DEVELOPING LUCENA CITY AS A SPORTS TOURISM DESTINATION

An Undergraduate Thesis Proposal Presented to the Faculty of the

College of Tourism, Hotel and Restaurant Management

Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

For the Degree of Bachelor of science in Tourism Management

TR1110- Tourism Research, Methods and Techniques

Mrs. Sheryl Mae M. Drio

Adviser

Anna Michelle C. Briones

Whelmari Lyka A. Capuz

May 2017

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Firstly, it is a genuine pleasure to express our deep sense of thanks and

gratitude to Mrs. Sheryl Mae Drio and Dr. Maricel D. Herrera for encouraging

us to do this research. She provided us with generous guidance and above all

her overwhelming attitude to help us for completing our research and were very

thankful for all you have done for us.

Finally, we would like to thank our family to their endless support, either

morally, physically and financially. Friends who were always there to join us

whenever we needed the help. They always taught that we can do this research

though it is difficult to do. And also would not possible without our Almighty God

who always guide us to do our research and his countless love. God is great for

give his helping hand. Without the help of them, we would face many difficulties

to survey and research.

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 DEDICATION

We dedicate this our thesis to our sweet and loving family whose support,

guide, affection and love, encouraging us to finish our research and pray every

time make us to success. To our parents who support us emotionally and

financially.

Along with all hard working and understanding Professor Sheryl Mae M.

Drio who taught us to think and express.

We also dedicate our friends who help and supported us throughout the

process of our research. We appreciate that without their able guidance and

dedication, will not be able to finish through the tiring process of this research.

And also we dedicated to the Almighty God, without the guidance of him we will

not success this our research.

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 APPROVAL SHEET

This Tourism Research, Method and Techniques hereto entitled:

Developing Lucena City as a Sport Tourism Destination

Prepared and submitted by:

1. Briones, Anna Michelle C.

2. Capuz, Whelmari Lyka A.

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in

Tourism Management has been presented and passed the Oral Examination.

SHERYL MAE M. DRIO

Adviser

Approved by the Committee on Oral Examination with a grade of _______ on

May 2017.

____________________________ ___________________________
Member Member

___________________________
Chairman

Accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of

Science in Tourism Management.

MARICEL D. HERRERA, PHD

Acting Dean, CTHRM

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 TABLE OF CONTENT

Title Page..i

Acknowledgementii

Dedication.iii

Approval Sheet.iv

Table of Contents.v

List of Tables....vii

Abstract.viii-ix

Appendices...86-97

CHAPTER I: The Problem and Its Setting

Introduction...1-2

Background of the Study....3-4

Objectives......4

Statement of the Problem....5

Significance of the Study.....6

Scope and Limitation....6

Theoretical Problem..7

Definition of Terms.......8

Chapter II: Review of Related Literature..9-62

CHAPTER III: Research Procedure and Methodology

Research Design.....................................................................63

Research Locale......................................................................63

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 Research Instrumentation........................................................64

Research Sampling..................................................................64

Respondents............................................................................64

Data Gathering Procedure.......................................................65

Statistical Treatment Data.......................................................66-67

CHAPTER IV: Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data...68-78

CHAPTER V: Summary of Findings, Conclusions and Recommendation

Summary of Findings..79-81

Conclusion....82

Recommendations..82-83

Implication of the study..83

REFERENCES....84-85

CURRICULUM VITAE

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 LIST OF TABLES

Table 1a and 1b. Demographic profile of the respondents 68-69

Table 2a. Mean Rating of the Respondents for the Strengths and

Weaknesses of Lucena Citys Sports Tourism 71-73

Table 3a. Proposed Plan for Developing Lucena Citys Sports

Tourism 77-78

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 ABSTRACT

TITLE: Developing Lucena City as a Sport Tourism

Destination

RESEARCHERS: Briones, Anna Michelle C.

Capuz, Whelmari Lyka A.

Thesis Adviser: Mrs. Sheryl Mae M. Drio

Name of Institution: Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation

Year Level: Third Year College

Year: 2017

Sport tourism is made for us to step outside of the usual things that we do

as a traveler. The majority of research in sport tourism has focused in boost of

the economic growth, to be well known as a major sporting event. Sports is

becoming the primary reason for travel. The motivations and sport activities of

tourist who travel to support a team in STCAA,PRISAA and etc. The major

motivating in the sport activities was achievement or the feeling that need to be

win in that game. It is a challenge for sport tourism providers to organize the

exceptional demand of physically-disabled individuals. Analyzing the orientation

of physically-disabled in sport tourism participation provides the basis for further

theoretical recognition of constraints and negotiations in sport tourism in general,

besides facilitating related providers and policy makers in understanding of

strategies development to promote sporting events among individuals with

disability. The major motivating in the sport activities was achievement or the

feeling that need to be win in that game. Our study will be more about sports

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tourism in Lucena City. We come up with the idea of conducting a research on

weather Lucena City is fit enough to handle Big events such as Sports Events.

The researchers will make a survey on both the employees of Quezon

Convention Center and to the players act as well.

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 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

The Problems and Its Setting

The World Tourism Organization and International Olympic Committee hosted a

major international conference on sport and tourism in February 2001

(Barccelona, Spain). This conference represented a defining moment in the

recognition of the relationship between sport and tourism by leading international

organizations for sport and tourism. It built upon the reality of tourism demand for

sport experiences, the expanding industry response to this demand, and the

increasing body of academic research and publication in the field of sport

tourism. Sports, particularly large scale sports event dating back to the ancient

Olympic Games, have long influenced travel (Keller, 2001). However, the high

numbers of travelers, currently seeking active and passive involvement in sport is

a more recent development (Delpy, 1998). It is increasingly clear that the scale,

complexity and potential of sports and tourism industries that have developed as

a consequence, demand that academic and industry expertise be directed

toward this field.

In the past two decades, the interest in sport tourism has increased

noticeably, and since the mid-1900s a rapid rise in the debate surrounding the

subject of sport tourism. The goal of this article is to provide an overview of the

subject of sport tourism. Of interest is initially the historical dating of the

phenomenon and the current status of the international research into the subject.

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 In addition, a detailed look will be taken at what is understood by the term

sport tourism, which subjects in the recent past have influenced the propositions,

and which structures have emerged in sport tourism. Finally, some experiential

data will be presented, and the perspectives of sport tourism will be identified.

(Bkemann, D. (1989). Bewegungsraum und Sporttourismus Zur Herstellung

und Vermark-

tung von Sportmilieus am Beispiel des Skilaufs. In K. Dietrich & K.

Heinemann

(Eds.), Der nicht-sportliche Sport (211-224). Schorndorf.

Buerki, R. et al. (2003). Climate Change and Wintersports, 5)

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 Background of the Study

Sports tourism is made for us to step outside of the usual things that we

do as a traveler. Stepping outside our usual environment as it actively involves in

sports. In Sports Tourism, sports is becoming the primary reason for travel.

Our research will be focused on Developing Lucena City as a Sports

Tourism Destination. Its a major sporting event which contributes to the

Lucenahin and specifically to the Quezonian. To enhanced the image and profile

of Lucena City and to become very important place in the economic activities.

The impact of STACAA (Southern Tagalog Calabarzon Athletic Association),

PRISAA is one of the effective events that will boost the economic growth and

social welfare of the community in Lucena. Sport tourism is a combination of

sport activities and travel or leisure. In what we discuss the further knowledge on

how Lucena City handle a big events like what being mentioned above.

Until comparatively recently historians of tourism have paid largely a little

attention into sport, spite of its historically important role as a major tourist

attraction. The essay begins with a brief account of recent scholarship exploring

the relationship between sport tourism in the past. A more major section analysis

the increasing thematic historiographical coverage relating to sports tourism

supply which is now starting to emerge. This has ranging from niche sports

tourism, adventure sports, nostalgia and sporting heritage tourism, the role of

transport and provision of accommodation and other facilities, such as sporting

museums and halls of fame to study of sporting mega-events such as the

Olympics, their marketing, economics and politics, and positive and negative

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tourist impacts. While details of sport tourisms supply side are beginning to

come up, much less has been written on the sports tourists themselves. This

study suggest that bulk of academic attention, alongside some attention given to

topics such as demand, spectatorship composition and behavior at larger events,

and that there are still substantial research gaps remaining to be

explored.(http:www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1755182X.2013.828782)

OBJECTIVES

1. Identify the demographic profile of the respondents

2. To distinguish the strengths and weaknesses of Lucena City in sport

tourism.

3. To know the proposed plan of sport tourism to develop Lucena City to be

a sport tourism destination

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Statement of the Problem

The research study aims to know the assessment of sport tourism in

Lucena City. It seeks to answer the following question:

1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of:

- Age

- Gender

- Civil status

- Educational attainment

- Level of Sports Tourism Awareness

2. What are the strengths and weaknesses of Lucena Citys sports

tourism in terms of:

- Sports facilities

- Accommodation

- Accessibility

3. What sports tourism plan can be proposed to develop Lucena City to be

a sports tourism destination?

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Significance of the Study

Lucena City. This study will bring awareness about the process of

making Lucena City a Sports Tourism Destination. Present Students and

Graduate. Students who want to conduct the study about the things to consider

in making city a Sports Tourism Destination. This study will be useful to get an

information resource in the research study.

Scope and Limitation

Due to the complexity of the concepts, this study discusses the things to

be considered for a certain place to be a Sports Tourism Destination. In the study

all of the details and requirements of a City that needed to meet the standards in

being a Sports Tourism Destination. The study focuses in determining and

gathering data on how a certain city can be able to be a Sports Tourism

Destination. Through conducting a research, the researchers will be able to know

what the things you need to consider to be a Sports Tourism Destination. It is

based on them how the respondents answer the questionnaires honestly and

veraciously and we will explain the important things in the questionnaires. The

facilities and requirements needed are being discussed by the researchers.

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Conceptual Framework

Input Processing Output

Lucena City
being a
Making a survey Sports
1. What are things questionnaire. Tourism
to consider in Destination in
making a place be Conducting Quezon
interview to the Province .
Sports Tourism
officials of Quezon
Destination?
Convention Center.

The conceptual framework shows on how the researcher will conduct the

research study. The IPO model is used by the researcher on showing the steps

on formulating the research. The data of the input will get from the questionnaires

of the targeted respondents of the researcher, quantitative data will be obtained.

Quantitative method will be used by the researcher in analyzing all the data that

will be gathered namely the descriptive method. The descriptive method will be

used during evaluation of questionnaires. The output of the process will be

answering the question whether Lucena City can be a Sports Tourism

Destination.

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Definition of Terms

Abilympics- a skill competition for persons with disabilities to enhance their talent.

Respondent- a person who will answer in our question as part of a survey.

Sport- is defines as physical activity that will amuse oneself

Sport Tourism- staying in places outside their usual environment (Gammon &

Robinson, 2003)

Tourism- the activity of travelling to destination

Lucena City -is a first class highly urbanized city and it is the capital city of

the province of Quezon, Philippines and the only first class Highly Urbanized

City located in the Calabarzon Region

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 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

A. Sport Tourism as a Abilympics in the Philippines

The researchers relates the local Abilympics here in the Philippines.

Abilympics Philippines is founded by Atty. Arturo A. Borjal in 1991. This

organization is in collaboration with the National Council for the Welfare of

Disabled Persons (NCWDP), Department of Social Welfare and Development

(DSWD), Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA) and

Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG). It aims to coordinate with

various agencies to produce participants to compete in the International

Abilympics (IA). The International Abilympics (IA), otherwise known as Olympics

of Abilities for person with Disabilities, traces the beginning in Japan in 1972

when Abilympics an annual national skill competition for the disabled persons

was organized by the Japanese Association for the Employment of the Disabled

(JAED). The first international contest was initiated by Japan in cooperation with

Rehabilitation International (RI) in 1981. This is in line with the United Nations

declaration of the same year as the International Year of Disabled Persons.

The 2nd International Abilympics (1985) in Bogota, Columbia paved the way

for the founding of the International Abilympics Federation (IAF) through the

diligence of RI President Harry Fang. The IAF led the organization of the 3rd

International Abilympics in Hongkong in 1991 where 2,000 participants from 83

countries came in for the competition and the accompanying events. As added

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highlights, the IAF introduced the leisure and living skill contest. Perth, Australia

got the privilege to organize the 4th International Abilympics in 1995 paticipated

by 2000 individuals. After Australia backed out of its bid to host the 5th

International Abilympics, the Czech Republic took hold of the honor to host the

event in the historic city of Prague. An estimated 2,500 delegates from 21

countries attended the contest, conferences and accompanying events. The

Philippines Delegation to the International Abilympics has been organized by

Abilympics Philippines Incorporated an IAF-accredited non-government

organization led by Atty. Arturo A. Borjal.

The First Philippines Team for the International Abilympics competed in Hong

kong in 1991, garnering one bronze medal in Accounting and three citations in

Wasted Re-use. Four years after, 25-man delegation joined 12 trade skills

contests and went home with 6 bronze medals in Billboard Advertising, Waste

Re-use, Accounting, Jewelry Making and 3 citations in Cabinet Making, Poster

Design and Electronics.

In 5th International Abilympics in Prague, Czech Republic, the Philippines

delegation composed of 13 competitors and 17 officials, coaches and assistants,

participated in 19 contests, garnering one gold medal for waste Re-use; one

silver medal for Floral Arrangement; four bronze medals for waste re-use. Tie

Dye/Batik, Billboard Advertising and Cold Cooking; and two citations for Poster

Design and Easter Egg

Decoration.http://www.mccidonline.net/abilympicsphil/background.htm

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 B. Represent the ability of person with disabilities

Ralph D. Torralba, a 27-year-old hearing impaired photographer, will

represent the Philippines in the 8th International Abilympics to be held on

September 25-30, 2011 in Seoul, South Korea. Abilympics, a portmanteau of

ability and Olympics, is a worldwide competition of vocational skills for persons

with disabilities. Torralba will compete in the Deaf Photographers competition.

