Hindawi Publishing Corporation

Journal of Applied Mathematics

Volume 2014, Article ID 404521, 14 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/404521

Research Article
On Pseudospherical Smarandache Curves in Minkowski 3-Space

Esra Betul Koc Ozturk,1,2 Ufuk Ozturk,1,2 Kazim Ilarslan,3 and Emilija NeoviT4
1
Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Sciences, University of C
ankiri Karatekin, 18100 C
ankiri, Turkey
2
School of Mathematics & Statistical Sciences, Room PSA442, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1804, USA
3
Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Sciences and Arts, University of Kirikkale, 71450 Kirikkale, Turkey
4
Department of Mathematics and Informatics, Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia

Correspondence should be addressed to Ufuk Ozturk; uuzturk@asu.edu

Received 3 June 2013; Accepted 21 November 2013; Published 24 February 2014

Academic Editor: Laurent Gosse

Copyright 2014 Esra Betul Koc Ozturk et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution
License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly
cited.

In this paper we define nonnull and null pseudospherical Smarandache curves according to the Sabban frame of a spacelike curve
lying on pseudosphere in Minkowski 3-space. We obtain the geodesic curvature and the expressions for the Sabban frames vectors
of spacelike and timelike pseudospherical Smarandache curves. We also prove that if the pseudospherical null straight lines are the
Smarandache curves of a spacelike pseudospherical curve , then has constant geodesic curvature. Finally, we give some examples
of pseudospherical Smarandache curves.

1. Introduction of pseudospherical Smarandache curves in Minkowski 3-

It is known that a Smarandache geometry is a geometry which
has at least one Smarandachely denied axiom [1]. An axiom is
said to be Smarandachely denied, if it behaves in at least two
different ways within the same space. Smarandache geome-
tries are connected with the theory of relativity and the paral-
lel universes. Smarandache curves are the objects of Smaran-
dache geometry. By definition, if the position vector of a curve
is composed by the Frenet frames vectors of another curve
, then the curve is called a Smarandache curve [2]. Special
Smarandache curves in the Euclidean and Minkowski spaces
are studied by some authors [37]. The curves lying on a
pseudosphere 12 in Minkowski 3-space 13 are characterized
in [8].
In this paper we define nonnull and null pseudospherical
Smarandache curves according to the Sabban frame of a
spacelike curve lying on pseudosphere in Minkowski 3-space.
We obtain the geodesic curvature and the expressions for
the Sabban frames vectors of spacelike and timelike pseudo-
spherical Smarandache curves. We also prove that if the pseu-
dospherical null straight lines are the Smarandache curves
of a spacelike pseudospherical curve , then has nonzero
constant geodesic curvature. Finally, we give some examples
space.
2. Basic Concepts
The Minkowski 3-space R31 is the Euclidean 3-space R3
provided with the standard flat metric given by
, = 12 + 22 + 32 , (1)
where (1 , 2 , 3 ) is a rectangular coordinate system of R31 .
Since is an indefinite metric, recall that a nonzero vector
R31 can have one of three Lorentzian causal characters: it
can be spacelike if , > 0, timelike if , < 0, and null
(lightlike) if , = 0. In particular, the norm (length) of a
vector R31 is given by = |, | and two vectors
and are said to be orthogonal if , = 0. Next, recall that
an arbitrary curve = () in E31 can locally be spacelike,
timelike, or null (lightlike) if all of its velocity vectors ()
are, respectively, spacelike, timelike, or null (lightlike) for all
[9]. A spacelike or a timelike curve is parameterized by
arclength parameter if (), () = 1 or (), () =
1, respectively. For any two vectors = (1 , 2, 3 ) and
2 Journal of Applied Mathematics

= (1 , 2 , 3 ) in the space R31 , the pseudovector product of where () = det((), (), ()) is the geodesic curvature
and is defined by of and is the arclength parameter of . In particular, the
following relations hold:
1 2 3

= 1 2 3 = , = , = . (7)

