A) Transport is an indispensable piece of nowadays lifestyle.

The opportunity to travel short and long separations opens

the skylines for self-awareness and expert exercises,
builds the alternatives for recreation and occasions, and
permits better contact and comprehension between
individuals. Attributable to its adaptability, street transport
is a noteworthy transport mode, and autos are objects of
craving and pride in numerous social orders. Tragically,
these positive perspectives are nearly connected with the
dangers to nature and human health brought about by
transport, especially street transport. One of the main
concerns is the unfriendly impact on health of air
contamination radiated by transport. Explore in late
decades reliably shows that outside air contamination
hurts health, and the confirmation focuses to air
contamination that stems from transport as a critical
patron.
A huge number of air contaminants of varying
poisonous quality originates from street transport. These
contaminants start from the tailpipes of vehicles with
interior ignition motors, from other vehicle segments, (for
example, brake and grip linings and cushions, tires and
fuel tanks), and from street surface wear and treatment
materials. Street activity can be named the most vital
hotspot for a few poisons of awesome concern, for
example, nitrogen oxides, benzene and carbon monoxide.
Burning contamination can hurt us when it gathers
noticeable all around in sufficiently high focuses. A huge
number of Malaysians live in regions where urban exhaust
cloud, molecule contamination, and harmful poisons
posture genuine health concerns. Individuals presented to
sufficiently high levels of certain air contaminations may
encounter disturbance of the eyes, nose, and throat,
Wheezing, hacking, trunk snugness, and breathing
challenges, Worsening of existing lung and heart issues,
for example, asthma, and expanded danger of heart
assault. What's more, long haul presentation to air
contamination can bring about malignancy and harm to
the invulnerable, neurological, conceptive, and respiratory
frameworks. In outrageous cases, it can even bring about
death.
Acid rain is precipitation containing destructive
measures of nitric and sulfuric acids. These acids are
shaped basically by nitrogen oxides and sulfur oxides
discharged into the environment when fossil fills are
copied. These acids tumble to the Earth either as wet
precipitation (rain, snow, or haze) or dry precipitation (gas
and particulates). Some are conveyed by the twist, now
and again several miles. In nature, acid rain harms trees
and causes soils and water bodies to acidify, making the
water unsatisfactory for some fish and other untamed life.
It likewise speeds the rot of structures, statues, and
figures that are a piece of our national legacy. Acid rain
has harmed, lakes, waterways, and soils, prompting to
harmed natural life and the woods.
Meanwhile from utility wise, it can be said that the
requirement for electricity era to be perfect and safe has
never been more self-evident. Natural and health results
of electricity era are critical issues, nearby the
moderateness of the power which is delivered. The
smoldering of oil and other fossil energizes is accepted to
add to the 'Greenhouse Effect' or a worldwide temperature
alteration. Amid burning, the response amongst coal and
the air produces oxides of carbon, including carbon dioxide
(CO2, a critical greenhouse gas), oxides of sulfur (for the
most part sulfur dioxide) (SO2), and different oxides of
nitrogen (NOx). The Earth's normal temperature relies on
upon the net contribution of vitality from the Sun and the
vitality re-transmitted from the Earth's surface.
Greenhouse here alludes to the impact of certain follow
gasses in the Earth's air so that long-wave radiation, for
example, warm from the world's surface is caught. A
development of greenhouse gasses, quite CO2, seems, by
all accounts, to be bringing on a warming of the
atmosphere in many parts of the world, which will bring
about changes in climate designs. A great part of the
greenhouse impact is because of carbon dioxide.
Worldwide environmental change. The Earth's
environment contains a fragile adjust of normally
happening gasses that trap a portion of the sun's warmth
close to the Earth's surface. This "greenhouse impact"
keeps the Earth's temperature stable. Sadly, proof is
mounting that people have bothered this characteristic
adjust by creating a lot of some of these greenhouse
gasses, including carbon dioxide and methane.
Accordingly, the Earth's climate gives off an impression of
being catching a greater amount of the sun's warmth,
making the Earth's normal temperature rise a marvel
known as an Earth-wide temperature boost. There is
likewise worry about rising temperatures of the seas and
the expansion in acidity because of more carbon dioxide
dissolving in the seas. Numerous researchers trust that an
unnatural weather change could clearly affect human
health, farming, water assets, woods, untamed life, and
waterfront zones.
Industrial activities normally causes haze or fogs. Fog
is brought about when daylight experiences minor
contamination particles noticeable all around. Dimness
darkens the clarity, shading, surface, and type of what we
see. Some cloudiness bringing about poisons (for the most
part fine particles) are specifically transmitted to the
climate by sources, for example, control plants,
mechanical offices, trucks and cars, and development
exercises. Others are framed when gasses transmitted to
the air, (for example, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides)
shape particles as they are conveyed downwind.
There are also consequences for natural life. Harmful
contaminations noticeable all around, or saved on soils or
surface waters, can affect natural life in various ways. Like
people, creatures can encounter health issues in the event
that they are presented to adequate convergences of air
toxics after some time. Constant poisonous air toxins
(those that separate gradually in the earth) are of specific
worry in amphibian biological systems. These toxins
collect in silt and may bio amplify in tissues of creatures at
the highest point of the natural way of life to focuses
ordinarily higher than in the water or air.
Ozone is a gas that happens both at ground-level and
in the Earth's upper environment, known as the
stratosphere. At ground level, ozone is a contamination
that can hurt human health. In the stratosphere, in any
case, ozone frames a layer that shields life on earth from
the sun's hurtful bright (UV) beams. Be that as it may, this
"great" ozone is step by step being pulverized by man-
made chemicals alluded to as ozone-exhausting
substances, including halons, hydrochlorofluorocarbons,
and chlorofluorocarbons. These substances were utilized in
the past and still once in a while are utilized as a part of
coolants, frothing operators, fire quenchers, solvents,
pesticides, and vaporized charges. Diminishing of the
defensive ozone layer can cause more UV radiation to
penetrate into the Earth, which can prompt to more
 instances of skin disease, waterfalls, and weakened
immune system. UV can likewise harm touchy products,
for example, soybeans. Air contamination can harm
harvests and trees in an assortment of ways. Ground-level
ozone can prompt to diminishments in agrarian product
and business woods yields, lessened development and
survivability of tree seedlings, and expanded plant
vulnerability to illness, bugs and other ecological burdens,
(for example, brutal climate). As portrayed above,
products and woods harm can likewise come about
because of acid rain and from expanded UV radiation
created by ozone exhaustion.

