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Chapter 5 Spirals 5-1. Foreword In high-speed operation over alignment on which the curves are circular arcs, an abrupt change from a straight path to a circular pach is required at the T.C. of the curve. It is obviously impossible to make this change instanta- neously. Smooth, safe operation around railroad and highway curves requires 2 gradual transition between the uniform operating cotditions on tangents And the different (but also uniform) operating conditions on circular curves. Any curve inserted to provide such a transition is called an “easement” curve. Figure 5-1 shows a simple curve 4’E'B. The only way in which easement ceurves can be inserted at the tangents, while still preserving the radius R, is to shift the curve inward to a position represented by the parallel curve KEK‘. It is impossible, however, to use a circular arc having the same length 4s the original circular arc. The portions KC and C’K’ must be deducted in ‘order to provide room for the easement curves AC and C'B, 0 SPIRALS. r tN Figure 5-1 Simpie curve with equal spiral ‘The easement curve AC is tangent to the intial tangent at 4, at which point its radius of curvature is infinite. (The tangent may also be thought of 4s a curve of infrite radius) At successive points along AC, the radius of curvature decreases until it becomes equal to R at point C, where the ease- ‘ment AC and the circular arc CC’ have a common center at O. Thus, instead of abrupt changes in direction at A’ and B’ on the original simple curve, there are now gradual transitions between the tangents and the simple curve CC’ by means of the easement curves AC and C’B, In Fig, 5-1 the curved layout starts at the TS. (tangent to spiral) and ends at the S.T (spiral to tangent). The approach spiral AC joins the circular are at the S.C. (spiral to curve), and the circular arc joins the leaving spiral C’B at the CS. (curve to spiral. It should be observed that the total central angle I is unchanged. However, the central angle of the circular arc is less. than that of the original simple curve 4’B' by the amount used up by the two spirals. Thus, the central angle J, of the arc CC’ equals J - 2A. From theory to be developed, the spiraled curve AB will be shown to be exactly ‘one spiral length longer than curve 4°B' ‘The effect of an easement curve is to introduce centrifugal force gradually, thus reducing shock to track and equipment on railroads and making high- speed “streamlines” operation attractive to passengers. Moreover, the ease- ‘ment curve tends to “build safety into the highways” by following the natural path of the vehicle between tangent and circular arc, in that way reducing the tendency to veer from the traffic lane. 5:1. FOREWORD 61 Aneasement curve serves several incidental purposes, the most important of which is to provide a logical place for accomplishing the gradual change from 2ero to fall superelevation. It also simplifies, on highway curves, the addition of the extra pavement width found to be needed on curves for ‘mechanical and psychological reasons Finding a suitable easement curve is not difficult, On the contrary, the problem confronting engineers has been to decide which of several available forms should be selected. Many forms have been used. Some, including the cubic parabola, the lemniscate, and the clothotd, have definite mathematical ‘equations; others, such as the Searles spiral (a multicompound curve) and the AREA. 10-chord spiral (see section 5-12), are empirical. Within the limits ‘sed in practice, all these easements give substantialy the same curve on the ground, However, consideration of their relative merits from three im- portant viewpoints—mathematical simplicity, adaptability to a variety of conditions, and ease of staking out in the feld—hes led most American engineers to favor the clothoid or the spiral first investigated by the Swiss ‘mathematician, Leonard Euler. ‘The clothoid (called the Euler spiral, the Americen spiral, ofthe trans tion spiral) is adopted in this book. For simplicity it will be referred to hereafter as “the spiral.” AIl spiral tables (Tables XI through XVI-D) are based