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Solution of Navier-Stokes
Equations for
Incompressible Flows Using
SIMPLE and MAC
Algorithms
6.1 Introduction
In Cartesian coordinates, the governing equations for incompressible three-
dimensional ows are
u v w
+ + =0 (6.1)
x y z
u (u2 ) (uv) (uw) p 1 2u 2u 2u
+ + + = + + + (6.2)
t x y z x Re x2 y 2 z 2
v (uv) (v 2 ) (vw) p 1 2v 2v 2v
+ + + = + + + (6.3)
t x y z y Re x2 y 2 z 2
w (uw) (vw) (w2 ) p 1 2w 2w 2w
+ + + = + + + (6.4)
t x y z z Re x2 y 2 z 2
1
6.2 Computational Fluid Dynamics
= u velocity
= v velocity
variables with same = p pressure
indices staggered
111111
000000
i1,j 000000
111111
i+1,j
000000
111111
U i1,j i,j U i,j U i+1,j
000000
111111
000000
111111
v, j, y V i,j1
V i1,j1 V i+1,j1
000000
111111
U i1,j1 i,j1 U i,j1 U i+1,j1
u, i, x
+ pn+1 n+1
i+1,j pi,j y = 0 (6.6)
where E 1 and F 1 are dened as
1 u
E 1 = u2
Re x
and
1 u
F 1 = uv
Re y
E 1 and F 1 are axial and transverse uxes of x-momentum.
Thus
1 2 1 (ui+1,j ui,j )
Ei+ 1
,j = 0.25 (ui,j + ui+1,j )
2 Re x
Solution of Navier-Stokes.. 6.5
1 2 1 (ui,j ui1,j )
Ei 1
,j = 0.25 (ui1,j + ui,j )
2 Re x
1 1 ui,j+1 ui,j
Fi,j+ 1 = 0.25 (vi,j + vi+1,j ) (ui,j + ui,j+1 )
2 Re y
1 1 ui,j ui,j1
Fi,j 1 = 0.25 (vi,j1 + vi+1,j1 ) (ui,j1 + ui,j )
2 Re y
The linearized form of these equations are
n+1 n+1
1
n n
n+1 n+1
1 ui+1,j ui,j
Ei+ 1 = 0.25 ui,j + ui+1,j ui,j + ui+1,j
2 ,j Re x
n+1 n+1
1
n n
n+1 n+1
1 ui,j ui1,j
Ei 1 ,j = 0.25 ui1,j + ui,j ui1,j + ui,j
2 Re x
n+1 n+1
1
n n
n+1 n+1
1 ui,j+1 ui,j
Fi,j+ 1 = 0.25 vi,j + vi+1,j ui,j + ui,j+1
2 Re y
n+1 n+1
1
n n
n+1 n+1
1 ui,j ui,j1
Fi,j 1 = 0.25 vi,j1 + vi+1,j1 ui,j1 + ui,j
2 Re y
v v
i,j i+1,j
u i1,j p u
i,j
p
i+1,j
u i+1,j
i,j
y
v v i+1,j1
i,j1
x
In the above equation, aunb un+1
nb signies all the convective and diusive
contributions from the neighboring nodes (un+1 n+1 n+1 n+1
i+1,j , ui1,j , ui,j+1 , ui,j1 and their
u u
coecients). The coecients ai,j and anb contain grid sizes, and the solution of
u and v at nth time level. The term bu equals xy uni,j /t. In the following
sub-section, equation (6.6) has been written term by term so that aui,j , aunb and
bu in equation (6.7) can be clearly determined.
