Cherhee Language Intermediate Series from Various Indian Peoples Publishing Co. © 1999 All Rights Reserved Cherokee Culture & Histor Secrets to Speaking Cher Syllabary Review Transitive & Intransitive Ve Verbs: "to go, to eat, to so, Learning to Speak Cherok The Origin of Fire Legend Family, Children and relati Set B Verbs prefixes Personal Relationship Terr Resources Bibliography Lis More Useful Phrases Verbs: "to want & to buy” Body Parts and their prono Poetry by Robert. Conley Cherokee Culture & Histon Numbers, Months, Telling 7 ‘Subject-object Pronoun Pr Verbs: "to be a married per A Poem by Robert Conley. Verb Prefixes and Suffixes Negative sentences Cherokee home life Verbs: "cooking " & “going | Eating a meal, foodsDntevmediate Cherokee "Language Learning Series" Module One with Durbin Feeling & Sam Hider Topics: Cherokee Culture & History Secrets to Speaking Cherokee Correctly Syllabary Review Transitive & Intransitive Verbs - Set A Verbs Verbs: To go, to eat, to do, & to drinkSam Hider ISSOT (Many Towns), also known as Sam Hider, was born in Delaware county Oklahoma on November 25, 1907 to Ella and Tom Hider. Sam’s grandmother came to Oklahoma during the Cherokee Removal in 1838 also called the Trail of Tears. Sam grew up in the Cherokee communities of Delaware county to become a Baptist minister and pastor of several churches, the last of which was in Jay Oklahoma, He was an active community improvement advocate working with former Chief W. W. Keeler to lay the foundation for Rural Indian Education and many other community action programs. To help preserve his culture and heritage, Sam began teaching the Cherokee language wherever he could. He taught in Tulsa and Tahlequah for many years. Even though he passed on in July of 1990, Sam is still teaching his people through this and several other programs produced by Various Indian Peoples Publishing Co. Durbin Feeling Since 1992, Durbin Feeling has been the tribal linguist of the Cherokee Nation in Tahlequah, but his interest in preserving his native tongue goes back much further, back to learning the language spoken by his mother and father. Born in 1946, speaking Cherokee has been an important part of his life. 1973 - began teaching Cherokee at Northeastern State University in Tahlequah; 1985 - taught the ‘Cherokee Nation Summer Institute of Cherokee Literacy; 1988 - taught at the University of California at Irvine; 1993 - became the Cherokee Language instructor at the University of Tulsa. Durbin remains active as a teacher and author in the Native American Language Issues Institute, Oklahoma Association and National Association for Bilingual Education, and the National Indian Adult Education Association. Gregg Howard Gregg began working with the Cherokee language when he and his family moved to Oklahoma in the late 60s and Gregg learned of his Cherokee heritage. Sam Hider was teaching Cherokee at the downtown Tulsa library. It was at this time that Gregg and Sam recorded the material used in the Introduction to Cherokee program produced by VIP in the late 80s. Gregg, a member of the Oklahoma Native Language Association, now teaches at Sequoyah’s Bookstore in Dallas and has taught at Texas A&M near Dallas. Grege is also a member of the Worderafter’s Circle of Native Writers and Storytellers, the ‘National Storytelling Association, and spokesman for the Cherokee Honor Society. Gregg is active in telling traditional Cherokee stories and has been a featured teller at festivals in Tennessee and Texas and has been nominated as Storyteller of the Year of Contemporary Native Storytelling (1997) by Wordcrafters Circle of Native Writers and Storytellers. Flute music "Bird Song” by Tom Minton from his album "Out of the Fire" (available through VIP Publishing) Copyright © 1997 by VIP Publishing Company. Allright reserved, Printed in the United States of America Except as Permitted under the United States copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced, or distributed in any form, or by eny means, or stored in a data base or retrieval system without the prior written permission of the publisher.Intermediate Cherokee - Module 202A. 1 Historically, the Cherokees descended from Iroquois linguistic stock and are the sole member of the southern branch of the Iroquoian family. The word "Cherokee" has no meaning in Cherokee. They refer to themselves as "Aniyvwiya" The People. The word Cherokee first appears as Chalaque in the Portuguese narrative of De Soto's expedition, published originally in 1557. We find the word Cheraqui in a French document of 1699, and the word Cherokee in English form as early as 1708. There is evidence that it is derived from variations of the Choctaw word choluk or chiluk, signifying a pit or a cave. Evidently, the Cherokees were early "cave dwellers" of the Allegheny region of the Carolinas, Georgia, Alabama, Kentucky and West Virginia. First contacted by the Spanish, then the French, it was the English who eventually had the greatest influence over the Cherokees. The Cherokees are probably best known to most people as the only American Indians with their own system of writing, although there are other tribes today who have developed methods of writing their own languages. In the past, many tribes in both North and South America used systems for recalling important events in their history, but only the Cherokees possess a writing system comparable to the European alphabet. The Cherokee syllabary, often mistakenly referred to as an alphabet, is also the only "alphabet" in history known to be the work of a single person, Sequoyah. As a young man, and fighting alongside the Americans in the Battle of the Hiwassee during the Creek War, Sequoyah noticed the power of the written word as he witnessed the white man reading and sending messages to each other. He never learned to speak or read English, but he created a system of writing for an entire nation. After he and his family migrated to Arkansas, about 1809, he began work on the syllabary the Cherokee people use today. By 1821, after many attempts, even after having his wife and friends bum his cabin, he finished it. In later life, he said that the loss of all his work proved to be a good thing because he had reached a dead end and it forced him to make a fresh start, The original version of his syllabary was full of flourishes and swirls, much like "Old English.” Sequoyah simplified the syllabary, to make it easier to learn, by incorporating selected characters from the Greek alphabet, not English. Cherokees took up writing with delight and within months, without any formal instructions, Cherokees were teaching other Cherokees the syllabary. Family members left notes for one another around the house and taught each other the characters. In a few months the whole nation was reading and writing2. Intermediate Cherokee - 2024 The preservation and use of a native language is very important to the cultural survival of any people. Cherokee has been widely spoken in northeastern Oklahoma since 1839, the final year of their removal from their ancestral homeland in the southeastern United States. The Cherokee language is spoken today by some ten thousand Cherokees who reside in northeastern Oklahoma, California and by at least one thousand Cherokees living in the vicinity of Cherokee, North Carolina. You can hear Cherokee spoken in thei homes, at churches and at a Cherokee $38T (gatiyoi - stomp-grounds). Even though it has been 150 years since the Trail of Tears, Cherokee remains one of the most widely spoken American languages. To ensure the preservation of the Cherokee language and culture, the Cherokee Nation supports and encourages numerous bilingual education programs "English is not a comfortable means of communicating the intricacies of Cherokee life and therefore many words and phrases simply do not translate easily into English English words do not adequately describe the dances which helped sustain Indian communities throughout history. Cherokee sentiments and spiritual connections with natural settings also do not translate easily. These sentiments become more of an awareness than a defined feeling. Spoken Cherokee has its own music, cadences, tones, and meanings which better convey these cultural expressions."! Philosophy: ‘There are four major reasons why it is important to encourage and promote the teaching of the Cherokee language; 1) to retain the language for future generations, 2) to enhance the self-esteem of Cherokee men, women and children, 3) to maintain Cherokee as separate and distinct from other languages, 4) and to share the language and culture with others not of Cherokee descent not to mention the utilitarian purpose for which @/AWC.9 (unelanvhi - Creator) gave us the language: education, information, religion, entertainment, ete The language of a people is a source of pride, self-esteem honor and more. When you learn the language of the Cherokee, you leam the language of a courageous and proud heritage - the soul ofa people, who remain undaunted and unbowed. The Cherokee language and culture is what makes the Cherokee different from the Creeks, the Osage, the Mexican, or any other cultural group. Speaking the language says - "Our cultural heritage is alive and well. We are proud to be Cherokee." Where Ravens Roost, p10, Walker Calhoun - Mountain Heritage CenterIntermediate Cherokee - Module 202A 3 Cherokee is a very precise language, remarkably thrifty in its structure and extremely flexible, Cherokee does not contain many individual verbs, instead uses a very concise and versatile system for combining each verb base. And unlike other languages, it has no cases to memorize, no articles, and therefore no need for many English Prepositions, pronouns, or explanatory phrases and clauses. As stated earlier, the verbs are challenging but they are logical and fascinating, In Cherokee there is no "b’, "f", "p", "th", "v","q""r", "x", or"z". At one time there was an "r" in what was known as the Lower Cherokee dialect. The dialect, as far as we can tell, was once spoken in portions of Alabama and Georgia but gradually fell into disuse and is no longer spoken. The presence of the "r" in the Lower Dialect may explain the name "Cherokee.” The two main Cherokee dialects today are Easter, or Kituwah, spoken in North Carolina on the Qualla Reservation, and the Western dialect, spoken in Oklahoma. The ‘Wester dialect is a combination of all the dialects from the mingling of Cherokees in Oklahoma after the Removal. This course is taught in the Western dialect. In some Cherokee homes, English is a second language. For instance: such words as "store" has replaced the Cherokee word DUOC (adananv- arranged-in-rows), "telephone" is used more often than JCZ2IT (ditlinohedii - place-to-talk-to-each-other) and "car" instead of ULeW (daqwalela). These changes demonstrate not only an blending of Cherokee with English, but also the weakening of its versatility. The Cherokee language, spoken in America long before the Europeans showed up, could be lost were it not for people like yourself. In speaking a second language, it is very important to find your natural voice. ‘Sometimes, a second language "feels" uncomfortable. That is because you are not comfortable yet speaking Cherokee and may be concerned people will laugh at your attempts. Don't be. Most people will be pleased you are making the attempt and offer to help you learn, Be patient. Always speak slowly and distinctly. Fluidity will come as you experience speaking and hearing Cherokee.4 Intermediate Cherokee - 202A Tr |d& | ji Ye | Ace! Jeu | Bow Bn | Bro [Bao | Driv £, Go | Mu |v Hm | Bmo | ¥nu Bas | Zoo | Anu | Orne Bos | Viola] Bouv Bs |B | Bs [Rsv To Ts | Veo | Seu | Ov Gus Trsi | Kuso| Sesu | Gesv Gwe Oui | Ovo} Buu | wv ya Jin | Bive | Ge | | Br "Sounds Represented by Vowels Sais Lia Cu | Fao £ | Pav {as ain father, oF short a a in rival © 9 in not, or shor as aw in aw © asa in hat, or short as ¢ in met 1 as90inmooa, or short ae in pull 4 as @ in peak, or short as jin pit vy asun in under Consonant Sounds ‘Gis pronounced hard as in "go" but approsching k as "kite" Syllables beginning vith was once heard inthe LowIntermediate Cherokee - Module 202A SOUNDS REPRESENTED BY VOWELS a is pronounced as a in father e is pronounced as a in mate i is pronounced as i in bee ° is pronounced as 9 in hello u is pronounced as u in Buddha ve is pronounced as u in but “Qomme Cherokee vowels may be relatively long or short. Vowels which occur at the end of a syllable are ordinarily held relatively long. There are frequent exceptions, however, a number of vowels which occur at the end of syllables are short 3 CONSONANT SOUNDS Alll consonants are pronounced as they are in English: ch (ts) as in church m as in man a asin dig a as inno g s as in sing b t as in two i (ts) as in join w as in welll k@ as in king y as in yes 1 as in lack The "d" and "t" sounds are often pronounced as in Spanish - between the two. ‘As you become more fluent with the language, you will find many words will almost sound as though they were written in music, It is « beautiful language, one described as, "sounding like waves washing up on a beach." You should listen to any legends tape spoken in the Cherokee language to hear the ebb and flow of the language. The first vowel, sometimes in the middle of a word, and sometimes the last final vowel is often dropped when speaking Cherokee. This explains why there are both long and short spoken variations of the same word, such as AS (pronounced "yonega" and "yoneg") which means "white person or man’ 4 2 The letter "v" is used to express a vowel which is most similar tothe English sound of "yin "but," however in Cherokee the "v" always has a nasal sound, 3Cerokee-English Dictionary, pp ix 4*Yoneg" is actually a compound of wi “person” and unega "whi be fest pronunciation of you wnega results ia "yonega"6 Intermediate Cherokee - 202A The secret to correctly speaking Cherokee is to listen intently to a speaker, or if a speaker isnt available, to a well enunciated audio tape. Carefully repeating the word or phrase several ‘times until you fell comfortable hearing the pacing and rhythm of the word or phrase. Always speak slowly and distinctly. Speed will come as you become familiar with the words and phrases. If you can be understood, and you understand what is being said, you are well on your way to fluency. On the next pages, you will find a series of exercises focusing on a syllabary review, vocabulary words and conversation starters, The answers to the exercises will be found on the next to the last page, The last page contains a bibliography of relevant material. This program, the first of our Intermediate Cherokee Language series comprises the next level of instruction in becoming fluent in the Cherokee language. We will show you how to use the language in your everyday activities around the house and we will begin a series of discussions on the Cherokee verb - a complex word form but once learned, you will miss not having it's versatility in English. We suggest you consider purchasing a copy of the Cherokee Dictionary by Durbin Feeling. It is available from VIP Publishing. It contains a wealth of information and knowledge of the Cherokee language for you. Visit our web page on the intemet... www.nativelanguages.com Some suggestions before you begin. Again, do not try to "rush" the language. If you speak each syllable slowly and distinctly, you will find the rhythm and correct pronunciation of the language will emerge. If you try to speak too fast, the words will become garbled and you will become discouraged. Take your time and learn it slowly. Cherokee is spoken quietly and, for the most part, slowly. Americans often make the mistake of thinking the quicker you say something, the more fluent you are, That is not the case when speaking Cherokee. Accuracy of Pronunciation is far more important than how quickly you say something. Listen carefully as Sam Hider pronounces the entire syllabary. If you're unsure of the pronunciation of a syllable, rewind the cassette and listen again ‘When you first attempt an exercise, don't write in the workbook. Use a separate piece of Paper. The more you write Cherokee and speak the words, the sooner you will feel comfortable to start conversations with Cherokee speakers, Many people are learning today so don't think you're alone out there. If you have any questions, just give us a call. We will be more than happy to help, Gregg HowardIntermediate Cherokee - Module 2024 4S Exercise #1. Review syllabary drill. Complete the following exercise. Do it several times until you no longer have to rely on the syllabary sheet. The intrusive "h" that sometimes occurs in Cherokee and alternate spellings are shown in parentheses. Zi@3 Ready? 