Torralba was the 1st place winner of Kakayahan 2010: Work Skills Demo of

Persons with Disabilities. He led a team of leaf photographers (Visual Shot Club)

in a photo workshop and exhibit called Silent Eyes in November last year. He

has also earned citations from various sectors here and abroad. Torralba is a

member of the Canon Advocacy Team, a group of Filipino photographers who

actively promotes Photography with a Difference who engage in activities

benefitting persons with disabilities. The countrys representative to the last

Abilympics was deaf photographer Alnoe Paler who took home two gold medals

in the National frame by representing a specific personal story or case study

rather than broader societal issues. Conclusions: The study of the TV news

coverage of the Paralympics identified how these TV news networks shape and

influence the target audience using the framing theory. Mass media studies in

sport management are necessary to further explore coverage of the Paralympics

and athletes with disabilities because of the media affect that might influence

social change and better publics perceptions and attitudes towards inferior

groups of sport participation. Author Affiliation Kyoung Tae Kim. Southeast

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Missouri State University, Soonhwan Lee, Indiana University-Purdue University

Indianapolis; and Bae, William Paterson University.kkim@semo.edu

http://search.proguest.com/pgrl/docview/1621829779/2FD3E5EC157A4D60PQ/9

?accountid=36184MSEUF LIBRARY EXPRESS WORK

C. Tourism history of Sport Tourism

Until comparatively recently historians of tourism have largely paid little

attention to sport, despite its historically important role as a major tourist

attraction. The essay begins with a brief account of recent scholarship exploring

the relationship between sport and tourism, and provides a heavily condensed

chronological overview of sport tourism in the past. A more major section

analyses the increasing thematic historiographical coverage relating to sports

tourism supply which is now beginning to emerge. This has ranged from niche

sports tourism, adventure sports, nostalgia and sporting heritage tourism, the role

of transport and provision of accommodation and other facilities, such as sporting

museums and halls of fame to the study of sporting mega-events such as the

Olympics, their marketing, economics and politics, and positive and negative

tourist impacts. While details of sport tourisms supply side are beginning to

emerge, much less has been written on the sports tourist themselves. This study

suggest that the bulk of academic attention, alongside some attention to given to

topics such as demand, spectatorship composition and behavior at larger events,

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and that there are still substantial research gaps remaining to be explored.

Huggins, Mike (2013) Journal of Tourism History

D. Sport Development and Peace initiatives: Confluence of Sport

psychology and international psychology

From a global perspective, sport has the potential to maximize the effect of

humanitarian interventions by assembling diverse individuals, as players and

spectators (who may be experiencing social inequality related to ethno-religious

strife, ethno- nationalism conflict, gender inequity, social breakdown or classism),

to participate in group- based sporting activities at very low cost but at high

impact.

Although sport development and peace (SDP) is a growing field, and research on

its psychosocial effects is in its infancy, these studies represent just a glimpse of

the burgeoning body of psychological science demonstrating the efficacy of

athletics to impact the lives of children and adults worldwide.

SDP initiative, which support reconciliation and reconstruction as well as promote

personal resilience and empowerment, might be to impetus for sport

psychologists and for psychologists with international and human rights interests

to collaborate on research to propel this emerging specialty into full awareness

among psychologists, social scientist, and international workers. Their combined

expertise might engender a leading role for psychology in advancing international

peacemaking initiatives using the research, theory and principles of sport

psychology.http://www.apa.org/international/pi/2012/10/un-matters.aspx

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 E. Sports for the disabled people

If chief executive won medals, Justin King of J. Sainsbury, supermarket chain,

would be sporting gold in the marketing marathon for his prescient decision to

concentrate sponsorship on the Paralympics rather the glitzier Olympics. The

Plaudits he and other companies have received for backing what was previously

seen as sideshow could help change corporate attitudes to disability.

Carolline Casey of Kanchi, a nonprofit organization she founded in 2004, says

the cause is the new green starting in Ireland and then in Spain, Kanchis Abilitiy

highlight companies that deal with disabled persons and customers. Now in

partnership with Telefonica, a Spanish telecoms giant, it plans to hold the awards

in other countries too, including Britain, Germany and Brazil.

Jorge Perez of Manpower, an employment-services firm, says disabled people

frequently have unusually high productivity. ThorkilSonne, the founder of

specialist erne, a Danish firm that finds high tech jobs for autistic people says

they can focus on repetitive tasks that might be boring to other workers. Britains

electronic- espionage center, GCHQ eagerly recruits people with autism and

Aspergers syndrome. Their ability to spot patterns can make them ace code

crackers.

But to show their talents, disabled people must first get the job. Susan Scott-

Parker of the Employers forum on disability, a British auditing group, notes that

many firms still fall down on basics, such as using online application forms that

blind people.

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Disabled people are not just potential employees. While working at Lynch, Rich

Donovan, who has cerebral palsy, looked at disabled people as an emerging

market and found it mud than he expected; 1.1 billion people the size of China.

He noted two trends. A generation of people who had benefited from disability

laws is coming out of education and into work; second; as the boomers age,

disabilities are spreading rapidly.

Yet when he analyzed companies in the S&P 500 index, Mr. Donovan who now

run his own firm-found that only quarter had a strategy aimed at these market

and only had a strategy aimed at these and only 6% were doing a serious in

them. He has devised a Return Ability index, which tracks the shares of 100

firms that deals best the disabled people. Over the past five years it has

outperformed the broader stock market. Later this month Bloomberg will include

its financial-information terminals.

Such approaches contrast with the way businesses usually look at disabled

people: as charity cases or as needing lots of box-ticking compliance rules and

as the source of annoying lawsuits. Good treatment can make business sense,

too political ads and media firms (ECONOMIST, 2012, pp.53-54)

Henry and his running partner, Joseph Kibunja, green and white track suite firmly

zipped, head out into the mist for their daily run. As the main gate to the yard

swings open, a chicken makes a desperate dash for freedom. Joseph darts off in

per suite, only to return a moment later empty handed. Too fast he says.

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Not many living things are faster than Henry and Joseph. The two distance

runners, continuing the proud Kenyan tradition of greatness in the sport, are

medal winners, record setters and national heroes. As they jog along slippery

roadways lined with lush foliage and the occasional squat house, early risers,

struggling through the slop on their way to work, cheer and wave. The pair run

across a soggy soccer field adjacent to a hill side shanty town of broken down

shocks and winding alleyways reeking of urine. Henry spent his early childhood

there, fatherless in a mud hut. Matching each other stride for stride, Henry and

Joseph each hold one end of a short cord stretched between them. Henry could

never run any other way. He is blind, and Joseph acts as his eyes.

Henry, 38 and Joseph, 37, chat incessantly, Joseph does most of the talking. He

has to tell Henry whats coming ahead. An ankle twisting hole, an oncoming

motor bike. In less than mile, Im terribly winded. At about 2,000 meters, the air is

too thin for my sea level lungs. Im no athlete anyway. A friend once asks me if I

was clichd 100 pounds weakling in high school. Insulted, I said absolutely not; I

was a 95 pounds weakling in high school. But Henry and I do have a couple of

things in common. We both enjoy running, and we both cant see. Im not yet

completely blind like Henry. But step by step, Im getting there.

Henrys blindness has barely slowed him down. He has won three gold medals in

three Paralympics- his first in the 5,000 meters at Sydney in 2000- setting too

world records for a blind runner in the process. At these years London

Paralympics, which start on August already excelled in the most strenuous of

races, posting a personal best 2hour, 31minutes, and 31seconds time at the

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Hamburg marathon in 2005. Such as success has made him one of the world

most recognized disabled athletes. London based standard chartered, awed by

Henrys ability and his close partnership with Joseph, has use the duo in T.V

advertisements. They have also been ambassadors for the banks charitable

campaign to alleviate blindness, called seeing believes.

As I strive to keep pace with Henry, the road is so rutted with gullies and slippery

from the rain that I can barely maintain my footing. My debilitated sight makes

locating and dodging pot holes in my rain splattered glasses almost possible.

Henry cant them at all, yet he glides next to me. Imagine for a moment hurtling

down an unpaved Kenyan roadway as fast as your legs could carry you- all the

while blindfolded. If it sounds scary, I can attest that it is. Henry does it every day.

Henry got his first taste of victory as a teenager in 1998 at a sports meet for local

schools. Though Henry had already honed his running skills-darting daily

between his home and a nearby stream to fetch water-he attended that day as a

spectator. But when one member of his schools racing team went missing, a

teacher drafted Henry to complete 5,000 meters contest in his place. Henry was

at first intimidated by his taller opponents, who shoved him so aggressively at the

races start that he almost fell over. Yet, in the end, Henry, his fellow students

cheering him on, zoomed past them all for a big win. As his award, a teacher

poured syrup on his palms for him to lick off as a treat. He also won an orange.

By high school, Henry was winning races in national competitions and he

continued training after graduation. While he took on work as a cobbler to help

support his family, a career as an athlete was a real possibility. Running seemed

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his best chance to escape destitution, and he began dreaming of representing

Kenya in marathons overseas. When I was running, sometimes I was thinking of

how I was from the slums, he says Through sports Id be able to change my

family.

Then disaster struck. In March 1995 at 20 years of age, Henry suffered a stroke.

He appeared to recover-until the faithful morning of May 12. His mother angrily

woke him, annoyed that he had overslept and not milked the cow before

breakfast. Henry protested. It was still dark outside, so early? Within a few

minutes, it became apparent to Henry that the sun had risen, but he couldnt see

it. Doctors eventually determined that he stroke had damaged his optic nerves.

Over a mere nights sleep, he had gone 95% blind. What little sight he had left

vanished soon after.

Henrys road back began at a low-vision clinic in a kikuyu hospital. His mother,

desperate to find a cure for Henry, dragged him to doctor after doctor, eventually

finding german specialist Petra Verweyen. She couldnt restore Henrys sight, but

she did have ideas on how to restore his soul. Verweyen, with the aid of some

tasty cakes, got Henry to talk openly about his blindness. Slowly, he rebuilt his

self-confidence. Schuman Michael, Time Magazine 2012, pp. 36-41

G. The genesis of a new body of sport tourism literature: a systematic

review of surf tourism research

Surf tourism is a rapidly expanding market segment of the wider sport tourism

industry and the purpose of this study is to provide an analytical interpretation of

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surf tourism research. Published and unpublished literature from 1997 through to

2011 was collected through searching a variety of academic databases and

communicating directly with the authors themselves. A systematic review was

employed to identify and analyze the types of research emerging from

international journals, universities, governments, and the not-for-profit sector.

The study indicates a genesis in sport tourism literature, representing a new and

available body of surf tourism research. We find that this new area of research

has arisen mainly from the grey literature through the works of graduate students

and consultants. Surfing events, artificial surfing reefs, and the sustainability of

surf sites and host communities are among the most prolific areas under

discussion and key arguments include socioeconomics, coastal management,

and sustainable tourism. Approximately 10% of countries in the world with

coastal surfing resources have been studied, and this and other findings indicate

the potential for new areas of research in domestic and international tourism. A

bibliography provides 156 documentary materials compiled for the systematic

review.http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14775085.2013.766528

H. Studying Sport Tourism Event and Destination Images on Intent to

Travel

A destinations image can be influenced by the hosting of a sport tourism

event and the attributes associated with this event. Sport events can add to the

attractiveness of a destination for new markets and first-time visitors (Dimanche,

2003). Tourism literature has acknowledged the importance of destination image

and its role on destination awareness and decision making process (e.g. Baloglu

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& McCleary, 1999; Dann, 1996). Destinations can enhance their image by

hosting sport events that attract first time and repeat sport tourists using co-

branding, brand leverage and bundling techniques (Chalip & McGuirty, 2004).