Equation (6.6) can be expanded as
xy n+1 xy n
ui,j ui,j +
t t
y y
un+1
i,j
n n
0.25(ui,j + ui+1,j )y + n+1 n n
+ ui+1,j 0.25(ui,j + ui+1,j )y
Rex Rex
y y
un+1
i,j
n n
0.25(ui1,j + ui,j )y n+1 n n
ui1,j 0.25(ui1,j + ui,j )y +
Rex Rex
x x
+un+1
i,j 0.25(v n
i,j + v n
i+1,j )x + + u n+1
i,j+1 0.25(v n
i,j + v n
i+1,j )x
Rey Rey
x
un+1
i,j 0.25(v n
i,j1 + v n
i+1,j1 )x u n+1 n n
i,j1 0.25(vi,j1 + vi+1,j1 )x
Rey
x
+ + pn+1 n+1
i+1,j pi,j y = 0
Rey
or,
xy
+ 0.25(uni,j + uni+1,j )y 0.25(uni1,j + uni,j )y + 0.25(vi,j
n n
+ vi+1,j )x
t
y y x x
n
0.25(vi,j1 + n
vi+1,j1 )x + + + + un+1
Rex Rex Rey Rey i,j
y y
+un+1
i+1,j 0.25(u n
i,j + u n
i+1,j )y + u n+1
i1,j 0.25(u n
i1,j + u n
i,j )y
Rex Rex
x
+un+1
i,j+1 0.25(v n
i,j + v n
i+1,j )x + u n+1 n n
i,j1 0.25(vi,j1 + vi+1,j1 )x
Rey
x xy n
ui,j + y pn+1 n+1
i+1,j pi,j =0
Rey t
Solution of Navier-Stokes.. 6.7
Using the control volume shown in Fig. 6.4, the y momentum equation can be
integrated over v-control volume as
xy n+1 n
1 v 1 v
vi,j vi,j + uv + v2 dxdy
t x Re x y Re y
p
+ dxdy = 0
y
xy n+1 n 2 2 2 2
(vi,j vi,j ) + (Ei+1/2,j Ei1/2,j )y + (Fi,j+1/2 Fi,j1/2 )x
t
+(pn+1 n+1
i,j+1 pi,j )x = 0 (6.8)
1 v 1 v
E 2 = uv , F 2 = v2
Re x Re y
6.8 Computational Fluid Dynamics
2 1 (vi,j vi1,j )
Ei1/2,j = 0.25(ui1,j + ui1,j+1 )(vi1,j + vi,j )
Re x
2 1 (vi,j+1 vi,j )
Fi,j+1/2 = 0.25(vi,j + vi,j+1 )2
Re y
2 1 (vi,j vi,j1 )
Fi,j1/2 = 0.25(vi,j1 + vi,j )2
Re y
The linearized form of these equations are
n+1 n+1
2
n n
n+1 n+1
1 vi+1,j vi,j
Ei+ 1 = 0.25 ui,j + ui,j+1 vi,j + vi+1,j
2 ,j Re x
n+1 n+1
2
n n
n+1 n+1
1 vi,j vi1,j
Ei 1 ,j = 0.25 ui1,j + ui1,j+1 vi1,j + vi,j
2 Re x
n+1 n+1
2
n n
n+1 n+1
1 vi,j+1 vi,j
Fi,j+ 1 = 0.25 vi,j + vi,j+1 vi,j + vi,j+1
2 Re y
n+1 n+1
2
n n
n+1 n+1
1 vi,j vi,j1
Fi,j 1 = 0.25 vi,j1 + vi,j vi,j1 + vi,j
2 Re y
Substituting E 2 and F 2 in Eq. (6.8) yields
xy n+1 n+1
+ avi,j vi,j + avnb vnb + bv + x pn+1 n+1
i,j+1 pi,j =0 (6.9)
t
At any intermediate stage, the solution is to be advanced from nth time level
to (n + 1)th time level. The term bv equals xyvi,j n
/t. The velocity is
advanced in two steps. First, the momentum equations (6.7) and (6.9) are
solved to obtain the provisional values of u , and v . It is not possible to
obtain un+1 and v n+1 directly since the provisional velocities have not satised
the continuity equation as yet.
Making use of the approximate velocity solution u , a pressure correction
p will evolve which will give pn+1 = pn + p and also a velocity correction
uc will be obtainable. As such, uc will correct u in such a manner that
un+1 = u + uc and un+1 will satisfy the continuity Eq. (6.5).