1 2 3 (2)
Case 3 ( is a null vector). It is known that the only null
= ( 2 3 + 3 2 , 3 1 1 3 , 1 2 2 1 ) . curves lying on pseudosphere 12 are the null straight lines,
which are the null geodesics.
Lemma 1. Let , , and be vectors in R31 . Then,
(i) , = det(, , ),
3. Spacelike and Timelike Pseudospherical
(ii) ( ) = , + , , Smarandache Curves in Minkowski 3-Space
, + , 2 ,
(iii) , = , In this section, we consider spacelike pseudospherical curve
and define its spacelike and timelike pseudospherical
where is the pseudovector product in R31 . Smarandache curves according to the Sabban frame of in
Mikowski 3-space. Let = () be a unit speed spacelike
Lemma 2. In the Minkowski 3-space R31 , the following proper- curve with the Sabban frame {, , }, lying fully on pseudo-
ties are satisfied [9]:
sphere 12 in R31 . Denote by = ( ) arbitrary nonnull curve
(i) two timelike vectors are never orthogonal; lying on pseudosphere, where is the arclength parameter
(ii) two null vectors are orthogonal if and only if they are of . Then we have the following definitions of special
linearly dependent; pseudospherical Smarandache curves of .
(iii) timelike vector is never orthogonal to a null vector. Definition 3. Let : 12 be a unit speed spacelike
curve lying fully on pseudosphere 12 . The nonnull pseudos-
The pseudosphere with center at the origin and of radius
pherical -Smarandache curve of is defined by
= 1 in the Minkowski 3-space R31 is a quadric defined by
1
( ()) = ( () + ()) , (8)
12 = { R31 | 12 + 22 + 32 = 1} . (3) 2
Let : R 12 be a curve lying fully in pseudo- where is arclength parameter of , , 0 , and 2 2 =
sphere 12 in R31 . Then its position vector is a spacelike, 2.
which means that the tangent vector = can be a space-
Definition 4. Let : 12 be a unit speed
like, a timelike, or a null. Depending on the causal character of
, we distinguish the following three cases. spacelike curve lying fully on pseudosphere 12 . The nonnull
pseudospherical -Smarandache curve of is defined by
Case 1 ( is a unit spacelike vector). Then we have orthonor- 1
mal Sabban frame {(), (), ()} along the curve , where ( ()) = ( () + ()) , (9)
2
() = ()() is the unit timelike vector. The correspond-
ing Frenet formulae of , according to the Sabban frame, where is arclength parameter of , , 0 , and 2 + 2 =
read 2.
0 1 0 Definition 5. Let : 12 be a unit speed spacelike
[ ] = [1 0 ()] [] , (4)
curve lying fully on pseudosphere 12 . The nonnull pseudos-
[ ] [ 0 () 0 ] []
pherical -Smarandache curve of is defined by
where () = det((), (), ()) is the geodesic curvature 1
of and is the arclength parameter of . In particular, the ( ()) = ( () + ()) , (10)
2
following relations hold:
where is arclength parameter of , , 0 , and 2 2 =
= , = , = . (5) 2.
Case 2 ( is a unit timelike vector). Hence, we have orthonor- Definition 6. Let : 12 be a unit speed spacelike
mal Sabban frame {(), (), ()} along the curve , where
curve lying fully on pseudosphere 12 . The nonnull pseudos-
() = ()() is the unit spacelike vector. The correspond-
pherical -Smarandache curve of is defined by
ing Frenet formulae of , according to the Sabban frame,
read 1
( ()) = ( () + () + ()) , (11)
0 1 0 3
[ ] = [1 0 ()] [] ,

(6) where is arclength parameter of , , , 0 , and 2 +
[ ] [0 () 0 ] [ ] 2 2 = 3.
Journal of Applied Mathematics 3

Note that if is a timelike pseudospherical curve, the Differentiating (17) with respect to and using (4) we find
corresponding nonnull pseudospherical Smarandache curves
according to the Sabban frame of can be defined in analo-
gous way. In particular, if is a null pseudospherical curve, = ( ) . (18)

then it is a null straight line, so the vectors and are lin-
early dependent. Thus in this case we do not have the ortho- In particular, from (16) and (18) we get
normal Sabban frame of .
Next we obtain the Sabban frame {, , } and the 2
= ( ) . (19)
geodesic curvature of some special spacelike and timelike

pseudospherical Smarandache curves of . We consider the
following two cases: (i) is a spacelike curve and (ii) is a Since and are spacelike vectors, from (8) and (17) we
timelike curve. obtain that the unit timelike vector is given by

Case 4 ( is a spacelike curve). Then, we have the following =

theorem.
(20)
Theorem 7. Let : 12 be a unit speed spacelike curve = + .
2 2
lying fully in 12 with the Sabban frame {, , } and the geodesic
curvature . If : 12 is a spacelike pseudospherical Consequently, the geodesic curvature of is given by
-Smarandache curve of , then its frame {, , } is given
by
= det (, , )
(21)
[ 2 0 2 ] =
[ ] .
[ ] = [ 0 0 ] [] ,
[ ] (12)
[ ] []
[ ] 0
[ 2 2 ]
Theorem 8. Let : 12 be a unit speed spacelike curve
and the corresponding geodesic curvature reads
lying fully in 12 with the Sabban frame {, , } and the geodesic
curvature . If : 12 is a spacelike pseudospherical
= , (13) -Smarandache curve of , then its frame {, , } is given

by

where , 0 , 2 2 = 2, and = 1.
[ ]
Proof. Differentiating (8) with respect to and using (4) we
obtain [ ]