The problem of this research is to examine whether sport tourism event image

and its link to destination image will add power in predicting intentions to return to

a destination. In the field of tourism, understanding the factors that influence

intentions to travel to a destination has been a key area of research. In the field

of sport tourism, Cunningham and Kwon (2003) focused on spectators intentions

to attend a sporting event in the future utilizing the Theory of Planned Behavior

(TPB) (Ajzen, 1991). The TPB is a well-established theory of behavioral

intentions that aims to understand actions that are mainly under the volitional

control of the individual and to account for those behaviors that are not under the

volitional control by including the concept of perceived behavioral control in the

theory. In short, the theory suggests that intentions to engage in a behavior

mediate the impact of attitudes, subjective norms (SN) and perceived behavioral

control (PBC) on actual behavior. In the context of recreation and leisure, two

studies (Ajzen & Driver, 1992; Hrubes, Ajzen & Daigle, 2001) supported the

applicability of the theory of planned behavior when studying activities such as

hunting, biking, jogging and boating. The study aims to apply the theory on

people who travel to participate actively in organized sport tourism events such

as bike tours, running, walking, skiing, kayaking, and rafting where there may be

some type of competition. For this market segment, there is lack of studies that

present a clear theoretical framework that captures the factors that influence

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participants intentions to return to the destination. Research has shown that

some of these factors involve destination image and experience, past experience

with events and destinations, subjective

norms.https://www.easm.net/download/2006/fa3a6ad4af8e501ea51b1b7ba7ce2

192.pdf

I. The carbon footprint of active sport tourists: an empirical analysis of

skiers and boarders

This study estimated the annual carbon footprint of active sport tourists caused

by snow-sport-related travel in the context of day trips, vacations, training

courses, and competitions in 2015. Information about individual travel behaviour,

sport profile, environmental consciousness, and socio-economic characteristics

was collected using a nationwide online survey of adult skiers and boarders living

in Germany (n=523). The average annual carbon footprint of snow sport tourists

was 431.6 kg of carbon dioxide equivalent emissions in 2015. Boarders had a

higher carbon footprint than skiers. Regression analyses revealed that income

and number of snow days had a significant positive effect on annual carbon

footprint, while environmental consciousness was insignificant. This finding can

be explained with the valueaction gap and the low-cost hypothesis, suggesting

that environmental attitudes were not associated with pro-environmental

behaviour in terms of a lower carbon footprint because snow-sport-related travel

was perceived as a high-cost situation by respondents. Segmenting respondents

by snow-sport-related travel behaviour yielded two clusters, frequent travellers

(56% boarders) and occasional riders (43% skiers), which differed with regard to

21 | P a g e
annual carbon footprint, club membership, number of snow days, and

performance level. This study contributes to the literature on active sport tourism

and carbon

footprinting.http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14775085.2017.1313706

J. Recreational angling tournaments: participants' expenditures

Fishing tournaments are a common feature in recreational angling across a wide

range of target species in both fresh and salt waters. Tournaments are organised

for a number of purposes, including as commercial enterprises; as fund-raising

initiatives for angling clubs; for economic development purposes (e.g. tourism);

as well as improve participants' skill levels. Most tournaments are confined to

geographically small areas and usually occur over a small number of days, which

can mean a pulse of economically significant activity in the local area. This paper

analyses the nature of expenditure associated with angling tournaments,

including travel, food and accommodation, and angling-related expenditures as a

function of socio-economic and angler characteristics. Analysis based on 106

tournaments across Ireland during 2013 finds a clear 80/20 segmentation

between high- and low-spend anglers and that the segmentation occurs across

all fish target species considered. The analysis also finds that British coarse

anglers participating at Irish angling tournaments spend considerably more than

other anglers irrespective of target species or angler country of

origin.http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14775085.2017.1313706

K. Sport Tourism a Powerful Tool

22 | P a g e
 Mega and small-scale sport tourism has the potential to contribute to the

social, cultural, economic and infrastructural development of the host

country or city.

Sport tourism involves the travel of persons for non-business reasons to

participate and or observe sporting activities.

Mega sporting events include the hosting of World Cups for such sports

such as football, cricket, and rugby. Small scale sporting events include

triathlons, marathons and a leg of the formula one grand prix.

According to Zauhar (2003) sport tourism involves a number of

activities. In addition to either participating or observing sporting events,

persons who travel for sport tourism may also have a vested interest in

visiting state-of-the-art sporting facilities such as stadiums. These may

include for example, Lords cricket ground in England, Roland Garros in

Paris, Maracana Stadium in Brazil and the Millennium rugby stadium in

Wales. In addition to the iconic sporting stadiums appeal, sport tourists may

also show an interest in sporting hall of fames and sport museums such as

the Legends of Barbados cricket museum.

Sport tourists may not always be interested in traditional competitive

sports and may find adventurous activities far more inviting and appealing to

their leisure taste. Some of these adventurous activities may include bungee

jumping stations, zip line canopy tours, hiking trails, water adventures such

snorkeling and golf.

23 | P a g e
 Sport tourism offers several economic benefits to local communities,

the region and or the country. An estimated 680,000 persons from overseas

attended the 2012 London Olympics and Paralympics. These visitors

generated enormous economic activity through different forms of

expenditure on sporting and non-sporting activities.

There was an increase demand for various forms of accommodation -

hotels and guest houses. Similarly there was an increase in demand for

sporting paraphernalia such replica tee shirts, sneakers etc. Non-sporting

products expenditure included food, beverages, phones, cameras, and other

electronic accessories that are associated with travelers.

According to Hassen (2003) the 2003 Cricket World generated 1.3

billion Rands for the South African economy.

Sport tourism provides the host country with high media coverage.

This coverage will cover not only the sporting event but also provide

important information about the countrys cultural and entertainment

locations as well as an overall country profile.

Such information would have been provided when the Caribbean

played host to two cricket world cups in 2007 and 2010 respectively.

Additionally, Trinidad and Tobago would have benefitted from the media

coverage when it hosted the 2001 FIFA U17 World Cup for boys and the

2010 FIFA World Cup for girls.

24 | P a g e
 According to Morrison (2005) mega sporting events provide a platform

to incorporate social and cultural features of the host community/city/country

into the overall tourist experience. These events are good occasions to

showcase the cultural heritage of the country such as its history, historical

sites, food, music, art, architecture, and overall what makes the host unique

and interesting to want to return in the immediate future.

Sport tourism do not only result from the visiting and expenditure from

tourists but also involves the development of local infrastructure such as

stadia, hotels, transportation networks, roads, telecommunication, airports

and other infrastructure. Such developments will provide long term benefits

to communities where they have been established.

The potential benefits of sports tourism can only be realized if several

challenges are overcome especially in the developing world.

In countries where crime and matters of security are a major concern

persons considering to travel to these destination maybe discouraged to

engage in any form of sport tourism. Additionally, the allegations of

corruption and financial scandals may also serve as a discouragement.

The overall success of any sporting tourism event is dependent upon

management.

Poor management due to financial impropriety, poor planning, lack of

efficient customer service, and a host of other managements drawbacks

25 | P a g e
may serve as a major Achilles heel for the success of any sport tourism

event.

According to UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon (2011) sport tourism

has the potential to being powerful tool for development and progress.

However, for this to be accomplished to reap the benefits of sports tourism

proper planning and management of events have to be

undertaken.http://www.guardian.co.tt/sport/2015-03-02/sport-tourism-powerful-

tool

L. Tourism Development Strategies

As primary industries around the world make a shift, due largely in part to

post-industrial progression, there are a number of global economies that are

engaging in the restructuring process in pursuit of economic growth and diversity.

Thus, in this pattern, the service industry has received a significant boost as

there have been changes in mobility of capital, wealth distribution and consumer

preferences. In this context, international tourism has flourished as an economic

driver in the developing and developed world and is one of the strategies that

destinations are using to mould their modern economy. International

development agencies and governments throughout the world have been utilizing

tourism development as it is seen as a somewhat inexpensive strategy that can

boost local culture and environments as well as promote economic prosperity.

However, shows concern as some destinations believe that tourism can be a

development panacea. While there can be economic gains, they may not be

worth negative social and environmental impacts. Stakeholders must also

26 | P a g e
question whether tourism will be a sustainable long-term development strategy

benefiting and empowering host communities.

Currently, the development and implementation of tourism strategies have had

some problematic implications. There are often concerns over the consistency of

policy and strategy formation and its subsequent practical implementation issues

in the dynamic tourism market (Albrecht, 2010). Thus, policies and strategies

may need to be continuously revised and amended as tourism markets,

environments and demands change as the tourism industry evolves.

Acknowledge that within the tourism industry and at the core of strategy

development, dealing with constant change becomes a challenge for strategy

developers forcing them to adapt by making full use of their resources whilst

being flexible within an industry that is highly competitive, unstable and accounts

for various stakeholders. The authors further note that developing a tourism

strategy for a destination cannot be approached in a singular way of thought as

tourism strategies can be both plans for the future and patterns from the past.

Given the paucity of research on strategy development for tourism this review of

the literature includes research that covers strategic planning for tourism

development on the business side of the industry (the supply of the industry via

tourism businesses and organizations) as well as the planning and strategic

implementation to satisfy the consumer side (the tourist demand and evolving

tastes) of the global industry. As an economic sector, the tourism industry is

made up of multiple reliable levels of tourism strategy that are operational at

several levels in a destination, such as local, regional and national.

27 | P a g e
Furthermore, as a contemporary aspect of modern tourism research, a number of

case studies have been done within the realm of sustainable tourism strategic

planning. These case studies illustrated the current research done on specific

regional and national destinations and how they have planned, developed and

implemented a development strategy for their tourism product. These studies

included stakeholder analysis and investigations of the ways in which their

tourism products have been implemented in terms of resort development, events

and sustainable tourism development. However, despite some of this thorough

case specific research, notes that there usually needs to be a distinction made as

to the research done on strategic planning (long term destination planning and

implementation goals) as opposed to strategy making or development (strategy

development for certain aspects of the destination, e.g. sport or tourism

strategies). In this light, this research will be examining the strategy development

process for current tourism destinations and its relation to hosting sport events

whilst ultimately contributing to the destinations progressive growth and

development.

Additionally, there were also instances of analysis of current long term strategic plans

that have been implemented for events in niche tourism segments such as sport tourism

development strategies. Some research was also done with respect to the development

of tourism strategies that complement the existing industry in a destination to ensure

economic diversification in developing countries, the tourism impact issues in remote

destinations, as well as the challenges of tourism strategy implementation in periphery

tourism destinations.

28 | P a g e
https://uwspace.uwaterloo.ca/bitstream/handle/10012/9812/McComie_Kenwyn_P

eter.pdf;sequence=3

M. Considering Sport Tourism Development

Sport programs and events are usually envisioned as a strategy to foster

communal communication. Moreover, it has been suggested that sport events

can allow individuals to alter their attitudes and behaviours, as well as break

down barriers between groups for a common goal (Brown et al., 2003). Thus, the

linkages between sport and tourism have progressed both in their respective

industries and academic fields. Notes that sport tourism on a global scale is

headed in the right direction as illustrated by the reputation of such sporting

events as the Olympic Games and the different World Cups/Championships of

Soccer/Football, Rugby and Cricket. However, contends that a holistic view of

the sport tourism concept should also include professional and amateur,

competitive and non-competitive, social, recreational, and informal activities, as

well as leisure, business, and day-trip tourism, to fall within its scope. The sport

tourism industry has progressed substantially and so have the expectations of

sport tourists, developing their needs and wants for more complex incidences of

sport tourism. Hence, as researchers advance knowledge in this area, they

should consider sport tourism events as an overall experience.

Sport is often considered a vehicle for development heavily leaned upon by the

tourism industry. Within the context of tourism development, sport tourism can be

approached as a traditional development paradigm in terms of economic, social

and ecological growth. Although, can also be seen as an evolutionary process

29 | P a g e
that is a dynamic industry as a part of social, cultural, political, economic and

environmental facets of a society that is constantly fluctuating. Moreover,

contend that development should not only be about growth but also about the

positive impact it may have on a country, region or destination and should also

be measured via the ideals of sustainability by including all stakeholders in the

process of trying to achieve sustainable tourism development goals (social,

economic, cultural, political and environmental). In a broader context, sustainable

sport tourism events should be striving to achieve sustainable goals via the triple

bottom line approach. However, there can be issues with this approach as sport

tourism events attracts large numbers of tourists that can have negative long

term effects on the environment and there is no guarantee that there will be

positive social and economic benefits to the host community argues that there

are even more sustainable dimensions to be considered in development via sport

tourism such as moral, legal, technical and political aspects.

Sport tourism events need to be managed and planned accordingly as with any other

tourism attraction. Thus, there needs to be proper management of change in order for

decision making stakeholders and event planners to meet their objectives. Often times,

development can spawn planning and development issues that affect the process; these

can be internal and external factors that hinder development. As a tourism product, sport

events can become commoditised by an intrusion of global market factors and

processes which can affect its representation whilst also fostering homogenisation of

sport culture through globalization. These globalization forces push sport tourism

destinations that host events to position themselves as a global destination that

compresses international networks and can traverse national boundaries (Mowforth &

30 | P a g e
Munt, 1998). Conversely, due to sports widespread outreach, organizational

fragmentation and viable partnerships become more complex to seek out and maintain.

It becomes quite difficult to maintain successful goal-oriented relationships and alliances

with a range of stakeholder involvement.

https://uwspace.uwaterloo.ca/bitstream/handle/10012/9812/McComie_Kenwyn_P

eter.pdf;sequence=3

N. Formulating a Sport Tourism Development Strategy

The acknowledgment of using sport events as a strategy for tourism

development has initiated a range of organizations, societies and destinations

involved in sport-for-development public-private partnerships. As a niche subset

of tourism, sport tourism contributes to socio-economic growth and has

significant potential to continue to add to a destinations economic diversity.

Similar to other facets of the tourism industry, sport events as tourism attractions

need to be appropriately planned and managed for the subsequent benefits to

materialize which may include a dedicated strategic plan similar to or aligned with

a destinations overarching tourism development strategy.

Swart and Bob (2007) also note the importance of forming relationships and creating

linkages to reap the mutual benefits by establishing alliances between the sport and

tourism sectors. They further discuss the significance of coordinating planning and the

sharing of resources and information amongst all stakeholders, and identifying

opportunities and mechanisms for maximizing the tourism benefits of sport activities are

critical. Highlight the common amalgamation of separate fields, sport and tourism, are

usually managed by different government agencies which also incorporate other related

31 | P a g e
businesses in sport tourism development strategies. Support this notion further

describing the most significant stakeholder in the sport tourism strategy development

process as the government agency responsible for policy development, highlighting the

need for a systematic strategy direction and not just informal planning. However,

discusses the need for greater investigation into the motivations of governments for

investing in the strategy and policy making process for hosting events tourism. Thus, the

planning process needs proper direction with a great significance placed on DMOs and

tourism agencies collaborating with governments and sport organisations for the

advancement of a sport tourism strategy. Similar to the lack of research on sport tourism

strategy development, there is limited research highlighting the DMOs role in the

strategy development or planning process for hosting sport tourism events.

https://uwspace.uwaterloo.ca/bitstream/handle/10012/9812/McComie_Kenwyn_P

eter.pdf;sequence=3

O. Towards a critical sport heritage: implications for sport tourism

This paper reflects upon the development and increased acceptance for heritage

becoming a key component of sport tourism research. The original sport heritage

typology, as posited by Ramshaw and Gammon [2005, More than just Nostalgia?