In order to obtain u , Eqns. (6.7) and (6.9) are approximated as
xy
+ ai,j ui,j +
u
aunb unb = bu y pni+1,j pni,j (6.10)
t
xy
+ avi,j vi,j
+ avnb vnb
= bv x pni,j+1 pni,j (6.11)
t
Solution of Navier-Stokes.. 6.9
c E2 x (pi,j pi,j+1 )
vi,j = (6.15)
(1 + E2 ) avi,j
where E2 = t avi,j /xy
Now, substitution of un+1 c n+1 c
i,j = ui,j + ui,j and vi,j = vi,j + vi,j into (6.5) and
use of (6.14) and (6.15) produces
p
api,j pi,j = anb pnb + bp (6.16)
where, bp = ui,j ui1,j y vi,j
vi,j1 x. Eq. (6.16) is basically a
discrete form of Poisson equation that is equivalent to
1
2 (p) = .u (6.17)
t
Eq. (6.14)and (6.15) can also be represented as
1
uc = (p) (6.18)
t
The algorithm may be summarized as
6.10 Computational Fluid Dynamics
6. Treat the corrected pressure pnew as new initial pressure pn . Use unew
i,j
new
and vi,j as uni,j and vi,j
n
. Calculate new u from equations (6.10) and
(6.11). Repeat (2-5), the entire procedure until a converged solution is
obtained. It may be noted that the solution converges as bp = 0.
Patankar (1980) introduced a revised algorithm, SIMPLER to improve the sit-
uation. The SIMPLER algorithm has the following steps.
1. A velocity eld u
is computed from equations (6.10) and (6.11).
2. equation (6.16) then becomes a Poisson equation for pn+1 rather than p
replacing the u terms in b.
with u
3. The pn+1 (obtained from step 2) replaces pn in equations (6.10) and (6.11),
which are solved for u (as it was done in SIMPLE).
4. Equation (6.16) is solved for p and it is used to provide un+1 = u + uc
but no further adjustment is made to pn+1 .
Van Doormal and Raithby (1984) proposed SIMPLEC which is another modi-
ed version of SIMPLE algorithm and gives faster convergence.
ai,j ui,j = bi,j ui+1,j + ci,j ui1,j + di,j ui,j+1 + ei,j ui,j1 + fi,j
Solution of Navier-Stokes.. 6.11
Here u is the currently available value in storage and all the coecients including
fi,j are known. for each j, we shall get a system of equations if we susbtitute
i = 2......L 1. In other words, for each j, a tridiagonal matrix is available
which can be solved for all i row of points at that j. Once one complete row is
evaluated for any particular j, the next j will be taken up, and so on.
(b) Horizontal Sweep Forward may be written in pseudo FORTRAN code as
DO 20 I = 2, L - 1
DO 20 J = 2, M - 1
Again u
is the currently available value in storage from previous calculations.
M
N i,j+1
M1
W P i,j E
i1,j i+1,j
S
2
i,j1
j
1
1 2 L1 L
are evaluated for any particular i, the next i will be taken up and so on. The
vertical sweep upward and downward are repeated. Similarly the horizontal
sweep forward and rearward are also repeated until convergence is achieved.
For solving tridiagonal system, the tridiagonal matrix algorithm (TDMA) due
to Thomas (1949) is deployed. The above mentioned evaluation procedure is
known as line-by-line TDMA.
the velocity component against time (often called as signal) depicts the
character of the ow. Such a ow may be labelled simply as unsteady.
5. With the help of the momentum equations, we compute explicitly a pro-
visional value of the velocity components for the next time step.
un+1 n
i,j,k ui,j,k n
= [CON DIF U DP DX]i,j,k
t
or
n
n+1
u n
i,j,k = ui,j,k + t [CON DIF U DP DX]i,j,k (6.19)
L
i=iim
i=ire
j=jim
x
j=jre
y
i=1
j=1
k=kim k=1 j i
k=kre
z
k
vi,j+1,k
ui,j+1,k
vi,j,k
vi+1,j.k
y
i,j.k
p ui,j.k ui+1,j,k
ui1,j,k i,j.k vi+1,j1,k
wi,j.k1 vi,j1,k
z
x ui,j1,k
(u2 ) 1
= [(ui,j,k + ui+1,j,k )(ui,j,k + ui+1,j,k )
x 4x
+ |(ui,j,k + ui+1,j,k )|(ui,j,k ui+1,j,k )
(ui1,j,k + ui,j,k )(ui1,j,k + ui,j,k )
|(ui1,j,k + ui,j,k )|(ui1,j,k ui,j,k )
DU U DX
(uv) 1
= [(vi,j,k + vi+1,j,k )(ui,j,k + ui,j+1,k )
y 4y
+ |(vi,j,k + vi+1,j,k )|(ui,j,k ui,j+1,k )
(vi,j1,k + vi+1,j1,k )(ui,j1,k + ui,j,k )
|(vi,j1,k + vi+1,j1,k )|(ui,j1,k ui,j,k )
