistoricalevents,specificperiodsoftime(eras),andhistorical
documents.
Ex:VeteransDay,PrehistoricAge
f. Rule6:Capitalizethenameofthemonths,days.Holidays.
Ex:April,Friday,Christmas.
g. Rule7:Onlycapitalizeaproperadjectivebutnotthenounthatmodifiesunlessthe
nounispartofanameortitle.
Ex:Chicago,LosAngeles.
h. Rule8:Capitalizereligiousdocuments,namesofchapelsorsacredgrounds,thenameof
thesuperbeing.
Ex:God,Jewish,Christianity.
i. Rule9:Capitalizeabrandsnamejustnottheirproducts.
Ex:Nikessocks,underarmoursweatshirts.
j. Rule10:Capitalizelanguagesorsubscripts.
Ex:Spanish,English,French,Mandarin.
k. Rule11:Capitalizebusinessnames.
Ex:Khols,Gap,Express.
l. Rule12:Capitalizenames,initials,andtitlesthatincludenames.
Ex:Jackie,Jennifer,Jr.
m. Rule13:Capitalizeinstitutionnames.
Ex:HarvardUniversity,PasadenaCollege
n. Rule14:Capitalizethenamesgiventoimportanteitherhistoricalstructureoffamous
structures.
Ex:EifelTower,EmpireStateBuilding,StatueofLiberty.
o. Rule15:Capitalizethefirstandlastwordinvolvingpoetry.
Ex:Sometimesencouragement
Doesnotfromfamilyorfriends
Listentoyourheart

38

 Love,discoverandgrow.
p. Rule16:ALWAYScapitalizethepronounI.
Ex:Iplaysoftball.Ilovelemonade.
q. Rule17:Capitalizethefirstwordinasentence.
Ex:MynameisJackie.ThepassionIhaveforsoftballisgreat.
r. Rule18:Capitalizegovernmentbranchesand/ordepartments.
Ex:HouseofRepresentatives,Congress,Presisent.
s. Rule19:Capitalizethefirstletterofthefirstwordwhendirectlyciting.
Ex:ForexamplewhenshesaidWeneedmoreteachersatschool.
t. Rule20:CapitalizeRomannumeralsandsubtitles.
Ex.l.MolarMass
u. Rule21:Capitalizepoliticalparties.
Ex:RepublicanParty,DemocraticParty.
v. Rule22:Capitalizewords/namesthatrefertoregions,states,andcountries.
Ex:California,Paris,Canada
w. Rule23:Capitalizeaspecificareaorimportantevent.
Ex:PresidentialElection,PresidentialDebate.
x. Rule24:Capitalizewhenreferringtoraces,nationalities,andtribes.
Ex:Hispanic,Latino,Asian,Islamic.
y. Rule25:Capitalizestreetsandroads.
Ex:SotoStreet.AtlanticAvenue.

39

 Section 8:
P
U
N
C
T
U
A
T
I
O
N
40

 8. Punctuation
a. Brackets[]oftenenclosewordsthatarerelevantbutkeepsitawayfromthetextitself.
b. Parenthesis()enclosessomethinglikeaphraseofdefinitionthatisinsertedasan
explanationfortheimportancetothereader.
c. Period.isoftenusedattheendofasentencetoverifythatyourideaisover.Orto
completeyourstatement.
d. Comma,usedtoseparatetwoclausesthatcanbeswitchedaroundinanyfrom.
e. Hyphenisuseditcreateanadjectiveiftheclause/phrasecomesbeforethenounina
sentence.
f. Dashusedwhenyouneedtointerjectsomethingorbringdramaticattentiontoit.
Alsotoexplainorclarifysomething.
g. Colon:oftenusedafteranindependentclause/sentencewhenyouaretryingto
introducealistofsomethinglikenamesoritems.
h. Semicolon;usedtoseparatetwoindependentclausesthatarenotjoinedbya
conjunction(for,and,but,nor,so,yet).
i. Questionmark?usedtoshowconcern,uncertainty,ordoubt.Goesattheendofa
sentence.
j. Exclamationpoint!apunctuationmarkthatgoesattheendofsentence.Usedto
expressexcitement,anger,andotherstrongfeelings.
k. Apostrophetojointwodifferentwordsandmakeitone.Alsotoshowpossessionof
something.
l. Quotationmarksusedtouseotherpeoplesownwordsinyourwriting.Alsowhen
youarebeingsarcastic.
m. Ellipsismakesupformissinginformationofpieceoftextthatisnotreallyimportantor
asadramatic/mysteriouspauseinwriting.

41

 Section 9:

Commonly Confused/
Misused Word Choices

42

 9. Commonly confused Words

1. Connotation/ Denotation
a.connotation:arrayofpositiveandnegativeassociationsthatmostwordsnaturally
carrywiththem.

b.denotation:precise,literaldefinitionofawordthatmaybefoundindictionary.

2. Who/ whom
a. who: subject or a verb
ex. the boy who cried wolf
b. whom: object of a verb.
Ex.Hewasseenassomeonewhomwasagrumpyoldman.