upon this spiral; some are set up with small corrections which enable rapid conversion from the are definition to the chord definition of D on the ireular arc, thus changing the spiral practically to the A.REA. 10-chord form used in the past on many railroads. Therefor, the tables are adaptable to wide usage. Although the spiralis a mathematically rich curve with applications in other fields of pure and applied science, its use in route surveying involves spiral parts that have clear graphical significance, simple formulas, and easily remembered analogies to the parts of a simple curve. Only a few relations require use of calculus in their derivations. Tabulaticns of spiral functions are given so completely in Part II thatthe actual calculation and staking of a spiral-curve layout requires only slightly more trigorometry and very litle more field work than are needed for a simple curve. On the other hand, iis possible to compute a satisfactory transition spiral without referring to special tables of any kind (see setion 5-11), The adaptability of the spiral to @ great variety of practical uss, es- pecially in modern highway alignment, makes it advisable o treat the subject under three headings: simple spirals, combining spirals, and compound spirals. A simple spiral connects and is tangent to a straight line and a circular are. At the beginning of the spiral its radius of curvature is infinite; atthe end, its radius equals that of the connecting are. The most common applica- tion of the simple spiral is shown in Fig, SA special case is outlined in section 5-10. 82 SPIRALS ‘A combining spiral connects and is tangent to two circular ares having different radii of curvature, At each point of tangency the radius of curvature of the spiral equals that of the circular arc to which it connects. Such @ spiral is often used to provide a smooth transition between the arcs of a ‘compound curve, as in Fig. 5-7. ‘A compound spiral connects and is tangent to a straight line and a cit- cular are. In contrast to the simple spiral, however, the compound spiral does not have the seme radius of curvature as the circular arc at the point of tangency. In addition, the compound spiral may have a finite radius of curvature where tangent to the straight line. SIMPLE SPIRALS 6-2. Geometry of the Simple Spiral ‘The simple spiral obeys an exact law: “The radius ofthe spiral at any point is inversely proportional to is length All the relations needed for computing and staking a spiraled curve stem from Fig. 5-1 and the law of the spiral. In contrast to a circular arc, the spiral isa curve of variable radius, or variable degree of curve, At any point on the spiral, however, the inverse relationship between R and D is still correctly represented by equetion 2-10, Since the radius of the spiralis infinite at the TS, its degree of curve at that point must be zero, But the law of the spiral shows an inverse relationship between the radius at any point and the dis tance to that point from the T.S, The following statement is therefore true: “The degree of curve of the spiral increases at a uniform rate from zero at the TS. to the degree D of tie circular arc atthe S.C ‘The constant rate of increase in degree of curve per station along a spiralis represented by k. The basic formula for kis derived from its definition by dividing the total change in degree of curve, D, by the length of the spiral in stations. Since this length is L,/100, 100 ne coy “The constant k is useful in a variety of problems. As an illustration, ‘suppose a combining spiralis required in making the transition between arcs, ‘of a compound curve on which D, = 3° and Ds = 9°, In such a ease a limita tion would be placed on the sharpness of the transition by specifying, for example, that the value of k should not exceed 2° per station. This condition ‘would be met by a 300-R spiral (k = 2°) or by a 400-f spiral (k = 14°). These lengths are the latter portions of simple spirals that are 430 ft and 600 ft long. 52. GEOMETRY OF THE SIMPLE SPIRAL @2 ‘An extremely important element ofa spiralis its central angle, or spiral angle, A. For a curve of constant radius (a circular ard, equation 2-13 