DU V DY
(uw) 1
= [(wi,j,k + wi+1,j,k )(ui,j,k + ui,j,k+1 )
z 4z
+ |(wi,j,k + wi+1,j,k )|(ui,j,k ui,j,k+1 )
(wi,j,k1 + wi+1,j,k1 )(ui,j,k1 + ui,j,k )
|(wi,j,k1 + wi+1,j,k1 )|(ui,j,k1 ui,j,k )
DU W DZ
6.16 Computational Fluid Dynamics
p pi+1,j,k pi,j,k
= DP DX
x x
with
Factor is chosen in such a way that the dierencing scheme retains some-
thing of second-order accuracy and the required upwinding is done for the
sake of stability. A typical value of is between 0.2 and 0.3. As mentioned
n+1
earlier, the quantity u i,j,k is now evaluated explicitly from the discretized form
of Equation (6.2) as
n
n+1
u n
i,j,k = ui,j,k +t [CON DIF U DP DX]i,j,k
where
n
[CON DIF U DP DX]i,j,k = [(DU U DX DU V DY DU W DZ)
DP DX + (1/Re)(D2U DX2
+ D2U DY 2 + D2U DZ2)]
Similarly, we evaluate
n+1
vi,j,k n
= vi,j,k +t [CON DIF V DP DY ]ni,j,k (6.20)
n+1 n n
w
i,j,k = wi,j,k +t [CON DIF W DP DZ]i,j,k (6.21)
As discussed earlier, the explicitly advanced tilde velocities may not necessarily
lead to a ow eld with zero mass divergence in each cell. This implies that, at
this stage the pressure distribution is not correct, the pressure in each cell will
be corrected in such a way that there is no net mass ow in or out of the cell.
In the original MAC method, the corrected pressures were obtained from the
solution of a Poisson equation for pressure. A related technique developed by
Chorin (1967) involved a simultaneous iteration on pressure and velocity com-
ponents. Vieceli (1971) showed that the two methods as applied to MAC are
equivalent. We shall make use of the iterative correction procedure of Chorin
Solution of Navier-Stokes.. 6.17
The relationship between the explicitly advanced velocity component and ve-
locity at the previous time step may be written as
[pni,j,k pni+1,j,k ] n
un+1 n
i,j,k = ui,j,k + t + t [CON DIF U ]i,j,k (6.22)
x
where [CON DIF U ]ni,j,k is only the contribution from convection and diusion
terms. On the other hand, the corrected velocity component (unknown) will be
related to the corrected pressure (also unknown) in the following way:
[pn+1 n+1
i,j,k pi+1,j,k ] n
un+1
i,j,k = uni,j,k + t + t [CON DIF U ]i,j,k (6.23)
x
From Equations (6.22) and (6.23)
[pi,j,k pi+1,j,k ]
un+1
= t
i,j,k n+1
u i,j,k
x
where the pressure correction may be dened as
pi,j,k = pn+1 n
i,j,k pi,j,k
n+1 n+1
[pi,j,k pi,j+1,k ]
vi,j,k vi,j,k + t (6.26)
y
n+1 n+1
[pi,j,k pi,j1,k ]
vi,j1,k vi,j1,k t (6.27)
y
n+1 n+1
[pi,j,k pi,j,k+1 ]
wi,j,k w
i,j,k + t (6.28)
z
n+1 n+1
[pi,j,k pi,j,k1 ]
wi,j,k1 w
i,j,k1 t (6.29)
z
6.18 Computational Fluid Dynamics
The correction is done through the continuity equation. Plugging-in the above
relationship into the continuity equation (6.1) yields
n+1
ui,j,k un+1
i1,j,k
n+1
vi,j,k n+1
vi,j1,k n+1
wi,j,k n+1
wi,j,k1
+ +
x y z
n+1
u n+1
i,j,k u i1,j,k
n+1
vi,j,k n+1
vi,j1,k w n+1
i,j,k w n+1
i,j,k1
= + +
x y z
pi+1,j,k 2pi,j,k + pi1,j,k pi,j+1,k 2pi,j,k + pi,j1,k
t 2 + 2
(x) (y)
pi,j,k+1 2pi,j,k + pi,j,k1
+ (6.30)
(z)2
or
un+1 n+1
i,j,k ui1,j,k
n+1
vi,j,k n+1
vi,j1,k n+1
wi,j,k n+1
wi,j,k1
+ +
x y z
n+1
u i,j,k n+1
u i1,j,k
n+1
vi,j,k n+1
vi,j1,k w n+1
i,j,k w n+1
i,j,k1
= + +
x y z
2 t (pi,j,k ) 2 t (pi,j,k ) 2 t (pi,j,k )
+ 2 + 2 + (6.31)
x y z 2
In deriving the above expression, it is assumed that the pressure corrections in
the neighboring cells are zero. Back to the calculations, we can write
1 1 1
0 = (Div)i,j,k + pi,j,k 2t + +
x2 y 2 z 2
or
(Div)i,j,k
pi,j,k = (6.32)
2t x1 2 + y12 + 1
z 2
Now the pressure and velocity components for each cell are corrected through
an iterative procedure in such a way that for the nal pressure eld, the velocity
divergence in each cell vanishes. The process is continued till a divergence-free
velocity is reached with a prescribed upper bound; here a value of 0.0001 is
recommended.