Exploring the heritage/sport tourism nexus. Journal of Sport and Tourism, 10(4),

229241], is re-examined through a more critical lens, revealing additional

dimensions that help augment its key components. More specifically, it is argued

that future studies should consider the more intangible features of sport heritage,

as well as acknowledging the expanding global nature of sport and its impact

upon fandom. Also, the case is made for research to explore the dissonance

32 | P a g e
inherent in much of sports heritage, as well as determining where the power lies

in allocating and championing current sport heritages. Lastly, the more general

implications to the field of sport tourism are offered with particular regard to

motivation, place, and

consumption.http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14775085.2016.126227

P. Predicting Behavioral Intentions of Active Event Sport Tourist: The

Case of a Small-scale Recurring Sport Event

With the growth in the opportunities for amateur athletes to take part in

competitive events it is becoming apparent that there is a need to separate active

sport tourist into two types: non-event (e.g. golf, skiing) and event. Active event

sport tourism constitutes travel to take part in various organized events from the

hallmark New York and London Marathons to the pervasive small scale sports

events hosted by communities' worldwide. Understanding the variables that

influence active sport tourism behaviors within the context of recurring smaller

scale sport events has not been widely observed in the sport and tourism

literature. This study investigated whether past participation, attitudes toward

event participation, satisfaction with the sport event and destination image predict

intentions to participate in a sport event again. Data were collected from 112

active event sport tourist of a small recurring sport event: the Senior Games. Mail

and online questionnaires were used based on participant event registration

mode. Path analysis was used to evaluate the model of this study. The results

revealed mediation effects of attitudes between satisfaction and intentions to

33 | P a g e
participate in the event again and destination image and intentions. The

importance of collaborations between destination marketers and event

organizers is discussed along with the significance of satisfaction as a driver of

attitude formation and behavioral

intentions.http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14775085.2010.498261

Q. Expenditure-based segmentation of sport tourist

Destinations throughout the USA and world compete against each other for the

opportunity to host professional and amateur sporting events. The primary

motivation for these destinations is the anticipated economic impact generated

by sport tourist expenditures while attending sporting events. Although the

economic impact of sporting events has been widely studied, the analysis of

individuals' expenditures has been neglected. Since tourists expenditures are

considered one of the most important variables in the economic analysis of a

destination's tourism industry, segmenting tourists based on expenditures is a

valuable alternative to more common segmentation approaches. In this study,

sport tourist attending a Professional Golfers' Association of America tournament

were divided into three groups (low, medium, and high spenders) based on their

total per day spending. The mean per day total expenditures of the low-spender

segment were $69.21, the medium spenders' mean total per day expenditures

were $219.25, and the high-spender segment averaged $759.03 in total per day

expenditures. The results indicate that a significant difference exists between the

three expenditure-based segments of sport tourist spectators in terms of

34 | P a g e
spending patterns, trip characteristics, and trip preferences. Expenditure-based

segmentation of sport tourist spectators provides important information that event

organizers and local tourism stakeholders can utilize in developing effective and

efficient short- and long-term management and marketing

strategies.http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14775085.2011.635017

R. Sport Heritage and Tourism

The relationship between sport, heritage, and tourism is strong, and the breadth

and depth of research that explores this relationship is significant. This collection

adds to the heritage sport tourism literature by considering several new

perspectives. In particular, authors have examined sport heritage as a vehicle for

understanding and memorializing conflict, as a tool for both celebrating

achievement and marginalizing people, as a field of dissonance that often does

not conform to tourism promotion and marketing, as a topic that generates,

commends, commodities, and discards living heritage, and as a means for

discovering, or imagining, genealogical roots. Ultimately, sport heritage

illuminates many of the issues, challenges, and debates in heritage and heritage

tourism more broadly, while also demonstrating that, through its constant making

remaking, sport heritage rarely

fossilizes.http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1743873X.2014.904320

35 | P a g e
 S. Marketing Sport Tourism: Creating Synergy between Sport and

Destination

Marketing sport tourism requires sport and the host destination to be cross-

leveraged to optimize the quality of experiences that the sport tourist obtains.

Different forms of sport tourism (spectating, participating, venerating sport sites)

are therefore potential complements, and the quality of infrastructure and

services at the destination provide essential support for the overall sport tourism

experience. Opportunities to socialize with tourist who share a sport interest can

also enhance sport tourist experience. Cross-leveraging of sport and destinations

is facilitated when vertical and horizontal alliances are formed among sport and

tourism providers. Further research is needed to explore the social and

psychological worlds of sport tourist, and to identify effective leveraging

tactics.http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17430430500102150

T. Involved-Detachment: A Balance of Passion and Reason in

Feminisms and Gender-related Research in Sport, Tourism and Sport

Tourism

This paper discusses the contribution of Norbert Elias's theory of involvement-

detachment for feminist research and gender-related studies in the fields of sport,

tourism and sport tourism. A brief overview of scholarly work on gender in studies

sport, tourism and sport tourism is presented. The paper outlines the key

features of feminist criticisms about conventional methods of acquiring and

establishing knowledge in the sciences and considers the ways that feminists

36 | P a g e
approach issues of epistemology. The significance of passionate scholarship in

feminist theorizing is discussed. The theory of involvement-detachment is

introduced as part of Elias's perspective on the advancement of knowledge about

social life. Problems and issues of involvement-detachment are explored in terms

of some of the gender-related literature about sport, tourism and sport

tourism.http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14775080701654762

U. Defining sport tourism: a content analysis of an evolving epistemology

This paper conducts a systematic evaluation of one of the primary journals in the

field of sport tourism research since its establishment in 1993. Drawing on extant

literature with varying disciplinary approaches, this meta-review traces the

development of key concepts and definitions underlying an evolving

epistemology connected to sport tourism, as evidenced within the Journal of

Sport and Tourism (JS&T). It does so by examining research specific to content

previously unexplored. The study first conducted a content analysis based upon

a keyword search, focusing on phrases in which sport and tourism appeared

together. The study reviewed all texts, including articles, book chapters and

editorials (n=517), for the years 19932014. We then constructed a thematic

analysis based upon the most common defining elements found within these

texts. These extracted definitions were analyzed according to their paradigmatic

elements. Based on these findings, this paper suggests the need to further define

the epistemological boundaries of sport tourism for the twenty-first

centuryhttp://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14775085.2016.1229212

37 | P a g e
 U. Sport Tourism or event tourism: are they one and the same?

Sport tourism has become the subject of an increasing level of both academic

and government interest. It is perceived to be important because of its economic

contribution as well as other influences such as the impact on community well

being and the sense of pride that sport tourism may engender. The concept,

however, is fraught by definitional issues and this paper provides a discussion for

developing a more succinct definition and framework for sport tourism to add to

the debate. It is argued here sport tourism is essentially event tourism and, as

such, it is governed by the issues that affect events and event

management.http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/147750804200032025

V. Sport Tourism: an exploration of the travel motivations and

constraints of Omani tourist
The purposes of this research were to examine the most important travel

motivations for Omani tourist to attend sporting events, and to identify travel

constraints which impeded them from travelling to attend sporting events.

Questionnaires were used to collect data from 166 Omani tourist attended

sporting events. Research findings showed that enjoy stadium atmosphere;

support my team; spend my time without worrying about my study/work; spend

time with my friends and family; and escape from the ordinary or routine

environment at home were the most important travel motivations for Omani

tourist to attend sporting events. The study also revealed that financial

challenges (a lack of money); lack of time and opportunities to travel; and work

and study commitments were the main travel constraints that inhibit Omani

38 | P a g e
tourist from travelling to attend sporting events. Finally, other useful statistical

findings regarding participants travel behaviour are

reported.http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13032917.2017.1308388#m

etrics-content

W. Sport, Tourism and Authenticity

The thesis underpinning the theoretical discussions presented in this paper is

that sport has unique advantages over other types of cultural tourist attractions

when considered in the context of commodification and authenticity. Leiper's

tourist attraction system is used to situate sport as an attraction and to argue that

sport is a reflection of local culture. Sport attractions are then critically considered

in relation to the concepts of commodification and authenticity. Key

characteristics of sport attractions include: (1) the uncertainty of outcomes; (2)

the role of athletic display; (3) the kinaesthetic nature of sport activities; and (4)

the visceral nature of many types of sporting engagements. The combination of

these traits increases the likelihood that sport attractions are, more than many

other types of tourist attractions, able to withstand the processes of

commodification and, therefore, are more likely to provide sport tourists with

authentic

experiences.http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/16184740500190652

39 | P a g e
 X. The Olympic Truce: Sport promoting peace, development and

international cooperation

The Olympic and Paralympic Games of summer 2012 demonstrated the

value of international friendship and cooperation among the participating athletes

and the countries they represented. These organized sports have enjoyed an

honored tradition of promoting peaceful international relations among diverse

peoples as nations compete without strife and in spite of geopolitical differences.

Standing on the shoulders of the Olympic Games franchise, there is a growing

body of literature supporting the value of sport in enhancing the well-being of

individuals, communities and societies (Beutler, 2008; Darnell, 2010; Giulianotti,

2011). In the 21st century, the United Nations (U.N.) has become increasingly

committed to communicating its vision of global human rights through the

implementation of athletic programs that promote peacemaking initiatives,

tolerance and reconciliation while decreasing tensions, inequity and prejudice

(Giulianotti, 2011; UNOSDP, 2011). The U.N. Office on Sport for Development

and Peace (UNOSDP) supports sport and athletic programs that impact

development and peace. Many of the U.N.'s programs are coordinated through

the U.N. Inter-Agency Task Force on Sport for Development and Peace and the

U.N. Communications Working Group on Sport for Development and Peace.

Over time, these groups have been engaged in supporting the Summer and

Winter Olympic Games, the Paralympics, the World Cup and the Youth Olympic

Games (Beutler, 2008). These games are noted for assembling individuals and

40 | P a g e
countries, some with opposing philosophies about war, peace, negotiations,

resources and power, in the name of friendly and peaceful rivalry, through

sporting events.

Y. The Olympic Truce

Secretary General Ban Ki-moon carried the Olympic Torch during the final leg of

its journey to the 2012 Olympics. He was in London to participate in a meeting

commemorating the Olympic Truce and Sport for Social Change. In 1993, the

General Assembly of the U.N. revived the Olympic Truce, an ancient tradition

dating back to the 9th century B.C. Originated by Greece, the Olympic Truce

provides safe passage for athletes, families and pilgrims traveling to the Olympic

Games. For seven days before, during and seven days after the Olympic Games,

in the spirit of peaceful cooperation, participating countries agreed to cease all

conflicts (U.N. News Centre, 2012).

On Oct. 17, 2011, the 66th Session of the General Assembly adopted Resolution

66/5: "Building a peaceful and better world through sport and the Olympic ideal"

sponsored by the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (United

Nations, 2011a). The Olympic Truce was signed by all 193 Member States of the

U.N., agreeing to observe the Olympic Truce for a 45 day period from the

opening ceremony of the XXX Olympic Games to the closing ceremony of the

XIV Paralympic Games, which followed in London (July 27 through Sept. 9,

2012).

41 | P a g e
 We applaud the work of Secretary General Ban Ki-moon and his officials,

notably his Special Adviser on Sport for Development and Peace, Wilfried

Lemke, and his team. With IOC President Jacques Rogge, they are finding new

ways to develop communities and build peace through sport. In particular, we are

grateful for their promotion of gender equality, inclusion of people living with

disabilities, prevention of HIV and AIDS and other diseases, environmental

sustainability, and peace and conflict resolution (UNOSDP, 2011, p. 10).

Lord Sebastian Coe, Chairman of the London Organising Committee of the

Olympic and Paralympic Games, General Assembly, New York, USA, 17,

October, 2011

While the reality of the Truce remains an ideal, it provides the U.N. and the

International Olympic Committee (IOC) an opportunity to underscore the power

of the sport development and peace (SDP) initiative to reduce violence and

enhance the well-being of vulnerable people throughout the world. Yet, during

this Truce period, Syrian officials violated the Truce agreement and the world

watched in horror the siege of Aleppo, Syria by Syrian troops. The support of the

sporting community's IOC added another voice to the growing international

community's attempt to protect the citizens of Syria and address its growing

humanitarian crisis.

Z. Sport and geopolitics

Faced with so many compelling 21st century challenges, why should the

world community invest time and resources in sporting activities? In an effort to

bring urgency to compelling global issues, the U.N. establishes international

42 | P a g e
days, years and decades to focus the world community's attention and

resources. Since the U.N.'s International Year of Sport and Physical Education in

2005, momentum for the utilization of sport and physical activity has been

building. There is substantial available evidence that sport programs contribute to

sustainable development and peace building through initiatives coordinated by

the U.N., government agencies, and NGOs. There is increasing recognition of

the efficacy of humanitarian programs that employ sports as one of their tools for

development in geopolitical and cultural contexts. From a global perspective,

sport has the potential to maximize the effect of humanitarian interventions by

assembling diverse individuals, as players and spectators (who may be

experiencing social inequality related to ethno-religious strife, ethno-nationalism

conflict, gender inequity, social breakdown or classism), to participate in group-

based sporting activities at very low cost but at high impact. The egalitarian spirit

of sport offers "a meritocratic activity and a space from social injustices... People

that come from different backgrounds... they're all the same level. No one cares

at all if your mother died of AIDS or cares if you're raising your three kids at home

even though you're only 13 years old...They care about getting the ball in the net

and whether or not you're a good basketball player...It offers a brief respite

through which to level the metaphorical playing field" (Giulianotti, 2011, pp. 63-

64).