40 Begin. Check your answers on page 17. 1. ga 2, mu 3. yo, hyo 4, do, to 5. tli/hli, dli 6. ha 7.0 8. de 9. te 40. wi, hwi 11. qwo, kwo 12.na 13. hna 14. tsufju, chu 15. tlv/hly, div 16. tsa/ja, cha 17. ya, hya 18. ye, hye 19 du, tu 20. la 24. ni, hni 22. lo 23. he 24. lu 25. ge, ke 26. hu 27. gu, ku 28. wy, hwy 29.e 30. dv, tv 31. qwi, kwi 32. tle/hle, dle 33. tsifii, chi 34. qwy, kw 35. tso/jo, cho 36. dla 37. ta/hla 38. wa, hwa 39. tsvijv, chv 40. ne, hne 41. tse/je, che 42.me 43. so 44.\v 45. qwa, kwa 46. go, ko 47. gv, kv 48.ma 49. sv 50. mo 51. su 52. nv, hnv8 Intermediate Cherokee - 2024 4S Exercise #2, Our second exercise is also a warm-up. After you pronounce the word three times, stop the cassette and write the word in Cherokee. Some of these words are the conversational or short form. Listen carefully. Column " 1. cow 2. baby 3. beef (cow meat) 4. potato(es) 5. deer 6. wolf 7. horse 8. bread 9. com 10. apple 11. chicken 12. red 13. yellow 14. duck(s)5 15. warm (Democrat) 16. cold (Republican)® 17. salt 18. man 19. woman 20. he's hunting 21.home (his/her home| ‘Stns refers to the bird Column "B" 22. field 23. hurry 24, town 25. enough 26. night 27. fire 28. ten 29. fish (noun) 30. fork (nail) 31. boat (plane) 32. world 33. arrow 34. cherry 35. dress 36. shoes 37. why? 38. bird 39. men 40. women 41. flag 42. candy/sugar Uta means bah coi an Republican. gneve, likewise means bth warm and Democrat. Some esachers sy tis typical Chere Joke, since many Cherokees fought fr te enfederacy and were mostly Demoras fr many years altervarIntermediate Cherokee - Module 202A &S Exercise #3 In this exercise, match Column A with Column B. We have given you the phonetic equivalent of the syllabary and the word's meaning, Again, listen carefully as Durbin pronounces each word three times, then pause the tape and make the correct match in Column B. Column A 1. ___ka-ne-sa?-i (box) 2. ___ al(i}-sgi-a (she's dancing) 3. ___gartlida (arrow) 4. ___ sa-lo-la-wo-di (red squirrel) 5. ___ga-sgi-lo (table / chair) 6. ___tsi-sgwa a-da (young bird) 7. ___ ga-l(i)-tso-de (house) 8. ____ka-ne-sga (grass / hay) 9. ___uthyo-ni_ (hom) 10. ___ gu-le e-gwa (big acorn) 14. __ga-la-gi-na (big buck) 12.____sa-ko-ni-ge-i (blue) 13. ___i-tse-i-yu-sdi (green) 14,___wa-hya_—— (wolf) 15.____wa-le-li_ (hummingbird 16.____a-su-hv-sga (he is fishing) 17. ____tsu-la-sgi (alligator / kettle) 18.____a-de-la (money) 19.____ a-n(i)-sgv-ti (May) 20. Hi-sgi (five) 2 a-ge-hya (woman) 22,___a-sga-ya (man) Column B a) Owes b) swye c) Ger d) Dkwo e) SCL } Sa¥G g) OUT h) ORh i) TWway i) day k DePayD ) SPKS m) GO n) UABFT 0) DeGas Pp) Doso q) TVTG@I ) JORT s) UGWO ) aL Dt u) DSW v) Dh@ET10 Intermediate Cherokee - 202A. Cherokee is a very concise and precise language - the meaning changing with the addition or deletion of a single letter or syllable. After you have studied the language for a while you will begin to appreciate its flexibility and efficiency. Memorize each verb-pronoun combination carefully. In each module of this series, we will give you two or more verbs. This is the basic verb structure: ~ = optional; + = obligatory. 3 4 5 ~Initial +pronoun ~ Reflexive +verbstem ~non-final + final Prefixes prefixes _ prefixes suffixes suffixes Verb forms, both transitive and intransitive, in Cherokee must contain a verb stem, one or more pronoun prefixes (which must refer to the subject of the sentence), a reflexive prefix’ attached to the head of the verb stem, perhaps several non-final suffix and a final suffix. These prefixes can indicate whether the statement is a negative, has a singular or plural object, the direction of the action, and whether or not the action is repeated, such as with a habit, and the tense of the verb. In short each Cherokee verb is a complete sentence containing both a Noun (or a bound pronoun) and a verb. For more information on the Cherokee verb, | recommend you get a copy of the Cherokee Dictionary by Durbin Feeling and Dr. Wm. Pulte. It is one of the best reference books available on the Cherokee language. In Cherokee, all action verbs appear in one of two basic forms; transitive and intransitive. An action verb that has an object is transitive; action verbs that do not are intransitive. To find an object, say the verb and ask the question What? or Whom? Transitive: The boys play ball. [The boys play what? The answer is Ball: therefore play is a transitive verb and requires a Set A pronoun.] Have you seen Ann? [Have you seen whom? Ann is the object; therefore have seen is a transitive verb.] Intransitive: The clouds floated behind the mountain. [The clouds floated what? Floated whom? Since there is no object, floated is an intransitive verb and requires a Set B pronoun] ‘Reflexive prefix means thatthe verbs objec is identical tothe subject, such as She dresses herself.Intermediate Cherokee - Module 202A. iL Also, some verbs can be both - transitive in one sentence and intransitive in another sentence. How you use the word will determine which one it is and whether the verb requires a Set A or Set B pronoun. For instance: Transitive: OZ¥<@ Wh OZYR Diana sang a song. [Song is the object] Intransitive: VOZYR th* Diana sang softly. [There is no object] To understand how the verb phrases are built we need to build out from the verb stem or base. Let's begin with the prefix that indicates who is doing what. This prefix is called the Bound Pronoun and is found in position #2. In Cherokee, the personal pronouns are attached to the head of the verb stem and refer directly to the subject of the verb. There is no distinction as to gender in the pronouns. In fact, the primary distinction is whether it is animate (person or animal - living or dead) or inanimate (a thing, a non-animate object), which makes a lot of sense. Remember, there is only a small difference in the molecular makeup of a tree and a person - we are very similar. This fact is demonstrated in the language by a high level of respect and consideration for plants and animals, birds and insects - for all living things - an aspect of Indian spiritualism and awareness that the world needs now more than ever. Bound Pronouns: (Transitive)(Needs an object) (Intransitive)(does not) Singular A B 1.1 (me) tsi, (g-)° agi- (agw-)i 2. You hi- (h) tsa- 3. he/she/it ga- (or any vowel except -u-) > (UW) Dual: 4. You & | i-ni- (in-) gi-ni- (gi-n-) 5. You & another (not me) s-di- (s-d-) s-di- (s-d-) 6. Me & another (not you) 0-s-di- (0-sd-) 0-gi-ni- (o-gi-n-) Plural 7. Others & me (we-not you) 0-tsi- (0-ts-) o-gi- (0-g-) 8. Others & you (not me) -tsi- (i-ts-) itsi- 9. They (not us) a-ni- (a-n-) u-ni (u: 10. Everyone igi- (-g-) Stthe Cherokee word GhPT (wanigei) means "soft to the touch" ~ V (to/do) means "to be stil (motionless) or quiet. 9 Paranthese denotes prefixes for verbs cores that begin with vowel.12 Intermediate Cherokee - 202A Let's begin our discussion with Set "A" First person - the first person (1) singular prefix (g-) occurs before transitive verb stems beginning with a vowel; (tsi) occurs before verb stems beginning with a consonant. Third person - Some third person (3) singular transitive verbs require the prefix (ga-), while others require either (a-) or no prefix in the third person singular. Both of these verbs use Set "A" pronouns. The prefixes are bracketed. Only one acting: Talking Saying [tsi}-wo Tam talking say (am saying) [hij-w you are talking [hla-di-ha you say (are saying) (gal-wo:-ni-ha _he/sheis talking aj-di-ha_—_—he or she says Two acting: [-ni-wo:-ni-ha we (you & I) [-nJa-di-ha we (you & 1) say [s-di]-wo:-ni-ha you & another you & another says {o-s-di]-wo:-ni-ha we (me & another) [o-sdJa-di-ha we (me & another) Three or more acting: i-ha we (me & others) —_[o-tsJa-di-ha_ we (me & others) you & others [Hts]a-di-na you & others says. they (not you or me) [a-nja-di-ha they (not you or me) [a-ni}-wo:-ni-ha Comprehensive plural: [i-di-wo:-ni-ha everybody is talking [i-dJa-di-ha everybody is saying Answer true or false to the following statements. +. First person singular transitive verb prefix is (g-). —— An intransitive verb has no object. Pronoun prefixes attach directly to the verb stem. In the sentence, "He grabbed the stick," grabbed is an intransitive verb. The prefix (s-d-) means you're referring to two other people. The prefix (gi-n-) means you're referring to three other people. In the sentence, "He's running away," running is a transitive verb. A singular prefix (tsi-) indicates it is an intransitive verb. In "The deer slipped and fell,” slipped is an intransitive verb. A verb with the prefix (a-gi-) indicates a transitive verb. S©PNDaaRYNnS LEELAIntermediate Cherokee - Module 202A. 13 45 Exercise #4. Below is a set of set verbs that use set "A" pronouns. You may be familiar with some, others you may not. That isn't important. Write the prefix (as we've shown you in #1) in the first column and write the pronoun it stands for in the second column. Review page 11 for the pronoun prefixes. 1.togo RS e-ga avs otse:-ga 2S he:-ga Tvs Ltse:ga DAS ane-ga 2.to eat [a single solid food) kyD ThYD ini-gi?-a @1YD s-di-gi?-a TkYD i-tsi-gi?-a DhYD a-ni-gi?-a 3. todo SPAD ga-dv-ne-ha IPA ha-dv-ne-ha HOW AF — o-sda-dv-ne-ha TOP A i-na-dv-ne-ha ACP AE 0-tsa-dv-ne-ha 4.todrink DOIW@S a-na-di-ta-sga DIW@S — a-dita-sga SIW@S —ga-dita-sga TGIWAS i-tsa-di-ta-sga HALIWAS 0-sda-di-ta-sga ¢ I or me14 Intermediate Cherokee - 202A. & Exercise #5. In this exercise, as promised, are some conversational phrases and conservation starters. Listen carefully as Durbin says each sentence, then write each one in Cherokee. Don't get frustrated if you can't "hear" it at first. You will, if you are patient and Stay with it. Turn on the tape player when you're ready. 1. Do you speak English? 2. | speak a little Cherokee. 3. Please say again. 4. What is your name. 5. My name is. 6. | don't understand. 7. Do you understand? 8. | understand. 9. Please show me. 10. | am tired. 11. | am thirsty (for water). 12. Do you want some water? 13. | am hungry. Are you? 14. That's the way it is. 15. What is this? 16. What are you doing? 17. Where are you going? 18. Let's go (you & |) 19. How far is it? 20. He'll go tomorrow. 21. Do you know? 22. May | help you? 23. Where have you been? 24. | am thankful. — ee eeIntermediate Cherokee - Module 202A 8 Exercise #6. Match the following Cherokee words with their pronunciation. Listen as Durbin pronounces each word twice, then pause the tape 1_e a) tla kilo 2,___ FV@I__b) tsi-ta-ga 3.___ Dit c) ga-da-di 4. LG d) a-ge-hya 5.___ O8@G__e) tsu-we-nv-sv 6. Dkw f) -ni-wo-ni-ha 7.___ $Z4PV4 g) a-de-la 8.___ 8S@T ~—h)a-di-ha 9. stl i) uyw-dla 10,__ d#ORT j) a-sa-no 11___ OBS ~—k) ona 12___ DG!) wa-do 13____ hws m) u-ga-na-wa 14, SbR sn) ts-gwi-sdi 15.____ DUZ ~—_—o) sako-n-ge 16____ DSW sp) ga-du-hv-i 17,___ BAPT q) 0-si-yo 18___ 80 1) atsa-di 19.__ aS) na 20,___ Th@h4 1) ga-no-ha-li-do-hv 21,__ISR@AY u) tsi-wo-ni-ha 22. DAW wyha-dicha 23., YSsrT w) a-gi-tsi 24, IWaY x) a-gi-do-da 25. say 26___ bt 27 AT@I 28-6 29. BY 30.___ DYD eee Dee 32___ 8cb 33___ as 34___s DAI 35.__ kb 36.___ 88 37._____ SPKS 38.____ UGhPT 39.___ wee 40___ Dereaos A we 42___ DY 43__ oP 4ir 44___sYD 45___ DY 46___ sav 47__ 4h 48. hht y) ka-li-se-tsi z) ga+tli-da aa) ka-go bb) tlo-ge-si cc) a-di-to-di dd) ga-i-tso-de ff) a-gola gg) ki-lo hh) a-su-hv-sga ii) ga-du jj) tsu-ta-sgi kk) a-gi-a Il tsi-sdu mm) go-hu-sdi nn) ni-ga-da 00) da-lo-ni-ge-i Pp) gi-ga-ge-i qq) tsi-gi-a mama ss) di-de-yo-hv-sgi tt) di-la-su-to uu) hi-lv-sgi wy) w-gi ww) we-sa16 Intermediate Cherokee - 202A. ANSWERS TO EXERCISES Exercises: #2 1, GS 22. Ukb 2. Owl 23.COY 3. GSFO0 24.586 4. 90 25. RPO 5. DO 26. OR 6. Ga 27. DEW 7. ¥9P 28. OAD 8. 5S 29. DCI 9. 4M 30. BY 10.RSW 3G 11. Ws 32. RGD 12. 8k 33. SCL 13. UGhP 34. Ywo 14, OA 35. DUZ 15.080G 36, IW&G 16. OB& 37. $V& 17. De 38. ka 18. DeOSo 39. DhooSi 19. Dw 40. Dhkw 20. SZ4PV4E 41. SLI 21. SOR 42. 04 Exercise: #5 LASA IChAY GWY SBC bOhOY 3. b@ Fh90 4. SVSCV 5. (name) ULV 6. LAAPS 7. EPS@ 8. APS 9. 4Ob 12 10. Was 11. D& DSWSYD 12. Die GSP Ss OR OUR Answers Module Two byw css OSS @lr @Iss OYbhE Yb SYSS YY Tkss Try Ohi Ondy 10. TYVE Tyss Ty¥y 11 RVG RE RY Exercise #3 1. George is my cousin, 2. Thave children. 3. Come here Auntie 4. Sit down Grandfather. 5. Let's go. (you & I) 6. Isee my mother. 7. What do you want? 8. [don't see a pretty gi! 9, Will you helb me wsele? 10. Do you know? Exercise #6 Ck OV.9G S&C TESTBL. © DSBPF OAYaT de0l PRT ZG.9 (Sandy) DELET : DYSER WH: Tsd De SPKU . DAP LV SEOW ). JOLOC, RPWA AOYASW VaAG . SAYD Dre een aMawne Hose erase Practice: p& 1. DY a 2. CSk 3. OVL 4. DYPb oS 5. Ol SYBSE 6, Obty 7. DYVU Tks 8. OY OLS 9. Thr TYSk 10. RSS RSE Exercise #4 1. Abb DYV. 2. RV. 3. OP KOWOC. 4, Ch ATA KOU. 5. hSl SkRGC AT@I KCWh, 6. KAW. 7. dak, 8. OYAk. 9. AT@IDEh. 10. DOr DIG. li. kar, 12. OC, 13. AT. 14. SCPOPT. 15. i¥Pb. Exercise #7 Beer AMAL OmRrMO>someReplacement Pages ‘S Exercise #6: Listen to Durbin as he gives you the answers, Then write the following sentences in Cherokee: (B) a brother is speaking; (S) a sister is speaking. 1. My brother is leaving. (B) My sister is leaving. (S) His sister is pretty. Your mother is very young. That old woman is ugly. It was good.! Sandy (Noyuhi) is my wife. OPANRHAYWR My uncle is short and fat. 9. Maybe. I'm not sure. 10. Brother, will you help me? 11. Are you sure? 12. I'm leaving, ‘%S. Exercise #7: Match the English sentence to the correct Cherokee sentence. 1. ____ Rabbit is your cousin. ___ I'm leaving _T have one son. _My brother just left. (S) __I don't see the old man, She has two children, ___ Maybe. I'm not sure. ___ We are friends (all of us), eer anween ___Isee a tall young man. 10, __ They are my children. 11, _ Sit down George 12,__ It was good 2 The vers “to bei regular a) DYVT YW DhY b) Gi FPP TS c) TSPT d) ShYD e) TO TSI DOO FAGIF f) ka@S ATO Ch 2) £ OPHOT DEAGIF h) Ok i) WP IhBC S&Or j) DiG DYOF k) deol PRT 1) DA? £V BLOW present tense is, yi past tense, gesvi future tense, gese-sd. The present tense Is rarely used, but can stand alone in Sentences. The past tense may be used with an adjective or noun to incicate past time,Answers Module Two Practice: p6 Exercise #1. Practice: p8_ 1. agi 1 DYk = DyWyY 2. u 2. Cle css 3. o-g- 3. OVL — OSS 4. sd 4 yy 5. o-gi-n- 5. @IVG al ISS dS . 6. SYAVL SYb AYRIY AYbSk 6. OBTY 1. 8¥k SYSS AVY 7. DYVt 8 TVG TSS THUY = Ths 8. OY 9 OhVe Ohk ChdY ObSk 9. Their 10. TYVU TYSS TYIY TYSk 10. RSS 1, RVL Rr RY RS Exercise #3 Exercise #4 D 1. George is my cousin. 1. Abb DYV. C2. Lhave children, 2. EV. G 3. Come here Auntie 3. OP KAWOC. A 4, Sitdown Grandfather, 4. Gh ATW KOU. B 5. Let's go. (you & I) 5. hSb SHFGC ATA KGW. F 6. Isee my mother. 6. K@WOC. 17. What do you want? 7. dak. J 8. Idon'tsee a prety girl 8, BY Ak. H 9. Willyouhelpmeuncle? 