[ 0 ]
() = = , (14) [ 2 2 ]
2 [ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
and hence [
= [ 2 ( ) 2
2 ( )
2 2 ]
2 ( ) ]

[ ]
[
[ 2 2
]
]
= , (15) [ ]
2 [ 2 2 2]
4 2( ) 4 2( ) 4 2( )
where [ ]


= () , () =
. (16) [] ,
2 []
(22)
Therefore, the unit spacelike tangent vector of the curve is
given by
and the corresponding geodesic curvature reads
= , (17)
2 1 + 2 + 23
where = +1 if > 0 for all and = 1 if < 0 = 5/2
, (23)
for all . (2 2 2 )
4 Journal of Applied Mathematics

where Therefore, the geodesic curvature of is given by

1 = 3 + 2 2 2,
= det (, , )
2 = 2 3 4 + 22 + 3 2 2, (24)
2 1 + 2 + 23 (33)
3 = 2 + 2 3 2 , = 5/2
.
(2 2 2 )
2 2
, 0 , + = 2, and 2 2 2 < 0 for all .

Proof. Differentiating (9) with respect to and using (4) we

obtain Theorem 9. Let : 12 be a unit speed spacelike curve
1 lying fully in 12 with the Sabban frame {, , } and the geodesic
() = = ( + ) , (25)
2 curvature . If : 12 is a spacelike pseudospherical
-Smarandache curve of , then its frame {, , } is given
and consequently
by
1
= ( + ) , (26)
2
[ 0 ]
where [ 2 2 ]
[ ]
[ ]
2 [ ]
2 ( ) [ ]
(27) [
[ ] = [ 2 22 ] []
= . 2 2 ]
2 2 2 2 ,
2 [ ]
[ ] [ [ ]
][ ]
Therefore, the unit spacelike tangent vector of the curve is [ 2 2 ]
[ ]
given by [ ]
2 2 2 2 2
2 4 2 4 2 4 2
[ ]
1
= ( + ) , (34)
2 (28)
2 ( )
and the corresponding geodesic curvature reads
where 2 ( )2 > 0 for all .
Differentiating (28) with respect to , it follows that
2 1 2 + 3 2
1 = , (35)
= (1 + 2 + 3 ) , (29) (2 22 )
5/2
2 3/2
(2 ( ) )

where where
1 = 3 + 2 2 2,
1 = 2 23 + 2 ,
2 = 2 3 4 + 22 + 3 2 2, (30)
2 = 24 + (3 + 2) 2 3 2 , (36)
3 = 2 + 2 3 2 .
3 = 3 24 + 2 2 ,
From (27) and (29) we get
1 , 0 , 2 2 = 2, and 2 22 > 0 for all .
= (1 + 2 + 3 ) .
2 2 (31)
(2 ( ) ) Proof. Differentiating (10) with respect to and using (4) we
obtain
On the other hand, from (9) and (28) it can be easily seen that
the unit timelike vector is given by
1
() = = ( ) , (37)
= 2

2 2 and consequently
= + .
2 2 2
4 2( ) 4 2( ) 4 2( )
1
(32) = ( ) , (38)
2
Journal of Applied Mathematics 5

where From (39) and (41) we get

1
2 2
2 = 2
(1 + 2 + 3 ) . (43)
= . (39) (2 22 )
2
Equations (10) and (40) imply
It follows that the unit spacelike tangent vector of the curve
is given by =

1 2 2 (44)
= ( ) , (40) = + + .
2 22 22 42 22 42 22 42

where 2 22 > 0 for all . Differentiating (40) with respect Finally, the geodesic curvature of the curve is given by
to , we find
= det (, , )

1
= (1 + 2 + 3 ) , (41) 2 1 2 + 3 2 (45)
(2 22 )
3/2
= .
5/2
(2 22 )
where

1 = 2 23 + 2 , Theorem 10. Let : 12 be a unit speed spacelike

curve lying fully in 12 with the Sabban frame {, , } and the
2 = 24 + (3 + 2) 2 3 2 , (42) geodesic curvature . If : 12 is a spacelike
pseudospherical -Smarandache curve of , then its frame
3 = 3 24 + 2 2 . {, , } is given by