Finally, we discuss another important observation. If the velocity bound-
ary conditions are correct and a divergence-free converged velocity eld has
been obtained, eventually correct pressure will be determined in all the cells at
the boundary. Thus, this method avoids the application of pressure boundary
conditions. This typical feature of modied MAC method has been discussed
in more detail by Peyret and Taylor (1983). However, it was also shown by
Brandt, Dendy and Ruppel (1980) that the aforesaid pressure-velocity itera-
tion procedure of correcting pressure is equivalent to the solution of Poisson
equation for pressure. As such from Eqn. (6.30) we can directly write as
(Div)i,j,k
2 (pi,j,k ) = (6.35)
t
The Eqn. (6.35) can be solved implicitly using appropriate boundary condi-
tions for p at the conning boundaries.
axial velocity may be deployed. Hence with reference to Fig. 6.8, we can write
v1,j,k = v2,j,k
w1,j,k = w2,j,k for j = 2 to jre
u1,j,k = 1.0 or
and k = 2 to kre
u1,j,k = 1.5 1 ((jm j)/jm )2
Fictitious or H
11 Imaginary
00 Cell
L
i=iim
Outflow boundary
i=ire
j=jim
j=jre 0110 x Bottom boundary
y 1010
j=1
10 i=1
where the minimum is with respect to every cell in the mesh. Typically, t
is chosen equal to one-fourth to one-third of the minimum cell transit time.
When the viscous diusion terms are more important, the condition necessary
to ensure stability is dictated by the restriction on the Grid-Fourier numbers,
which results in
1 (x2 y 2 z 2 )
t < (6.37)
2 (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )
in dimensional form. After non-dimensionilization, this leads to
1 (x2 y 2 z 2 )
t < Re (6.38)
2 (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )
The nal t for each time increment is the minimum of the ts obtained from
Equations (6.36) and (6.38)
The last quantity needed to ensure numerical stability is the upwind pa-
rameter . In general, should be slightly larger than the maximum value of
|ut/x] or |vt/y] occurring in the mesh, that is,
ut vt wt
max , , <1 (6.39)
x y z
As a ready prescription, a value between 0.2 and 0.4 can be used for . If
is too large, an unnecessary amount of numerical diusion (articial viscosity)
will be introduced.
111111
000000
i1,j 000000
111111
i+1,j
000000
111111
U i1,j i,j U i,j U i+1,j
000000
111111
000000
111111
v, j, y V i,j1
V i1,j1 V i+1,j1
000000
111111
U i1,j1 i,j1 U i,j1 U i+1,j1
u, i, x
Finally the discretization of the term (uv)/y for the x-momentum equation
will be accomplished in the following way:
(uv) 1
=0.25
y 8y
[3ui,j+1 (vi,j+1 + vi,j + vi+1,j+1 + vi+1,j )
+ 3ui,j (vi,j + vi,j1 + vi+1,j + vi+1,j1 )
7ui,j1 (vi,j1 + vi,j2 + vi+1,j1 + vi+1,j2 )
+ ui,j2 (vi,j2 + vi,j3 + vi+1,j2 + vi+1,j3 )] f or V > 0 (6.46)
(uv) 1
=0.25
y 8y
[ui,j+2 (vi,j+2 + vi,j+1 + vi+1,j+2 + vi+1,j+1 )
+ 7ui,j+1 (vi,j+1 + vi,j + vi+1,j+1 + vi+1,j )
3ui,j (vi,j + vi,j1 + vi+1,j + vi+1,j1 )
3ui,j1 (vi,j1 + vi,j2 + vi+1,j1 + vi+1,j2 )] f or V < 0 (6.47)
where
V = vi,j + vi+1,j + vi,j1 + vi+1,j+1
vi,j vi+1,j
ui,j
vi,j1 vi+1,j1
v,j,y
u,i,x
channel are shown in Fig. 6.12. These results were obtained by Biswas, Torii et
al. (1996) who used MAC to solve for a three-dimensional ow eld in a chan-
nel containing delta-winglet as a vortex generator. The MAC algorithm has
been extensively used by the researchers to solve ows in complex geometry.