9, ATeod DEh. .E 10. Do you know? 10. Dar DIG. 11. kar. 12. voc. 13. dyar. 14. SCPOPT. 15.4¥ Pb. Exercise #5 Exercise #6 Exercise #7 1D 1. K@UUC DhYD. er 2G 2. K@UWAT DhYD. 2D 31 3. OV OESE. 35 44 4. Ck OVIG SKC TESIBL. 4A 3c 5. © DSBPF OAYAT 5. G 6A 6. Sab ERT 61 7K 7. £G.9 (Sandy) DIET (hit 8 E 8. DYSk RWI TSI Dé SPKL 8. Cc 9% 9. DAP £ V BLOW 9 E 10.B 10. JOLOC, RP@wW aa¥asW 10.H ILF LL. Vaa@ iB 12. SAYD 12.€Intermediate Cherokee - 2020 1 Cherokee Culture and History The Cherokees called themselves DhBOO “Anj’-yv’-wi-ya,” the Principal People. They originally lived in the land of high mountains and green valleys known today as the southern Appalachians. The Cherokee believed that their homeland was in the center of the world and pictured the earth as a floating island suspended by four cords underneath the sky, which was made from solid rock. Before the island was created, everyone lived above the rock sky where it was very crowded. A very spiritually centered people, the Cherokees, who believed the sun and earth were female (life-givers), already understood the principal of a guiding spiritual force in the world. It was therefore remarkably easy for the Cherokees to accept many Christian beliefs because they fit so easily in the Cherokee’s own teachings. While there were some conservative Cherokee who suspected any change to their way of life, many others decided these changes were in their own best interests. The Cherokee believed if they were culturally indistinguishable from whites, the white people would permit them to live in peace and stay where they were—in their homeland, But such was not the case. Greed for land and the discovery of gold in Georgia proved otherwise Another occurrence in 1821 sealed their fate. When Sequoyah originated the Cherokee syllabary and it won the acceptance from the Cherokee nation, the Cherokees had bridged a major obstacle in their progress and were now able to read and write in their own language. Sequoyah, a mixed-blood Cherokee was truly a man of genius. The Cherokee syllabary is the only “alphabet” in history known to be the work of only one man. Sequoyah demonstrated the intellectual ability of the Cherokee, and thus disproved the “peaceful savage” theory of the government. This ability to read and write enabled the Cherokees to become qualified competitors for the lands, a fact the government couldn’t live with, The system, based on phonetics, was remarkably easy to learn. Anyone who spoke Cherokee could read and write in the new syllabary within a few days. The Cherokee quickly became a literate people. It is estimated that within a few months, over 80% of the Cherokee Nation was using the syllabary. The Cherokee language descends from Algonquin linguistic stock and are the sole member of the southem branch of the Iroquoian family. The word “Cherokee” itself hes no meaning in Cherokee, but has come to be accepted by the people as their name. There are several theories as to where the word first originated. One is that It first appeared as Chalague in the Portuguese narrative of De Soto’s expedition, published originally in 1557. Then we find Cheragui in a French document of 1699, and the word Cherokee in English form as early as 1708. There is evidence that it is derived from a Muskogee (Creek) word :soliki, meaning “people of a different speech.”2 _ Intermediate Cherokee Module 202C Creeks spoke the Muskogean language, as did the Choctaw, Chickasaw and Seminole people. The Cherokee language is the “southern” cousin of the northern Algonquin people. ‘And yet another story says that the Cherokee first appeared among the Choctaw so suddenly, the Choctaws thought they must have come from underground. The Choctaw word for “cave” is chiluk. In other words, Cherokees could have been early “cave dwellers” of the Allegheny region of the Carolina’s, Georgia, Alabama, Kentucky and West Virginia. First contacted by the Spanish, then the French, it was eventually the English who had the greatest influence over the Cherokee. When you leam the language of the Cherokee, you become aware of a courageous and proud people - both great and small, who are still undaunted and unbowed. The Cherokee language and culture is what makes the Cherokee different from the Creeks, Osage, Mexican, or any other linguistic group. Speaking the language says - “We're proud to be Cherokee.” Cherokee is spoken today by more than 20,000 Cherokees all over the country. The two main Cherokee dialects today are Kituwah, spoken in North Carolina on the Qualla Boundary and the Western Dialect, spoken in Oklahoma. The Western dialect is a combination of all the dialects resulting from the mingling of Cherokees in Oklahoma after the Removal in the 1830s. This course is taught in the Western dialect. In many Cherokee homes, Cherokee is a second language, combining with many English words. Non-harmonious sounds, such as 6, p, and th, now come quite naturally. For instance: such words as “store” and “parade” would have sounded barbaric to Cherokees of the past because of the lack of p and r and consonant endings. These changes in the language demonstrate not only an invasion of the language, but also the weakening of its versatility. The Cherokee language, a language spoken in America before the Europeans showed up, could be lost, were it not for people like yourself. Learning Cherokee is not easy. Expect a new way of thinking. Your perception of people, places and things will change. We honor and encourage you to continue learning. You are learning an original American language. Various Indian Peoples Publishing Co. is dedicated to the preservation and promotion of all American Indian languages, histories, and legends. We work directly with Indian nations and tribes assisting them to recover and preserve their languages. The preservation and perpetuation of the language is one of the most important aspects of cultural survival of any people. We intend to do all we can to preserve the heritage and culture of the American Indian peoplesIntermediate Cherokee - 202C Cherokee Spllabary D. Bo | Ou. [iv Ase| Jou | Bo Fro [Tru | Orv Gro | Mw | Aw Bo | Yu On tee Gran Zoo | Anu | One Fo | Fu [Rv Veo | Seu | Pav Fro | Daw | Pov Keo Feu | Grsv Doo] Yuu | ww Gayo | Gn | Bw Bas Os Va We Baa Loe Seige race a te 2 spina orteat nz ew Shin nie orthow a inet 1 Saleen, aber og lpall T siginpak orate ep + mbes The syllabary developed by Sequoyah in 1821. ‘The symbols resembling English letters were actualy taken from a Greek Bible. English also borrowed from the Greeks for their language.4 Intermediate Cherokee Module 202C VOWEL SOUNDS D @ is pronounced (ah) as a in father or short as a in award R ©) is pronounced as a in cake or short (eh) as ¢ in met T @ is pronounced (ee) as in peek or short as j in pit 35 (0) is pronounced as o in note or short as aw in law © @ is pronounced (oo) as in moon or short as u in pull i @ is pronounced as un in under Vowels which occur at the end of a syllable are ordinarily held relatively long. There are frequent exceptions, however, and a number of vowels which occur at the end of syllables are short2 CONSONANT SOUNDS All consonants are pronounced as they are in English: ch (ts) as in church 1 as in lack d as in dig m as in man g as in go a as inno h as in hill t as in two mO) as in join w as in well k as in king y as in yes The *d” and ‘t” sounds are often pronounced as in Spanish - between the two. As you become more fluent with the language, you will find many words will almost sound as though they were written in music. You should listen to any legends tape spoken in the Cherokee language to hear the ebb and flow of the language. The first vowel, sometimes in the middle of a word, and sometimes the last final vowel is often dropped when speaking Cherokee. This explains why there are both long and short spoken variations of the same word, such as SBR which is pronounced both as “osiyo” and “siyo” and D4* which is pronounced both as “a- ma” and just “a-m,” The leter ‘Cherokee the "v" always has a nasel sound. *Cherokee-English Dictionary, pp ix-x. "is used to express a vowel which is most similar to the English sound of "u" asin "but," however inIntermediate Cherokee -202C Pronunciation Guide 1. A colon (:) after a vowel means that the vowel sound is held longer than usual Example: fine, good SAL o-s-da ——_ (ohhh-sdah)? salt De arma (ahhh-mah) (NOTE: Dé (a-mah) is also water. Pitch, as you can see, makes all the difference) 2. When asilent character is shown in the pronunciation guide, indicated by ( ), the consonant joins the preceding syllable. The accent is on the following syllable. Example: May DbaBT — a-n(i)-sgv-ti* (ahn-sguhn-tee) apple RSW sv-g(a)-ta (subnk-tah) 3. A question mark (?) denotes a glottal stop. In other words, you momentarily stop when pronouncing this word, then continue. Example: “he’s bathing /taking a bath” DU@D a-da-wo?-a “this or these” 2D hit-a The Cherokee verb “to want” showing the ten (Set B) bound pronouns underlined. The objects are all singular. Singular: Cherokee Pronunciation 1. Twant DEses a2-qua-duli-ha 2. you want GsPt tse-duli-ha 3 he/she/it wants ospe u-du-li-ha Dual: 4. we (you & I want) yeses gizna-du-li-ha 5. you (2) want aISPE sda-du-ti-ha 6. we(me & another want) SYOSPF o-gi-na-du-licha Plural: 7. we(me & others want) SSP o-ga-du-licha 8. you (3) want Teses- ietsa-du-licha 9. they want ooses usna-dulicha 10. we (everybody wants) TSSPS- i-ga-duli-ha ‘Words shown in parenthesis are pronunciation guides only. Remember, the pronunciation of the vowel -v-is always nasalized and spoken deep in the throat6 _ Intermediate Cherokee Module 202C Body Parts In referring to body parts, some take the Set A pronouns and some take the Set B pronouns. Which you use depends on how the word is used in the sentence. Like verbs, where no action can exist without someone causing it, the same is true of parts of the body. However for body parts that are not attached to someone’s or something’s body you must use the past tense of the word (ny- or na-) and instead of the bound pronoun forms, you must use the possessive DLVP (a-qua-tse-li). If you were talking about your tooth, for instance, you would use the word kO-VE (tsin-do-gy), my tooth. But if you went to the dentist and had the tooth pulled, you would then have to use the term DILO'VWO (a-gwa-dan-to-ta-nv) “my former tooth.” The same word would be used if you were talking about the tooth of an animal you might have in your pocket. A leg of lamb, for example, is ©ZS@ OWws°Cr (u-no-de-na u-la-ya-dv-nv), “Jamb - its former leg;” a rib roast is GS 4@.0 IS4Wk (wa-ga ha-wi-ya di-ga-nuhl-tsi), “cows -its former ribs,” and chicken legs are IbW$ JWeO0°Cr (tsi-ta-ga tsu-la-ya-dv-nv), “chicken - its former legs.” Referring to your hair is very similar. A single hair is O@TET (u-stih-gv-. My hair, or a hair arrangement would be DY@ET ak-stih-gv-i. If you were to talk about hair that is no longer attached, such as your scalp or hairpiece perhaps, you would say O@IBO w-stih-ye:-nv. Your skin, or the skin of an animal is called O/\SAT u-ne-ga-lv-i. Once the skin is removed from the animal, the word becomes 8/18 ga-ne-ga. If the animal is named, the word reverts to OASAT u-ne-gacly-i “it’s former skin.” Cow skin becomes GS QASAT wa-ga u-ne-ga-lv-i, “a cow’s former skin.” Pigskin becomes bL OuASAT si-gwa u-ne-ga-lv-i, “a pig’s former skin.” Leather in Cherokee is $Zir (ga-no-ji), but a leather coat made from cow skin could be referred to as G8 CASAT APWC SCO (wa-ga une-galv-i go-tly-ta-nv ga- sa-le-na) “cow’s former skin made into a coat.” When speaking of giving directions or of your right or left hand, we say. a) my right hand (or towards the right) k$7b pronounced: tsik?-ti-si b) mylleft hand (or towards the left) Ir$@Sh_ pronounced: tsik?-sga-ni These two words derive from the interpretative phrases; DS0b I& - ak?-ti-si di- dla, “towards the right;” and D8@Sh A - ak?-sga-ni di-dla, “towards the left.” They can also be used as adjectives. For instance: In*@ DSIb - my right ear or 2@ D&@Sh - your left ear.Intermediate Cherokee - 202C Here is a list of some of the more popular body terms. Listen carefully as you hear each one pronounced. To help you become familiar with the body parts, write the pronunciation of each word five times on a separate piece of paper. Set A Set B his mouth DEF his navel her neck (throst) DBV. her lip her tooth SO'VET _her stomach its side DaIrh his hair his head D@AP his scalp her body paar his skin his chest S.AKT her face his breast SCAT. her heart hertongue SCAT his eyes sve his foot her nose OBIE her arm OZFh his ear S¢h /5°O his ankle my finger SUPT his hand his back SET his liver his leg SC@Fh blood her shoulder SOOT OIBW'T OFAsAT oavcT Ow@.IET OarAsaT OnsaT oorr oLlov OWBSh OnLWrT O@sh oaw ys bone / bones AW Detached neck DBY side Dak head = 0 skin 8S ribs 4saWk tongue 808 wing (am) OZ ear ae hand = OOD liver = OWW leg SOF # Here are the three groups of pronouns that apply to body parts. Using the syllabary, write the Cherokee in the spaces provided. 1._Group A (ts-, ga-)* my finger tsi-ye-sadv your finger _hitye-sa.dv hisher finger _ga-ye-sadv my body tsi-ye-lv-i your body hi-ye-lv-i hisher body a-ye-lv-i 3._Group B (a?-, u-) my hair a-g?-stih-gv-i your hair tsa-stih-gy-i hishher hair u-stih-gv-i “The first prefix is for frst person, the second pref is for third person,8 Intermediate Cherokee Module 202C Review Set A and Set B pronouns. Study this list of body parts. Listen carefully as Durbin pronounces each word three times, then on a separate sheet of paper, write each word-phrase three times, underlining the prefixes to find the core word. On page nine is an explanation of how these words were constructed. SETA Singular pronoun: single body part: 1. my leg kOa@Fh 2. yourleg .20°@Fh 3. her/hisleg SO@Fb Two people involved: plural body parts: 4. your legs & my legs (our legs) 5. you two’s legs (your legs) 6. his /hers & my legs (our legs) Several people involved: plural body parts: 7. our legs (not yours) 8. your legs 9. their legs 10. everyone’s legs (all of us) SetB Singular pronoun, single body part: 1. my hand DV'3h 2. your hand KBh 3. her/his hand OWSh Dual pronoun, plural body parts: 4. your & my hands (our hands) 5. you two's hands (your hands) 6. his/het’s & mine hands (our bands) Several people involved, plural body parts: 7. our hands (not yours) 8. your hands 9. their hands 10. everyone’s hands (all of us) plural body parts: my legs dbCakb yourlegs T.80.@FbS his /herlegs ISO@Fb IbC- Ohh IaIC Oh K@IO@Fh KhO ahh IO ath IhCAaFh LIC @Fh plural body parts: my hands your hands his/her hands Ivsh dK3h JO3h 4YZ3h I@V3h IASh KA3h 1K3bh dZ3b 1A3h Notice that in conversation, the "hi-" the second person pronoun is combined withthe sound of ti.”Intermediate Cherokee - 202C 9 Explanation to the review on page 8 - Applies to both Set A and Set B prefixes. 1. The plurals in line 1, 2, & 3 are accomplished by adding di- to the singular, or core word. The final syllable is pronounced as either -na or -ni. Remember, di- next to a-, the a- drops off; next to hi- becomes ti-; next to u- becomes tsu-; next to o- becomes ts0-. 2. Online 4, we have a couple of changes. First, d- is again added to the pronoun prefix i-n-, and secondly, an -i- is inserted between the two consonants, n- (the prefix) and n- (the first letter of the core word). With this added to our core word, we have the Cherokee word IhO@lh (di- ni-nv-sge-ni) which means “your legs and my legs” or “our legs.” 3, The plural on line 5 is achieved by again adding di- to the dual pronoun [sd-], and again inserting an -i- between the resulting back to back consonants. 