[ 3 3 3 ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ 2
[ ] = [ ( ) + 2 (1 2 ) 2
( ) + 2 (1 2 ) ]
2

( ) + 2 (1 2 ) ] [] (46)
[ ]
[ ] [ [
][ ]
]
[ 2 2 ]
[ ( ) + + ( ) + ]
[ ]
[ 2 2 2
]
3( ) + 32 (1 2 ) 3( ) + 32 (1 2 ) 3( ) + 32 (1 2 )
[ ]

and the corresponding geodesic curvature reads 2 = (2 3) 2 + (2 22 ) + 2

+ (2 3) 4 23 + (3 + 3) 2
= (((2 3) ) 1 + ( ) 2
2
+ 2 (2 + 3) ,
+ ( + + 3) 3 )
(47)
3 = 2 (2 3) 2 3 + (2 + 3)
2 5/2 1
((( ) + 2 (1 2 )) ) ,
+ (2 3) 4 + (2 32 ) 3 + (32 + 2 ) 2

where (2 + 3) ,
(48)
1 = (2 3) + (2 3) 3
, , 0 , 2 + 2 2 = 3, and ( )2 + 2 (1 2 ) > 0
2 2
+ ( 3 ) 2 2 2
+ (3 + ) ( + 3) , 2
for all .
6 Journal of Applied Mathematics

Proof. Differentiating (11) with respect to and by using (4) From (11) and (52) we get
we find
=

1
() =
= ( + ( ) ) , (49) ( ) + 2
3 =
2
3( ) + 32 (1 2 )
and thus
+ (55)

+
1 2
= ( + ( ) ) , (50) 3( ) + 32 (1 2 )
3
( ) + 2
where + .
2
3( ) + 32 (1 2 )
2 2 2
( ) + (1 ) (51) Consequently, the geodesic curvature of reads
= .
3
= det (, , )
Therefore, the unit spacelike tangent vector of the curve is
given by = (((2 3) ) 1 + ( ) 2
(56)
+ ( + 2 + 3) 3 )
1
=
2 2 5/2 1
( ) + 2 (1 2 ) ((( ) + 2 (1 2 )) ) .
(52)

( + ( ) ) ,

Case 5 ( is a timelike curve). Then, we have the following

where ( )2 + 2 (1 2 ) > 0 for all . theorem.
Differentiating (52) with respect to and using (51), it
follows that Theorem 11. Let : 12 be a unit speed spacelike
curve lying fully in 12 with the Sabban frame {, , } and the
1 geodesic curvature . Then the timelike pseudospherical -
= 2
(1 + 2 + 3 ) , Smarandache curve of does not exist.
2 (53)
(( ) + 2 (1 2 ))
Proof. Assume that there exists a timelike pseudospherical
-Smarandache curve of . Differentiating (8) with respect
where to and using (4) we obtain

1 = (2 3) + (2 3) 3 () = = , (57)
2
+ (2 32 ) 2 + (32 + 2 ) (2 + 3) ,
where is the acrlength parameter of . The previous equa-
tion implies
2 = (2 3) 2 + (2 22 )

+ 2 + (2 3) 4 23 = . (58)
2
+ (3 + 3) 2 + 2 (2 + 3) ,
This means that a timelike vector is collinear with a spacel-
ike vector , which is a contradiction.
3 = 2 (2 3) 2 3 + (2 + 3)
In the theorems which follow, in a similar way as in the
+ (2 3) 4 + (2 32 ) 3 Case 4, we obtain the Sabban frame {, , } and geodesic
curvature of a timelike pseudospherical Smarandache
+ (32 + 2 ) 2 (2 + 3) .
curve . We omit the proofs of Theorems 11, 12, and 13, since
(54) they are analogous to the proofs of Theorems 8, 9, and 10.
Journal of Applied Mathematics 7

Theorem 12. Let : 12 be a unit speed spacelike Theorem 13. Let : 12 be a unit speed spacelike
curve lying fully in 12 with the Sabban frame {, , } and the curve lying fully in 12 with the Sabban frame {, , } and the
geodesic curvature . If : 12 is a timelike pseudos- geodesic curvature . If : 12 is a timelike pseudos-
pherical -Smarandache curve of , then its frame {, , } pherical -Smarandache curve of , then its frame {, , }
is given by is given by