As a consequence, the U.N. Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

(UNESCO) now recognizes sport as a human right, asserting that the

foundational principles of sport teamwork, fairness, respect for the opposition

43 | P a g e
and honoring the rules of the game are all consistent with the Charter of the

United Nations.

The U.N. utilizes sport creatively not only to promote peace and international

cooperation, but additionally for fundraising and raising public awareness

regarding pressing human rights issues. For instance, numerous celebrity

Goodwill Ambassadors support the programs of the UNOSDP, including tennis

star Maria Sharapova (Russia) and footballers Renaldo (Brazil) and Didier

Drogba (Cote d'Ivoire), among many others. The value of sport, then, is seen in

its role in addressing the U.N.'s Millennium Development Goals (MDG's) by

promoting the following initiatives:

Health and disease prevention

poverty reduction

Universal education

gender equality

Conflict prevention and resolution

Response to trauma

Community mobilization

Sporting programs have been implemented effectively with vulnerable

populations including refugees, persons with disabilities, persons living with

HIV/AIDS, child soldiers and others. Local leadership and community resources

may drive the process, allowing for girls as well as boys, women as well as men,

to design and benefit from community-based initiatives. For example, a study of

South African women demonstrated that respect for local tradition and cultural

44 | P a g e
considerations may forge greater sustainability and gender equality. Local

leadership initiatives are often supplemented by international support. For

instance, over two dozen organizations within the U.N. system (e.g., UNICEF)

are actively engaged in facilitating sport at grassroots levels worldwide. The U.N.

system is joined by the IOC, International Labor Organization (ILO), and

numerous non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in designing sports-related

programs to respond to emerging international crises (Darnell, 2010). The result,

then, is the growing popularity and power of sport on the global human rights

agenda.http://www.apa.org/international/pi/2012/10/un-matters.aspx

Journal of Sport and Health Science

Journal of Sport and Health Science (JSHS), launched in May 2012, is a peer-

reviewed scholarly journal dedicated to the advancement of sport/exercise/health

sciences. By publishing original research, scholarly reviews, opinion papers, and

research highlights/commentaries, JSHS aims to build a communication platform

for international researchers to effectively share scholarly achievements.

With a distinguished editorial board, JSHS is dedicated to maintaining high

academic standards, integrity, and excellence by publishing scholarly work of the

highest quality in the sub-disciplines of sport/exercise/health sciences.

Fields of particular interest to the journal include (but not limited to):

Sport medicine

Sport and exercise physiology

Public health promotion

45 | P a g e
 Biomechanics

Sport and exercise biochemistry and nutrition

Sport and exercise psychology

Motor behavior

Coaching

Physical education

Traditional Chinese sports and wellbeing

Growth and maturation Elsevier(2012).

https://www.journals.elsevier.com/journal-of-sport-and-health-science

Security Models in Mega Sport Events between Safety and Human Rights

From this perspective, sport mega-events (SMEs) have become global occasions

of economic, political, and social importance, for its impact on tourism (Degen,

2004; Euchner, 1999), and international status (Ahlert, 2006). To observe the

aspects of SMEs, social development and cultural politics were delighted by

(Close, Askew, & Xin, 2006; Marivoet, 2006; Roche, 2000, 2003;Whitson &

Horne, 2006). Sport mega-event security, in itself, is a complex assemblage of

social control mechanisms that is undergoing profound change, notably in terms

of costs, personnel, the rising influence of private security, the perceived dangers

of terrorism, and the focus on indigenous crime (Giulianotti & Klauser, 2010).

We should be alert that critical infrastructure (CI) is a vital component to develop

any security strategy. This strategy must be based on continuous prevention

regardless if the event takes place, or not because the reduction of certain

46 | P a g e
pattern makes EMs more comfortable vis--vis the international instances.

International Sport Institutions (ISI; i.e., IOC, FIFA, NFL) coerce complying with

the basic requirements to hold an event, which give a packed confidence of

safety and security in mega events. However, prototypes must respect the

psychological states of spectators, because they are attending a show and

provide an excellent customer service in sport events. The security process in

the airports, for example, cannot be compared with the one of entering the

venues. Even if the physical objective and the manipulation are the same, the

traveler is somehow forced to make his/her trip; however, the sport spectator

attends the games for fun, and the security measures should not affect this

purpose and intervene with the human rights standards.

These norms are valid for different event sizes and for multiple levels of

broadcasting. According to Gibson (1998), event sport tourism refers to tourists

who travel to watch sporting events. Examples of event sport tourism may

include events, such as, the Olympic Games, World Cup, Professional Golf

Association (PGA) tournaments, and events related to professional sport teams

or top U.S. college basketball and football teams.

To frame the theory context of our study, we consider SME with two essential

grounds. First, the socially contested domain, that is develop the concept of the

security field, as derived particularly from the sociology of Bourdieu (1990, 1993,

pp. 72-76; see Wacquant, 1989), and as adapted and extended by Crossley

(2002, p. 674). Second, risk theories here would include the concept of reflexive

modernization (Beck, 1992; Lash, Szerszynski, &Wynne, 1996), Foucauldi an

47 | P a g e
thinking regarding new forms ofgovernmentality for shaping public actions (O

Malley,2004), and new perceptions or cultural senses of risk within late-modern

societies (Boyne, 2003; Lupton, 1999; Slovic, 2000; Tulloch, 2006). Risk theory

in this regard helps to clarify and to explicate a wide range of social processes

associated with sport mega-event securitization: for example, how specific

security risks and risk groups are identified by relevant stakeholders at different

sport mega-events, how security institutions(both public and private) implement

specific risk-management techniques within particular contexts and how risk

legacies remain in post sport mega-event contexts (Giulianotti & Klauser, 2010).

Critical Infrastructure

Moteff & Parfomak (2004) define critical infrastructure as systems and assets,

whether physical or virtual, so vital to the United States that the incapacity or

destruction of such systems and assets would have a debilitating impact on

security, national economic security, national public health or safety, or any

combination of these matters. As such, critical infrastructure is a highly complex

phenomenon. In fact, critical infrastructure for sport venues is interconnected with

other systems: facilities, technologies, networks, assets and services essential to

the health, safety, security, or economic well-being of citizens, and the effective

functioning of government. That is why, it is necessary for sport managers to be

updated with the protection strategies provided by the government; unfortunately,

few sporting event organizers use strategic risk management plans. The main

hindrance appears to be a lack of information and expertise available on risk

management for sporting events. Risk management plans varied to a large

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extent, which may be due to the absence of accepted national standards for

managing risk for sporting events and to the heterogeneous nature of sporting

events (Eisenhauer, 2005).

The major gap in CI lies in the difference in security strategies between the public

sector managed by the government and the private sector owned by individuals

or institutions. Whereas, over 85 percent of the critical infrastructure in the

United States is controlled by the private sector(Forest, 2004), it seems that only

15 percent of the facility controlled by the government obeys to strict norms and

control.

Indeed, it is worth highlighting that the National Strategy and Action Plan for CI

establishes a risk-based approach for strengthening the resiliency and demands

billion of dollars. Sport facilities also need an enormous segment to mend its

vulnerabilities. It has been estimated that organizers of sporting events

worldwide spend over $2 billion perannum on security, although in years where

blanket security is required for major events,this figure can rise to $6 billion

(Coaffee & Wood, 2006).

Safety and Security in Mega Events

Governments fear terrorist attacks and political demonstrations during sport

mega events, mainly when we consider all Olympics have witnessed terrorist

threats, because there have been 168 terrorist attacks related to sport between

1972 and 2004 (Clark, 2004; Kennelly, 2005). Since 9/11,the increased threat

of terrorism has brought risk management to the forefront of mega-sport-event

49 | P a g e
planning and has resulted in a range of new security measures for sport

spectators and tougher safety standards for organizers (Toohey & Taylor, 2008).

More importantly, protecting CIs must endure with the effective training of staff

members and provide the necessary training to enhance performances in skill

development processes. Training should frame incidents management,risk

management and practices of protective measures, safety and security

strategies, and business continuity and recovery principles. As threats of

terrorism and political violence are often not only seen as to endanger the

athletes, spectators and local population but also as a symbolic and political

embarrassmentand hence financial risk for host nations and organizing

institutions (Giulianotti & Klauser, 2010).

Atkinson and Young (2002) provide a general explanation of the nexus between

sport and terrorism: for many reasons, individual terrorists or terrorist

organizations might find suitable targets in athletes participating in games,

spectators attending the events, or selected corporate sponsors of sports

contests. Especially in those situations where athletic contests draw sizable

international audiences in geographical settings already embroiled in strife, sport

can be utilized as a vehicle for political sparring and waging and disseminating

forms of political violence against others.

Whereas usually audiences attend sport mega events for a noble cause, such

as, to apprehend peace principals and to spread camaraderie among people

coming from all over the world. This kind of image gets disfigured in the presence

of a terrorist act, because an act of terrorism leads to the opposite facade of

50 | P a g e
peoples desire and turns the situation into a deeply dramatic scenario.

Researchers are actually focused on the link between sport events and terrorism;

most of these studies have been located in discourses of sport sociology,

psychology, and criminology, investigating the cognitive, affective, and overt

behavioral aspects of violence. Implications drawn for sport management have

primarily been associated with crowd control, risk management and athlete

management (Rubin, 2004; Whisenant,2003).(connect these lines)

For this particular reason, terrorists also plan their acts to get as much media

exposure as possible, thus giving attention to their cause(Whisenant, 2003). The

Olympics have grown with the increase of television broadcasting, it is logical

that terrorists will choose methods of mass destruction, such as bombings, and

target transport or places where people gather, such as sport stadia. These

reasons explain why mega sport events, such as the Olympic Games, are seen

as possible terrorist targets (Toohey andTaylor, 2008).

As a consequence, more recently, the Olympic security paradigm has shifted. It

now augments the rings of steel attitude, to one that has also encouraged

resilience, both physically and managerially, through more counter terrorism

measures and dispersing security responsibilities to different agencies and

governments, rather than just organizing committees(Coaffee & Wood, 2006).

First, security from the gate should prevent unauthorized entrance to the venue

and perform the following duties: keep prohibited items out of the venue, secure

perimeters around the venue, conduct security inspections, verify tickets and

authenticate credentials. This is a final check that follows extra-large security

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procedures: no fly zone, protecting access from water, precautions through

roads, control of high buildings, preventing electronic and internet attacks,

andsweeping all facilities designated to athletes, media people and spectators.

Indeed, in planning and executing an attack, terrorists spend a lot of time

selecting the target, analyzing and assessing opportunities and vulnerabilities as

well as conducting their own research to secure the attacks successful

execution. Considering the time frame and activities associated with hosting the

event, the threat to the World Cup starts with the building and renovation of sport

facilities. On a strategic level, being able to gain access to plans of stadiums and

actual access to facilities during the event takes time and careful planning, but

contributes to the success full execution of an attack (Botha, 2010).

Although infusing the event preparation with high level of security, such pact

could be the reason for jamming the host country to gain the organization,the

high expenses may be the cause for this failure. Johnson (2008) affirms that

successful security operations at recent games raise questions about whether

the high levels of expenditure are proportionate to the level of threat. The security

budget is often cited as a reason why many cities will not host the Games. It has

also been used by one city to justify their decision not to host the Winter

Olympics even after it had been awarded.

Customer Service in Sporting Venues

Enhancing customer service by event managers (EMs) is now included in the

requirements of human rights institutions, for spectators may not be treated as

criminals when attending a sport show. The moment of entering a game venue is

52 | P a g e
one of the most sensitive sensations for spectators. This feeling amplifies with

the size of the event; therefore, the more important the event is, the greater its

historical dimension becomes for the spectator. That is why, dealing with this

situation is delicate, because EMs aim at delivering excellent customer service

while ensuring strict security rules. Most researchers agree that one way that a

sport event can be differentiated from another event is on the basis of providing a

high quality of service. One could argue that it is the only way for event planners

to gain a competitive advantage (Dwyer & Fredline, 2008). The expectations of

spectators regarding the event service are associated with the importance of the

event itself and with the EM before preparing their customers for admittance

procedures to enter the venue. Therefore, providing the visitor with a superior

experience is based upon the event planners ability to help coordinate or provide

a bundle of high quality services that meet or exceed the expectations of the

guests visiting the city. Sport tourism is a service industry which is influenced by

the quality of services provided(Kouthouris & Alexandris, 2005).

Customer Satisfaction

Customer satisfaction is defined as a pleasurable fulfillment response toward a

good, service, benefit, or reward (Oliver, 1997). Customer satisfaction has been

considered as an interpreter of intentions to attend future sporting events (Cronin

et al., 2000; Kwon, Trail, &Anderson; 2005; Wakefield & Blodgett, 1996), it has

been understood in relation to service quality (Cronin & Taylor, 1992; Dobholkar,

Shepherd,& Thorpe, 2000; Parasuraman, Zeithaml, & Berry, 1994), and

increases the likelihood of enhanced customer loyalty (Cronin et al., 2000;

53 | P a g e
Oliver,1997). Greenwell et al. (2002) examined how customers perceptions of as

port facility within the context of service experience influence customer

satisfaction. The findings suggest the customers perceptions of the physical

facility were moderately associated with customer satisfaction.