3. Their, there, theyre

a.their:positiveofthey.

b.there:describingaplace

c.theyre:combinationoftheyandare

4. Lie/ Lay
a. lie: be in a horizontal position on surface
b. lay: put someone or something down

5. Laid/ lain
a.laid:simplepasttenseoflay

b.lain:pasttenseofiflie

6. Affect/ Effect
a. affect: to change or make a difference
b. effect: a result or causing a result

7. Accept/ except
a.accept:togiveconsentoragreetosomething

b.except:notapartof,notincluding

8. C/W/Should have vs. should of

a. should have: proper way
b. should of: improper way ( does not exist)

9. Loath/ loathe
a.loath:notwilling,resistant

b.loathe:tohate,hatred

10. Infer/ Imply

a. infer: drawing a conclusion

43

 b. imply: to suggest in indirectly manner, hint

11. Weary/ wary

a.weary:tomakeorgrowimpatientrdissatisfiedwithsomethingorathavingtoomuch
ofsomething

b.wary:watchful,beingonguard

12. Proceed/ Precede

a. proceed: to move on forth or inward, especially after stopping
b. precede: to go or come before

13. Discrete/ discreet

a. discrete: distinct/ separate
b. discreet: careful not to attract any attention

14. Conscience/ conscious

a.conscience:aninnerfeelingorvoiceviewedasactingasaguidetotherightnessor
wrongnessofsomeonesbehavior

b.conscious:awareofandrespondingtosurroundings

15. Can/ May

a. can: to ba able to, know how to
b. may: used to express responsibility

16. Averse/ adverse

a.averse:strongdislike,opposition

b.adverse:harmful,unfavorable

17. Advise/ advice

a. advise: to recommend something
b. advice: recommendations about how to do something

18. Aisle/ isle

a. aisle: a passage between rows of some sort
b. isle: an island

19. Amoral/ Immoral

a. amoral: not concerned between right or wrong
b. immoral: not following accepted moral standards.

20. Brake/ break

a. brake: used to stop a vehicle
b. break: to separate into pieces; a pause.

44

 Pop Quiz # 1 Parts of Speech

1. What is one kind of adjective?

2. What are 5 types of nouns?

3. Name two types of pronouns.

4. Name at least 3 propositions.

5. Name at least 6 interjections.

6. What is a direct object?

7. What are a specific type of verb forms that are not used as verbs?

8. What comes after the verb and answers when something happens?

9. True or false: the subject comes after a verb.

10. True or false: The subject complement follows a linking verb.

Quiz # 1 Answers
1. Common
2. Proper noun, common noun, abstract noun, concrete noun, and compound noun.
3. Indefinite and interrogative
4. Varies, check the chart. For example: aboard, above, across etc.
5. Ahem, blah
6. It is a function of a noun.
7. Verbals
8. Direct object
9. False, it comes before.
10. True

45

 Pop Quiz # 2 Phrases

1. How many types of phrases are there?
a. 2
b. 5
c. 4
d. 3
2. What is a Gerund?

3. What do phrases function as?

4. True or false: Gerund is a type of verbal?

5. Name all types of verbal phrases?

6. Name all types of phrases?

7. What are infinitives?

8. What are appositives?

9. Identify the infinitive phrase: Jackie was going to play softball this year.

10. How many types of verbal are there?

a. 1
b. 5
c. 3
d. 6

Quiz #2 answers
1. D
2. A word ending with ing used as a noun
3. Parts of speech
4. T
5. Participle, gerund, infinitive

46

 6. Verbal prepositional, and appositives

7. Verbs preceded by the words to used as a noun, adjective, and adverbs.
8. A group of words that include all the words or phrases that modify an appositive.
9. To play softball
10. C

Pop Quiz # 3 Clauses

1. How many types of clauses are there?
a. 2
b. 5
c. 3
d. 6
2. How many types of subordinate clauses are there?
a. 5
b. 6
c. 4
d. 7
3. What is a noun?

4. What is an adjective?

5. What is an adverb?

6. What are essentials?

7. What are nonessentials?

8. What are relatives?

9. What is an elliptical?

10. What are two thing that clauses must contain?

47

 Quiz # 3 Answers
1. A
2. D
3. Used as the subject of a sentence.
4. Used to modify a noun in an independent clause.
5. Used to modify verbs, adverbs, and adjectives in an independent clause.
6. Clauses necessary to the meaning of a sentence.
7. Clauses that are not to the meaning of the sentence.
8. Dependent clause that begins with a relative pronoun.
9. Adverb clause in which part of the clause is omitted.
10. Subject and verb

Pop Quiz #4 Sentences

1. How many sentence errors are there?
a. 2
b. 6
c. 7
d. 4
2. From what you have read name at least 4 different sentence patterns.

3. Give an example of an interrogative sentence.

4. Give an example of an imperative sentence.

48

 5. Give an example of a exclamatory sentence.

6. How many sentence types are there?

a. 4
b. 15
c. 5
d. 3

7. Name at least one sentence part.

8. How many sentence patterns are there?

a. 15
b. 23
c. 13
d. 9
9. What is a simple sentence?