[ ]
[ 0 ]
2 2
[ ] [
[
]
]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ] [ ] = [ ]
[ 22 2 22 2 22 2 ] [] ,
[ 0 ] [ ]
[ 2 2 ]
[ ] [ ] [ [
][ ]
]
[ ] [ 2 ]
[ ] [ 2 ]
[ ] [
]
[ ]
[
=[ 2 2 2 ] 42 22 42 22 42 22
( ) 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 2 ] [ ]
[ ]
[ ] (62)
[ ]
[ 2
] and the corresponding geodesic curvature reads
[ 2 ]
[ ]
[ 2 2 2 ]
2( ) 4 2( ) 4 2( ) 4
[ ] 2 1 2 + 2 3
= 5/2
, (63)
(22 2 )
[] ,
[]
(59) where

and the corresponding geodesic curvature reads 1 = 2 + 23 2 ,

2 1 + 2 + 23
= , 2 = 24 (3 + 2) 2 + 3 + 2 , (64)
2 5/2 (60)
(( ) 2)
3 = 3 + 24 2 2 ,
where

1 = 3 2 2 + 2, , 0 , 2 2 = 2, and 22 2 > 0 for all .

2 = 2 + 3 4 (3 + 2) 2 + 2, (61) Theorem 14. Let : 12 be a unit speed spacelike

curve lying fully in 12 with the Sabban frame {, , } and
3 = 2 2 3 + 2 , the geodesic curvature . If : 12 is a timelike
pseudospherical -Smarandache curve of , then its frame
, 0 , 2 + 2 = 2, and ( )2 2 > 0 for all . {, , } is given by

[ 3 3 3 ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[
[ ] = [ 2 (2 1) ( ) 2
2 (2 1) ( )
2 2 ]
2 (2 1) ( ) ] []
(65)
[ ]
[ ] [[
][ ]
]
[ 2 2 ]
[ ( ) ( ) ]
[ ]
[ 2 2 2
]
32 (2 1) 3( ) 32 (2 1) 3( ) 32 (2 1) 3( )
[ ]
8 Journal of Applied Mathematics

and the corresponding geodesic curvature reads fully in pseudosphere 12 . The curve is pseudospherical -
Smarandache curve of , if it is given by
= (((2 3) ) 1 + ( + ) 2 1
() = ( () + ()) , (68)
2 2
+ ( + 3 ) 3 )
1
where , 0 , and 2 2 = 2.
2 5/2
((2 (2 1) ( ) ) ) ,
Definition 17. Let : 12 and : 12
(66) be a unit speed spacelike and null curve, respectively, lying
fully in pseudosphere 12 . The curve is pseudospherical -
where Smarandache curve of , if it is given by
1
1 = (3 2 ) + + (2 3) 3 () = ( () + ()) , (69)
2

+ (2 32 ) 2 + (2 32 ) + (2 3) , where , 0 , and 2 + 2 = 2.

2 = (3 2 ) 2 + (22 2 ) Definition 18. Let : 12 and : 12

be a unit speed spacelike and null curve, respectively, lying
fully in pseudosphere 12 . The curve is pseudospherical -
+ 2 + (2 3) 4 Smarandache curve of , if it is given by
1
() = ( () + ()) , (70)
23 + (3 3) 2 2 + (2 3) , 2

3 = + (2 3) + (2 3) 4 where , 0 , and 2 2 = 2.

Definition 19. Let : 12 and : 12

2 2
+ ( 3 ) 3 be a unit speed spacelike and null curve, respectively, lying
fully in pseudosphere 12 . The curve is pseudospherical -
Smarandache curve of , if it is given by
+ (2 32 ) 2 + (2 3) ,
(67) 1
() = ( () + () + ()) , (71)
3
, , 0 , 2 + 2 2 = 3, and 2 (2 1) ( )2 > 0
for all . where , , 0 , and 2 + 2 2 = 3.

Corollary 15. If is a spacelike geodesic curve on pseudo- Theorem 20. Let : 12 be a unit speed spacelike
sphere 12 in Minkowski 3-space 13 , then curve lying fully in 12 with the Sabban frame {, , } and the
geodesic curvature . Then the null pseudospherical -Sma-
(1) the spacelike and timelike pseudospherical -Smaran- randache curve of does not exist.
dache curves are also geodesic on 12 ;
Proof. Assume that there exists null pseudospherical -
(2) the spacelike and timelike pseudospherical and - Smarandache curve of . Differentiating (68) with respect to
Smarandache curves have constant geodesic curvatures and using (4) we obtain
on 12 ;

(3) the spacelike pseudospherical -Smarandache curve () = . (72)
has constant geodesic curvature on 12 . 2