Putting everyone who wanted access to the venue through a magnetic detector

and searching their bags (mag-and-bag) is actually quietly accepted because

sport customers know well that sport venues are not excluded from terrorist

attacks and everyone will be subject to airport-type security with mag-and-bag

and X-ray machines. These processes functioned according to an agreed level

of service; for example, a person queuing for security checking should not wait

longer than three minutes. The level of service achieved depended on allocating

adequate resources to that process, for example, by allocating 20mag-and-bag

security gates to a venue entry. (Beis et al., 2006).

Although event spectators recognize that these security measures are first

established for their protection, they are concerned about the class of people

dealing with them at the gates, spectators are undoubtedly anxious when treated

by police officers, or military soldiers. Therefore, the major concern of spectators

is no longer the way they have been welcomed, nor the security check time, it is

rather that civilians have to do with officials while attending a show. The recent

security procedures and techniques are far from being complex,for instance, in

terms of the Olympic Games, the variety of tactics used have included the

deployment of Olympic police and military units to dedicated Olympic units to

patrol the host city and country; the creation of Olympic Intelligence Centers to

54 | P a g e
monitor information and coordinate responses; the formation of international

Olympic Security task forces to share information between nations; the

increasing use of surveillance, including digital surveillance to augment people;

and the implementation of progressively more complex technology to prevent

unauthorized access (Johnson, 2008).

Service quality

Service quality is the conformity to the standard required by ISI. The organization

committee has a propensity to achieve all the requirements and to satisfy the

customers perceptions of that service. The consumer satisfaction literature views

these expectations as predictions about what is likely to happen during an

impending transaction, whereas the service quality literature views them as

desires or wants expressed by the consumer(Kandampully, 2002). Grnroos

(1984) defines service quality as the outcome of an evaluation process where

the consumer compares his expectations with the service he perceived he has

received.

Debates lay many concepts to measure service quality. Grnroos (1984)solicited

technical quality for what the consumer receives and functional quality to answer

how the consumer receives the service. Burns, Graefe, &Absher (2003) focused

on the disagreement whether the consumersdesires or ideal standard should

be measured.

Lehtinen and Lehtinen (1991) proposed two approaches to the analysis of

service quality and its dimensions. The first approach contains three dimensions

consisting of physical quality, interactive quality, and corporate quality. The

55 | P a g e
second approach to the analysis of service quality and its dimensions was

composed of two dimensions: process quality and output quality.

A positive experience for spectators let them return for future games. Therefore,

EMS make spectators enjoy spending time at the stadium. Various attributes are

crucial to attain the constancy of spectators in attending games: quality and

outcome of the game, cleanliness of the arena, security in the parking area, seat

location, parking location, and cleanliness of the restrooms (Kelley & Turley,

2001). However, venue access is actually a pillar in service quality. Venue

access is also different from an event to another and from a country system to

another and is mainly managed each time by staff, by civilian employees in the

reception, or by official security people.

According to Kelley & Turley (2001), service quality attributes are employees,

price, facility access, concessions, fan comfort, game experience, show time,

convenience, and smoking. The evaluation of service quality depends on

knowing and comparing price, employee action, ambiance stimulation, program

evaluation, privilege appreciation and security. Chelladurai and Chang (2000)

cite three targets of quality evaluations: a) the core service, b) the physical

context such as the physical facilities and equipment in which the service is

provided, and c) the interpersonal interactions in the performance of the service.

Authors classify service quality in special dimensions, but focus on the outcome

quality in determining the overall service quality with search and experience

outcome quality. Brady and Cronins (2001) model of service quality has three

primary dimensions: a) interaction quality, b) physical environment quality, and c)

56 | P a g e
outcome quality. Ko and Pastore (2004) propose a dimensional model of service

quality in the recreation industry composed of program quality, interaction quality,

and outcome quality.

Human Rights

Anti-terrorism laws in a democratic state ruled by law only serve their purpose if

they improve the ability of the state to defend itself against terrorist attacks,

without excessively restricting the civil rights of the citizens (Meyer, 2004). The

controversy over the balance between liberty and security highlights that

jeopardizing freedom for the sake of security creates the tension between

security policies and freedom security prevailing over liberty. The vague

definition of public order and thus what may breach it jeopardizes not only the

ideally equal implementation of the law in a given territory, but also the protection

of civil rights and liberties in that the consequent weakening of the principle of

legality entails that of the principle of proportionality and in some cases the

principle of accountability (Tsoukala, 2007).

Liberties are not established by the law and rules only, but are applied by agents

who may not conform their practices to those rules; it is not about a

misinterpretation but about entity philosophy of prioritiescategorization, while

the defenders of human rights see in this shift the symptom of an ongoing

redefinition of the power relations between the executive and the people or the

(re)positioning of the state and civil agents in the political and security fields (or

both), the executive branch refuses to see in it any jeopardizing of civil rights and

liberties (Tsoukala,2007).

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Besides economic and sport developments, a mega event serves as a historical

landmark and brings prestige and prosperity to the host country.Research into

mega-events and developing nations has been centered about questions of

development, place promotion, signaling, identity building and human rights and

political liberalization (Black and Bezanson 2004; Black and van der Westhuizen

2004).

Hosting sport mega events is the responsibility of the government. In case of

errors, such burden has been criticized from the international opinion and has

also been disparaged by domestic politicians. Because absolute security cannot

be attained, politicians worry about leaving gaps in prevention, because this

could have the side effect of making them take responsibility for the harms

inflicted the next time. Therefore, politicians tend to maximize their security

preparation, at the price of more restrictions on citizens freedoms and civil rights

than are necessary for effective prevention (Meyer, 2004).

The protection of human rights must be imbedded in the strategy for the effective

combat against terrorism and it cannot be successful safety if there is a lack of

respect for human beings and the values of freedom. The subject of counter-

terrorism and human rights has attracted considerable interest since the

establishment of the Counter-Terrorism Committee (CTC) in 2001. In Security

Council (2003) and later resolutions, the Council has said that States must

ensure that any measures taken to combat terrorism comply with all their

obligations under international law, and should adopt such measures in

58 | P a g e
accordance with international law, in particular international human rights,

refugee, and humanitarian law (CTC, 2003).

Precarious balance between security and freedom

The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (5th Amendment in the USA)

obliges the state to prove criminal behavior and not to take any action against a

person suspected of a crime, so everyone is presumed innocent until proven

guilty. Ashworth (1998) has rightly suggested that the notion of balance is a

rhetorical device of which one must be extremely wary. Balance is self-evidently

a worthy goal and, thus, acts as a substitute for real argument. Waldron (2003)

has identified a problematic connotation of quantity and precision in the language

of balance, including the assumption that the relation between security and

liberty is a zero-sum game.

Perhaps a separate definition of security and liberty cannot find an intersection

that satisfies both; however, we do not need to identify security with liberty. An

American hurdler explains, Every step you take, there are guards with machine

guns in the Olympic Village, I know theyre there to protect you, but its scary. Im

not used to it, so it makes me cringe a little bit. It wasnt like this at all in Sydney

(May, 2004).

Foucault (1991, 1997, 2000a, 2000b) has shown how liberalism enacts another

form of political rationality that sets mechanisms for a society of security in place

rather than resist the push to security in the name of liberty. Johnson (2008)

further supported: The Atlanta bombing demonstrated that massive security

investments cannot guarantee the safety of the publicAuthors, politicians,

59 | P a g e
managers, and philosophers have been conferring to challenge the idea of an

equilibrium between security and liberty to different political projects for the

shaping of the modern state, the value of security remained the same. The

difference between absolutism and liberalism is, therefore, not that where one

stresses security the other stresses liberty; the difference does not lie in the

tipping of a mythical balance between liberty and security in one direction rather

than another. Rather, the difference lies in the fact that absolutists saw no need

to identify security with liberty (Neocleous, 2007). Much of the discussion

concerning the theory and practices surrounding security centers on the

relationship between these and their consequences for liberty. Either explicitly or

implicitly, the assumption is that we must accept that we have to forgo a certain

amount of liberty in our desire for security. The general claim is that in seeking

security, states need to constantly limit the liberties of citizens, and that the

democratic society is one which has always aimed to strike the right balance

between liberty and security (Neocleous, 2007).

Is Vancouver 2010 a soft Model?

Security became the main condition to host the Olympic Games and other large

scale sporting events. Winning these games elections for any country is also

conditioned by the promotion of human rights and liberties, such events are great

occasions to push dictatorship regimes, leading to an improvement in the human

rights movement.

The human rights organization Human Rights Watch hopes, that the attention

China will get as a result of the Olympic Games will help to improve the human

60 | P a g e
rights situation (OG & HR, 2008). Gill &Worden (2009) state as an example:

Given the serious ongoing human rights concerns in Russia, we respectfully

reiterate our call for the IOC to establish a standing human rights committee or

similar mechanism to monitor the adherence by Olympic host countries to basic

human rights standards.

The venue of Salt Lake City Winter Games was heavily populated by officials

from the army, the police and many security companies. It is very understandable

that there is too much security because the Games were hosted a few months

after 9/11. The Athens security operations cost1 billion, and represented more

than 10% of the total direct costs. The expenditure was almost four times greater

than for Sydney. There were approximately twice as many security personnel

available in 2004 compared to the summer games four years before (Johnson,

2008). Athens2004 meant a higher level of security than ever before provided

for the games. However, unlike Greece, Italys Turin 2006 has more than

enough military personnel and special forces to deal with the threat of all possible

terrorist attacks, ranging from bombs to planes and even weapons of mass

destruction. The Chinese government in Beijing 2008 has implemented

extraordinary security measures, including the mobilization of the military.

Security has not been thought to require special justification because in many

ways it seems preferable to punishment (Zedner, 2003). The cited Olympics

were known as hard security models adoption,either the Games were after

9/11, or the political system is based on military management (i.e., China under a

communist regime).

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Vancouver Winter Games opted for what we call a mild security model because

the security company charged in flowing spectators to the venues (Contemporary

Security Canada) and used civilians to perform mag-and-bag and X-Ray

machines. Thus, spectators, while entering to watch the games, are not facing

military people or police officers (Figure 1). The secondlayer or belt is managed

by security supervisors. Then, the role of the police officer (third layer) comes in

case of prohibited items found with the intention to infiltrate the venue. In this

situation, a male factor is treated with the right corps, and human rights rule is

respected. The timing goal set up for the security procedures in the gate is thirty

seconds perspectator. The training of screeners, X-Ray operators, and their

supervisors was based on ensuring full security vocation while providing gentle

spectator access through their portals with the finest performances and an

excellent customer service. http://thesportjournal.org/article/security-models-in-

mega-sport-events-between-safety-and-human-rights-case-of-vancouver-2010/

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 CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH PROCEDURE AND METHODOLOGY

Research Design

In the study, the method uses by the researchers is descriptive and qualitative. It

provides true piece of information that the researchers know how to classify the

procedure of making a place Sports Tourism destination. It will be descriptive in

order to classify and talk about the procedure. Researchers will plan an interview

in Lucena City based on the problems and respondents will involve in Lucena

City. To describe and analyzing the attributes of sport events in Lucena City and

the variable will going to apply in the study.

Research Locale

The researcher will be conduct in Lucena City. The selected personnel and

officials the who will be the focus of the study, because of the ability to

accomplish and to get information on how the officials of this city can promote

Lucena City and convince the officials of Sports events that Lucena City is a

perfect place to be a Sports Tourism Destination.

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Sampling Research

The study used a purposive sampling technique and selecting respondents of the

study. The respondents are the employees of the Quezon Convention Center

and the athletes in Lucena City.

Research Instrument

Construct type of questionnaire was used in order to begin the study. It was

composed of four parts. It was written in English Language. First part is

determined the demographic profile of the athletes in Lucena City in terms of

age, gender, civil and the level of awareness in Sports Tourism. The second part

is about asking questions which regards to our study. And the third part is the

future plan to meet the goal of Lucena City being a Sports Tourism Destination in

Quezon province.

Respondent of the study

The respondents of the study will be the officials and personnel in charge in

Lucena City. This study will prove the assessment of Sport Tourism in Lucena

city. The research will have a total of 100 respondents. The people in Lucena

City who has enough knowledge in Sports Tourism can also be the respondents

in this study. We are getting as many as people who is aware in Sports to answer

all our questions and that can help us to make this proposal a successful one.

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Data Gathering Procedure

The researchers will conduct a letter for Offices of Lucena City and give to the

Dean for having an approval. The letter and the questionnaire will be check by

the thesis adviser. The researchers will conduct an interview to the respondents

of Lucena City as soon as possible.

The Researchers will going to conduct a survey by providing questionnaire to the

respondents. This questionnaire is composed of different parts that are related to

the topic which is Sports Tourism. Part 1 of the questionnaire composed of the

demographic profile of the respondents, Part 2 contains the strength and

weaknesses of Lucena City Sports Tourism in terms of sports facilities

accommodation and accessibility and Part 3 is about the what tourism Plan can

be proposed to develop Lucena City to be a Sports Tourism Destination.