5. Online 6, by adding di- to the prefix for “me and another” (which changes now to -ts- because the operative prefix begins with an o-) and again inserting an ~i- between the two resulting consonants, we get Ka1OFh (tso-sdi-nv-sge-ni), “our legs.” Notice that the English for line 4 and 6 are the same, “our legs” but in Cherokee the meanings are much more definitive. 6. Onlines 7 - 10, the construction has already been discussed — merely add the dual pronoun prefix to the base word. Refer to #1 above. &S Exercise #1. Wrtethe Engish forthe folowing body-part words. Select the praper pronoun peefic _sing the system eve ust outined and the vocabulary on page ?. 1. DBYh 13, OLOV 2. O@TET 14. 8¢h 3. FSIe _ 15, 98@Sb 4. EZkb 16. IkSVP 5. Dowkh 17.49°3b. 6. JO@Fh 18. DOAP 7. DYASAT 19. SOS. 8. 8C IT 20. E8VP 9. beh 21, IhS0Sh 10. SaWk 22. OF.9 11. kste" 23. ONSAT 12. OOF 24.5OAT Cherokee is very specific and knowing how to indicate who and what you are talking about is very important. It is also important to take your time and learn each phrase carefully and completely. The best suggestion is to forget English as much as possible and try to think in Cherokee terms. Once you have determined your pronoun using this system a couple of times, it will become automatic.10 Intermediate Cherokee Module 2020 Let's take the word for “hand” found in Set B (singular pronoun, single body part) on page 8 and work through the process offinding the proper construction of the body. Part phrase. For instance, the significant body part terms to consider are: 8) my or mine..... (any body part) b) his (hers / its... (any body part) ©) aplural body part with any bound pronoun 1. In the example below, the third person singular form of “hand” is “u- which indicates Group B. First person, singular weuts be DVBh - a?-gwo-ye:-ni. The plural then of “my hands” would be I4"B di-gwo-YE-ni 2. Tf you know the “my,” “his / hers,” or “their” Prefix, you can easily determine the Correct prefix to use with the body part, fF Study the Constructions ofthe following pronoun-body part phrases, Singular pronoun, singular body part: my hand Dv3h a?-gwo-ye:-ni your hand KB ts0-ye=ni his/her hand O@Bh uwo-ye:-ni Singular pronoun, plural body part (construction) my hands dv3b digwo-ye-ni* di + a?-gwo-ye>ni your hands JKah di-tso-ye:-ni di + tso-ye-ni his/her hands J@Bh ‘uwoye-ni — di+u=tsuwo-yexni Dual pronoun, multiple people plural body parts: Oh Gous &mineyhands IYZBR — di-ginoyesni dis gi-n0-ye:-ni your hands ein Gl stoyes alm earnest their hands 928h —tsunoye-ni ditty = tsu-no-ye:-ni all of our hands AABhdi-go-ye-ni d +i-go-ye:-ni “Remember, withthe frst person prefic, the a- drops off when adding the plural prefixIntermediate Cherokee - 202C a Buying Things. Tn many cases, the most exposure you will have with Cherokee speaking people will be at “pow-wows,” unless you are fortunate enough to live close enough to some Cherokee speakers ‘that you can visit and use the language with them. And when you go to “pow-wows,” buying some of the beautiful arts and crafts available there will be a fun experience even if you don’t speak Cherokee. But think of how much more fun it will be if you can ask for things and be able to carry on a conversation in Cherokee. Jin this segment, we'll give you some more basic phrases and exercises so that is exactly ‘what you can do the next time you go to a pow-wow. 1. How much is it? oW JEGGI hia tsu-gv-hwal-di or How much doesit cost 2. How much dol owe you? OW &¥SS hida ks-tu-ga. 3. $1.00 O7ZaL u-hno-sda 4, $3.50 KDSa DSC tso-a-de-lv a-yetli 5. $12.00 wwspsaT tal-du-a-de-lv-i 6, $43.00 OS@AK DSAT —_nvk-sgo-tso a-de-lv-i 7. That’s nice. SAL o-sda, 8. [would like that one. © «SW na ya-gwe-du-la 9. Twould like to buy that one. ODYGIOIOISW na aki-warhi-sdi ya-gwa-du-la, 10. would like to buy a shirt. DICI DYG.3I01 GESW a-tihl-di a-ki-wa-hi-sdi_ ya-gwa-du-la. 11. want to buy a necklace. DOCI DYGI@1 DISP a-yahl-di a-ki-wa-hi-sdi a-gwa-du-li, #5 Exercise #2 Write the Cherokee for the following phrases. 1. $5.00 2, $15.00 _ 3. How much is it? 4. Do you want to buy it? 5. Iwould like to buy some shoes. 6. I would like that one. 7. Please say it again. 8. How much dol owe you? 9. Twant to buy it 10. Let’s you and & I buy it. SYou could also use, conversationally, WTS 0” (hi-la i-ga-dv) "How much?"x Intermediate Cherokee - 202C 3 Vocabulary: Clothing and Dressing Phrases 1. cloth / clothing DW /ILO a-hna-wo / di-hna-wo 2. shirt or blouse DICI actihl-di 3. dress / dresses DBZ / IZ a-sa-no/ di-sa-no 4. shoe / shoes DWEG / WEG acla-su-lo / di-la-su-lo 5. sock / socks Des / IPE acli-yo / di-li-yo 6. cap /hat DPASG /DP@ASY —al-sdu-lo / al-sgwe-tu-wo 7. jacket/coat SUC ga-se-le-ni 8. gloves 19386 dihl-ye-su-lo 9. pants DEG a-su-lo 10. under clothing 40h ILO ha-wi-ni di-hna-wo 11. belt DUWAI a-da-dlo-sdi 12. he/she is dressing up. DCC@s actsa-nv-sga 13. he’s putting on his socks UPB. da-li-yo-hi-ha 14. he’s taking off his socks WPRYD dali-yo-gi?-a 15. he’s putting on his shirt* Dt@D a-hna-wo?-a 16. he’s taking offhis shirt DtalD a-hna-we?-a 17. he/she is wearing pants O8"W usula "The word for cloth is sometimes used when referring to.a “shirt” ora “blouse.” &S Exercise #3. Write the correct Cherokee for each underlined verb. 1. Lwant an apple. 2. She wants a tall glass. 3. They want to go home. 4. We (me & another) want some water. 5. We (others & I) want some butter. 6. What do you want? 7. The whole class wants pizza 8. What do you (3) want? % We (you & I) want something to eat. _ 10. He wants a drink of milk 11. The (3) dogs want to come in 12. Mary wants a better book. 13. The three men want to see you 14, Betty and I want to sit down. 15. What do you (2) want?Intermediate Cherokee - 202C Useful Phrases: Come here (to one person) = R2O Come in (to one person) ROBY Coie in (to two people) R@IBE Come in (to more than 2) REBS Where have you been? +P ‘Who is that? BA iY What did you say? 8VY O@L What is it? 8V O@1 I don’t understand L DAPS Do you know? cowa Let's go (ou &D Tae Let’s go (a of us) Tso Please sit down (to peson) — FPAH-TS Please sit down (to two people) IAW OS Please sit down. G ormore) TECHS I want to buy it. I want to buy them, Do you want to buy it? DYG.20.1 DISP AYGIOI DEISPH di-ki-wa-hi- GCGIDIO GSPE ehena ehi-yv-ha e-sdi-yv-ha etsi-yv-ha ha-dlv we-da ga-go v-sgi? ga-do-gi u-sdi ga-do u:sdi tla yi-gorli-ga tsan-tas inena i-de-na hal-sdv-diu-ga di-sda-sdv-dlu-ga i-tsa-nv-v-ga aki-wa-hi-sdi a-gwa-du-li-ha sdi a-gwa-du-li-ha tsa-wa-hi-sdi-s ja-dul-licha 8 Exercise #6. Match the following phrases in Column A with Column B. Column A . __ they want (it) ___ You don’t want them?* ____ she wants some ___ [don’t want (it) . __ you (2) want it? ____ we (you & I) want them __ we (me & another) want it PARDARYKE __ Do you want them? 9. ___ Everyone wants it 10._ They don’t want them. Column B a) SSPF b) ASPEO o) sYOsee d) £0 IGSPF e) SCSPEO f) £ AlesPe g) SYOSP+ h) TSSP+ i) CesPE k) £ WEsee “Remember, the negative is formed by using “ila” and attaching “y" before vowels and "yi" before consonants to the verb. The plural is formed by adding “d" before vowels; “de” before consonants; and “di” after y-, w-, and n- ahead of the pronoun preftc. Questions are formed by using one of the following suffixes; -s, -sgo, -ke, or -isu (ju).16 Intermediate Cherokee Module 202C 4 Exercise #7, Write the Cherokee forthe following list of body parts. Remember, ‘most plurals are formed by adding either (d-) or (di-) ahead of the pronoun prefix 1. myeyes my eyes __ 2. their stomachs hisarms 3. her leg his shoulders 4. my teeth my foot 5. my ears my fingers 6. their hands her lips 7. your head their faces _ 8. our mouths my legs 9. bone, bones their bodies 10. yourhands her neck LL. her tooth your back 4S Exercise #8. Review. Listen and translate the sentences and phrases below. 1. OQISWO DYGS OIT ——— 2. SV O@I 3. TAO 4. KUTRO Ch 5. DO S8tDYVE 6. OW bZFh 7. 8A iay 8. SCSPEO 9. £. 2 AUESPE - 10. d8SPe 11, O83h, _ 12. GSPEO CG.9@I 13. TECS 14. APS 15. 1YG.8@1 DISPS eee rene ee ere eeIntermediate Cherokee - 2020 a7 One of the best, and most enjoyable, ways to learn a language is to get involved ‘translating material into and out of that language. On the next page, we'll do an interpretation exercise using one of Robert Conley’s poems. One thing that you will discover is that Cherokee must be interpreted. It will not translate word for word into English. ObR. OBE. V.8d. db. hYO. VK. SV ITA. In situation (a), if'a mother greeted her son the conversation would go like this: “Hi mom,” “Hi son. You okay?” “Pm fine. You?” “Yeah, I'm all right. What are you doing?” In situation (b), a business man greeting another business man: “Good morning.” “Good morning. How are you?” “Very well, thank you. And you?” “The same, What are you doing?” In situation (c) two cowboys greeting each other would say it like this: “Howdy.” “Howdy. Doin Okay?” “Not bad. You?” “Not bad. What ‘cha doin?” ‘As you can see, the Cherokee is the same, but when you interpret it into English, the words have different meanings based on the situation. This is important to remember when reading and writing Cherokee. If you try to find a Cherokee word for each English word, your sentence or phrase won’t sound right to a Cherokee speaker. In this next section, you will be working with some poetry by Robert J. Conley, noted Cherokee author and member of the Cherokee Nation. This poem is from The Rattlesnake Band & Other Poems, originally published in 1984 by Indian University Press, Bacone College, Muskogee, Oklahoma. The interesting thing about Robert Conley’s writings, especially the third section of the book called “Love Poems,” is their striking similarity to ancient Cherokee love incantations. The ancient Cherokee incantations can be found in the writings of Jack & Anna Kilpatrick and James Mooney.48 Intermediate Cherokee Module 202C ‘We will give you a vocabulary, or word list with choices of interpretations and the Poem written in Cherokee. Your assignment will be to translate the poem into English. The original translation by Durbin Feeling, given on the answer page, reflects his interpretation. Your interpretation of the poem may be a little different ar you may have the same interpretation. This exercise will demonstrate how our perceptions affect how ‘we see things and situations, or in this case, how we interpret a poem. Study the poem shown below as you listen to Durbin read it. IOP SOHIAI de SAV TY OAWC3 hLEPOAAWO.D De CY AMP SOLIOL Sk) DEPTOVI FR D&Sh TY. Now, here’s a word list for this poem showing the pronunciation and various interpretations for the word. De ale and Desh asgani error, transgression, sin DEPTOVI asodlvisdohdi Satisfaction, contentment savrd galvgwodi godlike, holy, sacred SOb.201 gawonihisdi tongue, language, speech FR gesv past tense of the verb “to be” Ty igi Present tense of the verb “to be” Oay nasgi that, those, of that BUGPAAAWO.9 —nidayulsgohltanvhi to leave in one’s care, to entrust qor nusdy the way it is dG ohv one’s possessions, what he owns CAWOS unehlanvhi creator, originator, god Now, let’s see what we can do with these words. Look at the first sentence: OP” SOHIOI AG SAV-I TY Taking the words in order, let's write their English interpretation: 00s” the way it is SOhIOL tongue, language, speech OG one’s possessions, what he owns saved godlike, holy, sacred Ty Present tense of the verb “to be” or “is” Which gives vs;Intermediate Cherokce ~ 202C 19 The next sentence is done the same way. CAWOD BUGPAAAWO.D Again, taking the words in order: CAWOO creator, originator, provider BUGLAAAWO.O to leave in one’s care, to entrust ‘We get this interpretation: And the last sentence: Dé OAY ANT SULIOL oe DEPTOVI FR DOSh TY. De Cay ae those, of that DEPT OLL satisfaction, contentment PR past tense of the verb “to be” D@OSh error, transgression, sin Ty present tense of the verb “to be” which gives us our interpretation of the last sentence: Our poem now reads Check your interpretation with Durbin’s on the next page.20 Intermediate Cherokee Module 202C Answers Exercise #1 Exersise #2 Exercise #4 1. his/her neck 1. eaysaT Let 2. hisher hair 2. ayssaT 2g 3. my right arm 3. OW JEGGI 3. j 4, my arm 4. CSP¥A DYG.IOI 4a 5. hisfher hip 5. IWeG J¥GIOI OLsw Sh 6. your leg 6. BO OISw 6 i 7. my skin 7. b@ thle he 8. his/her breast 8. OW ass Be 9. my car 9. DYG.I@1 DISPE 94 10. one rib (detached) 10. YRG.9OI 10.0 11. my finger 12, her face Exercise #3 Exercise #5 13. her heart 1 DIsee 1. He's wearing pants, 14, her ear 2. O8Pe 2. Please sit down, 15. your left hand 3. Coss 3. Do you know? 16. my eyes 4. ayoses 4. He's taking off his shirt, 17. my hands 5. GSSPF 5. She's taking off her socks. 18, his head 6. GSPE 6. What is it? 19. my left hand 7, TSSPF 7. Where have you been? 20. my eye 8. TYSPE 21. their left hands 9. Yosey Exercise #6 22. your back 10. SPH Li 6g 23. his skin 11. C@sPs 2d ne 24. her tongue 12. 088+ 3a Be 13. COPS. ak 9h 14. a¥OsPE 5b 10.£ 15. OSPF Exercise #7 Exercise #8 1. Isve ansve 1. Twould like to buy it. 2. dhaw-cr Jezkb 2. What is it? 3. SO@Ph ISOUT 3. Let's go. (you and 1) 4. SkOVE DEWBSA 4. Johns going to the mountains, 5. Iwo Sr36r 5. My father is deer hunting, 6. d@Bb S¥ASaT 6. My amis big. 7. E@AP sear 7. Who are you? 8. IhFP TrOahh, 8. Do you want them? 9. AW IbaT 9. No, Idon't want them, 10. KBB DBYA 10. We all went it. 11. 80VE EaT 11. his/her hand 12. Do you want to buy it? Poem: 13. Please sit down. (3 or more) Language is sacred, 14, Tunderstand, A gift from God 15. I want to buy them, and it's misuse is sinful.Intermediate Cherokee CWY SObIOL Language Léarning Series Module Four CHEROKEE ALPHABET, CUARACTER STITDUTICALLT ARRANOED WIFE THE WooxDL, . ieee tne ester bet ors gO ke Re Ys Ap In he Phe 2h Fhe Tha fl ork eis my Ome Hi + mo patho GmahA oe fi ni qua ae Pqui ae que stu we obd deve aeBed di re eC uh we bai “tO wi ye byl BTID bem aig Cherokee Culture & History Numbers, Months, Telling Time Subject-Object Pronoun Prefixes Verbs: “to be a married person” A Poem by Robert ConleyIntermediate Cherokee Module 202D DhBOw he Cherahee The Cherokees, the southem cousins of the Iroquois, lived in the high mountains and verdant green valleys of the southern Appalachians covering 400,00 square miles of what is now northern Georgia and Alabama, eastern Tennessee and portions of Kentucky and western North and South Carolina. By 1492, they had developed a complex way of living that involved a highly structured social as well as an agrarian lifestyle while many of the plains tribes still wandered in search of enough food. The Cherokees built houses, wove cloth, produced elaborate baskets and pottery, and were organized into a tribal confederation roca Pptincibal Chief, Sub-Chiefs, a Council of Elders (men and women), and Pabected Medicine men and women - all ofthis without any assistance from the Europeans. By the time the first white settlers began to record their observations about the Inhabitants of the "New World,” the Cherokee, DBO (Aniyvwiya - The People) had already developed an advanced culture that practiced a form of democracy even prone democratic than the United States today. Among the Cherokee, there was a balance of power between men and women, tike 4M (Se-lu-tsi) "Com Mother,” women were responsible for providing the vegetables, taking care of the children and other domestic chores. Men protected the village, helped with clearing the fields, planted, and harvested, but the raising of crops was tre prime Sree rE Hy Men had the additional duty of providing the meat - not only for their own family - but also as a group, for the whole village. No one went hungry. The Cherokees kept no livestock therefore deer, bear, buffalo, rabbit, and turkey were the principal meat sources, 2Intermediate Cherokee Module 202D The most important animal to the Cherokee was the deer. They