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AbstractKinship inferred from pairs of facial images pro- in, for example, the analysis of social media, in child adoption
vides contextual information for various applications including practices, in curbing child trafficking and locating missing
forensics, genealogical science research, image retrieval, and children, as well as in historic and forensic science research.
image database annotation. Because automatically identifying
and predicting siblings from pairs of facial images with high Existing kinship recognition systems have placed empha-
confidence remains a challenge in computer vision applications, sis on developing frameworks that calculate the accuracy of
we propose in this paper a robust framework for detecting siblings inference of a given image pairs likely sibling relationship. In
from a pair of images, based upon how closely one images feature doing so, the main focus was to develop an image classification
set matches that of another. In calculating similarity for a given methodology based on an absolute mathematical function as
pair of images, our algorithm predicts a sibling pair only when represented by a set of various feature parameters. Such
matched-feature vectors are above a defined similarity metric systems do not, however, take into consideration the relation
threshold (85%). We illustrate a combination of metaheuristic
and support vector machine methods for recognition wherein
that might exist among the parameters. For example, the shape
distance-based features can be used to build a hidden Markov of a facial feature (e.g., eyes, lips, nose) will always remain
model. A further contribution of the work is the development of the same, irrespective of the number of images considered.
a novel classification strategy that fuses a genetic algorithm and By contrast, when features are depicted with the same sort
a support vector machine in order to identify siblings. of shape, it becomes easier both to group and classify them.
Hence, we aim to develop a recognition system that infers
KeywordsKinship Classification, Context, Genetic Algorithm,
whether a given image pair is sibling or non-sibling, and also
Face Recognition, Discrete Cosine Transform, Support Vector
machine predict the similarity metric between a given image pair. The
steps taken to find kinship similarities in image pairs are given
I. I NTRODUCTION below:
Because the human face provides the most salient features For each dataset, we first compute its eigenfaces, and a
for biometric identification compared to other biometric representative vector v of each face is obtained by linear
features (e.g., fingerprint, palmprint, voiceprint, signature, iris projection. Once the representative vector is formed, we imple-
or retina scans), analyzing facial images has become a leading ment Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) over the images, and
research topic. A recent trend in image processing has been retrieve the coefficients for training the Support Vector Ma-
the analysis of kinship cues for sociological and psychological chine (SVM). Therefore, eigen faces are calculated not just by
applications. According to the theory of inclusive fitness put normal feature vector selection but by a DCT-based coefficient
forward by [1], recognizing kinship and degrees of relatedness selection. The major advantage of using DCT based coefficient
is relevant to understanding the social behavior of animals is that DCT is able to compact more information into smaller
and humans. People are often drawn to others perceived as dataset than is possible in traditional transform based methods.
similar which influences their decision to choose leaders and Geometric distance-based features are used to build a Hidden
role models [2]. Humans tend to offer more assistance to kin Markov Model. The classification algorithm is modified to
than to non-kin as reported in [3],[4],[5],[6]. include the best features for the genetic algorithm and support
vector machine (SVM) algorithm, thereby obtaining superior
Research in psychology and cognitive science [7], [8], [9] higher confidence results. The computational complexity is
has demonstrated the human faces potential as an influential also reduced due to the smaller compact feature sets obtained
cue in kinship similarity measurement. Although kinship can by applying genetic operators in genetic algorithm.
be established by means of DNA testing (because kins have The rest of this paper is organized as follows.
overlapping genetics), such an expensive test is impractical for
mass screening, thus creating a need for an automatic familial Related work in Section II
relationship recognition system. While facial recognition is Proposed methodology in Section III
a trivial activity for humans, it is quite a challenging task
Experimental results and discussion in Section IV
for computers, a subject of increased study in recent years.
Detecting kinship from face images has potential applications Conclusion in Section V
V. C ONCLUSION
In this paper, a new robust and effective method for
recognizing kins from frontal image pairs is presented. The
Fig. 2: Examples of LQ dataset. The images in LQ dataset have disparate resolutions and
lighting conditions; Top Row is a sibling pair and bottom row is a non-sibling pair. kinship recognition framework predicts a similarity measure
for a given image pair. Eigenfaces are calculated by DCT-based
coefficient selection while a HMM calculates the probability
of various state being transitioned. Classification is performed
The Second database, the LQfaces [18], contains 98 pairs through a novel combination of a genetic algorithm and SVM.
of siblings taken from the Internet (196 individuals; mostly Not only do these experimental results demonstrate the
celebrities). The photographs had disparate resolutions and efficacy and effectiveness of the proposed method, but point as
were taken under various lighting conditions (Fig. 2). Our well to a substantial reduction in error rates and a lower pro-
algorithm was designed for frontal profile images, and hence cessing time for predicting relations. Greater results reliability
we used HQ-f and LQfaces for our analysis. For each pair of is obtained due to the use of genetic operations for optimizing
images in HQ-f and LQfaces, we created merged image pairs a genetic algorithm that predicts an image pair to be a sibling
consisting of sibling and non-sibling image pairs. Information pair only when matched features vectors are above a defined
regarding the relation between image pairs was taken from the similarity-metric threshold. These results can be correlated to
meta-data sheet provided by the databases. Given a merged the gene pool as we obtain high-confidence recognition results.
input image, our algorithm would predict whether a pair is
sibling or not, in addition to its similarity metric percentage, Currently, we are in the stage of implementing an auto-
which indicates the accuracy of the measured similarity value. mated system in order to recognize sibling relations based on
a variety of facial profiles and expressions. As a genetic test [22] I. Kotsia and I. Pitas, Facial expression recognition in image sequences
may not always be practical for checking kinship, our aim is to using geometric deformation features and support vector machines,
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