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Statistical Treatment of Data

After all the data and questionnaires was completed, the data and questionnaires

were briefly reviewed, analyzed, coded and tallied. Data were presented in

graphs and tables

The formula:

P = f / n x 100

Where:

P = Percentage

F = Frequency

N = Total Number of Respondents

For the second part of the questionnaire, weighed mean was used in computing

the result of the responses in the prepared questionnaires. The formula for

weighed mean was:

=
where: mean

- sum of x

n number of sample

Where:

In order to arrive to definite interpretation of result for each item, mean range was

assigned on each scale thus:

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Scale Range Descriptive Analysis

Point Score Range Interval Verbal Description

5 4.21 5.00 Strongly Agree (SA)

4 3.41 - 4.20 Agree (A)

3 2.61 3.40 Uncertain (U)

2 1.81 2.60 Disagree (D)

1 1.00 1.80 Strongly Disagree (SD)

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 CHAPTER IV

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter comes out with the data gathered with the use of the

questionnaire from the different athletes in Lucena City. Data are presented in

tabular form for immediate analysis and interpretation.

Sub-Problem No. 1: What is the demographic profile of the respondents?

Table 1a

Demographic Profile of the Respondents

Variable Minimum Maximum Mean

Age 18 45 28.7

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 Table 1b

Percent

Variables Indicators Frequency age

Male 7 7%

Gender Female 93 93%

Total 100 100%

Single 59 59%

Civil Status Married 41 41%

Total 100 100%

High School Graduate 5 5%

Educational College (on schooling) 20 20%

Attainment College Graduate 75 75%

Total 100 100%

Table 1 shows the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of age,

gender, civil status and educational attainment.

In terms of age, the youngest respondent is 18 years old while the oldest

is 45 with the mean age of 28.7 years.

69 | P a g e
 In terms of gender, 7 or 7% of the total number of respondents were male,

while 93 or 93% or majority of the respondents were female.

In terms of civil status, majority of the respondents were single having a

frequency of 59 or 59% while 41 or 41% were married.

As to educational attainment, majority of the respondents were college

graduate having 75 or 75% of the total size of population. 20 or 20% were still

college students (on-schooling) while only 5 or 5% were high school graduates.

This means that most of the respondents were married. In terms of

educational attainment, most of them were college graduate. Majority of the

respondents of this research study were female.

Sub Problem No. 2 What are the respondents assessment to the different

sports tourist destination in Lucena Citys sports tourism in terms of its

basketball court/facilities, badminton court/facilities and swimming

pool/facilities?

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 Table 2a

Assessment of Different Sports Tourism in Lucena City

DESCRIPTIVE

BASKETBALL COURT/FACILITIES N MEAN MEANING

1. It is equipped with clocks, score sheets,

scoreboard(s), alternating possession arrows, and

whistle-operated stop-clock systems. 100 4.68 Strongly Agree

2. It can accommodate huge amount of audience

when there is sporting events. 100 3.2 Uncertain

3. The name and logo of the home team is usually

painted on or around the center circle. 100 1.79 Strongly Disagree

4. It has a rectangular, flat, hard surface, free from

obstructions. 100 4.19 Agree

5. Its light was in the right position so it will not hinder

the players and officials vision 100 4.59 Strongly Agree

6. It has facilities that include two medical stations for

first-aid purposes, one for athletes and one for the

public. 100 4.46 Strongly Agree

7. The surface of the playing area is perfectly level 100 4.98 Strongly Agree

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8. It has storage rooms that are large enough to hold

all the equipment necessary for the various sports 100 4.34 Strongly Agree

DESCRIPTIVE

BADMINTON COURT/FACILITIES N MEAN MEANING

1. It has excellent flooring made of Tara flex which

serves as a cushion. 100 1.81 Disagree

2. It has easily distinguishable and coloured white or

yellow lines marking out the court 100 4.21 Strongly Agree

3. It has effective illumination of the shuttlecock and

court markings to aid players and to assist match

officials in the execution of their duties 100 4.12 Agree

4. It has seated viewing area for spectators, waiting

players and team officials. 100 4.57 Strongly Agree

5. It has stretch enough net having a dark color with a

white cloth on top of it. 100 5 Strongly Agree

6. It has walls that are medium to dark shades with a

matt finish in order to contrast with the shuttlecock. 100 3.68 Agree

7. Its surface texture, color and reflectance value is

consistent over the full hall. 100 4.71 Strongly Agree

8. It is very accessible to tourists/athletes 100 5 Strongly Agree

72 | P a g e
 DESCRIPTIVE

SWIMMING POOL/FACILITIES N MEAN MEANING

1. The water is of sufficient clarity for the bottom of

the pool to be visible. 100 5 Strongly Agree

2. It has safety materials to minimize potential of

injury to person or equipment from stepping on or

tripping over electrical or speaker lines. 100 2.81 Uncertain

3. It has electronic officiating equipment that can be

able to display the rank order and scores for all

divers before and after each dive. 100 3.62 Agree

4. The springboards are provided with movable

fulcrums easily adjustable by the diver. 100 4.85 Strongly Agree

5. It has lane markings of a dark contrasting color,

placed on the floor of the pool in the center of each

lane. 100 5 Strongly Agree

6. It has electronic officiating equipment that records

the judges awards for each diver and determines

the final score for each dive as required. 100 4.22 Strongly Agree

7. It has an unobstructed view of the finish wall at all

times during the race/swimming competition. 100 4.5 Agree

73 | P a g e
8. High quality microphones and microphone stations 100 3.97 Agree

for announcements and ceremonies

The table above shows that in terms of lucena Citys basketball

court/facilities, highest mean rating of 4.98 was given to The surface of the

playing area is perfectly level which is within the range of strongly agree. It is

followed by It is equipped with clocks, score sheets, scoreboard(s), alternating

possession arrows, and whistle-operated stop-clock systems with a mean rating

of 4.68 which is within the range of strongly agree. Next to it is its light was in the

right position so it will not hinder the players and officials vision with a mean

rating of 4.59 which is within the range of Strongly Agree. It is followed by It has

facilities that include two medical stations for first-aid purposes, one for athletes

and one for the public with a mean rating of 4.46 which is within the range of

strongly agree. Next is It has storage rooms that are large enough to hold all the

equipment necessary for the various sports with a mean rating of 4.34 which is

within the range of strongly agree. It is followed by It has a rectangular, flat, hard

surface, free from obstructions with a mean rating of 4.19 which is within the

range of agree. Next to it is it can accommodate huge amount of audience when

there is sporting events with a mean rating of 3.2 which is within the range of

uncertain. The last is the name and logo of the home team is usually painted on

or around the center circle that got the lowest mean rating of 1.79 which is within

the range of strongly disagrees.

74 | P a g e
 In terms of Lucena Citys badminton court/facilities, it has stretch enough

net having a dark color with a white cloth on top of it and It is very accessible to

tourists/athletes both got highest mean rating of 5 which is within the range of

strongly agree. It is being followed by its surface texture, color and reflectance

value is consistent over the full hall with a mean rating of 4.71 which is within the

range of strongly agree. Next is it has seated viewing area for spectators, waiting

players and team officials with a mean rating of 4.57 which is within the range of

strongly agree. It is followed by It has easily distinguishable and coloured white

or yellow lines marking out the court with a mean rating of4.21 which is within the

range of strongly agree. Next is it has effective illumination of the shuttlecock and

court markings to aid players and to assist match officials in the execution of their

duties with a mean rating of 4.12 which is within the range of agree. Next is It has

walls that are medium to dark shades with matt finish in order to contrast with the

shuttlecock with a mean rating of 3.68 which is within the range of agree. The

last one is It has excellent flooring made of Tara flex which serves as a cushion

that got the lowest mean rating of 1.81 which is within the range of disagree.

In terms of swimming pool/facilities, The water is of sufficient clarity for the

bottom of the pool to be visible and It has lane markings of a dark contrasting

color, placed on the floor of the pool in the center of each lane both got the

highest mean rating of 5 which is within the range of strongly agree. It is followed

by The springboards are provided with movable fulcrums easily adjustable by the

diver with a mean rating of 4.85 which is within the range of strongly agree. It is

followed by It has an unobstructed view of the finish wall at all times during the

75 | P a g e
race/swimming competition with a mean rating of 4.5 which is within the range of

strongly agree. It is followed by It has electronic officiating equipment that

records the judges awards for each diver and determines the final score for each

dive as required with a mean rating of 4.22 which is within the range of strongly

agree. Next is High quality microphones and microphone stations for

announcements and ceremonies with a mean rating of 3.97 which is within the

range of agree. It is followed by It has electronic officiating equipment that can be

able to display the rank order and scores for all divers before and after each dive

with a mean rating of 3.62 which is within the range of agree. The last on that got

the lowest mean rating of 2.81 is It has safety materials to minimize potential of

injury to person or equipment from stepping on or tripping over electrical or

speaker lines with a lowest mean rating of 2.81 which is within the range of

uncertain.

Based on findings, there are three variables that got the highest mean

rating of 5, they were The surface of the playing area is perfectly level which is

within the range of strongly agree which came from Basketball court/facilities

category while the other two were The water is of sufficient clarity for the bottom

of the pool to be visible and It has lane markings of a dark contrasting color,

placed on the floor of the pool in the center of each lane which came from

swimming category.

76 | P a g e
 PROPOSED PLAN

Project Title: DEVELOPING LUCENA CITY AS A SPORTS TOURISM

DESTINATION

Project Scope: Lucena City, Quezon

Project Status: This is a continuous project.

Project Beneficiaries: For the tourist, local community and the city itself.

Project Background:

Development of sports tourism and facilities in the City of Lucena by

means of identifying its strengths and weaknesses and provide proposed plan to

enhance the present sports tourism which the City has.

Project Justification:

Lucena City sports tourism needs to maintain its sports facilities.

There is a need for improvement of their badminton court because it doesnt

have excellent flooring made of Tara flex which serves as a cushion, since it is

convenient, non-slip and fitted for badminton.

Project Objectives:

a.) identify the strengths and weaknesses of Lucena Sports Tourism

b.) Provide proposed plan to developed sports tourism

c.) Enhance the image of Lucena City trough Sports Tourism.

77 | P a g e
Project Description:

The project will be conducted with the help of local government unit in

the community especially the athletes of Lucena City.

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 CHAPTER V

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

This chapter presents the summary of findings of study. Conclusion and

recommendation are also presented based on the findings and interpretations

after the analysis of collected data.

Sub- Problem 1: Sub-Problem No. 1: What is the demographic profile of the

respondents?

In terms of age, the youngest respondent is 18 years old while the oldest

is 45 with the mean age of 28.7 years.

In terms of gender, 7 or 7% of the total number of respondents were male,

while 93 or 93% or majority of the respondents were female.

In terms of civil status, majority of the respondents were single having a

frequency of 59 or 59% while 41 or 41% were married.

As to educational attainment, majority of the respondents were college

graduate having 75 or 75% of the total size of population. 20 or 20% were still

college students (on-schooling) while only 5 or 5% were high school graduates.

This means that most of the respondents were married. In terms of

educational attainment, most of them were college graduate. Majority of the

respondents of this research study were female.

79 | P a g e
Sub Problem No. 2 What are the respondents assessment to the different

sports tourist destination in Lucena Citys sports tourism in terms of its basketball

court/facilities, badminton court/facilities and swimming pool/facilities?

Based on findings, there are three variables that got the highest mean

rating of 5, they were The surface of the playing area is perfectly level which is

within the range of strongly agree which came from Basketball court/facilities

category while the other two were The water is of sufficient clarity for the bottom

of the pool to be visible and It has lane markings of a dark contrasting color,

placed on the floor of the pool in the center of each lane which came from

swimming category.

Sub-problem No. 3: What sports tourism plan can be proposed to develop

Lucena City to be a sports tourism destination?

In terms of the basketball court/facilities of Lucena City, it should be

maintain since most of the respondents assessments were positive. As to its

badminton Court/facilities, majority of the respondents has negative impact with

regards to the flooring of the badminton court. Most of the badminton courts in

Lucena is made up of concrete flooring. This is NOT acceptable for the playing of

Badminton and injuries can be caused with this type of floor. This type of floor

can be improved by covering the existing hard floor. Taraflex flooring is

convenient, non-slip and fitted for badminton since it reduces the shock from

jumping by as much as 45%. For this reason, any international badminton court

80 | P a g e
would have taraflex flooring. With regards to swimming pool, it should have

safety materials to minimize potential injury to person or equipment from stepping

on or tripping over electrical or speaker lines.

CONCLUSIONS

Based on the findings, the following conclusions were drawn:

1. Safety materials of swimming pool/facilities to minimize potential of injury to

person or equipment from stepping on or tripping over electrical or speaker

lines were uncertain to majority of the respondent.

2. Badminton court/facilities were very accessible to tourists and athletes which is

one of the strengths of this sports tourism of Lucena City.

3. Badminton court doesnt have excellent flooring made of Tara flex which

serves as a cushion.

RECOMMENDATION

Based on the findings and conclusions, the researcher recommends the

following:

1. Since it was found out from this research study that badminton court doesnt

have excellent flooring made of Tara flex which serves as a cushion, the

researcher recommends to the local government of Lucena City to take into

consideration the application of Taraflex flooring since it is convenient, non-slip

81 | P a g e
and fitted for badminton since it reduces the shock from jumping by as much

45%.

2. With regards to swimming pool, it should have safety materials to minimize

potential injury to person or equipment from stepping on or tripping over

electrical or speaker lines.

Implication of the Study

The benefit of our study to the people especially the local community of the

Lucena City is they will be able to know the details and requirements needed by

the City to meet the standards of being a sports tourism destination. As well as

they will be able to identify on what particular sports tourism they have that needs

to enhanced to serve better the tourist and athletes. By means of this, they may

now have plans/strategies on how to develop the City into a sports tourism

destination. This may bring opportunity to the people through promoting and

establishing small businesses especially during sports fest/competition that will

be held on the City.