IV) / V)
CO2
The expanding levels of carbon dioxide are bringing on a
greater amount of the Sun's vitality to be held in the Earth's
environment, which can then be exchanged to land and water
surfaces, thus a dangerous atmospheric warming impact. Not to
forget it is also the most abundant greenhouse gasses. Carbon
dioxide is a feebly acidic gas and sensitive environments can be
influenced by bringing down the pH e.g. the intricate
biodiversity of a coral reef. As the amount of CO 2 in air rises it
can bring about migraines, discombobulating, disarray and loss
of focus.

N2

At the point when nitrogen amount are sufficiently high to

decrease the accessible oxygen beneath 19.5 percent, the
fixation can cause fast suffocation. Oxygen levels underneath
10 percent can bring about sudden faint. Lack of oxygen
produces dizyness, cerebral pains, queasiness, regurgitating,
sleepiness, fractiousness and confusion. On the off chance that
the circumstance is not cured rapidly, it can be deadly. Nitrates
and nitrites, particles made up of nitrogen and oxygen, can
diminish the measure of oxygen in the blood, meddle with
thyroid organ capacity and cause an inadequacy of vitamin A.
They likewise shape nitro amines which are a main source of
cancer.

SO2

Concentrated amount of sulfur dioxide (SO2) influence

breathing and may disturb existing respiratory and
cardiovascular ailment. This highly dangerous to those who
especially having breathing sicknees such as asthma, bronchitis
and so on. SO2 is likewise an essential donor to corrosive rain,
which causes fermentation of lakes and streams and can harm
trees, crops, memorable structures and statues. What's more,
sulfur mixes noticeable all around add to perceivability
disability in huge parts of the nation. This is particularly
recognizable in national parks. Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is
discharged basically from copying fills that contains sulfur (like
coal, oil and diesel fuel). Stationary sources, for example, coal-
and oil-terminated power plants, steel factories, refineries,
mash and paper plants, and nonferrous smelters are the
biggest releasers.