ate the meat, tanned the hide's using a solution distilled from the deer brains, wore the skins, made tools and ornaments from the bones and antlers, used sinews for thread and hooves for glue. The deer's life was honored in death by having nothing wasted. The bow and arrow was used on the larger animals, but for the smaller animals and birds, the blowgun was the weapon of choice. In fact, a young boy would have to demonstrate his ability with the blowgun before he could advance to the bow and arrow. Blowgun and bow and arrow contests are still held each year at the Cherokee Holiday Reunion occurring over Labor Day weekend in Tahlequah, Oklahoma. The women did most of the young children's training. This changed for boys when they became young men, but girls stayed at home and continued their instruction with their mothers, aunts and grandmothers. The boy's training time was assigned to RSS (grandfather) or RSIr (uncle), usually the wife's brother. Here they learned to track, shoot the bow and arrow and how to be DAY (warrior), to defend the village. Sometimes, mothers wanted their child, either a boy or a girl, to become a medicine man or woman. When the child was ready, they were given to elders who then oversaw their upbringing. Once a child was chosen, they would be kept pert from the other children. They would sit through endless hours of rigorous training and still do in some communities in Oklahoma and North Carolina. The children would be involved in long talk sessions and listen to the tales of the distant past, leamiing the rituals of cleansing and the art of purification, and the names and locations of all the herbs and barks. Most importantly, they learned to take only the herbs and plants that were needed at that time and to always leave some for the next person who needed the medicine. ‘These secrets were strictly guarded. Often the medicine man or woman were "paid" in the form of gifts, such as meat or com, as they are today. Just who is a medicine person today is a closely guarded secret and known only those who are part of the "community" know. Itis never advertised. One of the greatest single honors for a woman was to become a "sacred" or "beloved" one. To be recognized as a "beloved" or "sacred" woman required and heroic deed that had significant impact on the village, and once recognized, she would have many privileges. She would sit in council as an equal. She would be constantly sought out by important members of the tribe and often had the say of whether a prisoner or captive lived or died. In fact, women had as much to say about the business of the tribe as men did. It was probably just such a "sacred" woman that was captured by DeSoto in 1540. He thought she was a "queen" and his confusion no doubt gave rise to the false "royalty" status that Cherokees have had to put up with for so long - such as the stories of many "Cherokee Princesses." There was no "royalty" and these stories mock a proud and courageous peopie. Speaking of stories, one of the most important roles to be played in the village was the historian - the storyteller - who could be either a man or a woman. Many Cherokees, as well as other Indian peoples, stil live connected to the nurturing womb of mythology. Mysterious but real power continues to dwell in nature - in the mountains, rivers, rocks, and even pebbles. While society may consider them inanimate objects, Indian people see them as being enmeshed in the web of the universe, pulsating with life and patent with medicine, and sharing the earth with us.Intermediate Cherokee Module 202D Stories, For instance, DBULGAY (a-yv.da-qua-lo-sgi - Thunder) also lives under waterfalls and can be heard going home from one mountaintop to another. To many people used to the European fairy tales and folktales, indian legends often seam Chaotic, inconsistent and/or incomplete - their message gets lost. What ient ngerstood is the power of the legend - to speak to each one listening and to be heard according to the person's needs. People can hear the same story several times ana receive different messages depending on where they are on the road of life, Jha PNY Conventional, or Western, logic as to story progression is not only impossible, but also unnecessary. Spinning out a single image or episode may be the Splint feature of - indeed the whole reason for teling a tale. Stories are offer told n chains; a word, character, or an idea prompting another storyteller to continue «the {umbling of thunder, the bubbling of a brook, the shrieking of a crow or hoot of an ow « all Suggest stories out of which legends are created. {Another misconception is that the stories are only for the young, The stores are told {or adults and children alike, as elements in solemn ceremonies ae well ae for In 1882, Hubert H, Bancroft wrote, “Language is thought incamate; mythology soul incamate. The one is the instrument of thought, the other the essence of thought. In irimology, language assumes personaity and independence. Often the signifeancs of the words becomes the essential idea." Read the story "Origin of the Pleiades & the Pine” aloud on page 5 and see what it Says to you. Then read it to your children or another adult and see what it says to them.Intermediate Cherokee Module 202D Onigin of the Pleiades & the Pine RB [E-ti-yv - long time ago], when the world was new, there were 8P'7"Y DhdG (gahl-quo-gi a-ni-tsu-tsa - seven boys) who used to spend all of the time playing the SWG (ga-ta-YU-sti) game,! rolling a stone wheel along the ground and guiding it with a curved stick. Their mothers scolded, but it did no good. One day, their mothers collected some SWGd (ga-ta-YU-sti) stones and boiled them in the pot with the corn for dinner. When the boys came home hungry, their mothers served them the stones and corn and said, "Since you like the SWG7 (ga-ta-YU-sti) better than the comfield, take the stones now for your dinner." ‘The boys were very angry and went down to the townhouse, saying, "As our mothers treat us this way, let us go where we shall never trouble them anymore." They began a dance--some say it was the OVUC DPOY OU (u-gi-da-tli al-sgi-sdi) Feather Dance and went round and round the town house praying to the spirits to help them. At last their mothers were afraid something was wrong and went out to look for them. They saw the boys still dancing around the townhouse and as they watched they noticed that their feet were off the earth and that with every round they rose higher and higher in the air. They ran to get their children but it was too late. The boys had risen to high—above the roof of the townhouse~all but one, That boy's mother managed to pull him down with the SWG7 (ga-ta-yu-sti) pole, but he struck the ground with such force that he sank into it and the earth closed over him. The other six boys circled higher and higher until they began to rise up to SAGT (ga- Iv-lo-i) the sky. They are still there today and we know them as the Pleiades, which the Cherokee still call the DhdG (A-ni-tsu-tsa) The Boys. ‘The people grieved long after them, but the mother whose boy had gone into the ground came every moming and every evening to cry over the spot until the earth was damp with her tears. At last a little green shoot sprouted up and grew day by day until it became the tall tree we now call Zi (no-tsi) the pine tree. Zit (no-tsi) is of the same nature as the stars and holds in itself the same bright light. 'Myths of the Cherokee, James Mooney, Bureau of American Ethnology. 1900Intermediate Cherokee Module 202D Telling time in Cherokee Prior to the coming of the White Man, a Cherokee measured time in terms of whether it was morning, midday, evening, or night and measured tre Passage of time by Founting the full moons. They didn't have clocks and didn't need thart They could also tell from the bark on trees, the coats on the animals, the color of the trees and the length of day as to what they should be doing such as hunting, Planting, etc. In this lesson we are 901Ng to look at the divisions of time, months, weeks, days, and hours as used today. \"'@ particular month is mentioned, however, OAT (ka?-Iv?-) must be Used, such as in this phrase Dh@ET 01 RFR (an-sgv-ti' ka?-Wv tel-ge--sv?- “May - month it was," or simply, “last May.”) When indicating a week as a division of a month, such as “two weeks from now”, or “coming in three weeks,” use the phrase: ROVULAI (sv-na-do-da-qua-s-di- division of a month) When referring to an event that happened during a past week use the phrase: DCTPRT (a-ti-i-i-sv-i - time past); such as When indicating a week ago, use the phrase: ROVULOI kFR (sv-na-do-da-qwa-sdi tsi-ge:-sv) To make further divisions, you'll learn to use the phrase, "What time is it?"; -9WB (hi-la-yv) refers to how "long" in reference to time and how "far" when talking about distance. The -yv- is often dropped in conversation. What time is dinner? OW DCTPR DPALBI PAO (hile a-ticii-sv al-sda-yh-di ge-se-sdi) and.. How far is the highway? SWB DbYt OWO BSOC (hiLAw a-hnigida utena ni-ga-nv-nv?)Intermediate Cherokee Module 202D Vocabulary and Phrases: Number: D4 (a-se:-sdi); numbers: 1401 (di-se:-sdi) Write the numbers in Cherokee in the spaces provided. one two three four five six seven galh-gwo-gi eight tsa-ne-la nine soh-ne-la ten sgo-hi eleven sa-du twelve tal-du thirteen —_tso-ga-du fourteen _ni-ga-du fifteen sgi-ga-du sixteen da-la-du seventeen galh-gwa-du eighteen ne-la-du nineteen —_soh-ne-la-du twenty tal-sgo-hi Numbers Practice: To better acquaint you with the numbering system in Cherokee, write the following numbers in the syllabary. Check your answers on page 21 1. 24 11. 38 2 53 12, 23 3. 45 13, 32 4. 37 14. 46 Gl oa 51 6 43 16. 26 7 22 17. 33 8 41 18. 40 9 35 19. 55 10. 49 20. 42Antermediate Cherokee Module 202D 4S Exercise #1. Before we get into how to tell time, let's review the months and the days of the week. This time, welll just give you the Cherokee words and you write the Pronunciation. The answers are on page 22. January ozawe February ese March DOA April Oh May DB@ET June SEMD July save Angust Gh September SPOIL October ShhI November OlsE December ia Winter AW Summer AY Spring AP Fall OPAG AL Special Number sets: When referring to dates of a calendar or to chapters in a book (if between 22 and 28), you can use a optional set of Cherokee numbers: Write the Cherokee for the following . 22" ta-li-tso-ne-si-ne 26" su-dabl-tso-ne-si-ne 23" ts0-i-tso-ne-si-ne 27" gahl-quo-gi-tso-ne-si-ne 24™ ny-gi-tso-ne-si-ne 28" nelh-tso-ne-si-ne 25" hi-sgi-tso-ne-si-ne 29% soh-nel-tso-ne-si-ne Notice the only difference between saying the 22" and just the number 22 is the last two Syllables — si-ne. Again, write the Cherokee for the following numbers. 22 tali-tso-ne 26 su-dahl-tso-ne 23 tso-i-tso-ne 27 gahl-quo-gi-tso-ne 24 nv-gi-tso-ne — - 28 nelh-tso-ne 25 hi-sgi-tso-ne 29 — soh-nel-tso-neIntermediate Cherokee Module 202D Useful “time” phrases: Listen carefully and underline the accented syllable. To help you remember the phrases, write them on a card in Cherokee and refer to them often during the day. Wake up! Go to sleep! day, noon days today tomorrow / morning tomorrow morning this evening next morning midnight night watch clock III hi-ye-gi hi-tlv-na_ i:-ga, i-ga tsu-sv-hi-da ko-hi i-ga su-na-le-i su-na-le-i di-dla ko-hi sv-hi-ye-yi u-gi-tsv-da sv-no-yi usv-i wa-tsi u-ta-na wa-tsi One more element of telling time in Cherokee is the use of the phrase: kFR (tsi-ge-sv) meaning "formerly existing” or "dead." Usually this is used in referring to someone who is now dead, but is also used in "time expressions." RI FR e BOU FR si WP S10 HER ti tsi-ge:-sv (last year) v-da_ tsi-ge:-sv (last month) ta-li na-de-ti-ya tsi-ge:-sv (two years ago ‘When asked, "What time it was?" you could answer by using the phrase: TGGBAT ((-yu-wa-hni-lv-i) - time (as it relates to the striking of the clock) For instance: GAW TGGEAT 30Y TEGhA (tsa-nela i-yu-wa-hniv) (hi:-sgi_ i-yu-wa-hni-tv) "It's eight o'clock." "It is five o'clock." If you wanted to use an equivalent word for minute you could use THWRAKOWO - Pronounced: i-YA-ta-hwo-sta-NV. You use it the same as in English. Hour is &°CGS? and is pronounced: su-hli-lo-DVIntermediate Cherokee Module 202D ‘And if it wasnt right on the hour, you might use any one of these phrases “five before three” 80 OLMW KT Ghi-sgi u-dalu-la ts0?-i) "a quarter-past” YaT1 OGR@I (gietutdi w-lo-sv-sdi) “It's a quarter past one.” YA OGRO1 UOT (Ginut-di ulo-sv-sdi sa-gwu-i) “It's fifteen past one,” YES OGROI EO (sgi-ga-du urlo-sv-sdi_ sa-gwu)? “half past" DBC OGR@I (@yertli ulo-sv-sdi) "It's half-“past nine.” DSC OGRA FAW (aye-tli ulo-sy-sdiso-hnel) "W's nine-thirty." BAW Koad (Gob-nel tso-sgorhi) A question such as, "What time is lunch? " OW DCTPR TS DPALBI ila ati-iti-sv i-ga al-sday-di) ‘would perhaps be answered: USDBC (sada aye-ti"1130;" or YWWTGAI (kila-gun-i-yu-sii) “soon”? Other "meal" words to know: DPcOUBL also refers to food or groceries. breakfast &O¢ DPALBI su-na-le al-sday-di Tunch TS DP@UBI i-ga al-sday-di &dinner = OR DPALBI wsval-sday-di __ #5 Exercise #3. Translate as many of the following sentences as you can, Jeaving a blank Space for the new words. Check your answers on page 22. 1. Its one fifteen 2. It's seven thirty. ee 3, Its almost (nearly) eleven. ee 4. It's twelve twenty on Sunday. 5. Church starts at 11:30, _ 6. I want breakfast at 6:15. 7. He left at seven. 8 We (you & I) areleaving at eight _ 9. It's halfpast nine, 10. It's May fifth —___ j Whether you use ~ sa gwu - or-sa gwu iis your choice. Most Cherokees Arop the final -i- when speaking. * Actually the phrase translates o: “kindof le later” or it English reureeey noesIntermediate Cherokee Module 202D Verbs: "to be married, to be a married person" Singular: Tam married EAP tsi-ne-li you are married JAP hi-neli he/she is married SAP ga-ne-li Dual: ‘we (you & 1) are married people IbAP di-eni-neti ‘we (you & I) are married to each other ThAP i-ni-ne-li you (2) are married people IOLAP di-sdi-neti you (2) are married to each other @IAP sdi-ne-lit ‘We (me & another) are married people KalAr tso-sdi-ne-li ‘We (me & another) are married to each other SOLAL o-sdi-ne-lis Plural: you (3+) are married people JhAr di-tsi-ne-li they are married Thar i we are all married people IIAP Stop the tape now and work exercise #4 & #5. 48 Exercise #4. Write the English for the following phrases or sentences. RI EPR PAW KAD = eee OC DPAWTI ——$______ JW DCTPR TS DPALBI ThAP Ch DO O01 SAP SAPO OLET PNET ewes LEAP AY YAI1 OGROT UST 10. WP OSTO ERR 11. DSC OGR@T OAD 12, OSP KTA $ There is another form ofthe phrase ~ acni-ne-i “they are marzie 5 This term can also be used for “you are my spouse. (to each other)Intermediate Cherokee Module 202D A ‘Bxercise #5. Match Column B withthe pronunciation in Column A and translate into Engi a amall can} PiSee Of paper. To lear a phrase, write it five times each day for a week or write it. @ small card and carry it with you. Column A Column B 1. hityegi, a) BOY KOA 2___ sgo-hi uda-tucla hi-sgi b) US iT 3____sinv-da tsi-ge:-sv. c) 8W DCTP 4. hictivena. d) 0By 5.___ gi-nu-t(i)-di ulo-sv-sdi sa-gwu e) WP DBC 6 hla a-tli-ii f) PCT Dh@ET OYSShA 7 sa-du na-v-i g) BOL EER 8____su-na-LE-i an-sgv-ti sgi-ga-du-si-ne, h) @A9 OLMW a0y 9____ hi-sgi tso-sgo-hi, i) YAII OGR@1 Got 10.__tati a-ye-tl )) 2Pe rm the tape Back on and listen carefully as Durbin pronounces the most commonly used reference to marriage are the following phrases, 1. | got married FICOWOT dv-gwa-tsv-sta-nv-i 2. you got married SGCCOWOT de-tsa-tsv-sta-nv-i 3. he/she got married WCAWOT da-ga-tsv-sta-nv-i 4. you & I got married SYOCAWOT de-gi-na-tsv-sta-nv-i 5. you (2) got married SOLCOWOT de-sda-tsv-sta-nv-i 6. me & another got married ~VYOG@WOT do-gi-na-tsv-sta-nv-i 7. We (others &1) got married = VSGOWOT do-ga-tsv-sta-nv-i 8. you (3+) got married SCCOWOT de-tsa-tsv-sta-nv-i 9. they got married SESCAWOT de-ge-ga-tsv-sta-nv-i 10. all of us got married SSCAOWOT de-ga-tsv-sta-nv-i iuis Concludes side one, Tum the tape over to continue. But before you do, write the English for the following phrases. 