This means that a null vector = is collinear with a

4. Null Pseudospherical Smarandache Curves
in Minkowski 3-Space
In this section, we give definitions of null pseudospherical
Smarandache curves which are analogous to the definitions
of nonnull pseudospherical Smarandache curves of , given
in Section 3.
spacelike vector , which is a contradiction.
Theorem 21. Let : 12 be a unit speed spacelike
curve lying fully in 12 with the Sabban frame {, , } and the
geodesic curvature . If is a null pseudospherical -Sma-
randache curve of , then has constant geodesic curvature
given by

Definition 16. Let : 12 and : 12 2

2 = , 0 , 2 < 2. (73)
be a unit speed spacelike and a null curve, respectively, lying 2 2
Journal of Applied Mathematics 9

Proof. Differentiating (69) with respect to and using (4) we 20

obtain 10 z
0
1
() = ( + ) , (74) 10
2 20
and consequently 20
1
= ( + ) , (75)
2
10
where , 0 , and 2 + 2 = 2. The condition , = 0
implies
2
2 = , 0 , 2 < 2, (76) x 0
2 2
which proves the theorem.
10
The next two theorems can be proved in a similar way, so
we omit their proofs.
20
Theorem 22. Let : 12 be a unit speed spacelike 20 10 0 10 20
curve lying fully in 12 with the Sabban frame {, , } and the y
geodesic curvature . If is a null pseudospherical -Sma- Figure 1: The curve on 12 .
randache curve of , then has constant geodesic curvature
given by
2
2 = , 0 , 2 > 2. (77) In particular, the geodesic curvature of the curve has the
2 form
Theorem 23. Let : 12 be a unit speed spacelike
curve lying fully in 12 with the Sabban frame {, , } and the () = det ( () , () , ()) = 1. (81)
geodesic curvature . If is a null pseudospherical -Sma-
randache curve of , then has constant geodesic curvature
given by
Case 1. Taking = 3 and = 1 and using (8), we obtain
2 42 2 4 (2 2 ) (2 + 2 ) that pseudospherical -Smarandache curve is given by
= , (78) (see Figure 2)
2 (2 3)
where , , 0 , 2 + 2 2 = 3, and 2 = 3. ()

Corollary 24. There are no spacelike pseudospherical geodesic 2 (3 1) 2 (3 1) 2

curves whose pseudospherical , , and -Smarandache = ( 1, (3 1) , 3 ).
2 2 2
curves are the null curves.
(82)
5. Examples
It can be easily checked that (), () > 0, which means
Example 1. Let be a unit speed spacelike curve lying on that is a spacelike curve. According to Theorem 7, its
pseudosphere 12 in the Minkowski 3-space E31 with parameter Sabban frame {, , } is given by
equation (see Figure 1)
2 2 6 2
() = ( , , 1 ) . (79) [ 2 0 2 ]
2 2 [ ]
[ ]
The orthonormal Sabban frame {, , } along the curve is [ ] = [ 0 1 0 ] [] , (83)
[ ]
[ ]
given by [ ] [ 2 6 ] [ ]
0
2 2 [ 2 2 ]
() = ( , , 1 ) ,
2 2
and the corresponding geodesic curvature reads
() = () = (, 1, ) , (80)

2 2
() = () () = (1 , , ) . = = 1. (84)
2 2

10 Journal of Applied Mathematics

20 20
10 10
z z
0 0
10 10
20 20
20 20

10 10

0 x 0 x

10 10

20 20
20 10 0 10 20 20 10 0 10 20
y y

Figure 2: The spacelike -pseudospherical Smarandache curve Figure 3: The spacelike -pseudospherical Smarandache curve
and the curve on 12 . and the curve on 12 .

20
Case 2. Taking = 1 and = 1 and using (9) we get
that pseudospherical -Smarandache curve is given by (see 10
Figure 3)
0 z
2
2 2 2
10
( ()) = ( , 1, + ) . (85)
2 2 2
20
20

It can be easily checked that (), () > 0, which means
that is a spacelike curve. According to Theorem 8, its frame
{, , } is given by 10

2 2 x
0
[ 0 ]
[ 2 ] 2
[ ]
[ ] = [ 11 ] [] , 1 (86) 10
[ ]
[ ]
[ ] [ 2 2 ][ ]
2 20
[ 2 2 ] 20 10 0 10 20
y
and the corresponding geodesic curvature reads
Figure 4: The spacelike -pseudospherical Smarandache curve
and the curve on 12 .
= 2. (87)