VI)

CO

Healthy people are likewise influenced, however just at

more elevated amounts of exposure. Exposure to raised CO
levels is connected with visual debilitation, diminished work
limit, lessened manual aptitude, poor learning capacity, and
trouble in performing complex assignments. Carbon monoxide
enters the circulation system and decreases oxygen
conveyance to the body's organs and tissues. The health
danger from lower levels of CO is most genuine for the
individuals who experience the ill effects of coronary illness,
similar to angina, stopped up veins, or congestive heart
disappointment. For a man with coronary illness, a solitary
exposure to CO at low levels may bring about trunk torment
and decrease that individual's capacity to work out rehashed
exposures may add to other cardiovascular impacts.
High levels of CO can influence even healthy individuals.
Individuals who inhale abnormal amounts of CO can create
vision issues, lessened capacity to work or learn, diminished
manual ability, and trouble performing complex assignments. At
to a great degree abnormal states, CO is harmful and can bring
about death. CO adds to the development of exhaust cloud,
ground-level ozone, which can trigger genuine respiratory
issues. Although carbon monoxide is just a frail greenhouse
gas, its impact on atmosphere goes past its own particular
direct impacts.

NOx

Breathing in higher than normal natural levels of NOx

(found around congested urban streets for an illustration) can
bring about respiratory issues, especially in sick people, for
example, asthmatics. Simple exposure has been connected to
wheezing, trunk snugness and shortness of breath. Comparable
issues are experienced by sick people, for example, asthmatics
after inward breath of ozone (which is framed utilizing nitrogen
dioxide).
Nitrogen monoxide is likewise discovered actually in the
body and is included in the cardiovascular (heart and blood
flow) and resistant (malady security) system.
Nitrogen oxides shape corrosive rain. Corrosive rain can
bring about deforestation or a worldwide temperature
alteration, ferment conduits to the drawback of sea-going life or
eutrophication, erode building materials and paints.
In addition, it traps with ozone, nitrogen oxides
disintegrate in air water to make corrosive rain, which
consumes stone and metal work and harms structures.
Moreover, this contamination can bring about an extensive
variety of ecological harm, including perceivability disability. At
the point when NOx achieves the stratosphere it crushes the
ozone layer, bringing about more elevated amounts of UV
radiation and expanding the danger of skin disease.
Incidentally, when NO2 is closer to the Earth's surface it can
really make ozone, which can get to be exhaust cloud on a still
and sunny day. Brown haze has been connected to respiratory
issues, lung harm, expanded dangers of growth.
In spite of the fact that the amount of nitrous oxide in the
air is significantly lower than that of carbon dioxide, the an
unnatural weather change capability of nitrous oxide is more
than 300 circumstances more noteworthy. So in spite of the fact
that carbon dioxide causes environmental change and its
related issues, nitrogen mixes are more awful. They have a
more prominent issue towards earth increasing temperature
and also could prompt to more overstated environmental
change issues.

VII) VIII)

Catalyticccombustion, that is flamelessgcombustion

promotedzby a catalyst, canztake placezwith a variety of
fuelszranging fromzhigh octane aviation spirit or propane gas to
low BTUzwaste gases orzresidue oils. Applications forzthis
typezof combustionzhave beenzsought, andzstudied, at
JohnsonzMattheys laboratorieszfor more thanza decade.
Thesezstudies have included flamelesszheaters, which arezused
for a variety ofzagricultural, industrial andzrecreational
purposes. Thiszdesigned demonstratezthat a gaszturbinezmay
efficiently generatezpower when utilisingza catalyst in
thezcombustion chamber. Thezmajor advantage ofzsuchza
systemzis thatzasza directzresultzof the lowerzcombustion
reaction temperaturezazmuch lower levelzof pollutionzis
achieved, comparedzwith thatzfromza conventionalzflame
firedzengine.
The gaszturbine catalyticzcombustion systemzdeveloped by
JohnsonzMatthey consists essentiallyzof threezzones
throughzwhich thezgases flowzin succession,zas shown in
Figure I. Withinzthesezzones the principalzmechanisms are :

1) The preheatzburner. Azsmall fuel-richzflame burner iszused

to start the combustionzprocesszby preheatingzthe inlet
gaseszbefore theyzreachzthe catalyst. zThe designzof
thezburnerzensures thatzthe flamezdoes notzburnzthe
fuelzcompletely,zbut iszquenched byzair introduced in
frontzof thezcatalyst thus minimising theznitrogen
oxideszthat are producedzbyzthezflame.