1. SOLCOWOT 2. WCOMWOT 3. PLCOWOT ——— ~ 4. SCCAWOT@ 5. SYOC@WOT 12Intermediate Cherokee Module 202D 25 Exercise #6 Review-In this exercise, listen carefuly as Durbin says each word or phrase three times. Then write the words in Cherokee in the spaces provided in Column A and match with their meanings in Column B. I’ve done the first one for you to demonstrate what I mean. Column A Column B Lf &OCT. a) winter 2. b) February 3. c) twenty-three 4 4) summer 5. Se cueenee ereeneae €) twelve a f) tomorrow Bo g) a week (time past) Bo h) twenty-eight (special set) So i) midnight 10. fee eres Se ete {) Saturday YW ee k) Monday Bo 1) noon 13 m) this evening Mo n) Goto sleep! BW 0) Wake up! 16. p) What time is it? 17, Seeeeenennnes suuUnnEEEEEEEE 4g) September 18. 1) fall 19, a s) July 20 t) amonth ago ae u) half past eight 22 v) November 23 w) Friday 4 x) ten before nine 25. z) MayIntermediate Cherokee Module 202D To give you a clearer picture of how sentences are structured in Cherokee, let's take "apart" three phrases to show ‘how they were constructed. Study the examples below: L BARS tla yi-go-li-ga "I don't understand," 1. Prefix tla, yi- ot, y- (i- inserted between consonants) 2.Pronoun sg. 1, singular subject, (Set A)s 3. verb base olieg understanding, to comprehend something 4. Suffix a indicates present tense, Here's another: SYLEbt de-gi-ni- i-ha "You and Iare hungry." 1. Prefix de- plural object indicating "plural stomachs” 2. Pronoun gi-ni you and I (dual subject) (Set B) 3. verb base —_yo-sich to be hungry 4. Suffix a indicates present tense, And one more: L DEAGTE (tla, yigowh-ticha) "dont see (ip. 1. Prefix tla yi- hot, y- (i-inserted between consonants) 2.Pronoun tsi. 1 singular subject (Set A) 3. Verb base — gowh-ti-h to see 4, Suffix a Present tense AS Exercise #7, Listen carefully as Durbin says the following sentences, then write the sentence in Cherokee. The answers are on page 23. Tspeak a little Cherokee. Please say again Where are you going? What are you doing? . I don't see it When (what time) is lunch? They got married Sunday, . want some beef and potatoes, . We all got married last April, 10. Jack and Susan are married. 11. Are you two hungry? — ee nee The fst person singular subject pronoun prefix occurs as before stems beginning with a vowel; before verb stems beginning with consonants, A plural indicator is needed because it would otherwise ‘imply that there was oni one stomach for two people. 14 CEI AH AWDIntermediate Cherokee Module 202D Subject-Object Pronoun Prefixes In English, the phrase "I love you" places the subject first with the object, "you" last following the verb. In Cherokee however, the subject-objective pronoun prefixes are combined in the pronoun section of the verb as shown below. "love you" ERG gv-ge-yurha inwhich: ge subject pronoun for "I or me” v- object pronoun for "you" (singular) ge-yu- the verb core cha present tense indicator Some examples of subject-object pronouns. Listen carefuly as Durbin pronounces each of the following phrases for both animate and inanimate objects. In this first set, the verb stem begins with consonant. Prefix Cherol Pronounciation Isee you. ev EAGI+ see him/her tsi- EAGI+ Isee it, tsi- FAGIE see you (éual) sdv- OPAGTE sdv-gowh-ti-ha They see you. ge-tsa- FGAGIE ge-tsa-gowh-ti-ha Tsee them. (animate) _ga-tsi- SEAGI+ ga-tsi-gowh-ticha Tsee them, Ganinate) de-tsi- SHAG de-tsi-gowh-ti-ha You see me. sgi- aYAGIE sgi-gowh-ti-ha You see them. ge-hi SAIS ga-hi-gowh-ticha In this next set of subject-objective combinations, the verb stem begins with a vowel. Prefix Cherokee Pronounciation Tsay to you gv ERS ‘gv-yo-se-ha Tsay to them gatsi- shat gatsi-yo-se-ha He said to me. a-gw Dv44- a-gwo-se-ly He said to him. ue ows uewo-se-ly You say to me sgw- aa sgwo-se-ha Remember the plural indicator de- must be used with non-singuler forms of *to be hungry." This also apples to plural forms of to be thirsty" and "to be tired." The plural indicator is used in the singular form of ‘to be tired" because Presumably one is tire in all* parts of the body. ‘The difference is in the pronounciation; “I see him” ts is oronounced Inna “T cnn ie" th i nenmsIntermediate Cherokee Module 202) that you, someone, or a group is doing something to anothe, Person or animal. As you can see, there are two sets ofthese prefixes; one for verb stems ther begin with a vowel and another set f Verb stem begins Verb stem begins with a vowel with a consonant Subject-Objective Prefix “to say” -o-se- “to love” -ge-yu- 1. Ito you evy- gv. Examples: BAF - Tsay to you EFG¥-- Tove you. 2. you to me sgv- sgi- Examples: @A4A~ You say to me OYPE$ - You love me. 3. him/her to hinvher g a Examples: AAP - He says to him,20 DPG¥-- He loves her, 4, I (me) to hinvher tsi-y- tsi- Examples: RAF - I say to him, EPG. Love her, 5. hinvher (he/she) to me aqw- agi Examples: DW4dr - She says to me. DYFG4-- She loves me, 6. you to him/her hicy- hie Examples: 9844 - You say it to her. FGF - You love him, 7. hinvher(he/she) to you ts tsa- Examples: KA - He says to you, GEG - He loves ‘you, 8. Ito them gartsi-y- ga-tsi- Examples: SIR4e4 . 1 say to them, SEFG¥ - Tove them, 9. them to me av-gw- gv-gi- Examples: EW44 - They say tome EYrGS. They love me. 10. you to them ga-hi-y- ge-sdi- Examples: ‘S.9B44 - You say to them, FAIEGF - You love them. 11. them to you ge-ts- Be-tsa- Examples: PKA - They say to you, ECRG¥ - They love youIntermediate Cherokee Module 202D £5 Exercise #8 You will need to know how to determine verb stems before you can accurately attach the subject-object prefixes. Before you tum the tape back on, we want you to write the stems for the following verbs in this next exercise. Remember, in Cherokee dictionaries and glossaries the verbs are always shown with the third person singular pronoun prefix, For more information on verb stems, review Intermediate Cherokee Module I and page 256! of your Cherokee dictionary, For this verb: 1. SMS - (to arrive) ‘the verb stemis: -lu-g- DOLE (to ask) -tv-dv-hy- . DUD (to bathe, to swim) OAS (10 be angry, get mad) DVS ( 10 borrow) DOF (to call) DWE9Vi008 (to kiss) DRBF (to touch) . DES*bF (to slap) 10. DFS (to chase) 11, D&AWS (to scratch) 12. D¥¥ (to cry) 13. DSGE«OS (to find out, discover) 14, OF (to have something solid) 15, DL@SP.AS (to hide) SP RPADALRWN qn Review exercise: Write the following sentences in Cherokee. Remember the verbs given are shown in the third person singular position - present tense. 1. Tam erying. 2. You have something solid, 3. She is bathing 4. You and [are kissing Oe 5. We (he & I) are asking 6. Tam swimming. —_____ 7. They are crying. a 8.. You (two) are hiding. 9. He is calling. 10. They are arriving, 7" Teyou do not have the Cherokee dictionary written by Durbin Feeling and Win Pulte call 1-800-776-0842,Intermediate Cherokee Module 202D 1. chase DE2S (chased) OFGR 2. bit Ebt 3. kiss DWhV iOS (kissed) Owevo 4. choose Dead 5. touch DEL+ (touched) OREA 6. slap Dbrht (lapped) DEP"ha Thissed her. T choose her. They are kissing. He is chasing her He is hitting him. T choose them. She is chasing me, Tohased her. The fox is chasing the chicken, She is touching me. David touched the snake She kissed me. 1 chased her. She is slapping her. Ttouched the bear. The bear chased me. You slapped him. Tehoose you He slapped the boy. Thit the ball xs YOU ReKE SSSBSRREES arta-we-do?v-sga u-ta-we-do-nv a-su-ye?a asv-hni-ha ussy-niely asib-ty-bni-ha usib-ty-ni-lyIntermediate Cherokee Module 202D Translation Exercise This exercise is a translation exercise which will further help you to see how phrases and Sentences are constructed in the Cherokee language. This is another one of Robert Conley's poems from "The Rattlesnake Band & Other Poems" published in 1984. Robert I. Conley, bom in Cushing, OK, is a noted Cherokee author. His poems and short stories have been Published in numerous magazines and anthologies, in two foreign countries, in three languages, His work is typical of the early Cherokee chants and is an example of how closely the Cherokees lived with nature and how intertwined their lives were with the animals and birds. Here first is the complete poem. Listen carefully as Durbin narrates it for you, See if you can get an idea of what the poem is about before you begin. Use a separate piece of paper. UH DU¥O1 DYZ948 2D &P $96.9 SZ.0PR Ot SV) OLGPI0LIR AITE OY SL Dé bAD BOVE TGAIO FR SRG DG I PRT. Dami adadlosdi akinohselv hi?a suli_ galviohi_ganohilisv nahna gadohi udawadvhisdidisv yigutesa nasgi gada ale nigohilv yvhidoha iyusdigwu gesv ohyohv ahwahtvhdi_ geso?i Any ideas as to winat the poem means? Write them here if you do. Carefully study the poem to see if there are any words you recognize.Intermediate Cherokee Module 202D Now, here below is a glossary of the Cherokee words and their English meanings as they are used in the poem. The words are arranged according to the English alphabet and a notin the order in which they occur in the poem. Write the pronunciation in the spaces Provided. Using the glossary below and the complete poem on a separate piece of paper an¢ see fyou can determine what the poem is saying. Compare your interpretation with Durbr on page 24. DUFAL belt De and DYZ.949 (he) told me tH Dami (Tommy) St dirt, land, soil sv on the ground SAG from above $Z.0PR : having flown PR past tense indicator rar habitually occurs (happens) 38D this is ICO (you) will find TEOMO times; only, just, still eu there Oar additionally, also, and bADA always ee buzzard OlLG0.901IB as the shadow is cast along AITE if you pick it up DEG @s you look for something Bove if you have it in your handIntermediate Cherokee Module 202D Cherokee numbers from 21 to 60. v Exercise #10. Write the Pronunciation for 37 32 12 36 42 25 53, WP@A UO (tahl-sgo sa-gwu) WPA WP WPOA KT WPA OY WROA BOY WPOA &UP WPEAA SPYY WPAA CAW WPAA FAW K@A.9 (ts0-sgo-hi) OY@ AW (avkesgo se-gwu) OY@A We OY@A KT OY@A OY OY@A aay OY@A FUP OY@A SPYY OY@A GAW OY@A FAW BAY DAD (hik-sgo-hi) And see what you can do with these: 62 68 72 67 95 22 55 29 23 31 45 60 76 85 99 81 64 K@A BW (ts0-sgo sa-gwu) K@A WP K@A KT K@A OY K@A 20¥ K@A FUP K@A SPY Kaa GAW K@A FAW OY@AS (nvk-sgo-hi) BOY AA UO (hik-sgo sa-gwu) JAY OA WP 2OY OA KT BOYAA OY BODY OA BOY BAY AA PLP SAYOA SPYTY JOYA CAW JOY OA LAW &UPOAD (su-dahl-sgo-hi) the following numbers. HITTIntermediate Cherokee Module 202D Answers: Exercise #1 Exercise #2. January: usno-lv-tani winter: go-la Sunday: February: kagali summer: go-gi Monday: March: anvyi spring: go-ge-yi Tuesday: April: Kawoxi fall: wli-go-hu-sdi Wednesday: May: aenG)-sgv-ti ‘Thursday: June: de-ha-tn-yi Friday: July: gu-ye-quo-ni Saturday: Angust: galo-ni September: dusli-sdi Exercise #4 October: du-ai-n()-di 1. last year. November: nv-da-de-wi 2. nine thirty December: v.sgi-yi 3. breakfast 4, When is dinner? 5. you & I are martied (o eae tha) 6. George Little Deer is married. 7.1s your firend married? 8. [am not married. 9- quarter past eleven Exercise #3 10. two years ago 1. @¥8s OGROI BO 11, half'past tea 2. SPVY Dac 12, Feb 3rd 3. us eit 4, WPOA.S OGR@I WPS VELOET 5. US Dc DWh dhWOolT § @¥65 OGROI ele DIPAUBI DISP vor 7. SPY DCTPR dbYRT 8. GAWDcTeR Teyar 9. DSC OGRAI ZAW 10. Dh@BT 90¥AT Exercise #6 lL. £ eee 13. e- WEST 2. u- DBC OGRAICAW 14. a AW 3. p- OW DCTP 15. n- Pe 4. i RZD 16. m-Ad B9Ba 5. v- OUST 17. j- C@VLISE 6. g- DCTPR 18. b- ose 7. x- O89 OLMW EW 19. k- COWWOT 8. t- BOUEFR 20. r- OPAC HI 9. c WDA KT 21. TS 10. z- Dh@ET 22, d-Ay 11. be AWKA 23. s- JBWh 12. 0- BY 24. q- SPOIL 25. w- dOYGaI ” usna-do-da-qua-sgv-i unado-da-quo-nv-i tal tso-i-ne-i-ga nv-gisne-i-ga tsun(a)-gi-lo-sdi usna-do-de-quide-na Exercise #5 1-d Wake up! 2-h 10 before 5 3g last month j Goto sleep! Sa quarter past one 6-0 What time is it? 7-b nearly eleven 8-£ tomorrow is May 15th, 9-a five thirty 10-e half-past two / 2:30Intermediate Cherokee Module 202D Exercise #7 Exercise #8 Review Exercise (page 17) 1. S&C CWY bthay. 1, -lu-g- 1 SHE 2 be khoe. 2. -t-dv-hy- 2. CF 3. +P 8, 3. -da-wo- 3. DLeD 4. (8)V tras. 4. -hna-lv- 4. ThWHVias 5. £ DRAGIE. 5. -a-tol- 5. BAIT HCAS. 6. WTB TS DP@UBI. 6. -ya-n- 6. ELeED 7. O@VUIMET SFSCAWOT. 7. -ta-we-do- 7. Dhwot 8. GS 400 Dé 40 LISP. 8. -a-sy-ni- 8. DLIOSPAOS 3. OO EPR VSCAWOT.* 9, -sih-tv-ni 9. Doht 10.7¥ Dé FUh Dbap. 10. -ke-h- 10, DhMS 11. S@rebte. 11. -dla-go-s- 12..9W perp. 12. -dlo-y * Conversationally, ke-ivis often 13. -de-1o-ho- dropped and not used. 14. -he 15, -di-sga-hl- Exercise #9 1, kOWYVO 11, ORBA Translation Exercise: (page 19) 2, 8e3D 12. OWWVO Tommy Belt told me this: 3, DOWMVIdS 13. HERS Where the shadow of the buzzard 4. DERS 14. DYBPhA falls upon the ground 5. Eht 15, ERbE pick up the dirt 6. skeBD 16, DYP2S and keep it with you 7. DYER 17. @YbPHA and whatever you are looking for 8. BERS 18. BSe3D you'll find, 9. DEBS 19. Dba 10, DYRBE 20. EFRS Exercise #10. a) K@A SPY hb) WeOA We b) KOA We i) BOYOA Bay c) UWS i) Weaa saw d) K@A ete k) WEA KT ©) OY@A WP 1D Kaa BO 1) WP@A OY m) OY@A aaY 8) SOYA KT n) PUP@AD a) SLPOA WP 1 SPTOA ele b) PUPOA GAW 2) AW@A 30¥ c) SPL@A WP hb) £AWaA FAW d) &UPAA SPY i) AWA BO ©) FAWOA oaY i) POA CYReplacement pages 4S Exercise #1. Before we get into how to tell time, let's review the months and the days of the week. This time, we'll just give you the Cherokee words and you write the pronunciation. The answers are on page 22. January o7zAwe February ose March bow April OCh May Dh@ET June SaM July save August SGh September SPAL October Shh November OUST a December iY Winter AW Summer AY Spring AF Fall OPAG@I Special Number sets: When referring to dates of a calendar or to chapters in a book (if between 22 and 29), you can use a optional set of Cherokee numbers: Write the Cherokee for the following 22" ta-li-tso-ne-si-ne 26" su-dahl-tso-ne-si-ne 23" tso-i-tso-ne-si-ne 27 gahl-quo: 24" ny-gi-tso-ne-si-ne 28" nelh-tso-ne-si-ne 25" hi-sgi-tso-ne-si-ne 29" soh-nel-tso-ne-si-ne Notice the only difference between saying the 22" and just the number 22 is the last two syllables — si-ne. Again, write the Cherokee for the following numbers. 22 ta-li-tso-ne 26 =~ su-dabl-tso-ne 23 tso-itso-ne 27 gahl-quo-gi-tso-ne 24 ny-gi-tso-ne 28 nelh-tso-ne 25 hi-sgi-tso-ne 29 soh-nel-tso-neUseful "time" phrases: Listen carefully and underline the accented syliable. To help you remember the phrases, write them on a card in Cherokee and refer to them often during the day. Wake up! hi-ye-gi Go to sleep! hi-tlv-na day, noon it-ga, i-ga days tsu-sv-hi-da today aE ko fi oa tomorrow / morning su-na-le-i tomorrow morning su-na-lei di-dia this evening ko-hi sv-hi-ye-yi next morning ugitsv-da midnight sv-no-yi night usvi watch we-tsi clock utta-na wa-tsi One more element of telling time in Cherokee is the use of the phrase: KP (tsi-ge-sv) meaning "formerly existing” or “dead.” Usually this is used in referring to someone who is now dead, but is also used in "time expressions." RI EER e-ti tsi-ge:-sv (last year) bOU kFR sinv-da_tsi-ge:-sv (last month) WP ©S1.0 kKkR ta-li na-de-tiya tsi-ge:-sv (two years ago When asked, "What time it was?" you could answer by using the phrase: TGGBAT ('-yu-wa-hni-lv-i) - time (as it relates to the striking of the clock) For instance: GAWTGGhAT (san 80Y TEGHA —(hi-sgi la i-yu-wa-hni-lv) “I's eight o'clock ju-wa-hni-lv) “It is five o'clock." If you wanted to use an equivalent word for minute you could use TOWRAWO - pronounced: i-YA-ta-hwo-sta-NV. You use it the same as in English Hour is CGS" and is pronounced: su-hli-lo-DV10 And if it wasn't right on the hour, you might use any one of these phrases: “five before three” 0Y OLMW KT (hi-sgi u-da-lu-la ts0?