Date:

Time:

WASTEWATER TREATMENT
PLANTS, DESIGN
CONSIDERATIONS, AND
CASE STUDIES.
Objective of lecture

to identify factors, data

required to design wastewater
treatment plant (WWTP)
to consider treatment systems
appropriate for variety of waste
types
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WHY TREAT WASTEWATER?

Untreated wastewater causes major

damage to the environment and to
human health. Therefore, wastewater
should be treated in order to:
reduce the transmission of related
diseases.
reduce water pollution and the
consequent damage to aquatic life.
3
Over half the worlds rivers, lakes and
coastal waters are seriously polluted by
untreated domestic, industrial and
agricultural wastewaters. Effective
wastewater treatment needs to be
recognized.

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In big and small cities the waste water from the
bathroom and the kitchen discharges directly to the
trench which discharges to water bodies.
Oily petroleum refinery wastewater
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 Definition of Design
Design requires the integration of engineering,
basic and mathematical sciences. A designer
works under constraints, taking into account
economic, health and safety, social and
environmental factors, codes of practice and
applicable laws.

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Basic considerations
1. Initial and design years
2. Service area
3. Site selection
4. Design population
5. Regulatory control and effluent
limitation
6. Characteristics of wastewater
7. Degree of treatment
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 Basic considerations (Cont.)

8. Treatment process selection

9. Design methods
10. Equipment selection
11. Plant layout
12. Energy & resource requirements
13. Plant economics
14. Environmental impact assessment
15. Design failures
16. Benchmarking for continual improvement
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 1. Initial & design years
Planning, design and procuring of fund take
time. Therefore plan ahead into future.
Say, WWTP to be ready in year 2015, design for
stages (called staging) in phase 1, 2, or
ultimate. Say, current year 1Q 2014
Phase 1, Yr 2017, PE. 100,000
Phase 2, Yr 2022, PE. 125,000
Phase 3 (Ultimate), Yr 2027, PE. 150,000
where PE= population equivalent
150,000 PE is approx. 34,000 m3/d
Reasons for future expansion to account for
growth in the area (commercial, population
increase, water demand)
Design year up to 50 years
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 2. Service area
Also known as sewered area ie. Total land area
will eventually be served by the WWTP facility.
Based on:
Natural drainage, river basins
Political boundaries, municipal councils, state &
national authorities
Engineer carries out site visits, review data on
topography, geology, hydrology, climate,
ecology, social, economic.

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 3. Site selection
Careful consideration based on land-use & development
patterns, also social, environmental, engineering
constraints.
Some basic principles must be considered:
Location at low elevation to allow gravity flow
Site isolated from built-up areas such as
residential/commercial. Aesthetic consideration (odour,
sight)
Buffer zone
Site to dispose process end products, eg. effluent,
screening, grit, sludge, ash.
Flood protection
Accessibility by transportation.

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4. Design population
Volume of wastewater generated in community depends on
population (PE Population Equivalent ), and per capita
or head contribution of wastewater
Sources of wastewater can be:
Residential, commercial, industrial, institutional &
storm water (if system leaks or combined sewer)
Forecasting population growth, use data supplied by
Statistics Dept.
DWF (dry weather flow)
WWF (wet weather flow) allow 3 X DWF. Important in
sizing up flow conduits/ channels, settling tanks, pumps.
Design flow and organic or mass loading:
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MS1228:1991 TABLE1: Equivalent population (EP)
No. Type of Premise/ Establishment Population equivalent (recommended)

1. Residential 5 per units *

2. Commercial: 3 per 100 m2 gross area

(includes entertainment/ recreational
centres, restaurants, cafeteria, theatres)
3. Schools/Educational Institutions:
-Day schools/institutions -0.2 per student
-Fully residential -1 per student
-Partial residential -0.2 per student for non-residential student &
1 per student for residential student
4. Hospitals 4 per bed
5. Hotels (with dining and laundry facilities) 4 per room

6. Factories (excluding process wastes) 0.3 per staff

7. Market (wet type) 3 per stall

8. Petrol kiosks/ Service stations 18 per service station

9. Bus terminal 4 per bus station

* 1 peak flow is equivalent to 225 L/cap

Organic load: 55 g BOD5/cap/d, 68 g SS/cap/d
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Design flow and organic (or mass)
loading
Average design flow,
Qav=225 L/person/d
Organic load: 55 g BOD5/person/d, 68 g SS/person/d
Peak flow multiplier,
peak factor=4.7 x (PE)-0.11 (PE in thousand)
Typical design values:
Raw influent BOD5=250 mg/L
Raw influent SS = 300 mg/L

SS level can be higher or lower than 300 mg/L due to

industrial/housing activities solid loss from surface
runoffs during storm events.

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5. Regulatory control and effluent limitations
Wastewater in the WWTP must be treated to the highest
standard and comply with any existing federal regulation,
Refer TABLE
SEWAGE: Standard A discharge to controlled watercourses,
eg. River intake for water supply (Most strict)
Standard B discharge to any other inland watercourses eg.
Sea, sewers, drains (Less strict)
Impt. regulated parameters: BOD5, COD, SS, NH3, P.

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6. Characteristics of wastewaters
Varies according to flow conditions and chemical
constituents: Hourly, daily, monthly variations
Depend on water usage pattern within community,
industrial, commercial contributions.
Industries may operate 1-shift (8-hr duration), 2-shift or
3-shift depend on demand on production
Wet weather conditions, influence of infiltration/inflow
entering collection pipes
Condition of sewer: age, cracks, defective joints,
manholes, illegal drain connection, high groundwater level
Historic flow & quality data useful
Parameters:
Q(min, av.,max) dry & wet weather;
BOD5, SS,pH, TDS, TN,P, metals
Determine water quality according to APHA Standard
Methods, 20th. Edition, 1998
Extent of treatment depend on what pollutants present and
dictated by laws to be reduced to acceptable levels 25
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7. Degree of treatment
Based on raw influent wastewater characteristic
and final treated effluent quality from the plant
Compliant to Effluent Discharge Standard
For land irrigation of treated effluent, must
satisfy health regulations concerning types of
crops
Other beneficial use of effluent such as
recreation, industrial and municipal.

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 TABLE. Water/Waste Characteristics and
Effluent Discharge Standard Compliance

Parameter Water/ Wastewater Malaysian

Standard
Lowland Sewage Rubber POME A B
River
BOD5 (200C) 4 250 3 580 44 000 20 50
(mg/L)
COD (mg/L) 7 400 5 700 106 000 120 200

SS (mg/L) 250 400 490 40 000 50 100

pH 7.4 6.9 5.4 4.4 6-9 5.5 - 9

NH3-N (mg/L) 0.6 40 790 80 10 20

E.Coli 30 000 2 500 000 - - NS NS

(MPN/100 mL)

Note
POME Palm oil mill effluent
NS not stated 29
8. Treatment process selection
Utilize a series physical-chemical-biological (PCB) unit
processes to achieve a final desired effluent quality (may
include additional nutrients/microbial removal)
Factors to take into account:
Raw wastewater flow and composition
Effluent limitations & regulatory compliance
Space/ land constraint
Sludge disposal options Energy
Process control & automation
Plant economics
Certain difficult (non-standard) wastewater may
necessitates lab or pilot plant trials to obtain basic
treatabilitiy and kinetics data.

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Lab/ pilot treatability trial

To ensure similar treatability at small

& full scale installations
Use similarity theory (scale
up/scale down):
Geometric similarity
Hydraulic/ dynamic similarity
Kinematic similarity
Biological similarity (kinetic/ loading/
retention times, toxicity)
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Full scale
Lab/ pilot scale
Idea is replication of engineering problems on
either scale

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9. Design methods

Generally divided into 3 categories:

(i) Cook-book (Black box/ Grey box)
- Manual/ design texts
-Empirical
eg. Statistical relationships,
deterministic approach

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Design methods (Conti.)

(ii) Kinetics (Almost white box)

Express relationships between food

(waste), microorganisms, reactor
configuration using mass balance
Very specific to certain waste/
microorganisms/ reactor combination
and sometime operational conditions

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Design methods (Conti.)

(iii) Modelling (white box)

Anaerobic processes express multiphasic
nature of chemical, biological & gaseous
exchanges.
Extensive computing required

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Operating & Loading Criteria

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 10. Equipment selection
Building to house WWTP normally involve civil &
structural (CS)design
Equipments and materials used must be specified
according to mechanical & electrical (M&E)
requirements including installation, start-up and
power-down.
Provision of proper maintenance schedule, O&M
manual ( beside the original process design),
scientific & manufacturer technical literature for
consultation at all time
Provision of sufficient costing in case spare parts
and backup equipments needed.

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11. Plant layout
At early planning & design stages, must consider
existing conditions at proposed WWTP site.
Factors to consider:
Topography
Available land area
Nearness to developed areas
Buffer zoning
Access roads
Flood conditions
Future expansion requirement
Available head

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Example of plant layout &
vicinity to residential area

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12. Energy and resource requirements
Energy requirement in WWTP can be high.
Major use is electricity or fuels to operate all
electrical/ mechanical equipments.
Overall project planning and design must
consider energy conservation (or total energy
reduction)
Anaerobic digestion of sludge is a net energy
producer since methane (CH4) gas is
generated.
Recycle of treated water for secondary process
use within plant.
Stabilized digested sludge as a cheap soil
conditioner, composts, bricks 42
 13. Plant economics
Carry out analysis to search for cost effective
solution to the construction, operation &
maintenance (O&M). Include aspects of plant
operator training.
Minimize total costs of all resources over whole
duration of plant life
Resources costs include:
Capital (land and WWTP construction)
O&M (salary & training of staff) and
replacement of parts, consumables
Social & environmental

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Aerobic vs anaerobic treatment costs

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 14. Environmental Impact
Assessment (EIA)
Evaluate all impacts coming from the
construction of WWTP.
Beneficial prevent spread of water-borne
diseases, reduce water pollution , provide jobs
Adverse aesthetic esp. odours, change in
land use pattern within vicinity of WWTP

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 15. Design failures
Process failures
- Overdesign (costly & system performance not
necessarily optimum)
- Underdesign (system performance never optimum) &
refurbishment expensive
Structural failures
- Poor estimation of foundation requirements
O & M failures
- Mechanical equipments poorly maintained (aerator/
pumps)
- Electrical power failures
- Plant operator insufficient & poorly trained
- No backup provisions
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Structural failure of waste stabilization
pond embankment collapse

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Structural failure of extended aeration
system failure of aeration tank wall

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Process failure
Ponding problem in trickling filter

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Process failure
Poor settleability due to filamentous
microbial population in ASP

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16. Benchmarking for continual
improvement
Benchmarking process of identifying
& understanding practices from other
organisations to help your organisation
improve its performance, eg. cost,
business processes comparison thus
learning from the best practices
Other business: administration,
management, finance (similar operation)
Wastewater business: sewer operation,
wastewater treatment (dissimilar
operation)
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Development of performance
indicators

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Efficient recovery of materials and energy in
wastewater treatment

Many ways have been studied to recover resources from wastewater.

The water phase can be used for irrigation, industrial purposes and even
as a possible source for production of drinking water (especially in water
scarce regions).

heat could be recovered by use of heat pumps.

Other recovered resources from wastewater.

Biogas is another source of energy from wastewater treatment plants.

Biogas is produced from anaerobic degradation of organic materials as in
biological sludge. An increasing use of biogas (after cleaning) is as fuel for
busses.

Toilet paper etc removed by screens was earlier disposed on landfill but is
today often recovered as fuel for incineration.

Nutrients may be recovered as a part in wastewater used for irrigation, in

sludge used in agriculture and some efforts are today made to recover
phosphorus as a product, for instance magnesium ammonium phosphate.

Efforts are also made for recovering inorganic materials.

Case study 1:

History of Malaysia STP

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Development of
STP & their
management
Evolution of STP in
Malaysia

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Distribution of STP

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Current situation

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Case study 2:
Damansara STP,
employing extended
aeration biological
treatment

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Case study 3:

Jelutong STP- employing

SBR

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Location of JSTP

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JSTP flowchart

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 Some facts on JSTP
GENERAL INFORMATION
Project Name Centralised Sewage & Sludge Treatment Plant,
Jelutong (JSTP), Penang Island on Design & Build
Basis
Owner Malaysian Government, MEWC
Implementing Agency Sewerage Services Department
Design & Build Contractor WWE Holding Bhd
Project Management Kumpulan Ikhtisas Projek (M) Bhd
Consultant
Project Objective To build, construct, complete & commission STP of ultimate
capacity 1.2 Million PE (270 000 m3/d) for Greater
Georgetown Catchments (Inclusive of Georgetown, Tanjong
Tokong, Air Hitam, Tanjong Bunga, Jelutong, Gelugor)
Land Size Total 14.7 ha (36.3 acres)
Project Duration 3 years ( 1.12.2004 30.11.2007)

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TECHNICAL INFORMATION
Current Capacity 800 000 or 180 000 m3/d or 40 MGD (Phase 1 & 2)
Ultimate Capacity 1.2 Million PE or 270 000 m3/d or 60 MGD (Phase 3)
BOD Raw Sewage 250 mg/L concentration; average quantity 45 000 kg/d (Phase1
& 2) and 81 000 kg/d (Phase 3)
SS Raw Sewage 300 mg/L concentration solids entering that either float or in
suspension, colloidal, dispersed, coagulated, flocculated, etc.
Output of Plant Treated effluent water to Standard A Quality at 180 m3/d
Dried sludge, estimated at 40 ton/d (25 % dried solids content)
Biogas, partly flared off & recycled for digester heating (gas
composition 65-70 % CH4, 30 % CO2 & others)
Scope of Construction Geotechnical (piling), C & S, M & E (process instrumentations):
Works Main inlet pump station & preliminary treatment
Biological process treatment (SBR)
Sludge treatment building
Anaerobic sludge digestion & gas mixing equipment (CH 4)
Dried sludge storage building
Buildings for Administration, TNB sub-station, Guard House,
Vehicle depot, Digester equipment buildings & refuse chamber
Reusable energy biogas pilot plant
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TECHNICAL INFORMATION
Brief Process JSTP include a central final pumping station with
Treatment protective coarse screen, screening wash units, grit
Description removal, O & G removal, hydraulic flow splitter,
biological SBR dispersed growth treatment, waste
sludge management (thickening, stabilization,
dewatering), gravity transport of treated effluent to sea,
final disposal of dried sludge, etc.

SBR system * Four basins in s single module with 100 000 PE per basin
aarangement; 4 hours time cycle comprising FILL, AERATE,
SETTLE & DECANT phases.
Waste Sludge Waste sludge from SBR together with imported/ tankered
Management sludge is thickened to approx. 6 % dry solids (DS) content &
then stabilized before dewatered to achieve 25 % DS at 35 0C
mesophilic digestion where sludge is mixed by digestion gas
recirculation method.
Estimated RM 20 million per year is required to operate & maintain JSTP
Operational Cost and major cost elements:
Electricity 48 %
Chemicals 18 %
Waste sludge disposal 10 %
Others 24 % 79
Process Description

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1 2

6 3
JSTP
Pulau Pinang

4
5

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Case study 4:

Pantai 2 STP-

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Location Map
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( 320,000 m3/d )

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Case study 5:

PRWW Treatment

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 Treatment Techniques of PRWW
Table European Union oil refinery wastewater treatment processes
used in 2005 in 125 refinery locations (CONCAWE, 2011)..
Treatment Number Type of biological treatment Number

3 stage biox 103 Trickling filter 16

Mechanical 2 Aerated lagoon 5

Chemical 2 Activated sludge 78

Physical 4 Non aerated lagoon 1

API 0 Fixed bed bio-film reactor 1

External WWTP 14 Aerated tank 1

None 0 other 1

Total 125 Total 103

Before discharge 117 of 125 refineries (94 %) subject their process effluents to biological
treatment
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Figure 2.4 Biological pond in Kertih petroleum refinery (Terengganu)
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 Equalization tank

Aeration tank

Clarifier tank

Figure 2.5 Conventional activated sludge process in Melaka petroleum

refinery 108
Results and Discussion

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PFI Company proposal for
Duhok city

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Catchment area with sewer system
Location of WWTP
 flow chart wwtp
For the mechanical sludge dewatering, centrifuges are
Sand, oil and fat removal proposed.will beThe achieved in a longitudinal
daily sludge amount has aerated
to be grit
SeptageThe from finalunsewered
sedimentation
chamber The
areas
with sludge
tanks
will dewatered
adjacent be
thickeners
will
oildelivered
be circular
and areto designed
fatduring
removalwith a5 horizontal
the chamber. as circular
working flowand
days andduring
will bethe
WWTP equipped
for treatment with together
blade
tanks, scrapers
with
equippedtheto wastewater
working remove
with rabble
hours. the settled
rakes. sludge.
Due to The classifier separates
the extremely high effluentsludge sand and water
standards, with an inclined
which are demanded auger, which for
from the served areas.
The reuse
settled
drops activated
the dewatered
of treated sludge
effluent sand
Nitrification, will be withdrawn
into water
in agriculture, a container
denitrification theand from for one pipe
hauling.
aerobic
construction sludge for
of a rapideach basin
stabilization are
a
which
Because leads the activated
disinfection sludge to the return sludge pumping station where g
andThe fat pumping
with
realized chlorinestation
simultaneously may is feed
generate
inby byflotation
the gravity
chlorinated
same from
tanks.an the hydrocarbons,
The filtration.
chosen The
system
storage
sand filter
Grease filtration is proposed.
removal are achieved in adjacent chamber
also
which oneare chamber for
carcinogenic
pump each
isbasin.
the sump
and line is isdesigned
which
oxidation available.
could
ditch in Asuch
affect
type strict
where separation
irrigated
manner, plants,
that
completely of the
itmixed lines
especially
is possible isinto
activated
r
The of the In
same
multi-layer theThe case of heavy
Grease
wastewater
filter medium rainfall
and fat
flows into
consists it
are is removed
circular
ofathe
filter from
tanks.
gravel with the surface
different
mech.
of the
sludgesize sludge
secured.
the first growing by-pass
stage,
sludge the
liquordisinfection
filtration
is with
obtained. of gravity
This treated
fact pipeeffluent,
from
guaranties the
sludge
prior
an manhole
to
extremelythe i
septage basin by
of grain proposed
and adifferent
skimming
Here to
are storeblade
the
specific stormwater
which isDepending
wastewater
gravity. mounted
and the at the
return
on the travelling
loss
thickener
of bridgestorage
head
de-
of
Screens are
septage
reuse an essential
of this water component
prior inthe
robust the system of
filtration the
agriculture pump
under shouldsump.
changing be achieved
inflow by means
conditions. ofby UV- c

excess
watering

sludge
The treated effluent leaves the tanks via an a overflow equipped itwith dragon's
reception

of the
the grit
filter chamber
by sludge
filtrationand
mixed moves
residuesand itkept
theinto under
filters sump from
anaerobic
will be where
back washed flows with gravity
Wastewater Treatment Plant. All coarse materials
unit
radiation.
teeth sill.
intoFromaA fat/oil
filtered effluent
theconditions
tanks thetank is the optimal input flowsqualitytofor an UV wastewater u
like textiles, water
paper, and air.
glass,
storage
sticks, cans intreated
order
etc. are
wastewater
to
return achieve biological
sludge the
P- inlet pump sump
ofdisinfection.
the filtration. removal. l
removed. Fllmittel t
S
u
wastewater
c
r grit
grease-/ biol. activated
sludge
final
sand
UV
disin-
effluent
pumping
a
fat- phosp. sedimen-
e filtration
e
chamber
removal removal tank tation fection station r
n
l
To store and equalise the treated effluent a pond shall construct.optional
The pond will be filled by the effluent pumping station and after
stormwater
storage effluent
u
storage and equalization the water will flow back by gravity and storage
tank
s
finally it will be discharge via the effluent conveyance system e
 screenExample area map wwtp
mech. sludge dewatering

grit chamber sludge thickener

biol. phosh. removal

effl. storage tank

final sedimentation
sludge water activated
storage sludge tank
stormwater storage

effl. pump. station

Example wwtp
Vedios:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pRaptzcp9G4&list=PL204FEAC0118C
728F

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