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 References:

Journal:

Huggins, Mike (2013) Journal of Tourism History

Schuman Michael, Time Magazine 2012, pp. 36-41

Online Sources:

Bkemann, D. (1989). Bewegungsraum und Sporttourismus Zur Herstellung

und Vermark-

tung von Sportmilieus am Beispiel des Skilaufs. In K. Dietrich & K.

Heinemann

(Eds.), Der nicht-sportliche Sport (211-224). Schorndorf.

Buerki, R. et al. (2003). Climate Change and Wintersports, 5

(http:www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1755182X.2013.828782)

http://www.mccidonline.net/abilympicsphil/background.htm

.kkim@semo.edu

http://search.proguest.com/pgrl/docview/1621829779/2FD3E5EC157A4D60PQ/9

?accountid=36184MSEUF LIBRARY EXPRESS WORK

http://www.apa.org/international/pi/2012/10/un-matters.aspx

http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14775085.2013.766528

https://www.easm.net/download/2006/fa3a6ad4af8e501ea51b1b7ba7ce2192.pdf

http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14775085.2017.1313706

http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14775085.2017.1313706

83 | P a g e
http://www.guardian.co.tt/sport/2015-03-02/sport-tourism-powerful-tool

https://uwspace.uwaterloo.ca/bitstream/handle/10012/9812/McComie_Kenwyn_P

eter.pdf;sequence=3

http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14775085.2016.1262275

http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14775085.2010.498261

http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14775085.2011.635017

http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1743873X.2014.904320

http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17430430500102150

http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14775080701654762

http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14775085.2016.1229212

http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1477508042000320250

http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13032917.2017.1308388#metrics-

content

http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/16184740500190652

84 | P a g e
APPENDICES

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 APPENDIX A

Letter of Transmittal for Gathering Data

March 21, 2017

Dear Sir/Maam

Greetings!

We, the 3rd Year Bachelor of Science in Tourism Management (BSTM) students
of the Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation, Lucena City are currently taking
up the subject Tourism Research, Methods and Techniques (TR1110). We are
presently conducting an Undergraduate thesis entitled Quezon Convention
Center as a center of sport tourism in Quezon Province.
Our research studies aims to;
a) To improve the accommodation of Lucena City to the big sports events.
b) To determine the local residents respond and appreciate the sport events
that held in Lucena City
c) To be able to increase tourist demand in Lucena City through Sports
Tourism
d) To be able to know the capability of the city of Lucena when it comes to
handling big events such as sports events.

In order to gather data for this study, we are requesting you to please answer our
questionnaire.
Thank you very much.

Respectfully Yours,

Anna Michelle C. Briones Whelmari Lyka A. Capuz

Researcher Researcher

Noted by:

Mrs. Sheryl Mae M. Drio

Adviser

Dr. Maricel D. Herrera

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Acting Dean of CTHRM

INFORMED CONSENT

In signing this document I am giving my consent to answer the questionnaire of

the student researchers from Manuel s. Enverga University Foundation, Lucena
City. I understand that I will be a part of a study that will focus on the research
about the Developing Lucena City as a Sport Tourism Destination. This study
being done to determine the Developing Lucena City as a sport tourism
destination in the province specifically to (1) the demographic profile of the
respondents; (2) the strength and weaknesses of Lucena Citys sport tourism; (3)
sport tourism plan can be proposed to develop Lucena City
I understand that I will be answering the questionnaire at a time convenient to
me. I will be asked some question about the Developing of Lucena City in terms
of facilities in sport, the strength and weaknesses of Lucena City. I also
understand that the researchers questionnaire will consist of question and
certain information relative to the Developing Lucena City as a sport tourism
destination.
The answering of the questionnaire was granted freely. I have been informed that
this is entirely voluntary, and that even after my permission to answer begins I
can refuse to answer any specific questions or decide to terminate the answering
of the questionnaire at any point. I have been told that my answers to all the
question will not be given to anyone else and no reports of this study will ever be
identify me in any way. I have also been informed that my participation or
nonparticipation or refusal to answer questions will have no effect to me or any
member of my family.
I understand that I will be informed of the results of this research if I ask for them
and that Ms. Anna Michelle C. Briones and Ms. Whelmari Lyka A. Capuz are the
persons to contact if I have any questions about the study or about my right as a
study participant. I was informed that they can be reached through this number
0912-425-1410 or 0912-628-4024.

_________________________
Date Respondents Signature

_________________________
Researchers Signature
87 | P a g e
 QUESTIONNAIRE ON THE DEVELOPING LUCENA CITY AS A SPORTS

TOURISM DESTINATION

PART I. DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE OF RESPONDENTS

This part focuses on the personal profile of the respondents.

Instruction: please read all the items. Put check (/) which corresponds to your

choice, and write your answers on the blank.

NAME : _______________________________

AGE : _____________

GENDER :

____ FEMALE

____ MALE

CIVIL STATUS:

____ SINGLE

____ MARRIED

____ WIDOWED

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

____ High School Graduate

____ College (on-schooling)

____ College Graduate

88 | P a g e
 PART II. What are the strengths and weaknesses of Lucena Citys sports tourism
in terms of Basketball, badminton, swimming facilities
Directions: Below are the statements that deal with the different strengths and
weaknesses of Lucena City sports tourism. Kindly use the set of answers below
to indicate how true each statement is as far as you are concerned. Put a check
on the column that represents your answers.

5 Strongly Agree 4 Agree 3 Moderately Agree 2-Disagree 1 Strongly

Disagree

BASKETBALL COURT/FACILITIES 5 4 3 2 1
1. It is equipped with clocks, score sheets,
scoreboard(s), alternating possession arrows, and
whistle-operated stop-clock systems.

2. It can accommodate huge amount of audience

when there is sporting events.

3. The name and logo of the home team is usually

painted on or around the center circle.
4. It has a rectangular, flat, hard surface, free from
obstructions.
5. Its light was in the right position so it will not hinder
the players and officials vision
6. It has facilities that include two medical stations for
first-aid purposes, one for athletes and one for the
public.
7. The surface of the playing area is perfectly level
8. It has storage rooms that are large enough to hold
all the equipment necessary for the various sports

89 | P a g e
 BADMINTON COURT/FACILITIES 5 4 3 2 1
1. It has excellent flooring made of Tara flex which
serves as a cushion.
2. It has easily distinguishable and coloured white or
yellow lines marking out the court
3. It has effective illumination of the shuttlecock and
court markings to aid players and to assist match
officials in the execution of their duties

4. It has seated viewing area for spectators, waiting

players and team officials.
5. It has stretch enough net having a dark color with a
white cloth on top of it.
6. t has walls that are medium to dark shades with a
matt finish in order to contrast with the shuttlecock.
7. Its surface texture, color and reflectance value is
consistent over the full hall.
8. It is very accessible to tourists/athletes

90 | P a g e
 SWIMMING POOL/FACILITIES 5 4 3 2 1
1. The water is of sufficient clarity for the bottom of
the pool to be visible.

2. It has safety materials to minimize potential of

injury to person or equipment from stepping on or
tripping over electrical or speaker lines.
3. It has electronic officiating equipment that can be
able to display the rank order and scores for all
divers before and after each dive.
4. The springboards are provided with movable
fulcrums easily adjustable by the diver.

5. It has lane markings of a dark contrasting color,

placed on the floor of the pool in the center of each
lane.
6. It has electronic officiating equipment that records
the judges awards for each diver and determines
the final score for each dive as required.
7. It has an unobstructed view of the finish wall at all
times during the race/swimming competition.
8. High quality microphones and microphone stations
for announcements and ceremonies

PART III. What sports tourism plan can be proposed to develop Lucena City to
be a sports tourism destination?

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96 | P a g e
97 | P a g e
ANNA MICHELLE C. BRIONES

Barangay. Sta. Rosa Mulanay, Quezon

09124251410

annamichellebriones@yahoo.com

Career Objective: To obtain a position in the field of Hospitality

Management that would best fit my qualification and

to explore other skills that will enhance my

personality.

Academic Background:

Tertiary : 3rd year Bachelor of Science in Tourism Management

Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation

Ibabang Dupay, Lucena City

2014- Present

Secondary: Bondoc Peninsula Agricultural High School

Barangay, Sta. Rosa Mulanay, Quezon

2010- 2014

Elementary: Mulanay Central School

Poblacion 2, Mulanay, Quezon

2005-2010

Training Courses, Conferences, and Seminar

11th Annual National Students Congress, MSEUF, Lucena City, February

24, 2017

98 | P a g e
 Tourism Research: Let Us Write Together, Doa Rosario Coffee Shop,

MSEUF, Lucena City, February 2, 2017

Ika-Limang Pamana ng Quezonarya Quezon Kulinarya Congress-

November 17, 2016

Green Tourism: The Forest and the Environment- October 27, 2016

3rd Annual Tourism and Hospitality Student Research Conference-

September 19-21, 2016

10th Annual National Tourism Student Congress- February 27, 2016

Personality Development & Customer Service Orientation and Tour

Guiding Techniques Training Workshop - January 2016

26th Philippine Travel Mart- September 2015

CraftEd- March 2015

9th Annual National Tourism Student Congress- February 28, 2015

E- Program- January 28, 2015

El Turismo Society Team building Huddle Time- October 6, 2014

Leadership Seminar- October 4, 2014

99 | P a g e
Achievements

Most Outstanding student in Culinary Arts Lecture- March 18, 2015

Most Outstanding student in Principle Safety, Sanitation, and Hygiene-

December 18, 2014

Passing in Food Processing NCII- April 2014

2nd Runner up in Domestic Tour Guiding

Affiliation

Union of Filipino Tourism Student

June 2015-present

Personal Information

Birthdate : April 16, 1998

Birthplace : Barangay, Sta. Rosa Mulanay, Quezon

Sex : Female

Height : 52

Weight : 52

Religion : Roman Catholic

Skills : Flexible, Leadership skills that can manage multiple priorities

and work as a team and highly motivated self-starter who

takes initiative with minimal supervision.

100 | P a g e
Character References

PROF. MARICEL D. HERRERA

Acting Dean

College of Tourism, Hotel and Restaurant Management

MSEUF, Lucena City

PROF. SHERYL MAE M. DRIO

Tourism Professor

College of Tourism, Hotel and Restaurant Management

MSEUF, Lucena City

PROF. JENIFER B. REYES

Tourism Professor

College of Tourism, Hotel and Restaurant Management

MSEUF, Lucena City

I hereby certify that the above information are true and correct to be the

best of my knowledge.

_________________________

ANNA MICHELLE C. BRIONES

Applicant

101 | P a g e
CAPUZ, WHELMARI LYKA A.

Blk.16 Lot 26 St. Jude Phase II-B

Barangay Mayao Crossing, Lucena City, Philippines
Contact No. +63 912 628 4024
Email: lykacapuz@yahoo.com

OBJECTIVE
To welcome every opportunity to grow and apply those at work in order to
provide excellent quality service to Tourism Industry

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

COLLEGE: MANUEL S. ENVERGA UNIVERSITY FOUNDATION

Bachelor of Science in Tourism Management
University Village, Site, Lucena City, Philippines.

SECONDARY: MANUEL S. ENVERGA UNIVERSITY FOUNDATION

University Village, Site, Lucena City, Philippines.
2010-2014

ELEMENTARY: ELVIRA RAZON RAZON ARANILLA ELEMENTARY

SCHOOL
Brgy. Ibabang Dupay, Lucena City, Philippines.
2003-2010

102 | P a g e
SEMINARS AND TRAININGS ATTENDED

Tour Guiding Training (Department of Tourism)

Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation

February 11-13, 2016

26th Philippine Travel Mart, Philippine Tour Operator

Association(PHILTOA)
SMX Convention Center Manila, Mall of Asia Complex, Pasay City

September 5, 2015

9th Annual National Tourism Students Congress

University of Batangas, Kumintang Ilaya Batangas City

February 28, 2014

Leadership Training Summit

Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation

November 28-29, 2014

El Tourismo Society Team Building Huddle Time

Bukid Resort, Lucena City

October 6, 2014

MSEUF Leadership Seminar

St. Bonaventure Student Center MSEUF Lucena City

October 4. 2014

103 | P a g e
ACHIEVEMENTS

Manuel S. Enverga Univesity Foundation

Binibining Nutrisyon 2015 July 31, 2015
Latin Dance Sport Competition (3rd placer) September 24, 2015
Ms. Intramurals (1st runner up) September 14, 2014
Active Dance Troupe Member March 27, 2014
Best in Conduct August 23, 2013
Best in English Advocate August 23, 2013

Elvira Razon Aranilla Elementary School

Ms. Foundation September 17, 2010
Lire Band Member March 18, 2007
Binibining Kalikasan 2005 (1st Runner Up)

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Sex Female
Age 18 years old
Birth Date December 25, 1997
Birth Place Manila, Philippines
Height 53
Weight 48kg
Civil Status Single
Nationality Filipino
Language Filipino, English, Nihongo(Japanese)
Religion Roman Catholic
Fathers Name Emmanuel Capuz
Occupation Family Business

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Mothers Name Maricel Capuz
Occupation Family Business

CHARACTER REFERENCE

MARICEL D. HERRERA
Dean
College of Tourism Hotel and Restaurant Management
Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation
Lucena City
(042) 373-6122

SHERYL MAE MALIWAT DRIO

Tourism Professor
College of Tourism Hotel and Restaurant Management
Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation
0998-550-9377

Mr. RONALD ALLAN LIM

Manager/ Chef at Rogelios Restaurant
Professor in Culinary Arts Laboratory
Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation
+63909175121596

This is to certify that the above information are true and correct to the best of
my knowledge.

WHELMARI LYKA CAPUZ

Applicant

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