-i) “a quarter-past” Yad OGR@L GGienut-di ulo-sv-sdi) “It’s a quarter past one.” YAII OGR@O1 UOT (gi-nut-di sv-sdi sa-gwu-i) “It's fifteen past one." OYSS OGRADL UW (sgi-ga-du wlo-sv-sdi sa-gwu)! DBC OGR@I (eyertli wlo-sv-sdi) DBC OGR@I AW {a-ye-tli u-lo-sv-sdi_so-hnel) FAW Ka@A9 (Goh-nel s0-sgo-hi) A question such as, "What time is lunch? " OW DCTPR TS DP@UBI (bite ot would perhaps be answered: US DBC (sedu aye-ti) "1130," or YWOTGEAL (kila-gouri-ywsdi) “soon? Other "meal" words to know: DPcOUB.I also refers to food or groceries. breakfast €O¢ DPOUBI — su-na-le al-sday-di lunch TS DP«OLBI i-ga al-sday-di & dinner OR DPOB. u-sv _al-sday-di 45 Exercise #3. Translate as many of the following sentences as you can, leaving a blank space for the new words. Check your answers on page 22 1. It's one fifteen. 2. It's seven thirty 3. It's almost (nearly) eleven. 4, It's twelve twenty on Sunday. 5. Church starts at 11:30. 6. I want breakfast at 6:15, 7. He left at seven, 8. We (you & I) are leaving at cight 9. It’s half-past nine 10. It's May fifth, 2 Whether you use ~ sa gwu - or -sa gwut is your choice. Most Cherokees drop the final -i- when speaking 2 Actually the nhrace tranclates tos “Lind SosDntermediate Cherokee GWY Sb 301 “Language Learning Series " Module Five Grammar Notes: Verb Prefixes - Suffixes Negative sentences Cherokee Home life Verbs: Cooking, Going Home Eating a Meal, Foods & Cherokee Recipes“We exist in the element of language. Someone has said that to think is to talk to oneself. The ‘implications of this equation are crucial, Language is necessary to thought, and thought (as it is ‘manifested in language) distinguishes us humans from all other creatures. Inthe equation above, we might substitute the word imagination for “thought.” For surely imagination proceeds from language in the very way that thought does, to the extent that we can separate thought and imagination. Language is the stuff of imagination. The imagination is the creative aspect of language. It enables us to use language to its highest potential. It enables us to realize a reality beyond the ordinary, it enables us to create and to re-create ourselves in story and literature. It is the possible accomplishment of immortality” N. Scott Momedey th Various Indian Peoples Publishing’s language programs are in use in schools, available through libraties and are sold to people all over the world through our distibutors, catalogs and our web-site. A percentage of every program sold is retumed to the Indian people who helped make these programs possible, ISBN 1-88465-21-1 Copyright © 1999 by Various Indian Peoples Publishing Co, All ight reserved, Printed inthe United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States copyright Act of 1976, no par of this publication may be reproduced, or distributed in any form, or by any means, or stored in a dsta base or retrieval system without the prior written permission of the publisher.Contents Cherokee Home life Grammar Notes: Prefixes & Suffixes Plurals & Negative Sentences Verbs: Cooking a meal; eating a meal; cooking a specific food Vocabulary Classification verbs Recipes: $0 (ga-nv-tsi) DOPA.I DO +640 (Stuffed Venison Steaks) DG. Dera. 4M SS (Corn Bread Stuffed Trout) Vocabulary: Vegatables, fruits & meats Answers to exercises Page 12 13 14 17 19Learning Cherokeo Feries Written by Gregg Howard Speaker & Editor Durbin Feeling Since 1992, Durbin Feeling has been the tribal linguist of the Cherokee Nation in Tahlequah, but his interest in preserving his native tongue goes back much further, back o leaming the language spoken by his mother and father. Born in 1946, speaking Cherokee has always been an important part of his life. 1973 - began teaching Cherokee at Northeastern State University in Tahlequah 1985 - taught the Cherokee Nation Summer Institute of Cherokee Literacy 1988 - taught Cherokee at the University of California at Irvine, California 1993 - became the Cherokee Language instructor at the University of Tulsa Durbin remains active as a teacher and author in the Native American Language Issues Institute, Okla Association and National Association for Bilingual Education, and the National Indian Adult Education Association. Gregg Howard began working with the Cherokee language when he and his family moved to Oklahoma and Gregg learned of his Cherokee/ Powhattan heritage. Sam Hider was teaching Cherokee at the downtown Tulsa library in the early 70s. It was at this time that Gregg and Sam recorded the material used to produce the Introduction to Cherokee program published by Various Indian Peoples Publishing Co. in the late 80s. Gregg, a member of the Oklahoma Native Language Association, teaches the Cherokee language in Dallas. He is a member of the Wordcrafter's Circle of Native Writers and Storytellers, National Storytelling Association, and Tejas Storytelling Association, Gregg is active in telling traditional Cherokee legends and stories and has been a featured teller at festivals in Tennessee and Texas. He was nominated as Storyteller of the Year of Contemporary Native Storytelling (1997) by Wordcrafters Circle of Native Writers and Storytellers. In 1999 he was selected as spokesman for the Cherokee Honor Society. His Tales of Wonder video — traditional Cherokee stories — received four national awards including the Parents Magazine Honors Category. Tales of Wonder has also been rcommended by the Canadian Boy Scouts, Schoo! Library Journal and the Video Librarian.Intermediate Cherokee Module - Being more settlement oriented than the plains Indians, teepees were not used by the Cherokee, They fashioned their homes first in caves, then wood and mud houses, and finally large townhouses made of logs prior to the coming of the Europeans. The Cherokees are related to the Haudenausaunee (roquois) People and brought the art of building sapling and thatch dwellings with them when they moved south to settle among foothills of the Appalachians from Virginia and Tennessee to northern Georgia and Alabama. Their lands in the 1700s covering over 65 million acres. One historian described the houses of the Cherokee as "being small circular structures of upright logs, covered with dirt which had been dug out from the inside. Before that, "there is evidence that it (the name Cherokee) is derived from the Choctaw word choluk or chiluk, signifying a pit or cave," and this is given credence by their Iroquois (Mohawk) name, Oyata'ge rono meaning "inhabitants of the cave country, in which 'rock shelters’ containing numerous traces of Cherokee occupancy can be still seen today. Another version of the origin of the name Cherokee comes from the ‘Muskogee (Creek) word Celokketv (to speak a different language). The word is pronounced: Che-lo- kay-tuh, The typical house is of logs, was about fourteen by sixteen feet, of one room, just high enough for the occupants to stand erect, with perhaps a small loft for the storage of extras. The roof was of split shingles or shakes. There was no window, the open door furnishing what light was required. ‘At the end of the house was the fireplace, with an outside chimney made of stones or sticks chinked with clay. The furniture was simple. An iron pot, a bake kettle, a coffee pot and mill, small table, and a few cups, knives, and spoons was all that was needed. Those, with one or two homemade bedsteads, a few pillows and quilts, with feather mattresses for winter covering as well as for the usual purpose, constitute the principal house possessions. For outdoor work there is an ax, hoe, and a shovel plow, A wagon or a cart may have been owned, but it was not essential. The outfit is inexpensive and answers every purpose. The usual food is bean bread with coffee. In the fall chestnut bread is also used. Beef is seldom eaten, but pork is highly esteemed and a considerable number of hogs are kept, running wild and unattended in summer. The Cherokee - Theda Perdue, Chelsea House Publishers, New York & LondonIntermediate Cherokee Module - 202E The Cherokee weren't nomadic as were the Plains Indians, but were, instead, proficient farmers who lived in towns along rivers and streams in western Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Kentucky. Today, there are still areas among the Western Cherokee, such as in northeastern Oklahoma, where you can hear Cherokee spoken as the principal language. The same is true among the Eastern Cherokee in parts of North Carolina and Tennessee. The Cherokee quickly gave over their old ways deciding that the only way to survive among their white neighbors was to be like them. The Cherokee had farms, wore European dress and got along well with most of their non-Indian neighbors. Once Sequoyah gave the Cherokee the ability to vite in their own language, they soon had newspapers, banks, and schools, It is no wonder that at one time, Indians of North America were considered the ‘Lost tribes of Israel Indians were not ignorant only different than Europeans, By retaining and promoting the use of the language, we give our children a foundation of pride in who we are, ofa rich proud heritage and culture and way of life in many ways, more civilized, than those traditions that have been thrust upon us. It is my hope, that through these programs and your involvement, use of the language and the teaching of the heritage will continue to be practiced in the home and among Cherokees all over the country. Gregg Howard Use for notes:Intermediate Cherokee Module - Grammar Notes: Cherokee verbs structures contain optional prefixes and suffixes that help to describe the action of the verb, All verbs contain: 1) prefixes indicating where or where to, when, & one or more objects, 2) pronouns that explain who, or what is performing the action 3) the verb base itself which says what is happening, 4) suffixes that answer why, how often, with what result, etc. In the first position are the initial prefixes that indicate the action for the verb: da-, di-, n-, and w-. These must occur just before the pronoun and often consist of more than one prefix. These prefixes answer such questions as where, to whom, how many, and when. da- means the action is coming toward the speaker, (now or soon)? da- plus the suffix -si, marks the future tense: 3 PD (ge-li-a) “T think." Web (da-ge-li-si) "Twill think” w- indicates the position or motion is away from the speaker. w- before vowels; wi- before consonants; before -h, metathesis occurs and the pronoun prefix becomes hwi-. Css (tsa-de-ga) "You're throwing it.” ecss (wi-tsa-de-ga) "You're throwing it away." i- means the action is occurring again. A glottal stop is inserted before vowels. SOht (ga-wo-ni-ha) "He's speaking." TSOht (i-ga-wo-ni-ha) "He's speaking again." n- plus the habitual suffix, means the action has already started before the time of this verb and is attached to the past tense verb form. Check the dictionary for more information. OSeOT (u-ga-hna-nv-i) "It rained." 4sOZT (nu-ga-hna-no-i) "It had already rained." ga- means "since" and is used before consonants, YhAGT (gi-ni-go-hv?-i) "You and I saw it." SYhAGT (ga-gi-ni-go-hv?-i) "since you and I saw it" ga- with -y- inserted before vowels: OYBAGT (0-gi-ni-go-hv-i) “he and I saw it” SAYBAGT (ga-yo-gi-ni-go-hv-i) “since he and I saw it" 2 da- before consonants; day before vowels. When da- is followed by -a- the sequence becomes dv-. When da- is followed by ~i-, the ~f deletes. 2 Notice that when the suffix is added, the ~a drops offIntermediate Cherokee Module - 202E Exercise #1 Carefully study the previous page then write the correct Cherokee for the following examples. Check your answers on page 21. Future tense: 1. SLOD (1am moving out.) 2. FAI# (| see it) 3. YD (1am eating it) 4, OSPF (He wants it.) 5. SMY (He just arrived.) Motion is away from speaker: 1. DEBS (He's chasing him.) 2. OSS (He's throwing it.) 3. OR.OF (She's going to bed.) 4, SI@OSPOS (lam hiding.) 5. SOF (He's giving hima flexible object.) Action is occuring again: 1. FAI# (see it) 2. Eb& (He's hitting it.) 5 3. OB.9F (She's going to bed.) 4. 8 (You are going.) 5. DEBS (He's chasing him.) Action has already begun: DW£d8ViaS (She's kissing him.) DCS (it's filing, as in water is filing) . DkPS (He's chasing him.) + $1@SP@S (I am hiding.) , DAW608 (He is drinking it.) ARONA Note: For more information these and other grammar notes, consult the Cherokee Dictionary by Durbin Feeling & Wm. Pulte.Intermediate Cherokee Module - Just ahead of the pronoun prefix, there is often found a plural object marker, de-; d- before vowels except -i-; de- becomes -di- after y-, w-, and n- byt (a-gi-ha) "Thave it." (something solid) Wet (da-gi-ha) "| have them." (several solid things) FAGI4 (tsi-gowh-ti-ha) "Ise it." SrAGIE (de-tsi-gowh-ti-ha) "Ise them." SHAGI@ET — (de-tsi-gowh-ti-sgv-i) "Twas seeing them.” OSHAGI@ET (wi-de-tsi-gowh-ti-sgv-i) "was seeing them." (facing away) "Tia" as a separate word means either "no or not." Used in conjunction with a y- prefix, it negates the verb. The rule is y- before a vowel; yi- before consonants; yu- before w-. For instance: IPS (holh-ga) "you understand” L, AEPS (tla, hyohl-ga) "you don't understand." GAGI¢ (wa-gowh-ti-ha) "He sees it" (looking away from speaker) LGGAGI¢ (tla yu-wa-gowh-ti-ha) "He doesn't see it." (his back is turned) Yi- without "tla" also negates the verb action as well as shows tentative action. AEAGI¢ _ (yi-tsi-gowh-ti-ha) "T don't see it.” or “I may not see it." DTEAGIF — (yi-di-tsi-gowh-tl-ha) "I don't or may not see them.” While we're on the subject of negative sentences, the phrase 2... /5Y (ta...yi-gi) can also be used with nouns, adjectives, and some verbs for emphasis, £ TO TSI AY (tla i-nai-ga-ti yi-gi) He/she isn't tall, £DSOST AY (tla a-ga?-na-kti yi-gi) He/she is not a doctor There are also "negative" words such as LéOU (tle-sdi) meaning "stop or don't” that can also be used to negate a sentence. OSs" OAib Hand (give) her the soup. L@L O84" IAAP Don't (vou) give her the soup. Pronouns, the elements which indicate who is performing the action and to whom, are attached directly to the head of the verb stem. These are the Set A and Set B pronouns you were introduced to in earlier Intermediate modules. Later in this lesson, we will introduce you to the classifying verbs for "hand me," "give me," and the imperative form for "pick it up.” There are 20 specific classification verbs such as pick up, put down, cat, drag, have (in your immediate possession), be placed, pull along, carry, take, hold, etc. Linguists believe these are some of the oldest words in the Cherokee language and more than likely reflect a time when speed and accuracy in communication were very important, perhaps even life saving.Intermediate Cherokee Module - 202& same as for food - DP@LBI (al-sday-di). But for now we are going to learn about the names of things found in the home, about food and 1 precise way of asking for things. We have only given you a partial conjugation of the verb here so I suggest you review the Set A pronouns for the missing prefixes. The Cherokee word for meal is the Write the Cherokee in the spaces provided: cooking a meal: Tam cooking you are cooking he/she is cooking we (others & I) are cooking: they are cooking eating (having) a meal: Tam eating a meal you are eating a meal he/she is eating a meal ‘we (me & others) are eating a meal they are eating a meal cooking a specific food: Tam cooking you are cooking he/she is cooking we (me é& others) are cooking they are cooking ga-da-sda-yv-hv-sga hha-da-sda-yv-hv-sga a-da-sda-yv-hv-sga o-tsa-da-sda-yv-hv-sga acnavda-sda-yv-bv-sga ge-li-sda-yv-hv-sgat hha-I(i}-sda-yv-hv-sga a-l(i)-sda-yv-hv-sga o-tsa-I(i)-sda-yv-hv-sga a-na-l())-sda-yv-hv-sga Exercise #2, Write the Cherokee for the following phrases: 9. 