shows that the central angle equals the length of curve in stations times the degree of curve, or J = LD/100. Since the spiral is a curve of umiformly changing degree of curve it follows that its central angle equals the length of spiral stations times the average degree of curve, or LD as (62) The foregoing central angle is exactly half that of a simple curve of the same length and degree (see formula 2-13), ‘The coordinates of the S.C. are very useful in computations involving simple spirals, Their values, which are X = AD and Y = DC (see Fig. 5-2), have been computed from exact relations derived in Appendix A and tabulated in the spiral tables of Part IU; itis never necessary for the surveyor to com= pute them from their theoretical formulas. In a special problem the coordinates X’ and ¥’ may be needed. These are the coordinates of the TS. with respect to the S.C. With the aid of Fig 5-2 it may be deduced that X'=Xcos A+ ¥ sin A (63) Y= X sin — YcosA (6-4) ‘The point K (the theoretical point where a tangent to the circular curve produced backward becomes parallel to the tangent AD) is known as the Figure &-2 Spiral coordinates. 4 SPIRALS. ‘offset T.C. It is sometimes needed in the field; but is used more often in computations. Ifa perpendicular CF is dropped from C to OK, the coordinates of the offset T.C, which are Xp = AJ and o=JK, are found from X, = AD ~ CF and 0 = CD ~FK, or X,=X—Rsind (53a) on Y—RversA (6-4a) ‘The distance ois often called the “throw” (in Great Britain, the “shift”. It is the distance through which the circular curve must be moved inward in “order to provide clearance for inserting the spiral. The shift E'E at the middle of the curve (Fig. 5-1) is also called the throw. Obviously, E'E =o sec 1. In any problem the particular distance referred to as the throw will be clear from the context. Figure 5-3 represents a spiral on which P is any point located by the spiral angle 6, the radius r, and the length AP = I, Differentials being used, a 5 However, from the law of the spiral, R= Lil Consequently, aaa By integration, 65) 52. GEOMETRY OF THE SIMPLE SPIRAL 85 and aa78 6-6) in which the angles are in radians. When 5-5 is divided by 5-6 and the resulting equation is soh itis found that, ing equation is solved for 8, b= (@y a 67) Which expresses the following important property: Spiral angles are ditectly proportional to the squares of the lengths from the TS, (Onasinpe curv, central angles are dirty proportional tothe fest pow of the lengths from the T.C,) me powes ‘as, from Fig 3 = 5 (approximately) e dy= bile po sara(sez)e By integration, fad ani (6-8) Approx. y ‘This relation shows that: ‘Tangent offsets are closely proportional tothe cubes ofthe lengths from the TS. Let a be the Ueflection angle in radians to any to any point P on a spiral. For the flat spirals used on modern alignment, a-is almost equal to sin a and sin a=} (approximately) T ‘When the value in 5-8 is substituted for y, B “TEE (6-8) Approx. Hence, A, the deflection angle to the S.C, is (6-10) Approx. 6 SPIRALS If relation 5-9 is divided by 5-10 and the resulting equation solved for a, (3 This equation expresses another important property: (6-11) Approx. ‘Deflection angles are closely proportional to the squares of the lenaths from the Ts. (On a simple curve, deflection angles are exactly proportional to the first ‘powers of the lengths from the T:C) It follows from the foregoing that ans and (6-12) Approx. (513) Approx. Relations $-12 and $-13 are correct for most practical purposes. Theo- retialy, the relations produce values which are slighty too large. Should exact dellection angles be needed (as on a very lon, sharp spiral), they are sven in Table XV for any 0-chord spiral, and may be obtained quickly fiom Tables XVI,XVI-A, and XVIB fora spiral staked with any number of chords up to 20. The derivation of the small correction which if subtracted, would make equations 5-12 and 5-13 exact, is given in Appendix A. Figure $4 shows the fist half of Fig 51. Th original simple curve has boen omitted, however, and certain construction lines have been added t0 aid in deriving necessary formulas. The triangle ABC in Fig 5-4 is analogous