It can be easily checked that (), () > 0, which means

Case 3. Taking = 2 and = 2, from (10) we find that
that is a spacelike curve. According to Theorem 9, its frame
the pseudospherical -Smarandache curve is given by (see
{, , } is given by
Figure 4)

2 2 2 2 0 2 1
( ()) = ( 2 + 2 2, 2 2, 2) . [ ] = [2 1 2] [] ,
2 2 2 (89)
(88) [ ] [ 1 2 2 ] [ ]
Journal of Applied Mathematics 11

20 20
10
z 10
0
0 z
10

20 10
20

20
20
10

10
0 x
0
x
10
10

20 20
20 10 0 10 20 0 10 20
y 20 10
y
Figure 5: The spacelike -pseudospherical Smarandache curve
and the curve on 12 . Figure 6: Special spacelike pseudospherical Smarandache curves of
and the curve on 12 .

and the corresponding geodesic curvature has the follow- 20

z 10
ing form: 0
10
20
= 1. (90) 20

Case 4. Taking = 2, = 2, and = 1 and using (11), we

find that the pseudospherical -Smarandache curve has 10
parameter equation (see Figure 5):

1 (2 + 1) 2 x
( ()) = ( + 2 + 1, (1 + 2) + 2, 0
3 2

(1 + 2) 10
2 2 + 2) .
2
(91)
20
It can be easily checked that (), () > 0, which means 20 10 0 10 20
that is a spacelike curve. By Theorem 10, its frame {, , } y
is given by
Figure 7: The spacelike circle on 12 .
6 6 3
[ 3 3 3 ]
[ ]
[ ] Special spacelike Smarandache curves of and the curve
[ ] = [ 2 2 1 2 2 ] [] , (92)
[ ] on 12 are shown in Figure 6.
[ ]
[ ] [ 26 + 33 6 36 + 23 ] [ ]

[ 3 3 3 ]
Example 2. Let us consider a unit speed spacelike circle
lying on pseudosphere 12 in the Minkowski 3-space E31 with
while the corresponding geodesic curvature has the fol-
parameter equation (see Figure 7):
lowing form:

= 12002 1697. (93) () = (cosh , sinh , 2) . (94)

12 Journal of Applied Mathematics

20 20 10 y
z 10 0
10
0 20
10
20
20
20

10
10

20 x 0
x 0
10
10
10 0
z 20
10
20
20 10 0 20
10 20
y
Figure 9: The timelike -pseudospherical Smarandache curve
Figure 8: The timelike -pseudospherical Smarandache curve
and the curve on 12 .
and the curve on 12 .

and the corresponding geodesic curvature reads

The orthonormal Sabban frame {, , } along the curve
is given by 2 1 + 2 + 23
= 5/2
= 10. (99)
2
() = (cosh , sinh , 2) , (( ) 2)

() = () = (sinh , cosh , 0) , (95)

Case 2. Taking = 3 and = 1 and using (10), we obtain
() = () () = (2 cosh , 2 sinh , 1) . that pseudospherical -Smarandache curve is given by
(see Figure 9)
In particular, the geodesic curvature of reads
() = (3 sinh 2 cosh , 3 cosh 2 sinh , 1) .
(100)
() = det ( () , () , ()) = 2. (96)
It can be easily checked that (), () < 0, which means
Case 1. Taking = (2/2) and = (6/2) and using (9), that is a timelike curve. According to Theorem 13, its Sabban
we obtain that pseudospherical -Smarandache curve is frame {, , } is given by
given by (see Figure 8)
6 2
[ 0 2 2 ]
1 3 1 3 2 [ ]
() = ( cosh + sinh , sinh + cosh , ). [ ]
2 2 2 2 2 [ ] = [3 2 6 ] [] , (101)
[ ]
[ ]
(97) [ ] [ 6 32 ] [ ]
22
[ 2 2 ]
It can be easily checked that (), () < 0, which means
that is a timelike curve. According to Theorem 12, its and the corresponding geodesic curvature reads
Sabban frame {, , } is given by
= 11. (102)
1 3
[ 0] Case 3. Taking = 2, = 2, and = 1 and using (11),
[ 2 2 ]
[ ] we obtain that pseudospherical -Smarandache curve is
[ 6 2 ]
[ ] = [ 3] [ ]
[ ] , (98) given by (see Figure 10)
[ 2 2 ]
[ ] [ ] []
[ 3 3 ] () = (2 sinh 22 cosh , 2 cosh 22 sinh , 3) .
2 (103)
[ 2 2 ]
Journal of Applied Mathematics 13

y y
10 0 10 20 20 10 0 10 20
20 20
20
10
10

0 z 0
z

10 10

20 20

20 20

10
10

x x 0
0
10
10
20
20
Figure 11: Special timelike pseudospherical Smarandache curves of
Figure 10: The timelike -pseudospherical Smarandache curve and the curve on 12 .
and the curve on 12 .

