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S. Devi Yamini
1 Design of Experiments
One-way ANOVA
Two-way ANOVA, without replications
Two-way ANOVA with replication
Why ANOVA?
When comparing means across two samples - we use Z-test or
t-test
Why ANOVA?
When comparing means across two samples - we use Z-test or
t-test
If more than two samples are test for their means, we use
ANOVA
Why ANOVA?
When comparing means across two samples - we use Z-test or
t-test
If more than two samples are test for their means, we use
ANOVA
We study,
Completely Randomised Design or One-way ANOVA
Randomized Block Design or Two-way ANOVA (without
replications)
Latin Square Design or Two-way ANOVA (with replications)
I II III
1 2 2
2 4 3
5 2 4
I II III
1 2 2
2 4 3
5 2 4
Solution:
1: H0 : 1 = 2 = 3
H1 : At least there is one difference among the means.
= 0.05
I II III
1 2 2
2 4 3
5 2 4
Solution:
1: H0 : 1 = 2 = 3
H1 : At least there is one difference among the means.
= 0.05
2: Degrees of freedom
DFBet = k 1 = 3 1 = 2,
I II III
1 2 2
2 4 3
5 2 4
Solution:
1: H0 : 1 = 2 = 3
H1 : At least there is one difference among the means.
= 0.05
2: Degrees of freedom
DFBet = k 1 = 3 1 = 2, DFWithin = N k = 9 3 = 6
I II III
1 2 2
2 4 3
5 2 4
Solution:
1: H0 : 1 = 2 = 3
H1 : At least there is one difference among the means.
= 0.05
2: Degrees of freedom
DFBet = k 1 = 3 1 = 2, DFWithin = N k = 9 3 = 6
F(2,6) = 5.14
SSB .216
MSB = = = 0.108
DFBetween 2
SSB .216
MSB = = = 0.108
DFBetween 2
SSW 13.34
MSW = = = 2.22
DFWithin 6
SSB .216
MSB = = = 0.108
DFBetween 2
SSW 13.34
MSW = = = 2.22
DFWithin 6
5. ANOVA table:
Source SS DF MS F
MSB
Between groups 0.216 2 0.108 MSW
= 0.049
Within groups 13.34 6 2.22
SSB .216
MSB = = = 0.108
DFBetween 2
SSW 13.34
MSW = = = 2.22
DFWithin 6
5. ANOVA table:
Source SS DF MS F
MSB
Between groups 0.216 2 0.108 MSW
= 0.049
Within groups 13.34 6 2.22
Since Cal F < FCritical = 5.14, we accept H0 .
There is no significant difference between the means of the
group.
Module 6 April 26, 2017 7 / 28
Problems
Group A 70 72 75 80 83
Group B 100 110 108 112 113 120 107
Group C 60 65 57 84 87 73
Group A 70 72 75 80 83
Group B 100 110 108 112 113 120 107
Group C 60 65 57 84 87 73
Plot no. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Treatment A B C A C C A B A B
Yield 5 4 3 7 5 1 3 4 1 7
Plot no. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Treatment A B C A C C A B A B
Yield 5 4 3 7 5 1 3 4 1 7
Solution
A 5 7 1 3
B 4 4 7
C 3 1 5
Plot no. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Treatment A B C A C C A B A B
Yield 5 4 3 7 5 1 3 4 1 7
Solution
A 5 7 1 3
B 4 4 7
C 3 1 5
Step 1:
Null hypothesis: There is no significant difference in the means of
Columns (Groups) as well as Rows (Blocks). That is,
H01 : 1 = 2 = . . . = c (Columns)
H02 : 1 = 2 = . . . = r (Rows)
Alternate Hypothesis: There is at least one mean in the Columns
which differs from others. Also there is at least one mean in the
Rows which differs from the others.
Step 1:
Null hypothesis: There is no significant difference in the means of
Columns (Groups) as well as Rows (Blocks). That is,
H01 : 1 = 2 = . . . = c (Columns)
H02 : 1 = 2 = . . . = r (Rows)
Alternate Hypothesis: There is at least one mean in the Columns
which differs from others. Also there is at least one mean in the
Rows which differs from the others.
Step 2:
Degrees of Freedom: DFColumns = c 1, DFRows = r 1,
DFError = (c 1)(r 1).