to that formed by the vertex and tangent points ofa simple curve, The simple curve has equal tangents and equal angles atthe long chord; the spiral on the contrary, cannot have equal local tangents or equal angles. From formula 5-13, the angle BCA must be almost exactly equal to 34 Figure 4 53. SIMPLE CURVE WITH SPIRALS 67 ‘The three lengths AC, AB, and BC are occasionally useful infield work; they are called the long chord (L.C:), long tangent (I.T.), and short tangent (8.7) of the spiral. When needed, their values are taken from tables, though they may readily be computed when X, ¥, and A are known, For the flat spirals used on moder alignment, the L-T: and the S.T. are approximately ina 2:1 ratio. 5.8, Simple Curve with Spirals ‘Theoretical relations for laying out any spiral, once the T'S. has been located, wore given in section 5-2. The T'S. is usually staked, as in a simple curve, by ‘measuring the calculated tangent distance T, from the Pll. The tangent distances will be equal in the usual case of equal spirals atthe tangents, There is rarely any justification for using unequal spirals, except in realigning existing railroad track, fequal spirals are assumed in Fig. 5-4 and a line drawn parallel to AV from K to G, T, is made up of the three segments AJ, KG, and FV, which are Xo, R tan H, and o tan H. Therefore, (R+ o)tan + Xo 6-14) Tye T+Xo+otandl (15) By the same construction, the external distance £, (VE) may be divided into two segments EG and GV, which are R exsec 41 and 0 sec 41. Therefore, E,=E+oseci! (5-16) By means of a trigonometric conversion, this equation may be written in the form E,=(R+ojesec to 17) For the rare case of unequal spirals, Ty = TX 4% =s1eo81 (5-15a) and 04-03 cost Tayo Tt Ky AOE (6-180) In these formulas subscripts 1 and 2 refer to the initial and the final spirals. and the resulting unequal values of T,. The last term in each formula may be positive or negative, depending on the magnitudes of o,, 0;, and J. (See the a8 SPIRALS end of section 5-20 for general versions of these formulas as applied to a ccompletely-spiraled compound curve.) ‘Calculations and field work for a spiral follow the general pattern do- scribed in Chapter 2 fora simple curve; the variations are in details only. In the usual case, sta.PL. J, and D are known. Briefly, sequence of the remaining work is as follows {@) Select, to fit the imposed conditions (section 5-15 contains refer- ence tothe choice of Ly) (b) Calculate A from formula 5-2. (6) Take X and ¥ from tables, and calculate Xo and o from formulas 5-3a and 54a. (This is theoretical; in practice, Xq and o also may be taken from tables) (@) Calculate T, from formula 5-14 or formula 5-15 {6) Calculate the stationing ofthe TS, which i sta. P1. — T,; stationing of the SC, which is sta, TS. + L,; stationing of the CS, i, sta. SC. + [10011 — 2/4}}/D;and the stationing of the S.T., which is sta. CS. + Ly {f) Calculate deflection angle at selected points on the approach spiral, using formulas 5-13 and 5-11, (This is theoretical; for regularly spaced points ‘on the spiral, tables or abbreviated relations may be used.) (@) Set hubs atthe TS, and ST. by measuring T, from the PJ. (6) Occupy the TS. and stake an approach spiral to the SC. by deflec- tion angles. (Ly ordinarily equals the sum of the chords used to lay it out; corrections to chords are necessary only for fatly long chords near the end of long, sharp spirals) 1) Occupy the SC, and backsight tothe TS, with (A — A) set off on the proper side of O°; A— A is almost exactly equal to 24. Then, plunge the telescope and stake the simple curve @ chosen check point by the usual methods, (The check point may be the C'S. or any point om the simple curve) (j) Occupy the ST. and run i the leaving spiral to the CS. (For regularly spaced points, the deflections are the same as those on the approach spiral) {k). Make a final check at the selected check point, which should prefer- ably be near the middle of the simple curve. A setup at the CS. is required if this is done, but on final location the resulting smooth junction at the CS. justifies this method. Conditions frequently warrant varying the foregoing procedure. For example, instead of following steps (h) and (), the S.C. and the CS. may be Tocated (or checked) by any one of three other methods: (1) by measuring the X-and Y coordinates; (2) by measuring the long tangent (LT), the angle 4, dnd the short tangent (S.T) ofthe spiral; (3) by measuring 44 and the long chord (LC). "Tables may be used to expedite some of the operations just described. “Table XI: See explanation on page 384 ‘Table XII: See explanation on page 354, ‘Table XIII: This table is explained in section 5-9 Table XIV: Discussed in section 5-10. 