20
It can be easily checked that (), () < 0, which means 10
that is a timelike curve. According to Theorem 14, its z
Sabban frame {, , } is given by 0

10
6 6 3
[ 3 3 3 ] 20 20
[ ]
[ ]
[ ] = [ 1 0 2 ] [] , (104)
[ ]
[ ]
[ ] [ 23 3 6 ] [ ] 10

[ 3 3 3 ]
x
0
and the corresponding geodesic curvature reads
10
= 52. (105)
20
20 10 0 10 20
Special timelike Smarandache curves of and the curve y
on 12 are shown in Figure 11.
Figure 12: The null -pseudospherical Smarandache curve and
Example 3. Let us consider a unit speed spacelike circle the curve on 12 .
lying on pseudosphere 12 in the Minkowski 3-space E31 with
parameter (94). Then its geodesic curvature is given by (96).

Case 1. If is null pseudospherical -Smarandache curve = 1. Finally, by using (69) we obtain that pseudospherical
of , then according to Theorem 21 the curve has nonzero -Smarandache curve of is given by (see Figure 12)
constant geodesic curvature given by
2
2 () = (sinh + cosh , cosh + sinh , 2) . (107)
2 = , 0 , 2 < 2. (106) 2
2 2

The last relation together with (96) implies = 1. By It can be easily checked that (), () = 0, which means
Definition 17 there holds 2 +2 = 2 and therefore we can take that is a null straight line.
14 Journal of Applied Mathematics

y y
20 10 0 10 20 20 10 0 10 20
20 20

10
10
z 0
z 0
10
10
20
20
20
20
10

10
x 0
x 0
10

10
20
20

Figure 13: The null -pseudospherical Smarandache curve and Figure 14: The null -pseudospherical Smarandache curve and
the curve on 12 . the curve on 12 .

Case 2. If is null pseudospherical -Smarandache curve Conflict of Interests

of , then according to Theorem 22 the curve has nonzero
constant geodesic curvature given by
2
2 =
, 0 , 2 > 2. (108)
2 References
The last relation together with (96) implies = 2. By
Definition 18 there holds 2 2 = 2 and therefore we can take
= 2. Finally, by using (70) we obtain that pseudospherical
-Smarandache curve of is given by (see Figure 13)
() = (2 sinh 2 cosh , 2 cosh 2 sinh , 2) . (109)
It can be easily checked that (), () = 0, which means
that is a null straight line.
Case 3. If is null pseudospherical -Smarandache curve
of , then according to Theorem 23 the curve has nonzero
constant geodesic curvature given by
2 42 2 4 (2 2 ) (2 + 2 )
= .
2 (2 3)
The last relation together with (96) implies = 2, = 3. By
Definition 19 there holds 2 + 2 2 = 3 and therefore we
can take = 2. Finally, by using (71) we obtain that pseu-
dospherical -Smarandache curve of is given by (see
Figure 14)
() = ((2 + 22) cosh + 3 sinh , (2 + 22) sinh
+3 cosh , 22 + 2) .
It can be easily checked that (), () = 0, which means
that is a null straight line.
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests
regarding the publication of this paper.
[1] C. Ashbacher, Smarandache geometries, Smarandache
Notions Journal, vol. 8, no. 13, pp. 212215, 1997.
[2] M. Turgut and S. Ylmaz, Smarandache curves in Minkowski
space-time, International Journal of Mathematical Combina-
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[3] A. T. Ali, Special smarandache curves in the euclidean space,
International Journal of Mathematical Combinatorics, vol. 2, pp.
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[4] E. Betul Koc Ozturk, U. Ozturk, I. Ilarslan, and E. Nesovic,
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Heisenberg group 3 , Kochi Journal of Mathematics, vol. 6,
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[6] T. Korpinar and E. Turhan, Characterization of Smarandache
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tion, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 327333, 2012.
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[8] M. Petrovic-Torgasev and E. Su curovic, Some characteriza-
tions of the Lorentzian spherical timelike and null curves,
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[9] B. ONeill, Semi-Riemannian Geometry, vol. 103 of Pure and
Applied Mathematics, Academic Press, New York, NY, USA,
1983.
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