Braza, Chassaing and Ha-Minh (1986) investigated the dynamic characteris-
tics of the pressure and velocity elds of the unsteady wake behind a circular
cylinder using MAC algorithm. Robichaux, Tafti and Vanka (1992) deployed
MAC algorithm for Large Eddy Simulation (LES) of turbulent channel ows.
Of course, they performed the time integration of the discretized equations by
using a fractional step method (Kim and Moin, 1985). Another investigation by
Kim and Benson (1992) suggests that the MAC method is signicantly accurate
and at the same time the computational eort is reasonable.
1 (Tw T )k L
=
Pe L2 cp U (Tw T )
1 k k 1 1
or = = =
Pe Lcp U cp LU P r Re
and
cp T cp RT
2
= 2
U RU
Hence,
1 1 Tw
= 2
1
Ec ( 1)M T
or
2
( 1)M
Ec =
((Tw /T ) 1)
or
m 2 2 2
A i,j,k 2 + 2 + = S m
x y z 2
or
Am S m
i,j,k = (6.53)
2 2 2
x2
+ y 2
+ z 2
where
m m m m m m
i+1,j,k + i1,j,k i,j+1,k + i,j1,k i,j,k+1 + i,j,k1
Am = 2 + 2 + 2
(x) (y) (z)
i,j,k in Equation (6.53) may be assumed to be the most recent value and it
m
may be written as i,j,k . In order to accelerate the speed of computation we
introduce an overrelaxation factor . Thus
m+1 m m m
i,j,k = i,j,k + i,j,k i,j,k (6.54)
m m m+1
where i,j,k is the previous value, i,j,k the most recent value and i,j,k the cal-
culated better guess. The procedure will continue till the required convergence
is achieved. This is equivalent to Gauss-Seidel procedure for solving a system
of linear equations.
Solution of Navier-Stokes.. 6.29
References
1. Biswas, G., Torii, K., Fujii, D., and Nishino, K., Numerical and Exper-
imental Determination of Flow Structure and Heat Transfer Eects of
Longitudinal Vortices in a Channel Flow, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer,
Vol. 39, pp. 3441-3451, 1996.
2. Biswas, G., Breuer, M. and Durst, M., Backward-Facing Step Flows for
Various Expansion Ratios at Low and Moderate Reynolds Numbers, Jour-
nal of Fluids Engineering (ASME), Vol. 126, pp. 362-374, 2004.
3. Brandt, A., Dendy, J.E and Rupppel, H., The Multigrid Method for Semi-
Implicity Hydrodynamics Codes, J. Comput. Phys, Vol. 34, pp. 348-370,
1980.
4. Braza, M., Chassaing P. and Ha Minh, H., Numerical Study and Phys-
ical Analysis of the Pressure and Velocity Fields in the Near-Wake of a
Circular Cylinder, J. Fluid Mech., Vol. 165, pp. 79-130, 1986.
5. Chorin, A.J., Numerical Method for Solving Incompressible Viscous Flow
Problems, J. Comput. Phys., Vol. 2, pp. 12-26, 1967.
6. Davis, R.W. and Moore, E. F., A Numerical Study of Vortex Shedding
from Rectangles, J. Fluid Mech., 116: 475-506, 1982.
7. Harlow, F.H. and Welch, J.E., Numerical Calculation of Three-dependent
Viscous Incompressible Flow of Fluid with Free Surfaces, Phys. of Fluids,
Vol. 8, pp. 2182-2188, 1965.
8. Hirt, C.W. and Cook, J.L., Calculating Three-Dimensional Flows Around
Structures and Over Rough Terrain, J. Comput. Phys., Vol. 10, pp. 324-
340, 1972.