55, FIELD NOTES 89 ‘Table XV: This ble gives exact defection anges for any spiral A= 45° staked with 10 equal chords. es fe 7 If abl such as Table XV is unavallable, i not it snot aetsay 1 we formulas $13 and $11 when points ae spaced regulary. The flowing ‘method is quicker: =e id Tata, the Je Gin mints tothe Ate te dlston angen mints) thers of repr ps 20 A (in degrees 4 Gin minutes) = 22 be gesress) 18) where n= the number of equal chords on the spiral. Proof of this is left as an_ tre by svete poble 3 130) Calcite or gen vals of and Then ond the emsining detain angles, inp mili a, bythe squares of the ebor- pint tone T we nde. Terenas dred og 9 60,25 and co forth Soden shld check hs spi ‘Table XV.) ae ‘Table XVI: This table is an extension of the principle just described. The thoy nding deletions or a setup on Spl oie in soon 5-4, Locating Any Intermediate Point on Spiral “Thoveh spirals uualy aid out with equal chords, he number éommen being 1,rch process des not sare al purpose Fr crample on oaton proto sraing earthwork estimates are made more apily eros etons fe taken at replat fll stations and possibly halfstatons, Furthermore, important “breaks” requiring cross sectioning may fall between regularly spaced points During construction it may be nesesary to set points on @ sia ttre bent or on bridge piers. For these reason is convenient to fave a simple formula for dstesmining the deflection angle to any point distance If beyond the begining of spiral. The falling relation serves this purpose: ke ‘ain minutes) 7005 (6-19) ‘The constant k may be computed from formula 5-1. It is recommended that an integral value of & be chosen in order to simplify the computation 55, Fleld Notes. Notes for stakinga spiraled curve are st up in continuous stationing according. to a modification of the form in section 2-9. Deflection angles for the spirals should start with O° at the T.S. and S.T. The comments in section 3-13 are pertinent, 90 SPIRALS FORM OF NOTES FOR SPIRALED CURVE TOTAL Fie cave sta. POINT _DEFL. PROCEDURE DATA 4+158 OST. 0°00" AST. orient by T= 14°10" 45+ 55.8 O04 sighting oP. = D= 3° 45 +958 Ol with 00° on PL, = 43 + 31.1 45 +358 0°32 vernier. Make, 444758 0°58 final check at cs 4458 CS 130 CS. “+158 CS. 235" ALS.C, orient by 44400 221 sighting to T.S. +50 136° with 3° 3 +00 OS!’ proper 2450 0°06 vernier. R486 OSC. 0°00" 2446 SC 130" AtTS, orient by 41+ 836 0°58" sighting to PLL. 414236 0°37 with 0°00" on 40+ 636 Or Vernier 40 +036 0°04" 394436 OTS. 0°00 In the accompanying form, the columns for calculated and magnetic bearings have beer: omitted in order to insert explanatory notes. Otherwise the form is a typicel example of the left-hand page of afield book. Distances are here computed to tenths of a foot, and deflection angles taken to the nearest minute. In final location a higher degree of precision would be required. In the foregoing example both spirals were run as five-chord spirals. ‘The deftection angles could be computed by finding a, from formula 5-18 and. multiplying by the squares of the chord-point numbers; or they could be taken directly from Table XV for every other chord point of the 10-chord spiral. To illustrate how easily spiral deflections can be computed to fit any desired conditions, the following alternate notes are given for staking the approach spiral ALTERNATE NOTES FOR APPROACH SPIRAL ‘CASE A! 4-CHORD SPIRAL. USE ‘CASE B: STAKES AT REGULAR FULL STATIONS. USE FORMULA 519, —— Se 2+86 SC 286 SC. 41 + 68.6 2400 40 +936 41400 40+ 18.6 40 +00 B+a6 TS +46 TS. OUTLINE of DERIVATIONS — SPIRALS 4. Herman The fasre spiral Se of 4s, 2, and As fave been defined