2) The catalystzunit. Secondaryzfuel is injectedzinto the heated

gaszstream which then passeszthrough thezcatalyst unit.
Thezpre-burnerzconditionszare arranged so thatzthe
temperaturezat the catalystzinlet iszsufficient tozpromote
the combustionzreaction underzall operatingzconditions.
Catalyticzcombustion takeszplace atza lower
temperaturezthan flamezfired combustionzand, aszthis is
belowzthe temperaturezat which atmosphericznitrogen
reactszwith oxygen,zvery lowzlevels of nitrogenzoxides
result.
3) The thermalzregion. To obtainztemperatures inzexcess of
those atzwhich the catalystzsupport fails, zthe systemzmay
be modifiedzso thatzthezgas leaving the catalystzstill
containszsome unreactedzfuel. In thezthermal region,
combustionzof this fuelzis completedzby gas phasezfree
radical chainzprocesses, andzthis may be assistedzby the
insertionzof a bluff body tozcreate azzone in whichzthe
gaseszrecirculate. Thus thezfinal exothermalzof heat
iszobtained afterzthe catalyst

.
Applications for Catalytic burning frameworks emerge from two
of the real requests of industry, the necessity for vitality and
the need to keep away from climatic contamination. Customary
gas turbine generators deliver poisonous emanations as they
change over chemical energy into power, however this does not
happen with Catalytic combustors. It will subsequently be
conceivable to site such generators in populated zones, where
the power is required, along these lines maintaining a strategic
distance from a considerable part of the cost of force
transmission. As an extensive variety of fills can be combusted
by Catalytic implies, including some which are exceptionally
hard to combust thermally, it appears to be plausible that
electrical vitality will in future be produced from synthetic
energizes which are not viewed as reasonable for this reason at
present.

The utilization of reactant ignition in gas turbines diminishes

impressively the level of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and
nitrogen oxides outflows, contrasted and those delivered amid
customary fire let go burning. This is a consequence of the
lower temperature of burning, which takes out the nitrogen
oxides development, and the surface catalyzed free radical
chain system for the ignition, which brings down the levels of
the considerable number of toxins. The metal upheld impetus
frameworks extraordinarily created for this review have the
upsides of low weight drop, high temperature dependability and
high surface to volume proportions. A wide assortment of issues
worried with vitality change and contamination control are
probably going to be comprehended, or decreased, utilizing
metal upheld platinum impetus combustors. It is stressed that
the Catalytic burning framework inside the turbine must be
intended for every specific model motor. Essentially to put an
impetus inside the combustor is not the most ideal approach to
getting effective reactant ignition.

C)
 As explainedzbefore, the combustionzprocess release
pollutantszwhich harms thezozone andzenvironment. As wayzto
combat this, thezpollutants canzbe reduced byzinstalling
catalyticzconverters onzvehicleszand factories thatzburn fuels.
The catalyticzconverter is a devicezthat consistzof
reactantszwhich will reactzwith NOx or carbonzmonoxide. The
commonzreactant in the converterzis ammonia. Thezammonia
will react withzNOx and CO tozproduce nitrogenzand
waterzmolecules. This will reducezthe emissionzof toxic
gaseszinto the atmospherezthus loweringzthe air pollution.
Moreover, zpromoting greenzvehicles is alsoza stepzin
reducing thezpollution. Thezvehicles arezrun by naturalzgases
whichzemits lowerzpollutants. Hybridzand electric carszare
alsozalternatives of azgreen car. Thesezcars doznot
usezhydrocarbon fuel to powerzthem. Thiszwill greatly
reducezthe amountzof toxiczgaseszproduced from transport.
Plantszand factorieszconsume large amountzof
electricityzwhich iszneeded
to be generated. Thezgeneration of electricityzrequires
burningzprocess, mainly burning ofzcoals.
Byzsaving thezelectricity, we arezconsequentlyzreducing
the burningzprocess. The machineszthat
usezelectricityzarezneededztozbe well maintainedzand serviced
to ensurezthey arezinztheir optimumzenergy efficiency state.
Recyclingzand reusing productszwill reducezwaste material
produced. Somezof the wastezare nondecomposable.
Theseztype of wastezis neededzto be burned inzfurnace. If less
waste arezproduced, less burningzis needed andztherefore
willzreduce dioxin, mercuryzand leadzside products.
Industrieszcan implementzNational ProviderzIdentifier
(NPI) asza benchmarkzto controlzemissions. This data
managementzhelps to encouragezthe industry to use
cleanerzproduction methodszto reduce emissionzand
wastezmaterials. Besideszthat, theznewly initiated UNzclimate
changezsummit in Paris onz7th January iszhoped to becomeza
stepping stonezto a betterzclimate change controlzaround
thezworld.
Name : Ikhmal Bin Abdullah
Student Id : ME097967
Section :
Subject : Thermodynamics 2
Submitted date : 9th January 2017
Lecturers name : Dr Firas Basim Ismail