s s r

rtr s
rs

r
s s r rtr s
t
s ss rst s
tr
rs ss rs
s s rs ss
rss sts
rs rrt
rs rss sts
str
t s
rts
rs

stts rrs
rrs
rt
Prs t
str str sttst
r s
r
s r
s r
rt r rt
s rs rt
rt
rs

strs sttsts
str ss
str t tt
str trr rtr
rs

rs s rs
tr
str rs
s rs
ts tr s ts a b
t r
t s s qrs
rs

s s r rtr s


rs s rs
s s

s rt

s s r s s

s s

s s r s s

rs

s s r rtr s


rst
st tt stt tr r trtt s ts s ts st
tsts r t sr s r stts s rss ts
rtr s r t rrr s stts r sr
t r s r stts rts rrs s s ss
rts rts tr rtrs ss rtr sts rs
rs rs trs rs rts tt trr stt rr
tr sts s rtr s s ts s rtrs

r s ts q t r r ss tr rr r
r s ts trs s s s ts s s tr
sttst srs ss q stt q sr ss tr s
ss r s r s s s q ss rtr t
rss s rs r

s ts s ss rst s sr rs r q stt
ss s rr s ts ts s ss rs ss rs
rss sts rrs rrt t r r
s sr s ts sttsts sttsts ss r rst s stts
rrs rts rss s rs tr rs t rrs rts s
rtrt sts s s s rts ts rt ss
s ts rt rt t s rs st t
t r rs sr s strs sttsts trs rqtt ts
s s r rtr s r t s s trt
t s r rs rs rs ss t s ss
r tr rtrs ss trss

s s r rtr s


s s r rtr s
t

s ss rst s
tr

s t st tr ss s s s ts tr
s sttts trs tr s tr s ts ss ts Prtrt
sts t ss sss ss rs str
s rrs tr rts rrs rs sss s rs rt ss
rt t ss st t t st
st ts sr r str rt rr t sr
sr r s rs r r rtr sr sr s
ssr trss t str rs ts
rst r srr t st ts sr s rs s
rsts r rr ts t s str q r r r
r ts stts q s s sts s s qttts s
sr rsss r s tts ss r s str s st t q
s r qtttt s rs ss rtt rr s r
tt srr q rtt ts s trs ss s rrst rs s
rt r ss rtr s s ss s s s
ts ss ts rss s r trs sts Pr
q s s s rs s r t ts rtsts
r ts s t ssr rr qt trtt srt
tr t s trs rts s q s st s
s tr t t

rs ss rs

s s rs ss sr rsss trs s s ts r
s rr qt r tr qt s
r r s Pr tr r tr rss
ss rr rs s r r rs ss trs r tr 14a
r r sr Pss s rr s st rs ss ts
strs q stt s st tr s Prtrt
st trts st s trs rrs rs ss ts r
t ss t ss sst t sst tr r
s s

s r q rt 10 m ss qr r q rt
qst rrs s rt r tr s s trs
rs r r trq s rs sts trs s st

s s r rtr s
 s ss rst s

r
rt tr rt trt rrr rt tr
t 1/299.792.458 s
t s s r 9.192.631.770 rs r rrst trs
tr s s rs st t t s
ss r ss rtt tr qr stt sttt
tr Pss s rs r
rrt r ts rrt tr stt q t s
tr trs rs rts rt t s rr
sr sts st tr tr s r
tr sss s trs r 2 107 t r tr
rt
qt qt tr sst q t tts ts q
tr ts ts stts 0, 012 qrs r
trtr r 1/273, 16 trtr tr t tr
ts ts s r t q t
s r rt rq 5401012 rt rt s
ts rt ss r 1/683 tts tt
s r srr

Prs sst tr s

r s
r M L/T 2 1 kg m/s2 = N ewton (N )
r M L2 /T 2 1 N m = Joule (J)
Pt M L2 /T 3 1 J/s = watt (W )
L/T m/s
r L/T 2 m/s2
s M/L3 kg/m3

ss s s rs ss

sts s sts rs

st sts s rs s ts sts s s s rs
ts ts s ts 10 s rs sr s qqr ss
103 s 1 milisegundo 1 ms 106 W 1 megawatt 1 M W

s s rs ss

r s sr sr ss s trs
s rt s rt rt x r s X rst
tr s t t s r s s tr
rt r r rrt tr rtr
ss tr t rtr
rt q rst r tt q r sr
trs rtt srs s tr hvi
rr sr t trs st rrr x tr t t, s
hvi = x/t

s s r rtr s
 rss sts

t r
1018 t
1015 t
1012
109
106 r
103
102 t
101
101
102 t
103
106
109
1012 tr
1015 t P
1018

Prs ts sts t 10

s rs ts s r q s r r s
rs st st qqr r s t q s r s rs
q s r sr r sttst r rrst
r rr r s s st sr rt s rr qt
r s s r rr r q sr t r
rt r rt s r tr tr rt s
s r rr r r rr r rr r s r
stt r rr rr st q r q s rt q sts
tt r rst r r rstr
ssr rr q s r q rrst r s Pr
s ss ssr ssr rr s r qqr

rss sts
r s sr r r s q s
rr r s rs q s r t st t rt r rss
q s s r rrstr s s r s ss s tr st s rss q
s t rt str rrts s rs s sss rss s s
rss sts s qt rss r s
rt r rss sts st rtt rs
r q qt s rs r r rss sts Pr
ss q s q rt s 64, 5 mm s q s rss 6 4
s ts 5 rs s st rt st tr
st s rs s st s rss s sts sr sst
srs ts r tr rrts
s rss sts sr trs r s sts rrs
rs

rs st s rs sqr rr rs rt r ss
t qqr t s s s l = 32, 5 cm l = 0, 325 m
rrst s t rss sts 5 = 0, 5 10 = 0, 05 102 =

s s r rtr s
 s ss rst s

s r tr

0, 005 103 ss 1 rs st 26 = 2, 6 10 = 0, 26 102 = 0, 026 103 ss

2 rss sts 0, 00034606 = 0, 34606 103 = 3, 4606 104 ss 5 rss
sts
r rt rs st t rs st Prtt l = 32, 5 cm
l = 32, 50 cm s rts s rr t 3 rss sts qt
q s s rs t 4 rss sts
st r st tr rss sts Pr l = 3, 25 m t 3
rss sts qt q l = 3, 025 m t 4 rss sts
s trt s tt s r r q 5 = 5, 0 = 5, 00 = 5, 000
trtt q s rsts s s sr rr q 5 cm 6= 5, 0 cm 6=
5, 00 cm 6= 5, 000 cm q sts s t 1 2 3 4 rss sts rstt
trs rs rs s rt

rs rrt
rrt sr t rss rs r r
tr q rt sr ss

r sss rs s rrs rrt s

t rs r sr sr t s rs sr srt
s rr 423, 0012 = 423, 001
t rs r sr sr rs s rs
sr srt s srr 245, 6 = 246
s rs srt sr s s srt str qsqr
trs rss rts r t rs t sr rs
2, 0502 = 2, 1
s rs srt sr s s srt s str
rs str tr rs t rs t sr rs
st s r r s 4, 3500 = 4, 4 ; 1, 25 = 1, 2
rrt sr t st st s r rrt rr
t t r t rs r rrr t s tt
ss r t t r s qr rrt sr rs

rs rss sts
str

s s str s rs sr s rss sts

rst tr rs r r rs Pr st
r s

s s r rtr s
 rs rss sts

12, 56 + 0, 1234 = 12, 6834 = 12, 68

r 12, 56 t qtr rss sts t rs st 6 q
s s tss r 0, 1234 rst t qtr rss sts s t
rs st 4 s s s ss t rs st
rst str s s r r rs ss 12, 56
Prtt t rs st rst str s s tss

t s

t sr s rss sts rst tr s

r rss sts r r qt rss
sts Pr st r t
3, 1415 180 = 5, 65 102
r 180 rst trs rss sts s r 3, 1415 rst rss
sts rst tr s trs rss sts

rts

r ss s rst rt r rss sts

s rt Pr r ln(5, 0 103 ) = 8, 52 st 2 rss sts
rt rtt ss s rt s r ln(45, 0) = 3, 807
st 3 rss sts rt rtt ss s rt