1 1 2. 3 4, 5. 6. 1, 8 . Tam moving out. . Tam not moving out. T see them. She doesn’t want it. She doesn’t want them. 5. He’s throwing them. /. He isn’t throwing them. . I'm not hiding, She's not eating them. (0. She’s not going to bed. ‘This phrase is the only one in which the pronunciation of "i is not optional. 6Intermediate Cherokee Module - Exercise #3 This is an listening exercise. Listen carefully to the following phrases and write theit English equivalent in the spaces provided. The answers are on page 21 L 2. 3, 4 5 6 1, 8. 9. 10. #5 Practice: In the spaces provided, write the phonetic of the Cherokee “cooking” and “eating” verb that best describes what is happening. 1, John is cooking, ada-sda-yucbucdga ... My wife and I are having dinner. . It is a family dinner. _ Sally, Brenda and I are making breakfast. Richard is eating lunch. T'm cooking bacon. . We (me & others) are having a picnic. I 'meating a sandwich. ‘The church ladies are cooking dinner. 10. Mom's making chicken & noodle soup. ee RAY aep Suggested Tips Learning to speak and read Cherokee can be daunting at the very least, The best habit to get into is to constantly ask yourself how to say this or that in Cherokee until it becomes almost second nature. Speak the language as often as you can. Write phrases on 3X5 cards and carry them with you, referring to them through out the day. One way to earn is to begin teaching someone what yo have learned. Listen to the tapes together and occasionally call each other on the phone and ask each other questions in Cherokee. Make a list of things to say on the phone and keep it near the phone.Intermediate Cherokee Module - 202£ ‘Vocaulary: Here are some nouns you should become familiar with. breakfast OCT DPOLBI su-na-le al-sday-di lunch TS DP&UBI i-ga al-sday-di dinner (supper) OR DPALBI u-sv al-sday-di cook stove Ob DUOUBI o-si a-da-sday-di?-i cooking pan StuL ga-te-sa-di house SPKS gahl-tso-de home (my) AOORT di-gwe-nv-sv?-i door (gate) ASI sdu-di room oCoeaT ka-nv-su-lv?-i kitchen (cooking room) DUO OC &aT a-da-sday-di ka-nv-su-lv-i bedroom DRI 0C-eaT a-sv-sti ka-nv-su-lv-i fireplace APIT got?-di-i sewing machine SB&0YT ga-yew-sgi?-i telephone ACZ21T radio SChOY ga-wo-ni-sgi television DUBWRP ay a-da-yv-la-tv-sgi photograph (drawing) = ILCG@AWOT di-da+tli-lo-sta-nv?-i air-conditioner DBS 1@10¥ i lawn mower $98 DSPOI ga-nu-lv a-gal-sdi There are many other words but space doesn't permit giving them to you in this program. Also you may have been surprised to see so many “modern’ words in the Cherokee language. Remember I said the language is being spoken more and more and to function in today’s society Cherokee must assimilate the English terms. Exereise #4 Answer True or False to the following startements, __There are four elements involved with Cherokee verbs. 1 2. ___ The prefix ga-is interpreted as meaning “since” in Cherokee. 3. ___The prefix de- is considered a plural marker in Cherokee verbs. 4. ___Pronouns show up as suffixes in Cherokee verbs, 5. ___When negating a sentence, you must use “Tia.” 6. ___You can also use Led to negate a sentence, 7. ___The phrase Ehe.J4- means “I am cooking a meal.” 8. ___The phrase “SY” is used with negative sentences and means “is not.” 9. ___The verb stem or base indicates what is happening. 10.__All verbs must contain a pronoun, 8Intermediate Cherokee Module - Cherokee is a very precise language. Within some very common verbs, there are special identifiers, or classifiers, which describe the direct object is being asked for. These “asking” verbs are believed to be some of the oldest in the Cherokee language. In Cherokee, the first distinction is whether the object is alive or inanimate; then whether the inanimate object is liquid or solid; then if the non-liquid or solid object is either long and rigid or flexible or an object which is not long and rigid nor flexible. The phrase "hand me something” in Cherokee is: 1.R@YOb ~ alive: animate 2.R@YC ib — - flexible: rope, clothing (including shoes), sheet of paper, ete. 3.ReOY¥Ib —_ - long/narrow (not flexible): a rifle, a stick, cane, eating utensils, etc. 4. RoOEB - solid (heavy in relation to its size): most foods, dishes, sand, etc. 5.R@YAGH - liquid or a container of liquid: a cup of, a bow! of, a glass of etc. Study the following examples. Listen carefully as Durbin pronounces each one. Live: Pick up the puppy. yc voy Gi-hli hi-na-gi Hand her the puppy. YC 800b gi-hli hi-ya-ka-si Give them the puppies. YP IS.900b gi-hli_ di-ga-hi-ya-ka-si Flexible: Pick up the shirt (blouse). DAI SOY a-tihl-di hi-na-gi Hand him the shirt. Dial JCib actihl-di_hi-nv-v-si Give them the shirts. AWA ISICib ditihl-di di-ga-hi-nv-v-si Long:\(infiexible) Pick up the rifle. SCO a0 ga-lo-gwe hi-ya Hand her a spoon. DIVI 9.1b a-di-to-di hi-di-si Hand them the rifles. ASCO 15.31b di-ga-lo-gwe di-ga-hi-di-si Solid: Pick up the plate. DUPV oY arte-li-do hi-gi Hand her the book. AIAGP ICib di-go-hwe-li_ti-nv-v-si Pass them the books. AAGP O1S.9Cib — di-go-hwe-li wi-di-ga-hi-nv-v-si Liquid: Hand me some water. D& RAYAGL a-ma e-sgi-ne-hv-si Hand her the soup. OSs Ob u-ga-ma wi-ne-v-si Hand them some water. Dé OSOAib a-ma_wi-ga-hi-ne-v-si ‘You!ll notice in all of the phrases above, the word "please" isn't shown. That's because there isn't one. Don’t forget, Cherokee must be ingerpreted. It is the “idea” or “intent” of the sentences that is translated. The word please is “understood” in Cherokee. Just letting someone know you ‘wanted something was all that was needed.Intermediate Cherokee Module - 202E Vocabulary Practice: See if you can fill in the missing words in the list below. 1. TS DPOLBI 2. OB DPALBI 3. OCT DPALBI 4. cook stove 5. house ~ 6. OORT 7. door (gate) 8. bedroom 9. Stud 10. eceaT 4 DLALBIT OCwAT 12. fireplace 13, S8M0YT 14, telephone 15. 548 DSPOL 16. SChay 17. photograph (drawing) 18. DBS1O1OY 19. television — 20. RB ASHLAY HOLY How did you do? Check your answers on the previous page, To help you remember Cherokee words, you might try writing them on a post-its and attaching them to various items around your house or apartment. Remember, persistence is the key and I do think you are a “good student” (#20) or else I wouldn’t have said so. 10Intermediate Cherokee Module - Saying "please" as a form of politeness or manners isa't something that Cherokees were concemed with. Another word not found in Cherokee is "rude." Both of these words, "Politeness" and "Rudeness" are abstract terms that are not found in the Cherokee language. The same is true of words such as "weather," “art,” and “music.” ‘There are only about twenty Cherokee verbs that require classifiers. All of the words though deal with personal contact. Some of these words are: hold, carry, be placed, have in your immediate possession, pick up, put down, remove, hide, wash, eat, etc. These verbs speak of active situations in which the direct object requires a definite classifier to be clearly understood. It is believed that these are some of the oldest verbs in the Cherokee language These verbs reflect a time when perfect accuracy and quickness in definition was often necessary for rapid understanding of a situation. This, of course, is not the case today, but the easy ability to clearly define your request in Cherokee greatly reduces confusion and you miss not having them available in English. 4S Exercise #5. Review. Write the pronunciation and translation of the following words and phrases. 1. OAT ha-tw-be-l- weoum 2. TS DP@LBI 3. JOORT 4. DEAGIF 5. ICZ21IT 6. ob DWOLBIT 7. DULOLBG OS 8. SPKS 9. ADIT —_— —_ 10. ILCGAWOT 11. SPOLB& os 12, Ehealt — an 13. SHAGIE 14. CSOOT 11Intermediate Cherokee Module - 202E 25 Exercise #6. See ifyou can determine what is going on in these sentences. Dusbia will pronounce cach sentence twice, Check your answers on page 21. Notice the only punctuation needed is the period. 1. Gh J&ORT TRS 2. DY OR DPOLBI DLOLBG ws. 3. dhWO@JIT RS. 4. ThOWKIGT DPALBI DOPLLBG0S. 5. Z@ JOORT Wb 6. OAULOP D Dib. 7. 9© SSpHs 8 Dt© R@YCib. 9, TS DPALBI DPALBEAS, 10. It@ sw 11. O© R@Eb. 12, O@1 ROO a Use for notes: “In this sentence, it s understood thatthe person is sitting a a table and asking for a something. 12Intermediate Cherokee Module ~ Let's eat! « TULPOLBES (i-dal-sda-yv-hv-ga) ‘Now then, let's talk about food, one of our favorite subjects. In early Cherokee country, although women did most of the farming, men often helped by clearing the land in late AY (summer). When the Jeb (fields) were ready for planting, the DhF«® (women) planted the following AFD (spring), by burying four 4M JSW (corn seeds), together with several small DG. (fish) into small mounds placed two to three feet apart. Between the rows of 4M (corn), $0 (beans) and GAY (squash) were planted. The bean plants used the comnstalks for support and the squash spread out over the ground, shading it, and keeping the ground moist, effectively choking out many weeds. ‘The Green Com Ceremony was a harvest festival celebrated by many of the southeastern tribes including the Cherokee. The ceremony is still celebrated today. It used to a time for cleaning the homes, burning old clothes and destroying pottery and making new vessels. Traditionally, the home fires were extinguished and re-started from the ceremonial fire. Today, some aspects of the ceremony has changed, but there is still much feasting with roasted corn, game and baked sweet potatoes as the main fare, dancing and singing . Doesn't sound too bad, does it? ‘We've included some Cherokee recipes including one for SOIr (ga-nv-tsi). It is written *Kenuche' in English. This recipe goes way back and includes a lot of hickory nuts, white hominy and is eaten either sweet or with a little salt. Nuts bave been a staple for many Cherokee families for many years and this is a dish that is always served on special occasions. This next one is from DYPb (a-gi-li-si) my grandmother. SOk You'll need two Ibs of full-grain dry white AGU (ne-wa-da - hominy). Don't use store-bought unless you have no other choice. The best is found in bags like dried beans. You'll also need two Ibs of £4 (s0-hi- hickory nuts). Dont get the shelled kind as there's more flavor if you get the whole nut, The only other ingredient you'l need is time as it takes a couple of days to properly prepare. 13Intermediate Cherokee Module - 202 Here's what you do: 1 Prepare the AGL (ae-wa-da) by boiling in water until soft. This may take a while, When the ewada is soft Do not drain. Cover and leave standing overnight 4. Combine the AGI, (newada) and the #9 liquid, Simmer to saturate the flavors. Do not boil hard. >. You can serve sweet 8% (ge-nv-tsi) or with Dé (a:ma, salt) as you prefer, Suggested use: This dish also works well in sharing the Cherokee culene ye school rooms and in y Stuffed Venison Steaks DOPA.S DO 400 (@kaivehi ahi hawiya) Coming into the village. There were several ways to remove the "wild" taste fers he meat if you Wanted to. One was to soak the meat in salted water overnight, of ifthe mest wae really tough, it ‘ight be soaked several days in a mixture of vinegar, water, and spices, New © days, itis usually soaked in milk overnight, covered in a reftigerator.Intermediate Cherokee Module - For this recipe you'll need about two pounds of venison steaks, cut 3/4" thick. You'll also need 1 1/2 cups milk, six slices of bacon, 1/3 cup of sliced wild green onions (with the tops), some salt, pepper, flour and water. Place the meat in a shallow pan and pour the milk over it. Cover and refrigerate overnight, turning the meat several times before going to bed. The next day, drain the meat and pat dry with paper towel. Cook the bacon until crisp. Drain and save the drippings. Crumble the bacon and set aside. With a sharp knife, make a slit (to make a pocket) in the side of each piece of meat. Mix the bacon and onions together and stuff into the sides of the venison steaks. Ina 10" skillet, brown the steaks in the saved bacon drippings. Season with salt and pepper. ‘Add 1/2 cup water and simmer for 45 minutes to an hour, or until tender. Remove the meat and place on a platter. Gravy: For gravy, measure pan juices; add enough water to make 1 1/2 cups. Blend 1/2 cup cold water slowly into flour. Stir into pan. Cook constantly stirring, until mixture thickens and bubbles. Season to taste with salt and pepper. Serves 6. Here’s another recipe you might enjoy. Corn Bread Stuffed Trout DG DOPaI 4M 8S (etsadi a-kadelvhi seu ga-du) 1.3 Ibs fresh (or frozen) trout 2.tbls finely chopped green pepper 1 cup coarsely crumbled dry com bread 1/2 top salt 1 cup soft bread crumbs 1/4 tsp ground sage 1/2 cup chopped celery 1/4 cup water 1/4 cup finely chopped onion 3 tsp butter (or substitute) Place the cleaned fish in a well-greased shallow pan and sprinkle with salt. Mix the crumbled com bread 4M 85 (selu gadu), soft bread 8S (gadu), celery, green peppers, 1/2 tsp salt, sage, and pepper. Gradually add water to the mixture, tossing well. Loosely stuff each fish and brush generously with melted butter APO*T (gotlvnvi), cover and bake SSI (gatdi) at 350° until the fish flakes easily when tested with a fork, usually about 45 to 55 minutes. Remove to platter. Serves 6. In addition to wild game and fish, there were many game birds in our woods. Birds such as, OCA (duck), EO (wild turkey), and WU (goose) were very common. The Pheasant (6°10) didn't show up until the 1880's when the Chinese brought them to America. 15Intermediate Cherokee Module - 202 28 Exercise #7. In Column A, you'l find a list of items. In Column B, you'll find the five classifiers using the phrase, "hand me a singular classified object." Choose the classifier ftom Colimn B that you would use when talking about an item in Column A. For example for #1, you would select a) RedYOL, (for something alive), Column A Column B 1. ___apuppy a)R@YOb 2.___ashoe b) ROE 3. ___a sandwich c) RAY AGE 4. ____apitcher of milk d) ROY IB 5. ___a pair of pants e)R@YOib 6. __astice or piece of beef 7. ___abroom 8. ___aplate 9. ___atable 10.__a piece of paper 11.____aturkey diner 12.___acow 13.__awoman's dress 14.___ gravy 15.___abed &S Exercise #8 Translate the following sentences, Check the vocabulary on page 22. . YW DYE ObTAWI VIVO ibs . DBUGhE UISPF. i | DBVT SO SGh@OL. . JAGTEOA RY . CALL OP Dae ROYAGh . DOPMBEOS $00 De 0 UbYD. AQORT FS 9. DIVI 31b 7 10. YC 18.8006 ee ee “Gropes a a cluster belongs tthe “ong extegory. A single ‘rape belongs to the "slid or round’ category, 16 PNA RONDAIntermediate Cherokee Module - &S Exercise #9 Below are fifteen phrases. On a separate piece of paper, re-write them (in Cherokee) into negative phrases. Review page 4. Check page 22 for correct answers. 1. De APS’ 2 kAGIt 3. SOF 4. FPD 5. YC R@YOb 6. YhAGT 7. IJODORT 28 8. DSS 9. DOPOLBG OS 10. DLOLBG OS 11. SEAGIF 12. DIVI 3.1b 13. YhAGT 14. TS DPOLBI SPOLBOAS 15. PO¢T DPOLBI DLOLBG 0S #5 Exereise #10. Match the words in Column A with Column B. Answers on page 21. Column A Column B _ USM a) it had already rained 2. Sdhay b) I see them. 3.__- DR@I00-8aT c) fireplace 4. SLALBG OS d) lunch 5.___ ASKZT e) house 6. De) APS f) radio 7. ___ TS DPOWI g) She speaking again. 8. ICZ21T h) I'm cooking a meal. 9.____ SPKS. i) I really do understand. 10. SH#AGIT4 j) telephone 11.___ TSOht k) She will be here (arrive). 12. AIT 1) bedroom 7 When you use a regular pronoun in sentence as in De APS, it means that "ifanyone else doesnt understand, I understand,” All you need is for "lunderstand," is APS. The negative ofthis would be tla, y-go-i-ga £ BARS. 17Intermediate Cherokee Module - 202E Vegetables: DORO OPRT (a-wi-sv-nv wtv-sv-i) brown beans: Oh@IF Sw (uniwo

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