and related to each other (simler vo 4, Da, ave FT fer ctreulay curves) As with corcular curves, 2 namber of peramelers ave nadd yo Lhserile a ee eet ape, to calculate the ST SS, CS, ane ST > 5 AK % BA ee a 7? =— n rs 2 Sy \ Yy Nh N\ —_—C statin of the TS mast be found by subtrachag the Tz distance From the PL stata, The length of the spiral is adcld Yo the TS to obtain +he Scr ie new" Lz for the curve must be deterrent and added fo the SC to obtain the cs, The length of the pired cam then be adcled to the CS to obtacn the stato of the ST Finally, the Aeflecto'n angls must be cale, Yo layout The cerves, The dorivatia of goal Atlecton angle eguatens will be Given, SPIRAL__NeTES Derivatidn of the Spirat Tangent, Ts The calculation of the spiral zangent snvolves one eguation which is based om several paramétrs which are determined from separate eguatiins,each ef which will be explained or derived, The values meeded ave; X,Y, Xs ,0 x ay These are the coord pals of the S.C, relatve * the TS, as shown on MAG Figure 5-2 The derivation of & and Yoo given tn Agpendly A-] of MEG fer any port along the sprral, Xe} are found by subsritan hg A for § and Ly fort, The result js given ry W4B (elementary Surveying. ot) in eguations (24-28) anck (24-29) for the case where Le & in ancts of stotions , : X= Ls (0 —0,0030962A5) Get) y= A, (050178A, -0.0000/26549 42) @) Oe Dy cen ste oe Oo ne degrees Geometyy for Coordmats of the “offset T.c, Xoto Refer to Fig, S-2 p. 02 MiG X= AT Xo = AD-cF where AD=X # CF= Rsind, Substitetreg font - Randy | (s-34) os SK = cD-— Fk where Cp i i Fk= KO-FO where KO=R FO= Reh, Substituting fer KO & FO % Fk= R—- Reosd, tn the epguaticn for O Subsrintng for CD aFK o= Y- (CR Reos A) o= Y—[R (i- cos As)] or Rvers As (s-¥a) or Qe Mote: "0" ts Phe Phrow, the distance the difference the crreular curve must be shifted yo snsevt the gptkel, Tes - Spiel Tangent The eguation fr the sorrel Yongent can now be derived by using Fhe previsusly derived relatmshys Soy Xe, On a and Refer fo Figure 5-4, MIG The tire AV Is The cdettance Ty s The tne KG Vs parallel to AV Therefore 7e = AS + KG@ 4+ FV where AL= X, KG . and Yo = tan, 4, since KO= R Ka = RaW and aa = tant 50 Fv= FG tanWn but F@= Jk whch trem Fig 5-3 is 6” SO FV= ote ae mes = “ + Rtn%he + © tan Ya + (Rt0) tam Aa { (ee $-4) Tf the tangent, 7 fer the crreular curve has geen calc, an alternative /s', Te = Xe + T + otente — Ceg-s-15) [ernce T= Ren % | & SPIRAL__NOTES _ Determination of Deflecha Angles fer Spiral Layout 4: Herman The calculation of deflechon angles to layout 2 spiral & a process similar Yo the one used kr ciretlar curves, Mewever, the deflecton angle der/vatda 6% much more compley since the degree of curve varces Car a unrlerm rats) along the sgorial, NeG! The derivatde is camied out with, anges giten ya units of radians Feciliate the caleu/as snvolved, Fhe Sreal eguaten will be in a torm that “usec degrees as the antt for angles, Refer fo Figure 5-2, MIG THe bagth, Lis the distance along she sorrel carve to any pormt “P' Chy is the total distance along the spiral curve Yo “the sc.) 9 5 = al From Fig S-? dS = = where vr is the radius at port “PCr 1s hWer-uad af cach pert along the spiral) Aside, Math Review! & Cen or Q= meet o ~ 360° 27k Tl O is speeitih 19 radians, then 360° must be converted to radians; 29 radians = 360° so! rad)L art = Determuaton of Detlectcn Angas cent, etermuaren ef Setlecten anges ow From the first property of a spiral (Radtis varies snversely propertinal yo rhe spiral Jengh) + wre & . = RL R zt o r aoe Subst/tung ee de dé= 22 _ 240 Se RG 2 patigrating ; & > xt 7 CS-5) radiine s Tt PR is moved all the way along the spiral the S.C, , then A becomes Lo and S becomes A, 4,- 22 e A. = 3 (5-6) radians °° RTs Ge a ae Dike Cs) b, -6)+ 2 5-5 Ge ie 28 = (4h — mee RB GIs 2D, Za Property: Spiral anges ave dérec Astences fom TS, ctr cular curves Prepernomal yo tron the Tre, ty proporhanal 70 sguares of Gn contrast Yo simp » where central angles are derees he first power of distances At this port the devivatice can be simphhed by assuming that the spiral anges are small , This js a reasonable assumption Sor Cig hung and RR curves, Beterminaten of Detlecton Angas cot From Fig 3: sin€ = lyfe = § — Cappron) (redréns\ syce sin §& (£ sh degrees) = § CF im radians) we dy, = § then dy = £de 7 Subsritehing for S from eg (SS) dy = a Le pes erro ZR Ls (GD Aepeek, vadians Latgrating: ye “gp! Is the Tengen? 