Step 1:
Null hypothesis: There is no significant difference in the means of
Columns (Groups) as well as Rows (Blocks). That is,
H01 : 1 = 2 = . . . = c (Columns)
H02 : 1 = 2 = . . . = r (Rows)
Alternate Hypothesis: There is at least one mean in the Columns
which differs from others. Also there is at least one mean in the
Rows which differs from the others.
Step 2:
Degrees of Freedom: DFColumns = c 1, DFRows = r 1,
DFError = (c 1)(r 1).
Compute the Critical values F(c 1,(c 1)(r 1)) and F(r 1,(c 1)(r 1)) .
Source SS DF MS F
SSC
Columns (Groups) SSC c 1 c 1
F1 = MSC
MSE
SSR MSR
Rows (Blocks) SSR r 1 r 1
F2 = MSE
(or) rows
SSE
Within or Error SSE (c 1)(r 1) (c 1)(r 1)
Calculate SST:
Calculate SST:
(x x )2 = 574
P
SST =
Columns:
Column means are 41,38.8,47.6, and 36.6.
(44 41)2 = 9 (38 38.8)2 =0.64 (47 47.6)2 =0.36 (36 36.6)2 =0
25 1.44 19.36 40.96
49 7.84 12.96 21.16
4 0.64 2.56 12.96
9 10.24 1.96 5.76
Columns:
Column means are 41,38.8,47.6, and 36.6.
(44 41)2 = 9 (38 38.8)2 =0.64 (47 47.6)2 =0.36 (36 36.6)2 =0
25 1.44 19.36 40.96
49 7.84 12.96 21.16
4 0.64 2.56 12.96
9 10.24 1.96 5.76
Columns:
Column means are 41,38.8,47.6, and 36.6.
(44 41)2 = 9 (38 38.8)2 =0.64 (47 47.6)2 =0.36 (36 36.6)2 =0
25 1.44 19.36 40.96
49 7.84 12.96 21.16
4 0.64 2.56 12.96
9 10.24 1.96 5.76
Source SS DF MS F
Columns (Groups) 338.8 3 112.93 F1 = MSC
MSE
= 18.393
Rows (Blocks) 161.5 4 40.375 F2 = MSR
MSE
= 6.576
(or) rows
Within or Error 73.7 12 6.14
Source SS DF MS F
Columns (Groups) 338.8 3 112.93 F1 = MSC
MSE
= 18.393
Rows (Blocks) 161.5 4 40.375 F2 = MSR
MSE
= 6.576
(or) rows
Within or Error 73.7 12 6.14
Since F1 > 3.49, we reject the corresponding H0 . That is, the mean
productivity differs for at least one worker.
Since F2 > 3.26, we reject the corresponding H0 . That is, the fiver
workers differ with respect to the mean productivity.
Propellant type B1 B2 B3 B4
Missile
A1 34 30.1 29.8 29
32.7 32.8 26.7 28.9
A2 32 30.2 28.7 27.6
33.2 29.8 28.1 27.8
A3 28.4 27.3 29.7 28.8
29.3 28.9 27.3 29.1
Degrees of freedom
DFrows = r 1 = 2; DFcols = c 1 = 3;
DFinteraction = (r 1)(c 1) = 6; DFerror = rc (n 1) = 12 where n
is the number of observations within each cell.
F(3,12) = 3.49; F(2,12) = 3.89; F(6,12) = 3
ANOVA table
Source SS DF MS F
SSC
Columns (Groups) SSC c 1 MSC = c 1
F1 = MSC
MSE
SSR MSR
Rows (Blocks) SSR r 1 MSR = r 1 F2 = MSE
Interaction SSI (r 1)(c 1) MSI = (r 1SSI
)(c 1) F3 = MSI
MSE
Within or Error SSE rc (n 1) MSE = rc (SSE
n 1)
SSR = nc (Xi . X
)2 = 14.52 (row mean - overall mean)
P
Suppose there are two factors Detergent (Super and Best) and
Temperature (Cold, Warm and Hot). Test the hypothesis to
determine whether the brand of laundry detergent used and the
temperature affects the amount of dirt removed from your laundry.
Mean Calculation:
Mean Calculation:
Mean Calculation:
Mean Calculation: