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Fundamentos de explosivos
Diseo de explosivos
Los explosivos pueden considerarse reacciones redox (reduccin-oxidacin)
muy rpidas que implican combustibles (como el carbono y el hidrgeno) y
agentes oxidantes (como el nitrato de amonio). En el proceso de explosin se
oxidan los combustibles y se reducen los oxidantes. Una de tales reacciones
que implican una mezcla de nitrato de amonio y fuel oil se muestra a
continuacin
Como se puede ver, para que esta ruptura se cumpla, se debe aplicar
energa. Para los propsitos de esta discusin esta energa se llamar la
energa de breakdawn y dar el smbolo H. si por otro lado uno comenzara con
las partes componentes
Parte 2
Calienta la formacin
Ya que hay 7 moles de H2O, 1 mol de CO2 y 1 mol de O2 forman la cantidad total de energa
liberada por la formacin de estos productos es
Uno puede decir de los tipos y los porcentajes del peso de los ingredientes
en un explosivo si es o no oxgeno equilibrado. Supongamos que hay 1
kilogramo de la mezcla ANFO (94.5 / 5.5). Los pesos moleculares de
NH4NO2 y CH2 se tomarn como 80 y 14 respectivamente. Por lo tanto,
11,81 gmoles de nh4no3 y 3,93 gm-moles de CH2, el nmero relativo de
tomos-gramo en NH4NO2, expresado como gm-tomos / kg sera:
Similar en ch2
El calor de formacin cambia en 4.926 kcal / mol. Este valor ha sido utilizado
por el presente autor para realizar los clculos de energa. Puesto que
entonces el peso molecular de CH2 idealizado es 14,02, esto corresponde a
un odo de formacin de 351 kcal / kg. Cuando estos valores se usan para
fuel oil, la energa Q liberada por ANFO con equilibrio de oxgeno se
convierte en 912kcal / kg. Esto es similar a los valores citados de varias
manufacturas
this is ideal reaction in the sense that there is just enough oxygen present to
oxidize the fuels(hidrogen and carbon)in the mixture to H2O and CO2
respectively. the nitrogen all goes into forming N2. this would be a zero
oxygen balance or oxygen balanced explosive. the molecular weights of the
reacting agents in this case are
since there are there moles of NH4NO2 , involved and one mole of CH2 , the
ideal mixturein weight percent should be
Part 2
and in doing so, energy is now released. the amount of energy released in
the formation of CH2 is called the " heat energy of formation" or simply the
"heat of formation" and is given the symbol H. note that in magnitude the
"heat of breakdown" is just equal to the "heat the formation", values for the
"heat of formation" for a number of substances such as those presented in
tables 11.1 and 11.2 are available in various handbooks. as will be discussed
later the heat of formation value chosen for CH2 in this textbook is
heats formation
since there are 7 moles of H2O, 1 mole of CO2 and 1 mole of O2 formed the
total amount of energy released by the formationof these products is
the resultant heat of explosion (Q) is the difference between the heat of
formation of the explosive products and the heat of breakdown of the
explosive ingredients. this is expressed as
substituting the appropriate values into equation 11.6 one finds that
and this the amount of energy released Q per unit mass of explosive is
in tables such as table 11.1 and 11.2 the sign asssociated with the heat of
formation indicates whether (a) energy must be added or (B) energy is
released when forming the substance from its constituents. the sign
convention used here is
energy must be added to form the listed substance from its constituents
one can tell from the types and weight percentages of the ingredients in an
explosive whether or not it is oxygen balanced. assume that there is 1
kilogram of the ANFO mixture (94.5/5.5). ther molecular weights of NH4NO2
and CH2 will be taken as 80 and 14 respectively. thus there will 11.81gm-
moles of nh4no3 and 3.93 gm -moles of CH2 the relative number of gram -
atoms in NH4NO2, expressed as gm - atoms/kg would be:
similary in ch2
these are summarized in table 11.3. the hydrogen must be combined in the
form of water H2O, hence 1/2 oxygen atom is required for each hydrogen
atom. the carbon is combined in the CO2 form thus there be 2 oxygen
atoms for each carbon atom. the axygen balance (OB) equation becomes
if the ammonium nitrate/ fuel oil weight ratio were 92/8 instead of 94.5/5.5
then the following reaction would take place.
the oxygen balance for 1 kg as calculated using the values in table 11.4
if the ammonium nitrate/fuel oil weight ratio were (96.6/3.4) the following
reaction would occur
solid detonation products, usually metallic oxides, are produced when the
explosive contains reactive ingredients such as aluminum, sodium nitrate,
potassium nitrate or calcium carbonate. clark 1968 has discussed the case
of a more complex explosive having the following composition
the results are given in table 11.5 the NaNO3, is reduced to Na2O and the
CaCO3 to CaO in this case
furthermore the resulting explosive may be too strong and/or the energy
release rate too high for use in certain rocks. the effects of adding aluminum
to an ANFO mixture is shown below
the increased density and energy per unit weight of an aluminized blasting
agent must be weighed against its higher cost
it will be observed in the technical literature that the stated energies for
ANFO differ depending upon the manufacturer. although slight variations
might be expected due to
pag7
amount and type of fuel oil, etc . the variations are more fundamental in
nature. one problem deals with the value for the heat of formation aused for
fuel oil, in formula 11.1 it has been expressed simply as CH2 but, in fact, it is
much more complicated than that. one formula for fuel oil
goes by the name of dodecane and has a molecular weight of 170.33, have
also referrred to the complex nature of fuel oild and expressed it as CH2 in
their publications for the sake of simplicity. in the handbook of chemistry
and physics 1956 it has been indicated that through the addition of a
methylene group. CH2 to the folllowing types of organic compounds
normal alkyl cyclohexanes
normal paraffins
normal alkyl benzenes
normal monooolefins (-alkenes)
normal acetylenes (1-alkynes
the heat of formation changes by 4.926 kcal/mole. this value has been used
by the present author to perform the energy calculatioms. since then
molecular weight of idealized CH2 is 14.02, this corresponds to a hear of
formation of 351kcal /kg. when these values are used for fuel oil, the energy
Q released by oxygen-balanced ANFO becomes 912kcal/kg. this is similar to
the quoted values from several manufactures
in this calculation, the average specifie hear over the range from the inicial
borehole temperature(usually about 300k) to the final borehole temperature
is used. these values are given in table11.7
it is to be noted that the universal gas constant has been given a subscript.
the reason for this is that it will be used with two different sets of units in
this book and by using the subscripts it is hoped that this will make it easier
for the reader to follow
because of the very high temperatures and pressures associated with the
explosion products, a cariable correction factor called the co-volume (a)
must be applied. the modified gas law equation becomes
average ideal molar heat capacities, over the temperature range from 300