6 feet at a ont L tom the TS. aa PROPERTY ! Tangent otsets are proportional fo the cubes of Jengths tom the TS, Frem Fig $-3', Sia sya for small angles in radians oime sina Cam degrees) = a Ca sh radians) For Slat cures, £ X re AP So: sina a th substitabhg tory doom (5-8) a a 5 CS-7) Aypros, Z Rls Bee Sabsnteting the dellectn ang, A for “2 and Ls for 4 at the SE. A= Zs. = a 6 s:/a) 4p [ Notes compare (5-10) € (5-6): Az As J 7 Betermpnaten of Detbcton Anges cent Te tnd the relaténship bemween “a Cany deflection +) and A" (tofa/ det/ +) fora pire!) divide eg (5-9) by eq (5-10) 2 “* 2 Ri, z A Ls £5” oR er ae & DA (GM) Apres, radians Property + Deflection angles ave prapertromal ro the ,———— simple curves deflection angas are exactly propartenal Ye the 1 powers of +k, lengths Seon rhe m<,) o? , A? Since §= and ase BRL, GRLe both § and «are in radiens at this pot “Oe 4+ = GE = tt £ za = 3 BRL, or a= ‘4s (=) Approx en es 13) Approx, Ft a= LA og (50) where AX 42 (3) then | as (#4) — ‘| from Wolf # Brinker (wes) Since deflechin argls art propornandl ya 7he sguares of lengths trom Hho TS, f As ts In hezrens "a will be in degrees, Crhe YY for vadravs hes Aroppedt cut 4. Merman Herigertel Curve Lay oct ee IE hey OAT With — Spirals Calculate the spital ange, Ag Determime the parameters X,Y, 0, X. by calculation or tables Calculate the Tz Locale the teginning stahen Sor the curve eo qe oe —— spiral / beginning of the ecrcular curve SO = Ts + as Aocate the end of the circular curve /Legnning ef the second spiral oS = SO, + Ae = Ze 100 where Le aed --wheve I= I-24, Accate the end of the tote! curve 7, oa & Vetermne deflection angles for Jayout - (£2 )A = Gls Seu — Example Froblern (paiton Wele uncle W4B)O . Fr Given. PI = 2+co T= Go? {ale Jromph Daz? b= Boo! . f Tees 7 el ont 1 Calealate the Spiral Arla, As ee ae - 4s we 2 G2) Ay= BR fart? 2 3G) Ly 50,, yee! Zoo 2. Determine the parameTeys XY, Xe,0 Ceale, or tables) X. (using eg 24-28 Wa): N= L5.(100-0,0030462 AS) (#4) ven sra ee X= 3 (H00- 0,003 0462(45)) = Y (using 0g 24-29 WAB)! Y= L, (050178 4, -o.cosones 7A) () . <— Sta Y= 3 (6.50178 (45)~ 0,0000 12659 (4.5)°) = 7.86 ¢ degree X, (using eg S-Za)t X =X-Rsbh where R= BE? = 190926; Xo = 299.8/— 1909.86 sin 4S = LIFIT Fh © (usitg eg S- 4a): 0 = Y- RyersAg = ¥~(R U-esds)) OF 786 — (902.86 — FOAIG Cos 45) = a7 X (using Spiral To blo p 364) br A, X = 2,97738' X= 0,99988 "Ypsel, X BOOP ob ly Y (astig Spiral Tabs, p364) for A> es* Y= 0.02617 Y= 0,026/7 Ye ofl, x Zag ltetls Xo (using Spriat Tabls, p364) fr Ags BS? Me = 049990 "Uy bly x 30g ls O (482g Spiral Tits, 2254) fr Ag = ns? O= 0.00654 "Yep tl, y Ba0tr tt, er —— @ 3, Calculate the Tes R= BR. HES = /9 OF, 86 F4 T= (Rro)wniIf, 4X, Ts = C109. 86 +1496) ton 2 + 4997 = 1253-764 | Locate the TS* Ts= PLE-T = (2ot00)— (1245374) = 74+ 46,2Y Aocate the SC; S¢= TS+ hg = 7+ 4624 + B00 = 04 46,24 decate the CS; IST determine length of circle, Le + 2 | te= D-24, = 6o-2l4s) = 5)? | 4c= OR 700) | - eg /700 Ft | CS= SCHL. = joHye2y 4 12400 = 27+46,24 4ocata the ST? ST = cs + 45 = 274+ 46249 + 3200 = 3044624 Determine Detlecten 4's der Jay rut | a= GF) wae, see py 7 of Sprint Motee) | Le) = medic) ce | 2 DHX@ 74501 a -&)*# = Ga fe 0,002347° [oe] DH +e BtoO0: = G37) 4s~ 5,040 b's] 300, = DH Ae e561 - gze} YE - onrrqv? [orm] BZoo)* “3 SPIRALS — Ex, Prob, cont) j Totl Chore Dit Zaeremental STATION Pr from TS Ct) Chard 1) Detl jf Uarng Ya starrons 3 104 %6:24 SC 300 70400 Gtso Gto0o Erso 703 ,,%6 xa) O° 0! 4%" | Br06 53,76 wo 0°2'S3” 7450 376 3.76 ~o° 7446.24 OTS o fal ° Myer Gibson , bet. of p 90 — FAW using gual chords (& jh this example) 5 ee JOF 46,2 46.24 Se 30o 60 7?30/ Pt 26,2 7 a Z40 GO 0,96 ° T+ 26, 24 780 60 O.s7? P4+66,24 )20 62 O24? A+ 06,24 Go 60 0.06 ° T+4.2f OTS ° ° oa S eguel Chords as 42 — Zoott _ 60 cherely a eee 2 Del $@ B+ 06.24 a Gee Bow O06 ° Det 4 CO 8466.24: a= 7 ek ve 0, 24° oo S = 0,

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