10. What is a complex sentence?

Quiz#4Answers
1. B
2. SimpleSentence,ComplexSentence,CompoundSentence,Loosesentence
3. Varies
4. Varies
5. Varies
6. A
7. Subject
8. C
9. Itisasentencethatisjustoneindependentclause.
10. Itisasentencewithoneindependentclauseandatleastonedependentclause.

49

 Quiz#5Paragraphs
Determine whether the following statements are true or false

1. You can start an introductory paragraph with a query based introduction. (true/
false)
2. You can start an introduction paragraph with an anecdote. (true/ false)
3. Body paragraph should present evidence that supports your thesis. (true/ false)
4. Paraphrasing is not a form of presenting evidence. (true/ false)
5. Thesis statements cannot begin with an opinion. (true/ false)
6. Thesis statements should begin with an assertion (true/ false)
7. Providing evidence from quotations can be presented as a thesis. (true/ false)
8. The closing paragraph should be a summary of your previous paragraph. (true/
false)
9. You should extend your thesis in the closing paragraph. (true/ false)
10. The final sentence should not connect to the hook. (true/ false)

Quiz#5Answers
1. F
2. T
3. T
4. F
5. F
6. T
7. F
8. F
9. T
10. F

50

 PopQuiz#6
1. Howmanytypesofessaysarethere?
a. 4
b. 5
c. 3
d. 7
2. Howmanytypesofexpositoryessaysarethere?
a. 4
b. 6
c. 1
d. 2
3. Trueorfalse:anessayisalongstorythatismadeup.
4. Trueorfalse:anarrativeessaytellsastory.
5. Whataretwotypesofworkcited?
6. WhatdoesMLAstandfor?
7. Whatisthefirstthingyoudowhenyoureceiveaprompttypeessay?
8. Whataretwotypesoftimedessays?
9. WhatdoesDBQstandfor?
10. WhatdoesAPAstandfor?

Quiz#6answers
1. C
2. A
3. F
4. T
5. MLAandALAformat
6. ModernLanguageAssociation
7. analyzeandreadthepromptcarefully
8. documentbasedquestionandpromptbased
51

 9. documentbasedquestion
10. AmericanPsychologicalAssociation

PopQuiz#7
1. Howmanycapitalizationrulesarethere?
a. 20
b. 25
c. 15
d. 18
2. Trueorfalse:Atitleofastoryisalwayscapitalized?
3. Torf:youdontalwayshavetocapitalizethepronounI.
4. Torfalse:initialsarenotalwayscapitalized?
5. Torf:Geographicplacesarealwayscapitalized.
6. Torf:thefirstwordsofpoetryarealwayscapitalized.
7. Torf:alwayscapitalizeromannumerals.
8. Toorf:thereareonly15rulesforcapitalization.
9. Torf:Thereare25rulesforcapitalization
10. Torf:youalwayscapitalizebrandnamesandtheirproducts

Quiz#7Answers
1. B
2. T
3. F
4. F
5. T
6. T
7. T
52

 8. F
9. T
10. F

PopQuiz#8
1. Whatisaquestionmarkusedfor?
2. Whatisanexclamationmarkusedfor?
3. Whatarebracketsusedfor?
4. Whatarecolonsusedfor?
5. Whatisthesemicolonusedfor?
6. Whatarequotationmarksusedfor?
7. Whatistheapostropheusedfor?
8. Whataretheparenthesisusedfor?
9. Whatistheperiodusedfor?
10. Whatisthecommausedfor?

Quiz#8Answers
1. Toindicatetheendofadirectquestion
2. Toindicatetheendofasentencewithlotsofexcitement
3. theyaresquarednotationsusedastechnicalexplanations
4. Introducesanexample,aquotation,explanation,anddefinitionafteraword.
5. Usedtoconnectanindependentclause
6. Tocitewhatsomeonehassaidorwhensomethingfromastoryhasoccurred
7. Indicatestheomissionofaletterorlettersfromaword
8. Arecurvednotationsthatcontainfurtherthoughtsthatareconsideredqualifying
remarks
9. Itisoftenplacedattheendofadeclarativesentencesandstatementstofinishthem
andkeepingthemfromrunningon

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 10. Itisusedfortheseparationofideasorotherelementswithinthesentence.Alsousedin
letterwritingaftersalutationnsclosing.

PopQuiz#9
1. Whatdoesallusionmean?
2. Toemigratemeansto...
3. Torf:thenreferstotime
4. Torf:lawandbasictruthareaparticiple
5. Torf:effectistheresulttoinfluence
6. Torf:loathemeansbeingunwillingtodosomething
7. Torf:Discreteistobepolitelyprivateaboutsomething
8. Whatdoesproceedmean?
9. Torf:Therereferstoaplace
10. Torf:theyandaremakeupthewordtheir

Quiz#9Answers
1. Indirectreference
2. Leaveyourcountrytogosettleinanother
3. T
4. F
5. T
6. F
7. F
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 8. Tocontinue,keepmovingforward
9. T
10. F

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