Pr ts s ss rtt q s rs s ts s ts s rss sts

q rrt s t st rst

rs
ts rss sts st s rs rs

12, 5 cm
0, 00020 kg
3 108 m/s
6, 02 1023
1, 03 106 s
30008, 00 cm/s

rrt s rs r s rss sts

25, 38 cm
2, 361 m/s
9, 563 103 s
3, 45 g
7, 96 106 m
0, 0335 J
3857 N

s rs tts sr s rss sts

s s r rtr s
 s ss rst s

235 m + 32, 2 m 2, 052 m

2, 02 105 g

2, 1 cm3
ln(351, 0)

s s r rtr s
t

stts rrs
rrs

r t rs q r rr rst rt
rr rst s r rr r s sr
q r rr sr tr rt ts r r
rr r rr rr sr st rt rr st abs t
r r tr r xmed r rr xverd st

abs = xmed xverd

Pr tr rr rt rel t r tr rr st abs r rr xverd
st
abs
rel =
xverd
rr rt t sr rst trs rts t q r 100%
str r rr rr rt st rr

s tr s ts rrs sr sss trs sts trs

rrs rssrs rr t rt r str rr
s s tr s rr ss rrs t sr ts
rt s s s
rrs stts s rrs sstts s ss r ts ts r
sr s ss sts q s s ts st sst
tt r r r t s ts rrs
sstts s

r t trs t s r q trs
t sr t r stt t rr r
r tr ss
ts ts rt rr t q r
trtr t
s tr t r t rsst r
r r s t q t
rtr tr

rrs trs s ss rss rts ss trs q

r rt srs ssss q s s s rss
P tr rs rs tr s s strts qs rs s

s s r rtr s
 stts rrs

s ts rss trtr ts rs t trs rs

rr srr q st sts ts rtr s

rt

rt u rtr ss srs rs q sr rt
trs sr rt r rst
rt t t t r rr r s r r
r t t rss rtt srt
s ts rt sr rs s trs t
rts rts s rts uA s qs sts
r ts sttsts trs r rr rrstr rts q
rtrs sttsts trs t s r t
sr sr strrt s rts uB s s r t t
s ts s rs ss sr s rs sr q s ts
r rtrs sttsts trs s rs r s rs r
t rtt r s rrs trs rs ss
rt s rs r rts r ts s rr trs
s r rss rr s s ssrs r
t rs ss r rt s rt
sr srs rr tr r ss s s
s s r rt ts trs
r t rr q s r sss ts sr Prtt rt
rst sr rr s rst

tr rtt r r rtr
r st r sq tr r tr rt ssttr s
t rt st tt rss rt tr
rt tr rt tt t t tr
sr ss q t rt rst r rst
t st rs s rt tr qs
q trr r trr r s

Prs t

rs st ss strt r r
r r srs sttst r r rss sts rs
sr rt rst st r rs rs r rs s
rs sr srt r rs trs ts s r r

Pr tr t t r q r
t s rr ss r rr t r s r r
r r rr s tr r rs r s r r
s ssrt r t r strt str sr
r r rs r rr t sr srt trs rr
st rr rt

r tr r tr rs t r srs
rts sr t tr tr qt trr r rr
t sr tr s r ss tr Pr tr rs sr tr
s r ss rt t str s rts sss srs

s s r rtr s
 str str sttst

rts sr

Psss ts ts str r tr rs t

t rs t tr r tr rr rt u
q rr st r r rr t Pr tr
q rt st r s r ssrt r rr
rs

str str sttst

str sttst t s rtrs

rr rs sr r str s q r rr
stt rt s t r ts st t st trs
r sttst rtt r sttst q t r t r rs
rtr str rrstt

s sr rs rs r r rrs rqs
tr r t rts trs rs tr ss
str rqs trs ss sr rst r r
str r str t t s rrsts s
ts s rs s 32 s tr tr rs r
r rs r rst str srs q s s t
s t q rtt ss strr str rqs srs st
rts trs ss s rqs s tr ss sr strs
str t str rqs sr t s r
s t tr r tr str rrstt t
s ss strs str

srs q r trs ss str rs q r

s str t rrt ss rss s ts rr srr s
s sr trs stt s trs ss s strtr rrss
t t r q r s t t sss s str
trsrs r s str tr str t sq
q t t r sr trt tt ss str rq
t q r sr str r r s sss
s rts tr r s tr t ts

s s r rtr s
 stts rrs

s ts s s str rqs s ts st trs

sss str rstt ss str

s s sss s s rs rrs rtr t ss rrs

ts rs sr t rss r s
tr t ss tr r st r s r s rrs
str rrst st ts s tts q s rt
rt str str t sq tr
s s s srs s str s sts strs

t t r s str r str rrst

str t sts q s s st ts rs Pr
tr r s q r r q s s s s
r rt r s

str Pss t sts q s ts s ts q

s s trs Pr tr r ts q ss r
tr t r t rts ts

str ss r t r strs rs r r s
n > 30 Pr s ss rtrst rtr str sttst
ss tr s t st s rsss s rrs sss
tr rt r s rs ss
str t tt st str ss r q s s ss
strs rs qqr r s

s s r rtr s
 r s

r s

r s s r rtt rs s rts ts
s r s q r trt r r stt r sr ss
r n r tt s trs ts xi s r X t r
sr r
n
xi

X
hxi =
n
i=1

s s st s rtt s ts s s
s tr r t tr trs ts r
r st stt r srs s s s tr r
n r tt s trs ts xi s r X t s
sr r
n
|xi hxi|

X
dm =
n
i=1

s t rqtt r rr rs s rs rs
r rs r rs s s

sttst t r s rqtt r srr t srs

t str r r
rr s r str s s r xi
t r n trs ts s r X r
n
1X
2 = (xi hxi)2
n
i=1

hxi r t s n trs ts q s
rs s t trr r t r sss ss
ss str ts t r str r
n
1 X
2
S = (xi hxi)2
n1
i=1

hxi r str q t sr q s q r n
s r tt trs ts str q q
ts
n
S2 = 2
n1
ttt 2 s r n n 1 sstt r
s n 1 n S 2 rq str stt
q s rt r r rs rs n st st
ss

s r

s r s r rt s qrt rtr srs

s s s tr r t tr n trs ts

s s r rtr s
 stts rrs

s r stt rt r t r s
r r r t Pr s r r qr
st r ss r q s r s r

v
u n
(xi hxi)2
uX
u
u

t i=1
= 2 =
n
s r str
v
u n
(xi hxi)2
uX
u
u

t i=1
S = S2 =
n1
q sr tt srt st r

v v
u n  u n n n
u1 2
 u1 X 1X 1X 2
hxi2 2 hxi
X
2
= t hxi 2 hxi xi + xi = t xi + xi
n n n n
i=1 i=1 i=1 i=1
s
n hxi2
q
= 2 hxi hxi + hx i = hxi2 2 hxi2 + hx2 i
2
n