9. Hirt, C.W., Nicholas, B.D. and Romera,N.C., Numerical Solution Algo-
rithm for Transient Fluid Flows, LA-5852, Los Alamos Scientific Labora-
tory Report, 1975.
10. Kim, J. and Moin, P., Application of Fractional Step Method to Incom-
pressible Navier-Stokes Equation, J. Comput. Phys., Vol. 59, pp. 308-
323, 1985.
11. Kim, S.W. and Benson, T.J., Comparison of the SMAC, PISO and Itera-
tive Time Advancing Schemes for Unsteady Flows, Computers & Fluids,
Vol. 21, pp. 435-454, 1992.
12. Leonard, B.P., A Stable and accurate Convective Modelling Procedure
Based on Quadratic Upstream Interpolation, Comp. Methods Appl. Mech.
Engr., Vol. 19, pp. 59-98, 1979.
6.30 Computational Fluid Dynamics
13. Mukhopadhyay, A., Biswas, G., and Sundararajan, T., Numerical Inves-
tigation of Conned Wakes behind a Square Cylinder in a Channel, Int.
J. Numer. Methods Fluids, Vol. 14, pp. 1473-1484, 1992.
14. Okajima, A., Strouhal Numbers of Rectangular Cylinders, J. Fluid Mech.,
Vol. 123, pp. 379-398, 1982.
15. Patankar, S.V., A Calculation Procedure for Two-Dimensional Elliptic
Situations, J. Numer. Heat Transfer, Vol. 4, pp. 409-425, 1981.
16. Patankar, S.V., Numerical Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow, Hemisphere
Publishing Co., 1980.
17. Patankar, S.V. and Spalding, D.B., A Calculation Procedure for the Heat,
Mass and Momentum Transfer in Three-Dimensional Parabolic Flows,
Int. J. Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 15, pp. 1787-1805, 1972.
18. Peyret, R. and Taylor, T.D., Computational Methods for Fluid Flow,
Springer Verlag, 1983.
19. Robichaux,J., Tafti, D.K. and Vanka, S.P., Large Eddy Simulation of
Turbulence on the CM-2, J. Numer. Heat Transfer, Part-B, Vol. 21, pp.
367-388, 1992.
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Network, Waston Sci. Compt. Lab. Report, Columbia University, New
York, 1949.
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PLE Methods for Predicting Incompressible Fluid Flows, J. Numer. Heat
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Problems
1. Develop the MAC and SIMPLE algorithms describes in this chapter for
a steady one dimensional ow eld u(y), driven by a constant (but as yet
undetermined) pressure gradient. For deniteness, ow in a parallel plate
channel can be considered.
2. For a two-dimensional ow, show that the MAC type iterative correc-
tion of pressure and velocity eld through the implicit continuity equa-
tion is equivalent to the solution of Poisson equation for pressure. How
Solution of Navier-Stokes.. 6.31
4. Apply MAC method to solve the shear driven cavity ow problem shown
in Figure 6.13. Take a grid size of 51 51 and solve the ow equations
for Re = 400.
d T
uT =0
dx x
where, u is the convective ux at the point uij has been dened (Figure
6.3) diusion coecient. Both u and are constant over the control
volume. The boundary conditions are: at x = 0, T = TP and at x =
xe , T = TE
x5
x4
x
h z
H = h+S
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11111111111111111111111111111111111111
S
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x symmetry plane /2
1 W
Lu Ld
length x1 for the Reynolds numbers of 200, 300 and 400. The Reynolds
number is given by Re = u(2h)/. Compare the results with that are
available in Biswas et al. (2004)
8. Consider the channel ow and backward-facing-step congurations once
again. Combine the ow and thermal energy equations and determine
the local and global heat transfer rates when one of the solid surfaces is
heated, the incoming uid is cold and all other solid surfaces are thermally
insulated.
9. Consider a square cylinder in a channel as shown in Figure 6.15.
The velocity prole is uniform at the inow plane. Use 178 X 82 grids
and solve complete Navier-Stokes equations on the 2D domain using SIM-
PLE/ MAC algorithm. The Reynolds number of interest is 40. Draw the
streamlines and velocity vectors in the domain.
Having computed the velocity eld, compute the temperature eld using
Successive Over Relaxation (SOR) scheme. The upper wall, lower wall
6.34 Computational Fluid Dynamics