q
= hx2 i hxi2
q stt t sr t q q sq t
n
! 2 n
1X 1X 2
2
x2 xi st


hxi = xi =
n n
i=1 i=1
n n n
!2

 1
hxi2 =
X X X
(xi hxi)2 = n 2
x2i

x xi
n
i=1 i=1 i=1

s r

s r s r rt s r tr
s r str S q r qr r tt n s trs
ts st
v
u n
uX
u (xi hxi)2
S
u

t i=1
m = =
n n (n 1)
st rss stt r r rt hxi r
s r q sr rss s trr s r str S q
rtt t r tt n trs

ts r
s s r m trs r r tr 1/ n Pr sr s t
rss srs r s trs rtrs s r sr t
r rr s rts trs s rts rs s rtrs s
r rt s r m sr t q s q
q st

s s r rtr s
 s r

r m
i xi x2i





ts x2i =
P P
xi =

r s r

r m
i mi (g) m2i (g 2 )
3, 002 9, 012
3, 015 9, 090
2, 915 8, 497
2, 998 8, 988
ts
P P 2
mi = 11, 930 mi = 35, 587

s r r ss t

v " n !2 #
u n
1 u 1 1

X X
m = t x2i xi
n n1 n
i=1 i=1

Pr ts rts s rrrr t n = 5 r
r r s r m rtr q s s strs s
t sr sstts rtt q r r r s
tr m

trs s r r qtr s ss t s
rsts trs r 3, 002 g 3, 015 g 2, 915 g 2, 998 g r hmi
rt u(m) ss s s trs ss m t r
q rt u(m) s s r m s rss
rrtt r ss t

r hmi ss m

4
X mi 3, 002 g + 3, 015 g + 2, 915 g + 2, 998 g
hmi = = = 2, 982 g
4 4
i=1

rt u(m) sr s r m s strs s
s rt s strs ssrs r s r m
ss r q r rt u(m) sr

s s r rtr s
 stts rrs

v " 4 !2 # s 
4
u 
1 u 1 X
2 1 X 1 1 2
1 2 2
u(m) = m = t mi mi = 35, 587 g 11, 930 g
4 (4 1) i=1 4
i=1
2 3 4
r
1 1
= (35, 587 g 2 35, 581 g 2 ) = 0, 022 g
2 3

q sr rtt t rssr rt s 1 rs
st Prtt s rrr rt r 0, 02 g s t t r
hmi = 2, 982 g rt u(m) = 0, 02 g r r ss t t st
rsst s srr q rt tr st s s
q rt trs ss s rt ss s ss s
r ss rst trs ss s ss s q r ss
sr rr t r s ss s rs

hmi = 2, 982 g u(m) = 0, 022 g rst m = hmi u(m) = (2, 98 0, 02) g

rt r rt

t t rt sr rss
rtt r stt r q rr ts s ts rt
sr ss stt s rr rt uc s rrst
rr tr s ts s rt sr sss ts rt s
rrs s s ts sttstt ts s trr s s ts
sttstt ts rt srs q r s srs ss ts
rts sttstt ts r s ss st ss s sr trt q
t rt sr s s ss r
s trss t r rt ss r t rtr
s rs ss rts sss ss s rts s rs
s rt t s rs ss tr s r r rt
r s rt t s rs ss s s rrr
ss rss r rt q ss rr
s t q s ss s ss s s
rs s tr qt s r s s t s
q stt f r s s F st stt x
r s tr X st

f = f (x)
str rtt r stt f stt x rt
x = u(x) r s X s r r rt f = uc (f )
r s F

q x s t r r n s r s X s tr q
r hxi s r stt r r rr X ss s s rs s
hf i hxi sr rs t P r f = f (x) x = u(x) r stt
q s s hxi s rr f (x) r rt tt f (x) t x = hxi
r uc (f )/u(x) sr rt tt r ss t
r f (x) ss t st
df (x) 
uc (f ) u(x)
dx x=hxi


s s r rtr s
 rt r rt

rtt r r rt f r rt x

q rt r rt r s s F q st
st r s tr X trtt rqt s rst
r s s s ts r s
q stt f r s s F s s stts x y s rsts
rs ss tr X Y

f (x, y) = x y
q ss q q s s X Y s sttstt ts st
X t Y ss s trs r rt uc (f ) F r
st s s trs rt u(x) u(y) s s X Y rstt tt
s trs u(x) u(y) r uc (f ) sr ts ts strr s trs
rr s s rs rts s r rr r st
s s rt Pr tr ts sr sst s s trs
t q s ss s rt r r trr s ts
tr s r Pr srr r rrt
sr s s trs rts u(x) u(y) r rt uc (f ) s rtr
q s rrrr t s r q st
v
u n rD
u1 X E
= t 2
(xi hxi) = (xi hxi)2
n
i=1

s r rss srs s s tr r sr
rr stt r r rt ss s r s qs
rss r uc (f ) = f

 h2   h 

i2
i2
u2c (f ) =



=
fi hf i xi yi hxi hyi = xi hxi yi hyi
D
2 E D
2 E



= xi hxi + yi hyi 2 xi hxi yi hyi

u2c (f ) = u2 (x) + u2 (y) 2 xi hxi yi hyi


rD rD

2 E
2 E
u(x) = x = xi hxi u(y) = y = yi hyi s s ss rs x y
rstt trr tr rt q tr r
s qst s s x y s ts ss strr q tr
r str ss rst sr st q r r s ts s
rss rtr s ss r q sr

s s r rtr s
 stts rrs

r rt
f (x) = ax a = stt hf i = a hxi uc (f ) = au(x)
f (x) = xa a = stt hf i = hxia uc (f ) = a hxia1 u(x)
f (x) = ex hf i = ehxi uc (f ) = ehxi u(x)
1
f (x) = ln x hf i = ln hxi uc (f ) = u(x)
hxi
f (x) = sen x hf i = sen hxi uc (f ) = cos
p hxi u(x)
f (x, y) = ax by a, b = stt hf i = a hxi b hyi uc (f ) = qa2 u2 (x) + b2 u2 (y)
f (x, y) = xy hf i = hxi hyi uc (f ) = hyi2 u2 (x) + hxi2 u2 (y)
x hxi 1
q
f (x, y) = hf i = uc (f ) = hyi2 u2 (x) + hxi2 u2 (y)
y hyi hyi2

rsss r s s s rs s rts s s rs
ss s f q ss s rs ss tr ts

u2c (f ) = u2 (x) + u2 (y)

ts q r rs ss s F q ss s rs
ss tr ts X Y q rr q rtr q
 2  2
f  f 
u2c (f ) = 2
u (x) + u2 (y)
x x=hxi y y=hyi
 

st q ssr trr t r r sr s
r d r rsstr t q s rs f (x, y) r s rs
sr ts ss stt tr r ss s ss rq s rs ss X Y
sr s tt tr s s rts sts ss
rr s rts s r ts s rs ss s F q ss s
rs ss tr ts strs

ss t t s r stt f = f (x1 , x2 , ..., xN ) r s

s F s s stts x1 , x2 , ..., xN s N rs ss tr X1 X2 XN
sttstt ts ss s rt s sr trs
ts q r

N  2
f 

X
u2c (f ) = u2 (xi )
xi xi =hxi i

i=1

 xi s rr stt is r s tr Xi q s rs rs
f 
s s ts ss r s rs ts xi
xi

xi =hxi i

r q rss r r stt rt ss s rs
ss tr sttstt ts st s ss rtrs rqtt rs
ts rt s qs s stt ss rr s s rr s
str N rs ss tr sttstt ts q r ss sr
t rtt q r q st

N

X
u2c (x1 x2 x3 ..... xN ) = u2 (xi )
i=1

s s r rtr s
 s rs rt

s s s rr t s N rs ss tr sttstt
ts q t sr t rtt q rtr r s
rst rss rt rt srt trs s rts rts s
ts s

N
u2c (f ) X u2 (xi )
=
f2
i=1
x2i

s rs rt
ts ss rts s rts sss s rtrsts trss
s rs rt ssr r s rt
rss rs sr rs r s s sss rtrsts
q sr ss Pr ss st srr rt q
stt x s t rtt n trs s r s tr X
s s r r stt ss r r
hxi ss rt rt uc (f ) r st rt u(x)
ss r trss rt uap (x) ss s rtrsts trs
r ss s stt f r s s F sr

f = f (x, xap ) = x + xap

xap stt rr s rtrsts trss r
r hf i = hxi + hxap i r s s F rrst r stt ss
r q q ts

u2c (x + xap ) = u2 (x) + u2ap (x)

uap (x) rt ss s rtrsts trss r s
stt x r s tr X st s tr ss
rt tr rss ss s u(x) = 0 q rt
r s uc (x + xap ) sr rt rt trs r
uap (x) st uc (x + xap ) uap (x) Pr tr q r s tr X
s rrr ts s t rs q rs
r s r sss ss u(x) >> uap (x) q sr st
rstr rt uc (x+xap ) st trs rt tr u(x) st uc (x+xap ) u(x)

s r stt f r s s F s stts xi s
rs ss tr Xi i = 1, 2, ..., N q s q rss r
rs s rts u2c (xi + xap ) = u2 (xi ) + u2ap (xi ) q ssttr rt
u2 (xi ) q st

N  2 h
f  i

X
u2c (f ) = u2 (xi ) + u2ap (xi )
xi xi =hxi i

i=1

rt
r rt uc s rst t r rssr rt rst
r s ss s strs s rs rs s
sr ts s ssr r rt q r tr s rt
rt ue ss s tr r

s s r rtr s
 stts rrs

tr str sttst rs q sr rt tr sr
rt

ue = kuc
uc rt k tr r ss str stts
t rr tr rt r r q r k s
s 2 r rt r r s t s
str sttst st r rrs r
95% r str ss r q st r str
t tt r r r s s tr r k rr tr s
rs 2 3 rqr r tr rt sr

rs
ssq s rrs ts r s tr s r st s
rssr sstt tr

t rr tr s ts r q st t
r s r s r ttrs
rr qt rt
rt r 1 m r
rrt tr trtr t 350 C rtr
r trtr 200 C

tr s ss rt 2000 stts Pr trr tr

s stts rtr s trt n = 100 trts t s
tr rst tr str
tr trs
r stts
tr s stts s

stt tr s stts s
s r str trs s

t r r q r stt 35 s s trs
t q q sr t sr s tr
h0 = 2, 0 m s trs t r s rtr rs
0, 01 s Pr str r str rqs stt tr str
str

tr ss s r trr str
hti s trs t q s r rrst
r r srs s s
rq str rt r s q s tr tr
hti hti +

s s r rtr s
 rt

str rstt s 35 s trs t q sr t

s s r rtr s
 stts rrs

s s r rtr s
t

strs sttsts
str ss

s s rsts sttsts s rrs sts trrt s ts tr

str ss s q str rtr t r r s
n > 30 ss ts s rrs str tt
rs s r Pr r ss tr stt rr t rtr
str s rts stt x r s tr X ss ts
q q r s rs t str rqs s s
sts st rss r

2 /2
y = ymax ez

1 x
ymax = r str z = r sttst r x
u 2
s s s ts r s r tr str
str str s rts xi r s X s
srr q hxi s r s ts rstt rtr t
ymax rr 2 tr 1/2ymax str t q st r tr rr
tr t s r sr stt srs tr r
s s s str rtt r str
ss s s s rsts rtrs sttsts trs r str
q t q r n s t t s rss srts r
s r t s ss rsts rss ts

tt s r s rs s rtrs r q s
stt s ts sss rtrs rtr str s tr
tr str ss str q rt s r ss ts
t st r 68, 27% t q 68, 27% sr
t tt q s t t t s ss t s r
s r rt uc rts
68, 27% t r r tr tr z = 1 z = +1
str q s q s t r r s str
qt s s tr rt st str ss sr
s t sttst r r rt ue q
t tr r k r sttst z r rt
ue sr t rt uc r r r
r z s r s st

ue = zuc

s s r rtr s
 strs sttsts

str s rts xi r s X rst

str tr ss

Pr q s t rt uc r z = 2 ts rt
ue = 2uc r 95, 45% s rsss s s
ss rt rts sss s tr
rt s st rt tr t s r
uc m t q ue zm r r z ssr r rs
trss str s rs ts ss r tt s rsts s

0, 67 50%
1, 00 68%
1, 28 80%
1, 64 90%
1, 96 95%
2, 00 95, 4%
2, 58 99%
3, 00 99, 7%
3, 29 99, 9%

rs ts z tt s rsts s q sr
ss tr r k s ss strs r r s

rtt rsstr q t rt r str ss

st s rtr r r r s str t r
r qqr r s str t tt st s

str t tt

s s str q r sn < 30 str ss

sr t sr r stt rt rst
r qs strs trt s XX r q rs q
ss tt s sst q sr s
rr r r rts ts qt trss r rr ss

s s r rtr s
 str t tt

r tt str sttst q r rr s rsts sss rss

r
n/2 (+1)/2
t2 t2
 
f (t) = y0 1+ = y0 1+
n1
y0 stt q t r s n rss
q r r f (t) t s tr t r sttst

=n1
rtr sttst r rs r r s
q rss t st t rt

str t tt str st r str

ss r s s rs t q rr rs t s trs r rt
rss str q r str t tt rtr
st r rs r t r r st rtr sttst
s r str ss str

rs str t tt r rts rs r

str t q rtt str ss r tr r

k s rt ue t r r sttst t
r rs r tr rss s q r
str ss rt ue sr t rt
uc r r r sttst t s r
s st

ue = tuc
s s rsss s s ss rt
rts sss s tr rt s st rt
tr t s r uc m t q ue tm

s rss s t rt
r rs r t ef f s r r
s q ttrt r

u4c
ef f = N

X u4 i
i
i=1

s s r rtr s
 strs sttsts

N r tt ts rts ss ui rt ss is t
i r rs r ss is t rt uc
rt Pr rt r rs r
q st Ai = ni 1 r rt r rs r
t st Bi r ef f r tr s tr r
tr tt rr rt r r q t
rt str ss sr t s trr str
t tt sr s rr

r sttst t ssr r rs trss r

rs r ef f str s rs ts t tt s rsts
s r rts rs r rs r srs q
r t s s s rs t r str t
tt q s rs z r str ss q r rs r
t t

r rs t68,27% t90% t95% t95,4% t99% t99,7%

r ef f
1 1, 837 6, 314 12, 71 13, 97 63, 66 235, 8
2 1, 321 2, 920 4, 303 4, 527 9, 925 19, 21
3 1, 197 2, 353 3, 181 3, 307 5, 841 9, 219
4 1, 142 2, 132 2, 776 2, 869 4, 604 6, 620
5 1, 111 2, 015 2, 571 2, 649 4, 032 5, 507
6 1, 091 1, 943 2, 447 2, 517 3, 707 4, 904
7 1, 077 1, 895 2, 365 2, 429 3, 499 4, 530
8 1, 067 1, 860 2, 306 2, 366 3, 355 4, 277
9 1, 059 1, 833 2, 262 2, 320 3, 250 4, 094
10 1, 053 1, 812 2, 228 2, 284 3, 169 3, 957
11 1, 048 1, 796 2, 201 2, 255 3, 106 3, 850
12 1, 043 1, 782 2, 179 2, 231 3, 055 3, 764
13 1, 040 1, 771 2, 160 2, 212 3, 012 3, 694
14 1, 037 1, 761 2, 145 2, 195 2, 977 3, 636
15 1, 034 1, 753 2, 131 2, 181 2, 947 3, 586
16 1, 032 1, 746 2, 120 2, 169 2, 921 3, 544
17 1, 030 1, 740 2, 110 2, 158 2, 898 3, 507
18 1, 029 1, 734 2, 101 2, 149 2, 878 3, 475
19 1, 027 1, 729 2, 093 2, 140 2, 861 3, 447
20 1, 026 1, 725 2, 086 2, 133 2, 845 3, 422
25 1, 020 1, 708 2, 060 2, 105 2, 787 3, 330
30 1, 017 1, 697 2, 042 2, 087 2, 750 3, 270
35 1, 015 1, 690 2, 030 2, 074 2, 724 3, 229
40 1, 013 1, 684 2, 021 2, 064 2, 704 3, 199
45 1, 011 1, 679 2, 014 2, 057 2, 690 3, 176
50 1, 010 1, 676 2, 009 2, 051 2, 678 3, 157
100 1, 005 1, 660 1, 984 2, 025 2, 626 3, 077
1, 000 1, 645 1, 960 2, 000 2, 576 3, 000

rs ts t tt s rsts s r rts
rs rs r ef f q sr ss tr r k s
ss strs qqr r s

s s r rtr s
 str trr rtr

str trr rtr

s strs trr rtr r s trs strs sttsts ts ts

t tt r s tr sr sss str
s s ts r s rts q r s s
ts s trs s rss s rt rtt s Pr
str sss s rts r rs r r rss
q s str trr rtr sr t ts ss
s t r sr sr s ss ssrr q t r
str qqr t tr rs rtrs tr a a+
s s tr t rrt s t rs qtr
rtr t rs rs s sss ss rt ss
rss s str rtr str s srr q
1
r ymax = q r r y(x) x sr
a + a
a + a+
tr r = r stt tr r sr r
2
tr sttst rt r tr ss str rtr

a
=
3

a+ a
a=
2
rtr q t tr tr a a+ trs a r
1
y(x) r sr s s rstt ymax = = a + a
2a

strs trs rtr r trr

s ss t s t r sr sr ss ssrr q
t r str s r tr stt tr rs tr a a+
s s tr t rrt r tr s s s ss
ts ss s s s qtr rtr rt
rs rs s q s r rr r s s
r tr tr tr s rs sts s sst
strr sss ss rt ss rss s str trr
str ss r r r str trr

s s r rtr s
 strs sttsts

2 1
ymax = = r s q s r str rtr
a+ a a
r tr sttst rt r tr ss str trr
a
=
6
a s rtr q
rtr rs 0, 1 A s r r rrt i
rt tr tr s sst strr rtr
rst rt uap (i) ss s rtrsts trss
rtr q t s r st s rss
rrtt r rrt rt tr

tr rrt tr rtr

rtr sr str trr rr rrst s s s

rs st 2a = 2 0, 1 A a = 0, 1 A ss r q
a a 0, 1 A
= = = = 0, 04 A
6 6 6
tr s sst strr rtr q r rrt
tr i = 0, 75 A r rrt rt tr sr rss rrtt

i = (0, 75 0, 04) A

qtr rs 0, 02 mm s r r tr d s
t s rsts trs r 8, 40 mm 8, 42 mm 8, 40 mm 8, 44 mm 8, 42 mm
r hdi rt u(d) ss s s trs tr d
1
s t rtr r S = d2 r hSi r s t
4
rt r uc (S) rt u(d) rt
uap (d) ss s rtrsts trss qtr rt
ue (S) r q t 95% s rss rrtt r
r s t

r hdi tr d
5
X di 8, 40 mm + 8, 42 mm + 8, 40 mm + 8, 44 mm + 8, 42 mm
hdi = = = 8, 4160 mm
5 5
i=1

s s r rtr s
 str trr rtr

r d
i di (mm) d2i (mm2 )
8, 40 70, 560
8, 42 70, 896
8, 40 70, 560
8, 44 71, 234
8, 42 70, 896
ts
P P 2
di = 42, 080 di = 354, 146

s r r tr d s t

rt tr sr s t s r
d q s strs s s rt s strs
ssrs r s r d ss r r
s r sr
v !2 s 
u 5 5 
1 uX
2 1 X 1 1 2
1 2 2
u(d) = = p t di di = 354, 1464 mm 42, 080 mm
5(5 1) i=1 5 5 5 5
i=1
r
1 1
= (354, 1464 mm2 354, 1453 mm2 ) = 0, 00297 mm
5 5
r hSi r s t sr
1 1
hSi = hdi2 = (8, 4160 mm)2 = 55, 629 mm2
4 4
qtr sr str rtr rr rrst s rs st
2a = 0, 02 mm ss r q rt trs qtr sr
a 0, 02 g
uap (d) = = = 0, 00577 mm
3 2 3
rt r uc (S) r q sr
s 2 h s 2 h
S  i 1 i
u(S) = u2 (d) + u2ap (d) = hdi u2 (d) + u2ap (d)
d d=hdi 2

s
1 h i
= 8, 4160 mm)2 (0, 00297 mm)2 + (0, 00577 mm)2 = 0, 08579 mm2
2
str ss q r s n = 5 t rt ue (S)
sr str t tt str q t = 2, 776 r
95% r r = n 1 = 5 1 = 4 ss s rt sr

ue (S) = tuc (S) = 2, 776 0, 08579 mm = 0, 2381 mm2

rssr rt s 1 rs st t s rrr
rt r ue (S) = 0, 2 mm2 s srr q rt st rr
s q rt trs ss s rt ss
s r r hSi = 55, 629 mm2 rst trs ss s ss s q
r ss sr rr t r s Prtt rsst
sr

S = hSi ue (S) = (55, 6 0, 2) mm2

s s r rtr s
 strs sttsts

rs
s rt ss s rs rs s str
rtr trr

ttr s
tr
Pqtr
Pqtr t
trs
rtr

r r rs 1 mm s r r rr x rt y
rt rt rst s s trs
x (mm)
y (mm)
s rr x rt y rt rt

s rs s hxi hyi s rts u(x) u(y) sss s s trs

rr x rt y rt rt rtr r S = xy r
hSi r rt rt rt r uc (S)
s rts u(x) u(y) s rts uap (x) uap (y) ss
s rtrsts trss r r rt ue (S) r q
t 95% s rss rrtt r r
rt rt

s s r rtr s
t

rs s rs

tr
r r q str r tr s rs s
s s rs st rs tr s r r r
s qts t tr ss r t sr r r rstr s
s rts Ps r q r strt t r rr
ss q s s s s r s rr srs r r
ts s ts rts trr r q r s st s rt ss
sss ts r ss r r rtr rr st s ss
srr trs s rt s sr q sr
rrt tr s rs s rtr s s rs s
s s rt s s r qr ss sss t

str rs
s rrs ss q sr ss str rs s

r tt s s st q r s rs s

srr s s rs s rs rrsts ss rsts s

rt sss r t st r s rs s
ss rtr rt r r t
s q t rr

s sr ss r r s t
srs tr rs ts sts s rs 1 2 4 5

s t rs sr tr

sr ss ts q rs s ts sr r s rt rs
s ts q rrst s s rts r r t t s
rst q st rs s s s ts sr t ss
trs r sr r r

sr ss ts q rst r q t r rtt s s

s ssr s s rrsts s ts rts sr s s r

s

s s r rtr s
 rs s rs

ts s ts rts str rs r rst trr r st

rs ssr sr ts s ts t ss q r ss r t
r ss ssr q r t rr tr t t
rt

str str r rtt rtr r

r s qs rrs rt rt rs sr t rt
s s rrs rr sr sss rrs r stt s
rts sss t rt rstt rss
s rs Ps tr s rsts sts s r sss
s rt s rts trs t rt s sts trs
strs sttsts tr r n s r r r
r t rt sr t s s rs s
r r

rst r r r rt y = ax + b s ts
r b r a

str s rts rtr r rt s

ts qrs rrst s s rts s srs s rts s
rt r rt t rrst r q r sr r
r x r y

s rs

s rs s qs s qs s rs s st rs r
t

y = ax + b

t r t r t r rrs
rt s y/x qt q t r t trs rt
y r x = 0 sr srs s ts q rt trr sts
ts rtr s s rts

s s r rtr s
 ts tr s ts a b

ts tr s ts a b
r sr q sr rrt tr
s rs s rtr rt rs s rs rr
s s qs ts r st sts ss qs sr rr tt
sr trs rs ss r tr sq rst
s ts r trr st r rtr s rts q ss rtt
r rtt tr q sts s s s ts trs trtr s s
s s s

t r
ss t rr q s t r r ts rts (n > 10) s
t rqr s ss t s s stt s rtrs
rt q r s st s ts rts rtr tr r (hxi , hyi) sss
ts strs sr r
n n
1X 1X
hxi = xi hyi = yi
n n
i=1 i=1
s s rs s s rs x y rstt

rt rt rt q ss r st t r qtr qrts
s st rt t s ts rts st
trr qrt t s Pr s str rt q r s st s ts
rts s t s sr t (hxi , hyi) s r trsrt
rs r tr t (hxi , hyi) t q rt 84% s ts q
r trr qrt s qt s qrt

tr s ts a b t r

rt tr sss s t amax rt s r r
t ss rt trt y r x = 0 tr t r bmin t
s t (hxi , hyi) r r t q rt 84% s ts q
r trr qrt s qt s qrt rt tr sss
s t amin rt s r rt ss rt
trt y r x = 0 tr t r bmax srs q r t
s rts ts rt 68% s ts rts
q sstt t s r st s sss srs

s s r rtr s
 rs s rs

rt q r s st sr s ts rts rt q r trr
tr s rts s ts r a
r b rt ss rts u(a) u(b) s ts r

1 1
a= (amax + amin ) b= (bmax + bmin )
2 2

1 1
u(a) = (amax amin ) u(b) = (bmax bmin )
2 n 2 n

s s ts rts t rts rs rts s sr s r

t r s r t s rt t sss ss s rt
s rs rr rr t

t s s qrs

st rs t s s qrs rtt s trr t

r t rtr ss t s
st
n n
1 X 2 1X
R (a, b) = yi yicalculado = (yi axi b)2
n n
i=1 i=1

ss s rrs str s s (xi , yi ) str q t q s ts a

b r tr s rs yi s s rs yicalculado (xi ) s r ss

q trs rs s rrr s rs a b q sts s s f (a, b) =
a

f (a, b) = 0
b
 n  n
1 X 2 2X
f (a, b) = (yi axi b) = (yi axi b)xi = 0
a n a n
i=1 i=1

 n  n
1 X 2X
f (a, b) = (yi axi b)2 = (yi axi b) = 0
b n b n
i=1 i=1

n n n n n

X X X X X
yi x i + a x2i + b xi = 0 yi + a xi + nb = 0
i=1 i=1 i=1 i=1 i=1
n
ss t q b = nb s sst qs r a b ts
X

i=1
n
X n
X n
X n
X n
X n
X n
X
n x i yi xi yi x2i yi x i yi xi
a= i=1 i=1 i=1
!2 b= i=1 i=1 i=1 i=1
!2
Xn Xn n
X Xn
n x2i xi n x2i xi
i=1 i=1 i=1 i=1

s qs sr s rt r rr rsss s rrs
s s s s rs s s rs x y s s qs rr q trs

s s r rtr s
 ts tr s ts a b

n
X n
X 
2
n xi yi n hxi hyi n xi yi n hxi hyi
i=1 i=1
a= n = Xn 
x2i n2 hxi2 x2i n hxi2
X
n n
i=1 i=1

Sxy
a=
Sxx

n

X
Sxy = xi yi n hxi hyi
i=1

n
x2i n hxi2
X
Sxx =
i=1

q s
n
yi2 n hyi2
X
Syy =
i=1

Pr tr s s s rs s s rs x y s s q rst
n
X n
X n
X n
X
n x2i hyi n xi yi hxi x2i hyi xi yi hxi
b= i=1
n
i=1
= i=1
n
i=1

2 2
X X
n x2i 2
n hxi x2i n hxi
i=1 i=1

str tr n hyi hxi2 rr q s s q

ts

" n n
#
1 X 2
xi yi hxi + n hyi hxi2 n hyi hxi2
X
b = xi hyi
Sxx
i=1 i=1
n n
" X  X #
1
= hyi x2i + n hxi2 hxi xi yi + n hxi hyi
Sxx
i=1 i=1
" #
1 Sxy
= hyi Sxx hxi Sxy = hyi hxi
Sxx Sxx

b = hyi a hxi
s rs x2 y2 s rs x y s ts rts r cov(x, y) tr s
ss rs s ts sttsts rtts q sr s trs Sxx
Syy Sxy

1 1 1
x2 = Sxx y2 = Syy cov(x, y) = Sxy
n n n

s s r rtr s
 rs s rs

tr t sttst rtts rqtt t t s s qr

t rr r trs Sxx Syy Sxy
s
Sxx
r=a
Syy
t rr r rst rt s rsts st s
rs ts rrs tr r r r r tr 1 s st
s rt r rst t s rt r rst t s r st
t r sr st rr i st sr rrst r s
rs s rt t rt r rt st st

i = yi yicalculado
r s rrs S sr
1 r2
 
Syy aSxy
S2 = = Sxx
n2 n2
r s rrs sr n 2 s n 1 rq st r trs
s s ts a b qt str ts st r
srs q q s r2 = 1 t r s rrs r st ts s
ts rts tt rt st ss r s rrs S
t trrt rtt r s rt sr r s rts
r y trr s r q sss rts st s sts q
tr tr st tr rrs y q st s s t

t s rts u(a) u(b) s ts st r sr s rtr

q
s s s v
S2 S2 1 r2 u1 n 2
u X
|a|
u(a) = = = |a| u(b) = u(a) t xi
Sxx r Syy (n 2)r2 n
i=1

Pr ts rts s rrrr t r
n = 5 r r s rs s ts r a r b s rts sss
rtr s qs s rs tts s t sr sstts
rtt s rsss s rs s hxi hyi s s Sxx Syy Sxy

r a b
i xi yi x2i yi2 x i yi





ts x2i = yi2 =
P P P P P
xi = yi = x i yi =

r s ts r a r b

t s s st stt Pr tr s
st st s rs t str s sts x t
st t t r r xt r s ts rts

s s r rtr s
 ts tr s ts a b

s r s t s s qrs tr s ts r a
r b rt q r s st s ts rts r rt rrst r
x t t rr r s rts u(a) u(b) sss s ts r
a r b r s rrs S

x (m) 5, 90 5, 10 3, 90 3, 10 1, 90
t (s) 1, 0 2, 0 3, 0 4, 0 5, 0

rs s sts x t st t t r

str r x t r s s

r x x s ts rts rs s r t q r
s st s ts rs r t s s qrs

s s rtts r st strs

r a b
i ti (s) xi (m) t2i (s2 ) x2i (m2 ) ti xi (m s)
1, 0 5, 90 1, 0 34, 81 5, 9
2, 0 5, 10 4, 0 26, 01 10, 2
3, 0 3, 90 9, 0 15, 21 11, 7
4, 0 3, 10 16, 0 9, 61 12, 4
5, 0 1, 90 25, 0 3, 61 9, 5
ts
P P P 2 P 2 P
ti = 15 xi = 19, 9 ti = 55 xi = 89, 25 ti xi = 49, 7

r s ts r a r b

rtr s rr s sts s

15, 0 19, 9
hti = = 3, 0 s hxi = = 3, 98 m
5 5

s s r rtr s
 rs s rs

n
t2i n hti2 = 55, 0 5 3, 02 = 10, 0 s2
X
Stt =
i=1
n
x2i n hxi2 = 89, 25 5 3, 982 = 10, 048 m2
X
Sxx =
i=1
n
X
Stx = ti xi n hti hxi = 49, 7 5 3, 0 3, 98 = 10, 0 m s
i=1

Stx 10, 0
a= = = 1, 0 m/s b = hxi a hti = 3, 98 (1, 0) 3, 0 = 6, 98 m
Stt 10, 0
r r
Stt 10, 0
r=a = 1, 0 = 0, 99761
Sxx 10, 048
s rs a b r r t sr ts rtt t r t
str rt tr r x t q r s st ts rts s
rts u(a) u(b) sss s s s ts r a r b rstt
sr trs rtr s qs st
s s
1 r2 1 0, 997612
u(a) = |a| = | 1| = 0, 04 m/s
(n 2)r2 3 0, 997612
v
u n r
u1 X 2 55
u(b) = u(a) t ti = 0, 04 = 0, 132665 m
n 5
i=1

r q r s rrs sr
s s
1 r2 1 (0, 99761)2
   
S = Sxx = 10, 048 = 0, 1264 m
n2 52
s tr s rrts ssrs s r q

a = (1, 00 0, 04) m/s b = (7, 0 0, 1) m

rs
t t r r ss M rs s rs
trt s s sss t r ss r
q r rt x r r tr F~ sr
r rstrr F~ rr rt r x st F~ = k~x k
stt rtrst stt st Pr tstr
ss tr rssr r
rstrr F~ r rs rts rt r x
str rst t r

x (cm) 1, 00 2, 00 3, 00 4, 00 5, 00 6, 00 7, 00 8, 00 9, 00 10, 00 11, 00

F (N ) 8, 11 21, 8 29, 1 40, 5 49, 8 60, 1 69, 7 80, 6 88, 8 102, 0 108, 1

rs s rts r x s rs rstrrs F~
rrsts

s s r rtr s
 ts tr s ts a b

r F x r s ts s r s t r
tr s ts r a r b rsts rts rt q r s st
s ts rts sr q r F = ax + b tr rt rrst
r F x r q rt q F = kx rst r
trr r stt st k s s rts tr s
ts r a r b ss rr
tr r sst s r sr t ts s
rs trt stt t sst st r r r sr
t rt r r tr t r rts sts
rr sr tr r stt t
x (cm) 7, 0 10, 0 11, 0 16, 0 18, 0 20, 0
t (s) 0, 61 0, 87 0, 96 1, 40 1, 57 1, 75

rs s sts x rr sr tr r trs t t rrs

ts
r x t r s ts s r s t s
s qrs tr s ts r a r b rsts rts rt
q r s st s ts rts sr q r x = at + b tr rt
rrst r x t r q rt q x = x0 + vt rst
tr t rt r r trr r v s
x0 rr tr r s s rts tr s ts r
a r b ss rr tr t rt r

s t r q r q r A
~ rr r
F sr r st
~

~ = 1 F~
A
M
stt rr 1/M st ss M r Pr tstr
s t stt r A ~ r
rs rts r F s r ss M rt rt
~
r r ss rss sr stt
str rst t r r A F r s
ts rsts rrs rr s r s t s s qrs
tr s ts r a r b rsts rts rt q r s st
s ts rts sr q r A = aF + b tr rt rrst
r A F r q rt q r trr r ss M
r s s rts tr s ts r a r b ss
r s t

F (N ) 0, 150 0, 260 0, 350 0, 450 0, 550

A (m/s2 ) 0, 25 0, 01 0, 45 0, 02 0, 68 0, 03 0, 90 0, 04 1, 12 0, 05

rs r F~ q t r ss M s s rs A
~ rrsts

s s r rtr s
 rs s rs

s s r rtr s
t

rs s rs
s t str s s str r r rrst rqtt
rs s rs ts s sss s s s sr ts
rs t s ss s rs t 1/x 1/ x sr t
s r sss s sr s s rs s sts t t
s s str t s tr s qs q s t
t q rrs rt ss s r s s str r
t r q s t r ss rt r
rs t s t r r s rs
sr t tt ss rs ss rts r rt s s
ts sts tr t rtt r t

s s t y = f (x)

s s

sss s t st r r

y = kxm
k m s stts rt s s s q ts

log y = log k + mlog x

s s r rtr s
 rs s rs

Y = B + AX
Y = log y B = log k A = m X = log x Ps strr r
q s r tr tr s rs A B rtt rtr
r Pr s ts rs r s rstts rt
s s x y tr r rtt y = f (x) t

r s r tr

rt rt q r s st s ts rs r str
ss s r s rs s ts r A r B sr ts rtt
rt st

Y log y2 log y1
A= =
X log x2 log x1

B trs rt Y r X = 0
s ts A B r sr ts t t t s s qrs t
r s sts ss rtr s rs ts A B s trr
stt k trs r k = 10B t m rtt m = A
s s strs r s rs x y rtt
s r str r st
s r tr rt q r s st s ts r s
ts r A r B rtt rt tr t t t s s
qrs

Pr r r s rrt rt x y s
rs sss rts st str t r s ts rrsts s
rts x y s r ts r r str rt
str st r rt q r s st s ts rts s ts r
A r B sr ts rtt rt r rr r Pr tr
q s t s s qrs r sss ss ts ts
A = 2, 5 B = 0, 65 ss k = 10B = 4, 5 m = A = 2, 5 rr y = 4, 5x2,5

s s r rtr s
 s rt

s r

r s r

ss ss rr s s rt t ss t
s trr sst trs q rqr rt ts s ts
rts trtt sss s sr sss q s s ss ss s
ss rts

s rt

str s rt st r s rt st rt rts
rrs s rs s rts s rs tr s a s t
ss s r s 10 ts rt s r tr ts 10
sts 10n 10n+1 n r tr str s str s
rt s 10 ss s t x 10n r tr 10n 10n+1

t rt rt t r strr s rt s 10

ss r Lx st t x 10n r rr 10n L10 st tr 10n

s s r rtr s
 rs s rs

10n+1 s rt s rt r tr sss sts s rs s

rts s ts rrsts rt st

L10 Lx
=
log 10n+1 log 10n log ( x 10n ) log 10n
L10 Lx
=
log x + log 10n log 10n
 n+1 
10
log
10n
L10 Lx
=
log 10 log x

Lx
log x =
L10

q rt trr rt qqr r x s 10 rtr s str

rt s tr e = 2, 781... s s a qqr ts rstt

Lx Lx
ln x = loga x =
Le La
rtt r q r s rt rs r 100 = 1 s
r t 10 t ss st rt rs ts
s sss sr ts r strr s rt

str s str rtr s rt t

r r s s ss s ss rt rt s
r rt Prtt ss rr s rs s rs t t
rtt sr s ss s ss r rt
sss rs s s s rt sr ts r rrstr ts
rts sss s rs ss Pr s s rs tr rs 0, 1
10 rr s s rs tr 0, 1 1 s s rs tr 1 10 s s
s t s rt ss sss rr rr tr
0, 1 t s tr 0, 2 s rr tr 1 t s tr
2 ss r t rst 10 sss q t str ss
2 5 10 rts s s rts rs rst ss s t rs
ss s rtr q r s s t 10 q r
Ps tr q r r r s rts s rs
2 0, 0148 s ss 10 qqr tr q s qr Pr ss s srr q qqr
rt t rt L10 30 mm ss s rts L2
L1,48 s r ts

L2 9, 0 mm
log 2 = 0, 30
L10 30, 0 mm

L1,48 5, 0 mm
log 0, 0148 = log 1, 48 102 = log 1, 48 2 =


2 2 1, 83
L10 30, 0 mm
s s rts rstr rts ts s st s rrs
tr rts rts trs ts s ss s ss rsts

s s r rtr s
 s s r s s

sts rs s s

s s r s s

srs q q s rs t Y = log y t X = log x s s

rts ss s q q s str r s rs rs (x, y) rtt
ts rst rt s r q rr r
rr s t s Pr s ts rs s
rstts s s x y tr r rtt y = f (x) rts
sr t

rt rt q r s st s ts rs r str
ss s r r t r A sr t rtt rt st
ss s ts rtrrs (x1 , y1 ) (x2 , y2 )

Y log y2 log y1
A= =
X log x2 log x1

r t m t rtt m = A

stt s ts (x1 , y1 ) = (0, 23; 0, 030) (x2 , y2 ) = (1, 4; 7, 0) ss rtrrt sr

rt st q ts

log 7, 0 log 0, 030 0, 84 (1, 52)

m=A= 3, 0
log 1, 4 log 0, 23 0, 15 (0, 64)

s s r rtr s
 rs s rs

r k q t r B sr tr rtt rt st
ss st q

m log x = 0 x = 1
srs q st rst

log y = log k + 0 k = y
ss s q rt rt x = 1 st rst s r r k = y sr
t trs trs rt x = 1 rt st r
srr q ss rr r y = k = 3, 0 Pr tr q rt rt x = 1
st rst s r trt sr r r k trs q s
t rtrr (x1 , y1 ) rt st ss s q r y1 = kxm
1

y1
k=
xm
1
s t s ts ss t (x1 , y1 ) = (1, 7; 15) t
15
s k = 3, 0 q r r trrt Prtt
1, 73,0
q r s rs x y st y = 3, 0x3,0

rtt r q t s s qrs t r sr s
q r r qqr s ts A B sss ts s s s ts rs
rs sr ss t rs

s s

sss s t st r r

y = kemx
k m e = 2, 781... s stts rt s s s
q ts

s s r rtr s
 s s r s s

log y = log k + m (log e) x

Y = B + AX
Y = log y B = log k A = m (log e) X = x s s strr r
q s r tr tr s rs A B
rtt rtr r Pr s ts rs r s rstts
rt s s y tr r rtt y = f (x)
t

r s r tr

t rt rt q r s st s ts rs r
str ss s r s rs s ts r A r B sr ts
rtt rt st

Y log y2 log y1
A= =
X x2 x1

trs rt Y r X = 0
ts s ts A B r sr ts t t t s s q
rs t r rtr s rs ts A B s trr stt k r
r k = 10B t m rtt

A
m=
log e

s s r s s

s str str rtr s rt t

r r s s s s s rt sr
ts r rrstr ts rts sss s rs ss
ss s rt r rt qt q s rt st
rt tr Prtt ss rr s rs s s rs
r t t rtt sr s ss

s s r rtr s
 rs s rs

tr rs tts

srs q q r t Y = log y rt qt q r
t X = x r ss s q q s str r s rs rs (x, y)
rtt ts rst rt s r q
rr r rr s t s Pr s ts rs
s rstts s s x y tr r rt
t y = f (x) rts sr t

sts rs s s r

rt rt q r s st s ts rs r s
tr ss s r r t r A sr t rtt rt st
ss s ts rtrrs (x1 , y1 ) (x2 , y2 ) sstts q

stt s ts (x1 , y1 ) = (0, 3; 6, 0) (x2 , y2 ) = (1, 3; 200) ss rtrrt sr

rt st q ts

log 200 log 6, 0 2, 300 0, 77

A= 1, 53
1, 3 0, 3 1, 0
A 1, 53
ss q r stt m r m = 3, 6
log e 0, 43
r k q t r B sr tr rtt rt st
ss st q

m (log e)x = 0 x = 0

srs q st rst

log y = log k + 0 k = y

s s r rtr s
 s s r s s

ss r k = y sr t trs trs rt x = 0 rt st
r srr q ss rr r y = k = 1, 9 Pr tr
q rt rt x = 0 st rst s r trt sr r r
k trs q s t rtrr (x1 , y1 ) rt st ss s ts
y1 = kemx1
y1
k= mx

e 1
s t s ts ss t (x1 , y1 ) = (0, 3; 6, 0)
6, 0
ts k = 3,60,3 2, 0 q r rt r trrt Pr
e
tt q r s rs x y st y = 1, 9e3,6x

t s rs rs t s s qrs t r
sr t q r r s ts r A r B sss ts s s
s ts rs rs sr ss t rs

rs
t q r s t t rt rt
r t q r rr rt y srr
q ss t

1
y = y0 + v0y t + gt2
2
g r r t v0 = 0
tr y = h rtr s y0 = 0 q trs

1
h = gt2
2

h (m) t (s)
0, 200 0, 1593
0, 250 0, 1831
0, 300 0, 2046
0, 350 0, 2238
0, 400 0, 2432
0, 450 0, 2593
0, 500 0, 2750
0, 550 0, 2912
0, 600 0, 3056
0, 650 0, 3202
0, 700 0, 3336
0, 750 0, 3468
0, 800 0, 3599

s q t r rts sts q r
stt rst q s tr r rs
rr q tr t q r ss rtr t
rs stt s ts q t t rs r
rts sts q r str rst rt t
r rq sss ts tr rt q r s st s

s s r rtr s
 rs s rs

ts rts r r g rs stt
rst r ss rr q t q r t
t rt rt r stq
tr r tr s trs rss rsss ss st rsss
s s st t ttr s t r rs
trstr s q r rr sts rsss
sst r t t tr trss r tr t
t R0 t t R ts s trssr tr
sssr t s tr r

R = R0 et

t r t tt q s rsss tr
t tr
t (mm) 1, 22 2, 21 3, 10 4, 32 5, 31 6, 53 7, 28 8, 50 9, 91
R (CP S) 9, 32 8, 83 8, 46 8, 27 8, 38 8, 15 7, 90 7, 63 7, 46

s ts r rts sssrs

t str r tr r rr tr t
rt 137 Cs55 s t t ts r s P
r rss sssrs s ss tr str rst rt
t ss r rq sss ts tr rt q r s
st s ts rts t t Al r

s s r rtr s
r
rs rrt r ss rsr rs s

rs s Prs rs r rrt rs 3a
st r st rs sr t rt s r
PP t t rss rtt srt
rrt rrt trt rt r trt

r r Prs rtt srt Prt

ts tr rrs r r t
rss rt srt r rts

rr tt ts sttst Prt rst Prss
sst st sttst
s r r str ttrtt t r
rrt rrrs Pr s Ps r
t tt r s tr r r t srt
t t t rss rtt srtst rs P
t s Prt ss rsr rs s

t st tttrrstqrsttt
t s sts s s r
s s s P

s s r rtr s